U.S. patent application number 15/208104 was filed with the patent office on 2016-11-03 for coupling having gasket pocket of varying depth.
The applicant listed for this patent is Victaulic Company. Invention is credited to Philip W. Bancroft, Frank J. Cygler, III, Douglas R. Dole.
Application Number | 20160319968 15/208104 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48426055 |
Filed Date | 2016-11-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160319968 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bancroft; Philip W. ; et
al. |
November 3, 2016 |
Coupling Having Gasket Pocket of Varying Depth
Abstract
A mechanical coupling for joining pipe elements has segments
joined end to end, each segment having a pocket of varying depth
for receiving a ring gasket. The varying depth of the pocket is
used to control the distortion of the ring gasket between a round
shape and a non-round shape when the segments are arranged in
spaced apart relation around the ring gasket, the spacing between
the segments being sufficient to permit insertion of the pipe
elements without disassembly of the coupling.
Inventors: |
Bancroft; Philip W.;
(Belvidere, NJ) ; Cygler, III; Frank J.;
(Nazareth, PA) ; Dole; Douglas R.; (White House
Station, NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Victaulic Company |
Easton |
PA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48426055 |
Appl. No.: |
15/208104 |
Filed: |
July 12, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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13300861 |
Nov 21, 2011 |
9395024 |
|
|
15208104 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F16L 17/04 20130101;
F16L 21/005 20130101; F16L 21/08 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F16L 17/04 20060101
F16L017/04; F16L 21/08 20060101 F16L021/08; F16L 21/00 20060101
F16L021/00 |
Claims
1. A coupling for joining pipe elements in end to end relation,
said coupling comprising: a plurality of segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving said pipe elements, at least one of said segments
comprising: a pair of projections positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of said one segment and extending toward
said central axis, at least a portion of each of said projections
being engageable with a respective one of said pipe elements, at
least one of said projections having an arcuate surface facing said
central axis; a back wall extending between said projections, said
back wall having a surface facing said central axis, said surface
of said back wall comprising a first surface portion having a first
radius of curvature, and a second surface portion having a second
radius of curvature, said second surface portion being positioned
proximate to one end of said at least one segment, any point on
said second surface portion being farther from said central axis
than any point on said first surface portion, a distance between
said surface of said back wall and said arcuate surface of said at
least one projection, as measured along a radially projecting line
extending from said central axis, being a first value at a first
point midway between said ends of said at least one segment, and a
second value at a second point proximate to said one end of said at
least one segment, said first value being less than said second
value; and a ring gasket positioned within said central space, said
ring gasket having an outer circumference having a length greater
than the sum of the lengths of said surfaces of said back walls of
said segments, said ring gasket supporting at least two of said
segments in spaced apart relation.
2. The coupling according to claim 1, wherein said distance is a
minimum at said first point midway between said ends of said at
least one segment.
3. The coupling according to claim 2, wherein said distance is a
maximum at said second point, said second point being positioned at
said one end of said at least one segment.
4. The coupling according to claim 3, wherein said distance between
said surface of said back wall and said arcuate surface of said at
least one projection at a third point positioned at another of said
ends of said at least one segment is a third value equal to said
second value.
5. The coupling according to claim 4, wherein said surface of said
back wall further comprises a third surface portion having a third
radius of curvature, said third surface portion being positioned
proximate to said another of said ends of said at least one
segment, any point on said third surface portion being farther from
said central axis than any point on said first surface portion.
6. The coupling according to claim 4, wherein said second surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
80.degree..
7. The coupling according to claim 4, wherein said second surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree..
8. The coupling according to claim 5, wherein said third surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
80.degree..
9. The coupling according to claim 5, wherein said third surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree..
10. The coupling according to claim 1, comprising only a first and
a second of said segments joined end to end surrounding said
central axis.
11. The coupling according to claim 10, wherein said ring gasket
has an oval shape.
12. The coupling according to claim 10, wherein said ring gasket
has a round shape.
13. A coupling for joining pipe elements in end to end relation,
said coupling comprising: a plurality of segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving said pipe elements, at least one of said segments
comprising: a pair of projections positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of said one segment and extending toward
said central axis, at least a portion of each of said projections
being engageable with a respective one of said pipe elements, at
least one of said projections having an arcuate surface facing said
central axis; a back wall extending between said projections, said
back wall having a surface facing said central axis, said surface
of said back wall comprising a first surface portion having a first
radius of curvature, and a second surface portion having an
infinite radius of curvature, said second surface portion being
positioned proximate to one end of said at least one segment, any
point on said second surface portion being farther from said
central axis than any point on said first surface portion, a
distance between said surface of said back wall and said arcuate
surface of said at least one projection, as measured along a
radially projecting line extending from said central axis, being a
first value at a first point midway between said ends of said at
least one segment, and a second value at a second point proximate
to said one end of said at least one segment, said first value
being less than said second value; and a ring gasket positioned
within said central space, said ring gasket having an outer
circumference having a length greater than the sum of the lengths
of said surfaces of said back walls of said segments, said ring
gasket supporting at least two of said segments in spaced apart
relation.
14. The coupling according to claim 13, wherein said distance
between said surface of said back wall and said arcuate surface of
said at least one projection at a third point positioned proximate
another of said ends of said at least one segment is a third value
equal to said second value.
15. The coupling according to claim 14, wherein said surface of
said back wall further comprises a third surface portion having an
infinite radius of curvature, said third surface portion being
positioned proximate to said another of said ends of said at least
one segment.
16. The coupling according to claim 13, wherein said second surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree..
17. The coupling according to claim 13, wherein said second surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
30.degree..
18. The coupling according to claim 15, wherein said third surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree..
19. The coupling according to claim 15, wherein said third surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
30.degree..
20. The coupling according to claim 13, further comprising a
plurality of said second surface portions, each of said second
portions having infinite radii of curvature.
21. The coupling according to claim 20, wherein said surface of
said back wall further comprises a plurality of third surface
portions each having an infinite radius of curvature, said third
surface portions being positioned proximate to another of said ends
of said at least one segment.
22. The coupling according to claim 20, wherein said plurality of
said second surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree.
to about 45.degree..
23. The coupling according to claim 20, wherein said plurality of
said second surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree.
to about 30.degree..
24. The coupling according to claim 21, wherein said plurality of
said third surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree.
to about 45.degree..
25. The coupling according to claim 21, wherein said plurality of
said third surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree.
to about 30.degree..
26. The coupling according to claim 13, comprising only a first and
a second of said segments joined end to end surrounding said
central axis.
27. The coupling according to claim 26, wherein said ring gasket
has an oval shape.
28. The coupling according to claim 26, wherein said ring gasket
has a round shape.
29. A coupling for joining pipe elements in end to end relation,
said coupling comprising: a plurality of segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving said pipe elements, at least one of said segments
comprising: a pair of projections positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of said one segment and extending toward
said central axis, at least a portion of each of said projections
being engageable with a respective one of said pipe elements, each
of said projections having an arcuate surface facing said central
axis, said arcuate surface having a first radius of curvature
measured from a first center of curvature; a back wall extending
between said projections, said back wall having an arcuate surface
facing said central axis, said arcuate surface of said back wall
having a second radius of curvature measured from a second center
of curvature, said second center of curvature being non-coincident
with said first center of curvature as measured in a plane
perpendicular to said central axis.
30. The coupling according to claim 29, wherein said first center
of curvature is closer to said arcuate surface of said back wall
than said second center of curvature when measured to a point on
said arcuate surface of said back wall that is collinear with said
first and second centers of curvature.
31. The coupling according to claim 30, wherein said first and
second centers of curvature and said point on said back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of said one segment and a second
end of said one segment.
32. The coupling according to claim 31, wherein said second center
of curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance from about 0.01 inches to about 0.1 inches.
33. The coupling according to claim 31, wherein said second center
of curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance of about 0.02 inches to about 0.04 inches.
34. The coupling according to claim 31, wherein said second center
of curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance of about 0.03 inches.
35. The coupling according to claim 31, comprising only a first and
a second of said segments joined end to end surrounding said
central axis, said coupling further comprising a ring gasket
positioned between said first and second segments, said ring gasket
having an outer circumference having a length greater than the sum
of the lengths of said arcuate surfaces of said back walls of said
first and second segments, said ring gasket supporting said first
and second segments in spaced apart relation.
36. The coupling according to claim 35, wherein said ring gasket
has an oval shape.
37. The coupling according to claim 35, wherein said ring gasket
has a round shape.
38. A coupling for joining pipe elements in end to end relation,
said coupling comprising: first and second segments joined end to
end surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving said pipe elements, each one of said segments comprising:
first and second projections, each positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of said segment and extending toward
said central axis, at least a portion of each of said projections
being engageable with a respective one of said pipe elements, each
said projection having an arcuate surface facing said central axis,
each said arcuate surface having a first radius of curvature
measured from a first center of curvature; a back wall extending
between said first and second projections, said back wall having an
arcuate surface facing said central axis, said arcuate surface of
said back wall having a second radius of curvature measured from a
second center of curvature, said second center of curvature being
non-coincident with said first centers of curvature as measured in
a plane perpendicular to said central axis.
39. The coupling according to claim 38, wherein, for each of said
projections on each of said segments as measured in said plane,
said first center of curvature is closer to said arcuate surface of
said back wall than said second center of curvature when measured
to a point on said arcuate surface of said back wall that is
collinear with said first and second centers of curvature.
40. The coupling according to claim 39, wherein, for said first
segment and for each of said projections thereon, said first and
second centers of curvature and said point on said back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of said first segment and a
second end of said first segment.
41. The coupling according to claim 40, wherein, for said second
segment and for each of said projections thereon, said first and
second centers of curvature and said point on said back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of said second segment and a
second end of said second segment.
42. The coupling according to claim 41, wherein, for each of said
projections on each of said segments, said second center of
curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance from about 0.01 inches to about 0.1 inches.
43. The coupling according to claim 41, wherein, for each of said
projections on each of said segments, said second center of
curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance of about 0.02 inches to about 0.04 inches.
44. The coupling according to claim 41, wherein, for each of said
projections on each of said segments, said second center of
curvature is offset from said first center of curvature at a
distance of about 0.03 inches.
45. The coupling according to claim 41 further comprising a ring
gasket positioned between said first and second segments, said ring
gasket supporting said first and second segments in spaced apart
relation sufficient to insert said pipe elements between said
segments.
46. The coupling according to claim 45, wherein said ring gasket
has an oval shape.
47. The coupling according to claim 45, wherein said ring gasket
has a round shape.
48. A coupling for joining pipe elements in end to end relation,
said coupling comprising: first and second segments joined end to
end surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving said pipe elements, each one of said segments comprising:
first and second projections, each positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of said segments and extending toward
said central axis, at least a portion of each of said projections
being engageable with a respective one of said pipe elements, each
of said projections having an arcuate surface facing said central
axis; a back wall extending between said first and second
projections, said back wall having an arcuate surface facing said
central axis, a distance between said arcuate surface of said back
wall and said arcuate surfaces of said projections, as measured
along a radially projecting line extending from said central axis,
being a first value at a point midway between said ends of said
segments, and a second value at a point proximate to one end of
each of said segments, and a third value at a point proximate to an
opposite end of each of said segments, said first value being less
than said second value and said third value; and a ring gasket
positioned within said central space, said ring gasket having an
outer circumference having a length greater than the sum of the
lengths of said arcuate surfaces of said back walls of said first
and second segments, said ring gasket supporting said first and
second segments in spaced apart relation.
49. The coupling according to claim 48, wherein said distance is a
minimum at said first point midway between said ends of said at
least one segment.
50. The coupling according to claim 49, wherein said distance is a
maximum at said second point, said second point being positioned at
said at least one end of said at least one segment.
51. The coupling according to claim 50, wherein said distance
between said arcuate surface of said back wall and said arcuate
surface of said at least one projection at a third point positioned
at another of said ends of said at least one segment is a third
value approximately equal to said second value.
52. The coupling according to claim 48, wherein said arcuate
surface of said back wall comprises a first portion having a curved
surface, and a second portion having a curved surface, said second
portion being positioned proximate to said at least one end of said
at least one segment, any point on said second portion being
farther from said central axis than any point on said first
portion.
53. The coupling according to claim 52, wherein said arcuate
surface of said back wall further comprises a third portion having
a curved surface, said third portion being positioned proximate to
another of said ends of said at least one segment, any point on
said third portion being farther from said central axis than any
point on said first portion.
54. The coupling according to claim 52, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 80.degree..
55. The coupling according to claim 52, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
56. The coupling according to claim 53, wherein said third portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 80.degree..
57. The coupling according to claim 53, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
58. The coupling according to claim 48, wherein said arcuate
surface of said back wall comprises a first portion having a first
radius of curvature, and a second portion having an infinite radius
of curvature, said second portion being positioned proximate to
said at least one end of said at least one segment, any point on
said second portion being farther from said central axis than any
point on said first portion.
59. The coupling according to claim 58, wherein said arcuate
surface of said back wall further comprises a third portion having
an infinite radius of curvature, said third portion being
positioned proximate to another of said ends of said at least one
segment.
60. The coupling according to claim 58, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
61. The coupling according to claim 58, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 30.degree..
62. The coupling according to claim 59, wherein said third portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
63. The coupling according to claim 59, wherein said second portion
of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 30.degree..
64. The coupling according to claim 58, further comprising a
plurality of said second portions of said arcuate surface of said
back wall, each of said second portions having infinite radii of
curvature.
65. The coupling according to claim 64, wherein said arcuate
surface of said back wall further comprises a plurality of third
portions each having an infinite radius of curvature, said third
portions of said arcuate surfaces of said back wall being
positioned proximate to another of said ends of said at least one
segment.
66. The coupling according to claim 64, wherein said plurality of
second portions of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree..
67. The coupling according to claim 64, wherein said plurality of
second portions of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 30.degree..
68. The coupling according to claim 65, wherein said plurality of
third portions of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree..
69. The coupling according to claim 65, wherein said plurality of
third portions of said arcuate surface of said back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 30.degree..
70. The coupling according to claim 48, comprising only a first and
a second of said segments joined end to end surrounding said
central axis.
71. The coupling according to claim 70, wherein said ring gasket
has an oval shape.
72. The coupling according to claim 70, wherein said ring gasket
has a round shape.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of and claims priority to
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/300,861, filed Nov. 21, 2011,
now U.S. Pat. No. 9,395,024, issued Jul. 19, 2016 and hereby
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention concerns mechanical couplings for joining
pipe elements in end to end relation.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Mechanical couplings for joining pipe elements together
end-to-end comprise interconnectable segments that are positionable
circumferentially surrounding the end portions of co-axially
aligned pipe elements. The term "pipe element" is used herein to
describe any pipe-like item or component having a pipe-like form.
Pipe elements include pipe stock, pipe fittings such as elbows,
caps and tees as well as fluid control components such as valves,
reducers, strainers, restrictors, pressure regulators and the
like.
[0004] Each mechanical coupling segment comprises a housing having
projections which extend radially inwardly from the housing and
engage, for example, the outer surfaces of plain end pipe elements,
pipe elements having a shoulder and bead, or circumferential
grooves that extend around each of the pipe elements to be joined.
Engagement between the projections and the pipe elements provides
mechanical restraint to the joint and ensures that the pipe
elements remain coupled even under high internal pressure and
external forces. The housings define an annular channel or pocket
that receives a ring gasket or seal, typically an elastomeric ring
which engages the ends of each pipe element and cooperates with the
segments and the pipe elements to provide a fluid tight seal. The
segments have connection members, typically in the form of lugs
which project outwardly from the housings. The lugs are adapted to
receive fasteners, such as nuts and bolts, which are adjustably
tightenable to draw the segments toward one another.
[0005] The projections on prior art couplings typically have
arcuate surfaces with a radius of curvature that is substantially
matched to the radius of curvature of the outer surface of the pipe
element that it is intended to engage. For couplings used with
grooved pipe elements, the radii of curvature of the arcuate
surfaces are smaller than the radii of curvature of the outer
surfaces of the pipe elements outside of the grooves so that the
projections fit within and engage the grooves.
[0006] Methods of securing pipe elements in end to end relation
comprise a sequential installation process when mechanical
couplings according to the prior art are used. Typically, the
coupling is received by the technician with the segments bolted
together and the ring gasket captured within the segments'
channels. The technician first disassembles the coupling by
unbolting it, removes the ring gasket, lubricates it (if not
pre-lubricated) and places it around the ends of the pipe elements
to be joined. Installation of the ring gasket often requires that
it be lubricated and stretched to accommodate the pipe elements.
With the ring gasket in place on both pipe elements, the segments
are then placed one at a time straddling the ends of the pipe
elements and capturing the ring gasket against them. During
placement, the segments engage the gasket, the projections are
aligned with the grooves, the bolts are inserted through the lugs,
the nuts are threaded onto the bolts and tightened, drawing the
coupling segments toward one another, compressing the gasket and
engaging the projections within the grooves.
[0007] As evident from the previous description, installation of
mechanical pipe couplings according to the prior art requires that
the technician typically handle at least seven individual piece
parts (and more when the coupling has more than two segments), and
must totally disassemble and reassemble the coupling. Significant
time, effort and expense would be saved if the technician could
install a mechanical pipe coupling without first totally
disassembling it and then reassembling it, piece by piece.
[0008] FIG. 1 shows a coupling 11 having coupling segments 13 and
15. The segments are joined end to end by connection members 17 and
19, the connection members including threaded fasteners 21. The
segments 13 and 15 are shown supported in spaced relation from one
another on the outer surface of the ring gasket 23 captured between
the segments. This configuration is possible because the
circumference of the outer surface of an undeformed ring gasket 23
is greater than the sum of the circumferences of the surfaces on
the segments with which the ring gasket outer surface interfaces.
When the segments are supported in this manner it is possible to
insert pipe elements into the central space 25 between the segments
without disassembling the coupling. However, there are some
drawbacks to this solution to the problem of installing mechanical
couplings. Note in particular that the ring gasket 23 is distorted
into an oval shape by the geometry of a close-fitting segment
riding on at least a portion of the ring gasket before the gasket
has properly seated in the gasket pocket of the segment. If the
degree of distortion of the ring gasket is uncontrolled, the oval
shape can result in pinching and damage to the gasket in the region
between the connection members 17 and 19 of the segments 13 and
15.
[0009] There is clearly a need for a pipe coupling with which the
distortion of the ring seal may be controlled so as to avoid damage
to the ring seal with which it is used, yet will also allow pipe
elements to be inserted reliably without disassembly of the
coupling.
SUMMARY
[0010] The invention concerns a coupling for joining pipe elements
in end to end relation. In one example embodiment the coupling
comprises a plurality of segments joined end to end surrounding a
central axis. The segments define a central space for receiving the
pipe elements. At least one of the segments comprises a pair of
projections positioned in spaced apart relation on opposite sides
of the one segment. The projections extend toward the central axis.
At least a portion of each of the projections is engageable with a
respective one of the pipe elements. At least one of the
projections has an arcuate surface facing the central axis. A back
wall extends between the projections. The back wall has a surface
facing the central axis. The surface of the back wall comprises a
first surface portion having a first radius of curvature, and a
second surface portion having a second radius of curvature. The
second surface portion is positioned proximate to one end of the at
least one segment. Any point on the second surface portion is
farther from the central axis than any point on the first surface
portion. A distance between the surface of the back wall and the
arcuate surface of the at least one projection, as measured along a
radially projecting line extending from the central axis, is a
first value at a first point midway between the ends of the at
least one segment, and a second value at a second point proximate
to the one end of the at least one segment. The first value is less
than the second value. A ring gasket is positioned within the
central space. The ring gasket has an outer circumference having a
length greater than the sum of the lengths of the surfaces of the
back walls of the segments. The ring gasket supports at least two
of the segments in spaced apart relation.
[0011] In one example embodiment the distance is a minimum at the
first point midway between the ends of the at least one segment. By
way of example, the distance is a maximum at the second point. The
second point is positioned at the one end of the at least one
segment. In a further example the distance between the surface of
the back wall and the arcuate surface of the at least one
projection at a third point positioned at another of the ends of
the at least one segment is a third value equal to the second
value.
[0012] In an example embodiment the surface of the back wall
comprises a third surface portion having a third radius of
curvature. The third surface portion is positioned proximate to the
another of the ends of the at least one segment. Any point on the
third surface portion is farther from the central axis than any
point on the first surface portion. In a specific example
embodiment the second surface portion subtends an angle from about
5.degree. to about 80.degree.. By way of further example, the
second surface portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to
about 45.degree.. Also by way of example, the third surface portion
subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree..
Additionally by way of example, the third surface portion subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
[0013] A particular example coupling embodiment comprises only a
first and a second of the segments joined end to end surrounding
the central axis. By way of example the ring gasket has an oval
shape. In another example the ring gasket has a round shape.
[0014] Another example coupling for joining pipe elements in end to
end relation comprises a plurality of segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving the pipe elements. In this example embodiment at least
one of the segments comprises a pair of projections positioned in
spaced apart relation on opposite sides of the one segment and
extending toward the central axis. At least a portion of each of
the projections is engageable with a respective one of the pipe
elements. At least one of the projections has an arcuate surface
facing the central axis. A back wall extends between the
projections. The back wall has a surface facing the central axis.
The surface of the back wall comprises a first surface portion
having a first radius of curvature, and a second surface portion
having an infinite radius of curvature. The second surface portion
is positioned proximate to one end of the at least one segment. Any
point on the second surface portion is farther from the central
axis than any point on the first surface portion. A distance
between the surface of the back wall and the arcuate surface of the
at least one projection, as measured along a radially projecting
line extending from the central axis, is a first value at a first
point midway between the ends of the at least one segment, and a
second value at a second point proximate to the one end of the at
least one segment. The first value is less than the second value. A
ring gasket is positioned within the central space. The ring gasket
has an outer circumference having a length greater than the sum of
the lengths of the surfaces of the back walls of the segments. The
ring gasket supports at least two of the segments in spaced apart
relation.
[0015] In an example embodiment the distance between the surface of
the back wall and the arcuate surface of the at least one
projection at a third point positioned proximate another of the
ends of the at least one segment is a third value equal to the
second value. Further by way of example the surface of the back
wall further comprises a third surface portion having an infinite
radius of curvature. The third surface portion is positioned
proximate to the another of the ends of the at least one segment.
In one example embodiment the second surface portion subtends an
angle from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree.. In another example
embodiment the second surface portion subtends an angle from about
5.degree. to about 30.degree.. Further by way of example the third
surface portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree.. Additionally by way of example the third surface
portion subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
30.degree..
[0016] An example embodiment comprises a plurality of the second
surface portions. Each of the second portions have infinite radii
of curvature. Further by way of example the surface of the back
wall comprises a plurality of third surface portions each having an
infinite radius of curvature. The third surface portions are
positioned proximate to another of the ends of the at least one
segment. In a specific example embodiment the plurality of the
second surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to
about 45.degree.. In another example embodiment the plurality of
the second surface portions subtends an angle from about 5.degree.
to about 30.degree.. Additionally by way of example the plurality
of the third surface portions subtends an angle from about
5.degree. to about 45.degree.. Also by way of example the plurality
of the third surface portions subtends an angle from about
5.degree. to about 30.degree..
[0017] One example coupling embodiment comprises only a first and a
second of the segments joined end to end surrounding the central
axis. Further by way of example the ring gasket has an oval shape.
In another example the ring gasket has a round shape.
[0018] Another example coupling for joining pipe elements in end to
end relation comprises a plurality of segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving the pipe elements. By way of example at least one of the
segments comprises a pair of projections positioned in spaced apart
relation on opposite sides of the one segment and extending toward
the central axis. At least a portion of each of the projections is
engageable with a respective one of the pipe elements. Each of the
projections has an arcuate surface facing the central axis. The
arcuate surface has a first radius of curvature measured from a
first center of curvature. A back wall extends between the
projections. The back wall has an arcuate surface facing the
central axis. The arcuate surface of the back wall has a second
radius of curvature measured from a second center of curvature. The
second center of curvature is non-coincident with the first center
of curvature as measured in a plane perpendicular to the central
axis.
[0019] In an example embodiment the first center of curvature is
closer to the arcuate surface of the back wall than the second
center of curvature when measured to a point on the arcuate surface
of the back wall that is collinear with the first and second
centers of curvature. Further by way of example the first and
second centers of curvature and the point on the back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of the one segment and a second
end of the one segment. In a specific example embodiment the second
center of curvature is offset from the first center of curvature at
a distance from about 0.01 inches to about 0.1 inches. In another
example embodiment the second center of curvature is offset from
the first center of curvature at a distance of about 0.02 inches to
about 0.04 inches. Also by way of example the second center of
curvature is offset from the first center of curvature at a
distance of about 0.03 inches.
[0020] An example embodiment of a coupling comprises only a first
and a second of the segments joined end to end surrounding the
central axis. The example coupling further comprises a ring gasket
positioned between the first and second segments. The ring gasket
has an outer circumference having a length greater than the sum of
the lengths of the arcuate surfaces of the back walls of the first
and second segments. The ring gasket supports the first and second
segments in spaced apart relation. In one example embodiment the
ring gasket has an oval shape. In another example embodiment the
ring gasket has a round shape.
[0021] Another example coupling for joining pipe elements in end to
end relation comprises first and second segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving the pipe elements. By way of example each one of the
segments comprises first and second projections. Each projection is
positioned in spaced apart relation on opposite sides of the
segment and extending toward the central axis. At least a portion
of each of the projections is engageable with a respective one of
the pipe elements. Each projection has an arcuate surface facing
the central axis. Each arcuate surface has a first radius of
curvature measured from a first center of curvature. A back wall
extends between the first and second projections. The back wall has
an arcuate surface facing the central axis. The arcuate surface of
the back wall has a second radius of curvature measured from a
second center of curvature. The second center of curvature is
non-coincident with the first centers of curvature as measured in a
plane perpendicular to the central axis.
[0022] In an example embodiment, for each of the projections on
each of the segments as measured in the plane, the first center of
curvature is closer to the arcuate surface of the back wall than
the second center of curvature when measured to a point on the
arcuate surface of the back wall that is collinear with the first
and second centers of curvature. In a further example, for the
first segment and for each of the projections thereon, the first
and second centers of curvature and the point on the back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of the first segment and a
second end of the first segment. In another example, for the second
segment and for each of the projections thereon, the first and
second centers of curvature and the point on the back wall are
collinear along a first line oriented perpendicular to a second
line extending between a first end of the second segment and a
second end of the second segment. Further by way of example, for
each of the projections on each of the segments, the second center
of curvature is offset from the first center of curvature at a
distance from about 0.01 inches to about 0.1 inches. In another
example, for each of the projections on each of the segments, the
second center of curvature is offset from the first center of
curvature at a distance of about 0.02 inches to about 0.04 inches.
Further by way of example, for each of the projections on each of
the segments, the second center of curvature is offset from the
first center of curvature at a distance of about 0.03 inches.
[0023] An example coupling embodiment further comprises a ring
gasket positioned between the first and second segments. The ring
gasket supports the first and second segments in spaced apart
relation sufficient to insert the pipe elements between the
segments. In a specific example embodiment the ring gasket has an
oval shape. In another example embodiment the ring gasket has a
round shape.
[0024] Another example coupling for joining pipe elements in end to
end relation comprises first and second segments joined end to end
surrounding a central axis and defining a central space for
receiving the pipe elements. Each one of the segments comprises
first and second projections. Each projection is positioned in
spaced apart relation on opposite sides of the segments and extends
toward the central axis. At least a portion of each of the
projections is engageable with a respective one of the pipe
elements. Each of the projections has an arcuate surface facing the
central axis. A back wall extends between the first and second
projections. The back wall has an arcuate surface facing the
central axis. A distance between the arcuate surface of the back
wall and the arcuate surfaces of the projections, as measured along
a radially projecting line extending from the central axis, is a
first value at a point midway between the ends of the segments, and
a second value at a point proximate to one end of each of the
segments, and a third value at a point proximate to an opposite end
of each of the segments, the first value being less than the second
value and the third value. A ring gasket is positioned within the
central space. The ring gasket has an outer circumference having a
length greater than the sum of the lengths of the arcuate surfaces
of the back walls of the first and second segments. The ring gasket
supports the first and second segments in spaced apart
relation.
[0025] In an example embodiment the distance is a minimum at the
first point midway between the ends of the at least one segment. In
another example the distance is a maximum at the second point, the
second point being positioned at the at least one end of the at
least one segment. Further by way of example the distance between
the arcuate surface of the back wall and the arcuate surface of the
at least one projection at a third point positioned at another of
the ends of the at least one segment is a third value approximately
equal to the second value.
[0026] By way of example the arcuate surface of the back wall
comprises a first portion having a curved surface, and a second
portion having a curved surface. The second portion is positioned
proximate to the at least one end of the at least one segment. Any
point on the second portion is farther from the central axis than
any point on the first portion. Further by way of example the
arcuate surface of the back wall comprises a third portion having a
curved surface. The third portion is positioned proximate to
another of the ends of the at least one segment. Any point on the
third portion is farther from the central axis than any point on
the first portion.
[0027] In a specific example embodiment the second portion of the
arcuate surface of the back wall subtends an angle from about
5.degree. to about 80.degree.. In a further example the second
portion of the arcuate surface of the back wall subtends an angle
from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree.. Further by way of example
the third portion of the arcuate surface of the back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree.. Also by way of
example the second portion of the arcuate surface of the back wall
subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
[0028] In another example embodiment the arcuate surface of the
back wall comprises a first portion having a first radius of
curvature, and a second portion having an infinite radius of
curvature. The second portion is positioned proximate to the at
least one end of the at least one segment. Any point on the second
portion is farther from the central axis than any point on the
first portion. In another example the arcuate surface of the back
wall further comprises a third portion having an infinite radius of
curvature. The third portion is positioned proximate to another of
the ends of the at least one segment. In a specific example
embodiment the second portion of the arcuate surface of the back
wall subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree..
Further by way of example the second portion of the arcuate surface
of the back wall subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
30.degree.. Also by way of example the third portion of the arcuate
surface of the back wall subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to
about 45.degree.. Additionally by way of example the second portion
of the arcuate surface of the back wall subtends an angle from
about 5.degree. to about 30.degree..
[0029] An example coupling embodiment comprises a plurality of the
second portions of the arcuate surface of the back wall. Each of
the second portions has infinite radii of curvature. Further by way
of example the arcuate surface of the back wall comprises a
plurality of third portions each having an infinite radius of
curvature. The third portions of the arcuate surfaces of the back
wall are positioned proximate to another of the ends of the at
least one segment. In a specific example embodiment the plurality
of second portions of the arcuate surface of the back wall subtends
an angle from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree.. In another
example embodiment the plurality of second portions of the arcuate
surface of the back wall subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to
about 30.degree.. Further by way of example the plurality of third
portions of the arcuate surface of the back wall subtends an angle
from about 5.degree. to about 80.degree.. Also by way of example
the plurality of third portions of the arcuate surface of the back
wall subtends an angle from about 5.degree. to about
30.degree..
[0030] An example coupling embodiment comprises only a first and a
second of the segments joined end to end surrounding the central
axis. In another example the ring gasket has an oval shape. In yet
another example the ring gasket has a round shape.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] FIG. 1 is an elevational view of an example mechanical pipe
coupling according to the invention;
[0032] FIG. 2 is an elevational view of an example mechanical pipe
coupling according to the invention;
[0033] FIG. 3 is a cross sectional view of a segment of an example
mechanical pipe coupling according to the invention;
[0034] FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the segment of an
example mechanical pipe coupling taken at line 4-4 of FIG. 3;
[0035] FIG. 5 is a cross sectional view of a segment of an example
mechanical pipe coupling according to the invention;
[0036] FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a segment of an example
mechanical pipe coupling according to the invention; and
[0037] FIG. 7 shows a partial cross sectional view of an example
segment on an enlarged scale.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0038] FIG. 2 shows an example embodiment of a coupling 10
according to the invention. Coupling 10 comprises segments 12 and
14 that are joined to one another end to end surrounding a central
axis 16 and defining a central space 18. Central space 18 receives
the pipe elements to be joined in end to end relation, the
longitudinal axis of the pipe elements substantially aligning with
the central axis 16. Each of the segments 12 and 14 have connection
members 20 and 22 at each end. In this example, the connection
members comprise a lug 24 which projects from the segment and
receives a threaded fastener 26. Fasteners 26 are adjustably
tightenable so as to draw the segments 12 and 14 toward one another
and the central axis 16 to engage the pipe elements and form the
joint. Segments 12 and 14 are pre-assembled at the factory in
spaced relation sufficient to permit insertion of the pipe elements
into the central space 18 without disassembling the coupling.
[0039] As shown in cross section in FIG. 4, each segment (segment
12 being shown) has a pair of projections 28 and 30 positioned in
spaced apart relation on opposite sides of the segment. The
projections extend toward the central axis 16, and at least a
portion of each projection is engageable with a respective pipe
element to provide mechanical engagement and hold the pipe elements
in end to end relation. The projections 28 and 30 engage the outer
surface of the pipe elements, which may be a plain surface, a
surface forming a circumferential groove, or a surface having a
raised shoulder, or a shoulder and bead for example. The
projections may have one or more notches 31 (see FIG. 2) positioned
adjacent to the connection members 20 and 22 to facilitate
insertion of the pipe elements into the central space 18. As shown
in FIGS. 3 and 4, each projection has an arcuate surface 32 facing
central axis 16. The arcuate surface 32 of each projection has a
radius of curvature 34 measured from a center of curvature 35 of
the arcuate surface.
[0040] The segments 12 and 14 also have sidewalls 36 and 38 from
which the projections 28 and 30 extend. The sidewalls 36 and 38 are
attached to a back wall 40, and together the sidewalls and back
wall define a pocket 42. Pocket 42 receives a ring gasket 43 (FIG.
4) positioned between the segments 12 and 14 (see FIG. 2) to ensure
a fluid-tight seal. In this example coupling it is the ring gasket
which supports the segments 12 and 14 in spaced apart relation when
assembled. Back wall 40 extends between projections 28 and 30 and,
as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, has an arcuate surface 44 which faces
the central axis 16. The back wall's arcuate surface 44 has a
radius of curvature 46 measured from a center of curvature 48 of
the back wall arcuate surface. When viewed or measured in the plane
50 oriented perpendicular to the central axis 16 of the coupling
10, the center of curvature 35 of the arcuate surfaces 32 on
projections 28 and 30 are non-coincident with the center of
curvature 48 of the arcuate surface 44 of the back wall 40. In the
example shown in FIG. 3, the centers of curvature 35 are closer to
the arcuate surface of the back wall 40 than the center of
curvature 48 of the back wall's arcuate surface 44 when measured to
a point 52 on the back wall's arcuate surface 48 that is collinear
with the centers of curvature 35 and 48, as shown by line segment
54. As further shown in FIG. 3, the centers of curvature 35 and 48
and point 52 on the back wall arcuate surface 44 are collinear
along line 54, which is oriented perpendicular to a second line 55
extending between the ends 56 and 58 of the segments 12 and 14
(only segment 12 being shown).
[0041] The offset distance 60 between the center of curvature 35
and the center of curvature 48 results in an eccentrically shaped
gasket pocket 42 of varying depth wherein the arcuate surface 44 of
the back wall extends further outwardly from a true circle as one
proceeds along the back wall from the middle of the segment 12 to
either end 56 or 58. If the depth 62 of the pocket 42, measured
from the projection's arcuate surface 32 to the back wall's arcuate
surface 44, is the value "h" at the middle of the segment, then the
depth 62a at either end 56, 58 of the segment 12 is approximately
"h" (62)+offset distance 60. The depth 62 may be defined as the
distance between the arcuate surface 32 of the projection 30 and
the arcuate surface 44 of the back wall 40, measured along a
radially projecting line extending from the central axis 16. In
this example embodiment, this distance, depth 62, varies from a
value of h at a point between the ends 56 and 58 of the segment 12,
and a greater value, h+offset, at points at each end of the
segment. This increased depth, located at the ends of the segments,
provides more outwardly radial room for the gasket at the ends of
the segments, which, due to the geometry of the gasket 43 and the
gasket pocket 42, would normally contact the gasket and distort it
out of round as shown in FIG. 1. However, because the gasket pocket
42 is eccentric, with its eccentricity of h+ offset distance a
maximum at the ends 56 and 58 of the segments 12 and 14 (and a
minimum of "h" midway between the ends), contact between arcuate
surface 44 of the back wall 40 and the outer surface 64 of the ring
gasket 43 can be controlled and thereby control the degree of
distortion of the ring gasket out of round when the coupling 10 is
factory assembled with the segments 12 and 14 supported in spaced
relation on the outer surface 64 of the ring gasket 43 so that pipe
elements may be inserted into the central space 18 without
disassembling the coupling. It is possible to support segment 12
and 14 in spaced relation because the circumference of the outer
surface 64 of an undeformed ring gasket 43 is greater than the sum
of the circumferences of the arcuate surfaces 44 on the segments 12
and 14 with which the ring gasket outer surface 64 interfaces. The
degree of distortion of ring gasket 43 may range from substantially
no distortion, providing the round shape shown in FIG. 2, to an
oval shape as shown for ring gasket 23 in FIG. 1. As the offset
distance 60 increases, the degree of ovality of the ring gasket
decreases. While it is possible to eliminate substantially all of
the distortion of the ring gasket, for practical designs it is
sometimes advantageous to provide a controlled degree of
distortion. Advantage is obtained when the degree of distortion is
such that pinching of the ring gasket is avoided while maintaining
enough eccentricity such that the ring gasket grips one of the pipe
ends and holds it on the pipe element when it is inserted into the
central space. This allows convenient assembly of the pipe joint as
the technician does not need to hold the coupling and first pipe
element together while he maneuvers the second pipe element into
engagement with the coupling. Offset distances 60 of about 0.01
inches to about 0.1 inches are found practical for couplings suited
for pipe elements having a nominal outer diameter of ten inches or
less. The offset distance may further range from about 0.02 inches
to about 0.04 inches, with an offset distance of about 0.03 inches
being advantageous for some combinations of couplings and pipe
elements.
[0042] FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate respective segments 66 and 68
wherein the distance 62 between the arcuate surface 32 of the
projection 30 and the arcuate surface 44 of back wall 40, as
measured along a radially projecting line 70 extending from the
central axis 16 is smaller at a point 72 midway between the ends 56
and 58 of the segments 66 and 68 than at a point 74 proximate to
one of the ends.
[0043] For segment 66, shown in FIG. 5, the arcuate surface 44 of
the back wall 40 comprises a first surface portion 76 which has a
first radius of curvature 78, and a second surface portion 80,
positioned proximate to end 56 of segment 66, which has a second
radius of curvature 82. Any point on the second surface portion 80
is farther from the central axis 16 than any point on the first
portion 78. Thus the distance 62 between the arcuate surface 32 of
the projection 30 and the arcuate surface 44 of back wall 40 is
smaller over the angle 84 subtended by the first surface portion 76
than over the angle 86 subtended by the second surface portion 80.
Second surface portion 80 may subtend an angle 86 from about
5.degree. to about 80.degree.. A subtended angle from about
5.degree. to about 45.degree. is also practical.
[0044] In this example the arcuate surface 44 further comprises a
third surface portion 88 located at the opposite end 58 of the
segment 66. Third surface portion 88 has a radius of curvature 90.
(The respective radii of curvature 82 and 90 of the second surface
portion 80 and the third surface portion 88 may be equal to one
another.) Any point on the third surface portion 88 is farther from
the central axis 16 than any point on the first portion 78. Thus
the distance 62 between the arcuate surface 32 of the projection 30
and the arcuate surface 44 of back wall 40 is smaller over the
angle 84 subtended by the first surface portion 76 than over the
angle 92 subtended by the third surface portion 88. Third surface
portion 88 may subtend an angle 92 from about 5.degree. to about
80.degree.. A subtended angle from about 5.degree. to about
45.degree. is also practical.
[0045] Note that the distances 62 and differences between the radii
of curvature are exaggerated for clarity. While the geometrical
relationships between the arcuate surfaces 32 and 44 are described
for one projection 30 on one segment 66, it is understood that each
segment comprising a coupling may have two such projections on
opposite sides of the segment, as shown in FIG. 4, and that the
geometrical relation between the arcuate surfaces on both
projections and the arcuate surface of the back wall may be the
same.
[0046] For segment 68, shown in FIG. 6, the arcuate surface 44 of
the back wall 40 comprises a first surface portion 94 which has a
first radius of curvature 96, and a second surface portion 98,
positioned proximate to end 56 of segment 66. The second surface
portion 98 has an infinite radius of curvature, meaning that the
second surface portion is a flat facet 100. The facet 100 is
arranged such that the distance 62 between the arcuate surface 32
of the projection 30 and the arcuate surface 44 of back wall 40 is
smaller over the angle 102 subtended by the first surface portion
94 than over the angle 104 subtended by the second surface portion
98, that being the facet 100. Second surface portion 98 may subtend
an angle 104 from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree.. A subtended
angle from about 5.degree. to about 30.degree. is also
practical.
[0047] In this example the arcuate surface 44 further comprises a
third surface portion 106 located at the opposite end 58 of the
segment 68. In this example the third surface portion 106 also has
an infinite radius of curvature, thereby forming a facet 108. The
facet 108 is arranged such that the distance 62 between the arcuate
surface 32 of the projection 30 and the arcuate surface 44 of back
wall 40 is smaller over the angle 102 subtended by the first
surface portion 94 than over the angle 110 subtended by the third
surface portion 106. Third surface portion 88 may subtend an angle
110 from about 5.degree. to about 45.degree.. A subtended angle
from about 5.degree. to about 30.degree. is also practical. While
the second and third surface portions 98 and 106 of the segment 68
are each shown as formed of single facets 100 and 108, it is
advantageous to form a plurality of facets proximate each end of
the segment 68. An example of this multifaceted structure is shown
on an enlarged scale in FIG. 7, wherein the surface 44 of segment
68 is comprised of a plurality of second surface portions 98a, 98b,
98c, each having an infinite radius of curvature and forming
respective facets 100a, 100b, 100c. The plurality of surface
portions 98a, 98b, 98c may subtend an angle 112 from about
5.degree. to about 80.degree.. A subtended angle from about
5.degree. to about 30.degree. is also practical.
[0048] Note that the distances 62 are exaggerated for clarity.
While the geometrical relationships between the arcuate surfaces 32
and 44 are described for one projection 30 on one segment 68, it is
understood that each segment comprising a coupling may have two
such projections on opposite sides of the segment, as shown in FIG.
4, and that the geometrical relation between the arcuate surfaces
on both projections and the arcuate surface of the back wall may be
the same.
[0049] The gasket pocket of varying depth, which allows the degree
of distortion of the ring gasket to be controlled, provides several
advantages over prior art coupling segments having pockets where
the depth is a constant. When the coupling is factory assembled the
gasket may have a controlled shape between oval and round. Choosing
a configuration wherein the ring gasket has less distortion means
that when a pipe element is inserted into the central space it will
engage the pipe stop within the gasket more uniformly, thereby
promoting proper seating of the pipe elements in the coupling.
Furthermore, for a ring gasket with less distortion there is less
likelihood of pinching the gasket between the ends of the coupling
segments. However, inducing some reasonable degree of distortion to
the shape of the ring gasket allows it to grip and hold onto the
pipe element during assembly, which is advantageous for the
technician.
[0050] The gasket pocket of varying depth described above and
claimed herein is applicable to both rigid and flexible couplings.
Rigid couplings are advantageously used with circumferentially
grooved pipe elements. The segments of rigid couplings have
interfacing surfaces which have opposite angular orientations with
respect to one another. When the fasteners joining such segments
together are tightened, the interfacing surfaces on one segment
contact their counterpart surfaces on the mating segment and the
segments are forced to rotate about a vertical axis in opposite
directions relatively to one another. This causes the projections
to engage the sidewalls of the circumferential groove in the pipe
elements and lock them in place so as to provide significant
resistance to external bending forces and torque applied to the
joint, thereby limiting the relative deflections of the pipe
elements. Examples of rigid couplings are shown herein in FIGS. 1,
2, 5 and 6. Rigid couplings are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
4,611,839 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,639,020, both patents being hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0051] In a flexible coupling the interfacing surfaces between the
segments are not angled and when they engage one another they do
not cause any relative rotation of the segments. Thus the
projections do not engage the sidewalls of the circumferential
groove due to twisting action of the segments which results in a
more flexible joint, where the relative deflections of the pipe
elements in bending, torsionally and axially, are greater than for
the rigid joint (described above) for the same applied loads. FIG.
3 shows an example flexible coupling.
[0052] The gasket pocket of varying depth described above and
claimed herein is also applicable to adapter couplings which permit
pipe elements of different nominal sizes to be coupled in end to
end relation. In adapter couplings each segment has projections of
different radii of curvature matched to fit and engage a different
size pipe element. Examples of adapter couplings used to couple
grooved pipe elements are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,680,894 and
U.S. Pat. No. 4,896,902, both patents being hereby incorporated by
reference herein.
[0053] Pipe couplings according to the invention permit
non-deforming couplings to be used as installation ready couplings
and require less energy to install because there is no significant
energy expended to deform the couplings when effecting the pipe
joint. This corresponds to lower fatigue when manually forming
joints with hand tools as well as fewer battery changes when
cordless electric power tools are used.
* * * * *