U.S. patent application number 15/178812 was filed with the patent office on 2016-09-29 for pharmaceutical ophthalmic compositions for intraocular administration and methods for fabricating thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is IMPRIMIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC.. Invention is credited to Bernard Covalesky, Richard Dilzer, John Scott Karolchyk, Jeffrey T. Liegner, Kallan Peters, Dennis Elias Saadeh.
Application Number | 20160279055 15/178812 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56974637 |
Filed Date | 2016-09-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160279055 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Liegner; Jeffrey T. ; et
al. |
September 29, 2016 |
PHARMACEUTICAL OPHTHALMIC COMPOSITIONS FOR INTRAOCULAR
ADMINISTRATION AND METHODS FOR FABRICATING THEREOF
Abstract
Pharmaceutical ophthalmic compositions are described, the
compositions consisting essentially of a therapeutically effective
quantity of an anti-bacterial agent (such as moxifloxacin), a
therapeutically effective quantity of an anti-inflammatory agent
(such as prednisolone), a combination of at least two solubilizing
and suspending agents (of which one is a non-ionic
polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer), and a carrier.
Methods for fabricating the compositions and using them are also
described.
Inventors: |
Liegner; Jeffrey T.;
(Newton, NJ) ; Karolchyk; John Scott; (Lake
Hopatcong, NJ) ; Covalesky; Bernard; (Randolph,
NJ) ; Dilzer; Richard; (Long Valley, NJ) ;
Peters; Kallan; (Flemington, NJ) ; Saadeh; Dennis
Elias; (Irvine, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
IMPRIMIS PHARMACEUTICALS, INC. |
San Diego |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
56974637 |
Appl. No.: |
15/178812 |
Filed: |
June 10, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14227819 |
Mar 27, 2014 |
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15178812 |
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61958170 |
Jul 22, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/4709 20130101;
A61K 47/22 20130101; A61K 47/10 20130101; A61K 31/196 20130101;
A61K 31/496 20130101; A61K 31/496 20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101;
A61K 38/14 20130101; A61K 9/0048 20130101; A61K 38/12 20130101;
A61K 31/58 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101;
A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 38/12 20130101; A61K 31/4709
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/58 20130101; A61K 31/196
20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101; A61K 47/38 20130101; A61K 45/06
20130101; A61K 38/14 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 9/00 20060101
A61K009/00; A61K 31/573 20060101 A61K031/573; A61K 31/196 20060101
A61K031/196; A61K 47/38 20060101 A61K047/38; A61K 47/22 20060101
A61K047/22; A61K 38/14 20060101 A61K038/14; A61K 31/4709 20060101
A61K031/4709; A61K 47/10 20060101 A61K047/10 |
Claims
1. A pharmaceutical composition formulated as a suspension that
consists of: (a) a dispersed phase consisting of solid particles
consisting of a therapeutically effective quantity of a
corticosteroid independently selected from the group consisting of
triamcinolone, triamcinolone acetonide, triamcinolone diacetate,
triamcinolone benetonide, triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone
hexacetonide, betamethasone acetate, dexamethasone,
fluorometholone, fluocinolone acetonide, and combinations thereof;
and (b) a dispersion medium consisting of: (b1) a therapeutically
effective quantity of at least one anti-bacterial agent
independently selected from the group consisting of quinolone, a
fluorinated quinolone and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
hydrates, solvates or N-oxides thereof; (b2) a therapeutically
effective quantity of an excipient consisting of at least one
pharmaceutically acceptable solubilizing and suspending agent(s),
with the further proviso that the excipient consists of: (b2a) a
first solubilizing and suspending agent selected from the group
consisting of at least one non-ionic
polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer; and (b2b)
optionally, a second solubilizing and suspending agent selected
from the group consisting of a water-soluble derivative of
cellulose, optionally partially cross-linked polyacrylates,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monopalmitates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearates,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates or combinations thereof; (b3)
optionally, a therapeutically effective quantity of at least one
glycopeptide antibiotic selected from the group consisting of
vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, decaplanin, ramoplanin,
gentamicin, tobramycin, amikacin, cefuroxime, polymyxin B sulfate,
and trimethoprim; (b4) optionally, a therapeutically effective
quantity of at least one non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug
selected from the group consisting of bromfenac, ketorolac,
etodolac, sulindac, diclofenac, aceclofenac, nepafenac, tolmetin,
indomethacin, nabumetone, ketoprofen, dexketoprofen, ibuprofen,
flurbiprofen, dexibuprofen, fenoprofen, loxoprofen, oxaprozin,
naproxen, aspirin, salicylic acid, diflunisal, salsalate, mefenamic
acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, tolfenamic acid,
meloxicam, piroxicam, ternoxicam, droxicam, lornoxicam, isoxicam,
celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib, lumiracoxib,
etoricoxib, firocoxib, nimesulide, clonixin, licofelone, and
pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates, ethers,
esters, acetals and ketals thereof; and (b5) a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, wherein the dispersed phase is dispersed within
the dispersion medium, with the further proviso that the
pharmaceutical composition is an ophthalmic composition that is
suitable for delivery via intraocular injection or via eye
drops.
2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
anti-bacterial agent is a fluorinated quinolone.
3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the
fluorinated quinolone is selected from the group consisting of
moxifloxacin and gatifloxacin.
4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the
fluorinated quinolone is moxifloxacin.
5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the
fluorinated quinolone has the chemical structure (A):
##STR00008##
6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
corticosteroid is triamcinolone.
7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein: (a) the
anti-bacterial agent is moxifloxacin; and (b) the corticosteroid is
triamcinolone or a derivative thereof.
8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the non-ionic
polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer is poly(ethylene
glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene
glycol).
9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein in the second
solubilizing and suspending agent, if present, the water-soluble
derivative of cellulose is selected from the group consisting of
carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
and hydroxypropyl cellulose.
10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the second
solubilizing and suspending agent, if present, is polyoxyethylene
(20) sorbitan monooleate.
11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein: (a) the
anti-bacterial agent is moxifloxacin at a concentration of about
1.0 mg/mL; (b) the corticosteroid is triamcinolone acetonide at a
concentration of about 15.0 mg/mL; and (c) the non-ionic
polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer is at a
concentration of about 1.0 mass %.
12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
glycopeptide antibiotic, if present, is vancomycin.
13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the
non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug, if present, is bromfenac.
14. A method for treating an ophthalmological disease, condition or
pathology in a mammalian subject in need of such treatment
comprising delivery to the subject the composition of claim 1,
wherein the method of delivery is selected from the group
consisting of intravitreal injection, intraocular intracameral
injection, intra-lesional injection, intra-articular injection,
subconjunctival injection, sub-tenon injection, delivery via eye
drops, delivery via spray and intra-canalicular delivery, to treat
the ophthalmological disease, condition or pathology thereby.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the intravitreal injection is
selected from the group consisting of a transzonular injection and
a non-transzonular injection.
16. A method for treating an ophthalmological disease, condition or
pathology in a mammalian subject in need of such treatment
comprising intravitreally transzonularly injecting the subject with
the composition of claim 1, to treat the ophthalmological disease,
condition or pathology thereby.
17. A method for treating an ophthalmological disease, condition or
pathology in a mammalian subject in need of such treatment
comprising intraocularly injecting the subject with a composition
of claim 1, to treat the ophthalmological disease, condition or
pathology thereby.
18. A method for treating an ophthalmological disease, condition or
pathology in a mammalian subject in need of such treatment
comprising intravitreally transzonularly injecting the subject with
the composition of claim 1, to treat the ophthalmological disease,
condition or pathology thereby.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein the injecting is
intraoperative.
20. A pharmaceutical kit, comprising a sealed container containing
the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 and an instruction for
the use of the composition enclosed with the container.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation-in-part patent application under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.120 of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/227,819,
filed Mar. 27, 2014, now pending, which in turn claims priority
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No.
61/958,170, filed Jul. 22, 2013, the entire contents of each of
which is hereby incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to the field of
ophthalmology and more specifically to injectable ophthalmological
compositions having anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory
properties, and to methods of preparing such compositions.
BACKGROUND
[0003] In ophthalmological treatments and procedures, e.g.,
cataract surgery, pre- and post-operative eye drops are frequently
used by the patients to eliminate or alleviate negative
post-surgery complications such as infections, inflammation, and
tissue edema. It has been reported that as many as 8% of all ocular
surgery patients may suffer from infections, including the
potentially catastrophic endophthalmitis, and various negative
sight threatening side effects after surgery, such as inflammatory
uveitis, corneal edema, and cystoid macular edema. Typically, the
topical postoperative medications are prescribed for at-home use
starting before and then after cataract surgery, and are typically
self-administered, unless requiring a caregiver or family
assistance.
[0004] These ophthalmic medication drops include anti-inflammatory
and antibiotic agents and are highly effective, but require strict
adherence to the treatment regimens, which is often difficult for
many patients (with physical limitations or aversions to eyelid
touching and manipulation) and is frequently expensive (well over
$200 per procedure), causing patients' dissatisfaction. It is
desirable to have an alternative procedure that would permit
avoiding the necessity of the use of such post-surgery medications
to save the associated post-operative trouble and expenses.
[0005] One such alternative procedure includes the intraoperative
intravitreal injection by an atraumatic transzonular route that can
achieve patient outcomes that are as good as, or better than, the
current at-home eye drop regimen, removing the issues of compliance
and medication administration accuracy. This patent specification
discloses pharmaceutical compositions suitable for intraoperative
ocular injections that can achieve such positive patient outcomes,
and methods of fabricating and administering the same.
SUMMARY
[0006] According to one embodiment of the invention, an ophthalmic
pharmaceutical composition is provided in a form of suspension, the
composition comprising a therapeutic component consisting
essentially of a therapeutically effective quantity of an
anti-bacterial agent and a therapeutically effective quantity of an
anti-inflammatory agent, a combination of at least two
pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier, wherein the composition is suitable for
delivery via intraocular injection or via eye drops.
[0007] According to another embodiment of the invention, an
anti-bacterial agent described herein can be a compound selected
from the group of quinolone (including a fluorinated quinolone),
e.g., moxifloxacin, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
hydrates, solvates or N-oxides thereof.
[0008] According to yet another embodiment of the invention, an
anti-inflammatory agent described herein can be a corticosteroid,
e.g., triamcinolone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts,
hydrates, solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof.
[0009] According to another embodiment of the invention, the
pharmaceutical compositions described herein further include at
least two solubilizing and suspending agents of which one is any of
non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymers, e.g.,
Poloxamer 407.RTM., and the other is any of water-soluble
derivatives of cellulose (e.g., carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl
cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, or hydroxypropyl cellulose),
non-cross-linked or partially cross-linked polyacrylates,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monopalmitates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearates,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates or combinations thereof.
[0010] According to other embodiments of the invention, the
pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be intravitreally
transzonularly injected into a mammalian subject as a part of the
process of treatment of a variety of ophthalmological diseases,
conditions or pathologies associated with intraocular surgery, such
as cataracts, retinal and glaucoma disease.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A. Terms and Definitions
[0011] Unless specific definitions are provided, the nomenclatures
utilized in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and
techniques of analytical chemistry, synthetic organic and inorganic
chemistry described herein, are those known in the art. Standard
chemical symbols are used interchangeably with the full names
represented by such symbols. Thus, for example, the terms
"hydrogen" and "H" are understood to have identical meaning.
Standard techniques may be used for chemical syntheses, chemical
analyses, formulating compositions and testing them. The foregoing
techniques and procedures can be generally performed according to
conventional methods well known in the art.
[0012] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general
description and the following detailed description are exemplary
and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the invention
claimed. As used herein, the use of the singular includes the
plural unless specifically stated otherwise. The section headings
used herein are for organizational purposes only and are not to be
construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0013] As used herein, "or" means "and/or" unless stated otherwise.
Furthermore, use of the term "including" as well as other forms,
such as "includes," and "included," is not limiting.
[0014] "About" as used herein means that a number referred to as
"about" comprises the recited number plus or minus 1-10% of that
recited number. For example, "about" 100 degrees can mean 95-105
degrees or as few as 99-101 degrees depending on the context.
Whenever it appears herein, a numerical range such as "1 to 20"
refers to each integer in the given range; i.e., meaning only 1,
only 2, only 3, etc., up to and including only 20.
[0015] The term "pharmaceutical composition" is defined as a
chemical or a biological compound or substance, or a mixture or
combination of two or more such compounds or substances, intended
for use in the medical diagnosis, cure, treatment, or prevention of
disease or pathology.
[0016] The term "intraocular injection" refers to an injection that
is administered by entering the eyeball of the patient.
[0017] The term "transzonular" refers to an injection administered
through the ciliary zonule which is a series of fibers connecting
the ciliary body and lens of the eye.
[0018] The term "intravitreal" refers to an injection administered
through an eye of the patient, directly into the inner cavity of
the eye.
[0019] The term "intraoperative" is defined as an action occurring
or carried during, or in the course of, surgery.
[0020] The term "suspension" is defined for the purposes of the
present application as a two-phase only dispersion system (e.g., a
colloidal dispersion) having a first phase and a second phase. It
is further specifically provided that dispersion systems having
three, four or more phases are not within the meaning of
"suspension" for the purposes of the instant application.
[0021] Furthermore, the above mentioned first phase of the
suspension consists of a multitude of solid particles and is
designated and defined as the "dispersed phase", and the above
mentioned second phase of the suspension is a liquid and is
designated and defined as the "dispersion medium", or,
interchangeably and synonymously, the "continuous phase".
[0022] Furthermore, the above mentioned dispersed phase is
dispersed in the above mentioned dispersion medium, and the term
"dispersed" is defined as meaning that the dispersed phase is
statistically evenly distributed throughout the entire volume of
the suspension, with no statistically meaningful deviations in the
concentrations of the dispersed phase in different portions of the
suspension.
[0023] The terms "anti-bacterial" and "antibiotic" are used herein
interchangeably to refer to substances or compounds that destroy
bacteria and/or inhibit the growth thereof via any mechanism or
route.
[0024] The term "anti-inflammatory" refers to substances or
compounds that counteract or suppress inflammation via any
mechanism or route.
[0025] The term "quinolone" for the purposes of this application
refers to a genus of anti-bacterial compounds that are derivatives
of benzopyridine and in some embodiments include fluorine atom,
such as in the following structure ("fluoroquinolone"):
##STR00001##
[0026] The term "corticosteroid" is defined as a compound belonging
to a sub-genus of steroids that are derivatives of corticosterone,
the latter having the chemical structure:
##STR00002##
[0027] The term "salt" refers to an ionic compound which is a
product of the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
[0028] The terms "solvate" and "hydrate" are used herein to
indicate that a compound or a substance is physically or chemically
associated with a solvent for "solvates" such as water (for
"hydrates").
[0029] The term "ether" refers to a chemical compound containing
the structure R--O--R.sub.1, where two organic fragments R and
R.sub.1 are connected via oxygen.
[0030] The term "ester" refers to a chemical compound containing
the ester group R--O--C(O)--R.sub.1, connecting two organic
fragments R and R.sub.1.
[0031] The terms "acetal" and "ketal" refer to a chemical compound
containing the functional group R--C(R.sub.1)(OR.sub.2).sub.2,
where R and R.sub.2 are organic fragments and R.sub.1 is hydrogen
atom (for acetals), and is inclusive of "hemiacetals" where one
R.sub.2 (but not the other) is hydrogen atom; or where none of R,
R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 is a hydrogen atom and each is an organic
fragment (for ketals).
[0032] The terms "non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug" or "NSAID"
refer to substances or compounds that are free of steroid moieties
and provide analgesic, antipyretic and/or anti-inflammatory
effects.
[0033] The term "carrier" refers to a substance that serves as a
vehicle for improving the efficiency of delivery and the
effectiveness of a pharmaceutical composition.
[0034] The term "excipient" refers to a pharmacologically inactive
substance that is formulated in combination with the
pharmacologically active ingredient of pharmaceutical composition
and is inclusive of bulking agents, fillers, diluents and products
used for facilitating drug absorption or solubility or for other
pharmacokinetic considerations.
[0035] The term "solubilizing agent" for the purposes of the
instant application refers broadly to chemical compounds that
improve the process of incorporating the solubilizate (i.e., active
components described herein) into micelles; in other words the
presence of a solubilizing agent makes the process of
solubilization faster, easier, and/or more complete as compared
with compositions without it.
[0036] The term "suspending agent" for the purposes of the instant
application refers broadly to chemical compounds that help active
pharmaceutical ingredients stay suspended in the formulation and
prevents and/or reduces the phase separation of two-phase
dispersion systems described herein.
[0037] The term "therapeutically effective amount" is defined as
the amount of the compound or pharmaceutical composition that will
elicit the biological or medical response of a tissue, system,
animal or human that is being sought by the researcher, medical
doctor or other clinician.
[0038] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable" is defined as a
carrier, whether diluent or excipient, that is compatible with the
other ingredients of the formulation and not deleterious to the
recipient thereof.
[0039] The terms "administration of a composition" or
"administering a composition" is defined to include an act of
providing a compound of the invention or pharmaceutical composition
to the subject in need of treatment.
B. Embodiments of the Invention
[0040] According to embodiments of the present invention,
pharmaceutical compositions intended to prevent and/or treat
inflammation and/or infections are provided. The compositions
include an active component comprising, consisting essentially of,
or consisting of a therapeutically effective quantity of an
anti-bacterial agent (i.e., an antibiotic) and a therapeutically
effective quantity of an anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., a
corticosteroid). In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical
compositions can be used for intraocular injections. In other
embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions can be used for
intra-articular or intra-lesional use. In yet other embodiments the
pharmaceutical compositions can be used for delivery via eye drops.
The compositions further include one or several pharmaceutically
acceptable excipient(s) and one or several pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier(s).
[0041] The concentration of the anti-bacterial agent in the
pharmaceutical composition may be between about 0.01 mg/mL and
about 50.0 mg/mL, such as between about 0.5 mg/mL and about 10
mg/mL, for example, about 1.0 mg/mL. The concentration of the
anti-inflammatory agent in the pharmaceutical composition may be
between about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between
about 5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 15.0
mg/mL.
[0042] According to further embodiments, the anti-bacterial agent
to be employed in the active component of the composition may be
selected from the group of quinolones, including fluoroquinolones,
and suitable derivatives of the same, such as pharmaceutically
acceptable salts, hydrates or solvates thereof. In one embodiment,
fluoroquinolone that may be so employed is moxifloxacin
(chemically,
1-cyclopropyl-7-[(1S,6S)-2,8-diazabicyclo-[4.3.0]non-8-yl]-6-fluoro-8-met-
hoxy-4-oxo-quinoline-3-carboxylic acid), which is available, e.g.,
under trade name Avelox.RTM. from Bayer Healthcare Corp. of Wayne,
N.J., and under other trade names from other suppliers such as
Alcon Corp. and Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., and has the following
chemical structure:
##STR00003##
[0043] A non-limiting example of a possible alternative
fluoroquinolone antibiotic that may be used instead of, or in
combination with, moxifloxacin is gatifloxacin. In some further
embodiments one or several glycopeptide antibiotic(s), or a
combination of some or all of them, may be optionally used as a
part of the anti-bacterial agent, in combination with (i.e., in
addition to) moxifloxacin. One example of such an acceptable
additional glycopeptide antibiotic is vancomycin which can be
introduced into the pharmaceutical composition at a concentration
between about 1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about
5.0 mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 10.0 mg/mL.
Vancomycin is available under the trade name Vancocin.RTM. from Eli
Lilly & Co. of Indianapolis, Ind. Other acceptable additional
glycopeptide antibiotics that may be so optionally used include
teicoplanin, telavancin, decaplanin, ramoplanin, gentamicin,
tobramycin, amikacin, cefuroxime, polymyxin B sulfate, and
trimethoprim.
[0044] According to further embodiments, the anti-inflammatory
agent to be employed in the active component of the composition may
be selected from the group of corticosteroids, such as derivatives
of corticosterone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,
solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof. For example,
a product obtained as a result of a chemically reasonable
substitution of any hydrogen and/or hydroxyl group in the molecule
of corticosterone may be used. In one embodiment, a corticosteroid
that can be so utilized is triamcinolone (chemically,
(11.beta.,16.alpha.)-9-fluoro-11,16,17,21-tetrahydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,-
20-dione) having the following chemical formula:
##STR00004##
[0045] In another embodiment, a corticosteroid that can be so
utilized is triamcinolone acetonide (chemically,
(4aS,4bR,5S,6aS,6bS,9aR,10aS,10bS)-4b-fluoro-6b-glycoloyl-5-hydroxy-4a,6a-
,8,8-tetramethyl-4a,4b,5,6,6a,6b,9a,10,10a,10b,11,12-dodecahydro-2H-naphth-
o[2',1':4,5]indeno[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-2-one) which is a ketal
derivative of triamcinolone available, e.g., under the trade name
Kenalog.RTM. from Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. of Princeton, N.J. and
under other trade names from other suppliers, and having the
following chemical formula:
##STR00005##
[0046] Other corticosteroids, or a combination of some or all of
them, may be used instead of all or a portion of triamcinolone
and/or of all or a portion of triamcinolone acetonide. Some
non-limiting examples of such acceptable other corticosteroids
include triamcinolone diacetate, triamcinolone benetonide,
triamcinolone furetonide, triamcinolone hexacetonide, betamethasone
acetate, dexamethasone, fluorometholone and fluocinolone
acetonide.
[0047] According to other embodiments, pharmaceutical compositions
described herein may further optionally include pharmaceutically
effective quantities of one or several non-steroid
anti-inflammatory drug(s) or NSAID(s). The concentration of
NSAID(s) in the pharmaceutical composition, if used, may be between
about 0.1 mg/mL and about 100.0 mg/mL, such as between about 5.0
mg/mL and about 50.0 mg/mL, for example, about 15.0 mg/mL.
[0048] If the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein do
include NSAID(s), it is envisioned that some compositions should be
free of the specific NSAID, bromfenac. In other embodiments,
however, bromfenac may be used as well as such NSAID(s) as any of
ketorolac, etodolac, sulindac, diclofenac, aceclofenac, nepafenac,
tolmetin, indomethacin, nabumetone, ketoprofen, dexketoprofen,
ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, dexibuprofen, fenoprofen, loxoprofen,
oxaprozin, naproxen, aspirin, salicylic acid, diflunisal,
salsalate, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid,
tolfenamic acid, meloxicam, piroxicam, ternoxicam, droxicam,
lornoxicam, isoxicam, celecoxib, rofecoxib, valdecoxib, parecoxib,
lumiracoxib, etoricoxib, firocoxib, nimesulide, clonixin,
licofelone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates,
solvates, ethers, esters, acetals and ketals thereof.
[0049] As mentioned above, the pharmaceutical composition that is
the subject matter of the instant application may further
optionally include one or several pharmaceutically acceptable
excipient(s). Those having ordinary skill in the art will be able
to select the suitable excipient(s). It is worth mentioning that
when moxifloxacin is used in pharmaceutical formulations, it is
often difficult to obtain a stable suspension of another product
(e.g., a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide) that is
present in the same formulation and that needs to be in a form of a
stable suspension. Without being bound by any particular scientific
theory, such difficulties in obtaining the stable suspension are
believed to be caused by moxifloxacin's tendency to deactivate many
suspending agents resulting in unacceptable coagulation, clumping
and flocculation. As a result, normal delivery through a typical
27-29 gage cannula is often difficult or even impossible.
[0050] Therefore, it is desirable to select an excipient that is
stable in the presence of moxifloxacin and can, therefore, be used
as a solubilizing and suspending agent to ensure that the
corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide safely forms a
stable suspension even when moxifloxacin is also present in the
same formulation. Numerous attempts by others to produce a stable
moxifloxacin/triamcinolone acetonide pharmaceutical composition
suitable for intraocular injection have not been successful.
[0051] An excipient that can be used as the solubilizing and
stabilizing agent to overcome the above-described difficulties and
thus to obtain a stable suspension of the corticosteroid such as
triamcinolone acetonide may be a non-ionic
polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer (I) having the
following general structure:
HO--(CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2--O).sub.x--(C.sub.3H.sub.6--O).sub.y--(CH.sub.2--
-CH.sub.2--O).sub.x--H, (I)
wherein x is an integer having the value of at least 8 and y is an
integer having the value of at least 38.
[0052] When a block copolymer (I) is used as the solubilizing and
stabilizing agent in the pharmaceutical compositions of the instant
invention, its contents in the overall composition may be between
about 0.01 mass % and about 10.0 mass % such as between about 1.0
mass % and about 8 mass %, for example, about 5.0 mass %.
[0053] One non-limiting example of a specific block copolymer (I)
that can be used as the solubilizing and stabilizing agent in the
pharmaceutical compositions of the instant invention is the product
known under the trade name Poloxamer 407.RTM. (poly(ethylene
glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol))
available from Sigma-Aldrich Corp. of St. Louis, Mo., with the
molecular weight of the polyoxypropylene portion of about 4,000
Daltons, about a 70% polyoxyethylene content, the overall molecular
weight of between about 9,840 Daltons and about 14,600 Daltons and
having the following chemical structure
##STR00006##
[0054] Further presently disclosed embodiments teach that in
addition to at least one block copolymer (I) shown above, the
presence of which in compositions is required, optionally, a
second, a third, etc., solubilizing and suspending agent(s), can be
used, if desired, to formulate the excipients to be used in the
compositions of the present invention.
[0055] In such two-or-more-solubilizing-and-suspending-agents
compositions, a block copolymer (I) shown above may be used as the
first solubilizing and stabilizing agent in the pharmaceutical
compositions of the instant invention, including (poly(ethylene
glycol)-block-poly(propylene glycol)-block-poly(ethylene glycol)
(i.e., Poloxamer 407.RTM.) in the quantities mentioned above.
[0056] An excipient that can be used as the second solubilizing and
stabilizing agent can be a water-soluble derivative of cellulose,
water-soluble, optionally partially cross-linked polyacrylates, and
products of Polysorbate family, or combinations thereof.
[0057] Suitable water-soluble derivatives of cellulose that may be
used include, without limitations, carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl
cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose
available, among other sources, from The Dow Chemical Company of
Midland, Mich. Examples of acceptable water-soluble, partially
cross-linked, polyacrylates that may be used include, without
limitations, such as polymers of the Carbopol.RTM. family available
from The Lubrizol Corporation of Wickliffe, Ohio. Typically, the
cross-linking agents that may be used to cross-link such
polyacrylates are allyl sucrose or allyl pentaerythritol.
[0058] Suitable products of Polysorbate family (i.e., ethoxylated
sorbitan esterified with fatty acids) that may be used include,
without limitations, polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurates,
polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitates, polyoxyethylene sorbitan
monostearates, or polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleates, some of
which are also known as Tween.RTM. products, such as Polysorbate
80.RTM.) can be used as the second solubilizing and stabilizing
agent. Such products are available from Croda Americas, L.L.C. of
Wilmington, Del. or from Sigma-Aldrich Corp., among other suppliers
making these products available.
[0059] One typical product of the latter family that can be used is
Polysorbate 80.RTM. (chemically, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan
monooleate, also known as sorbitan mono-9-octadecenoate
poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), i.e., a product of polycondensation of
polyethoxylated sorbitan and oleic acid having 20 units derived
from ethylene glycol), a nonionic surfactant and emulsifier having
the structure:
##STR00007##
[0060] Non-limiting examples of some other excipients and carriers
that may be used in preparing in the pharmaceutical compositions of
the instant invention include edetate calcium disodium (EDTA, a
chelating agent), hydrochloric acid (the pH adjuster) and sterile
water.
[0061] According to embodiments of the present application, the
pharmaceutical compositions described herein are formulated as
stable two-phase suspensions as defined above. More specifically,
according to these embodiments, the suspensions at issue consist of
two phases, i.e., the dispersed phase that is dispersed within the
dispersion medium. The dispersed phase consists of solid particles
consisting of a therapeutically effective quantity of a
corticosteroid. No compounds other that corticosteroids described
hereinabove are present within the solid particles that form the
dispersed phase.
[0062] According to such embodiments, the dispersion medium is a
liquid that includes all other compounds that are present in the
pharmaceutical compositions described in the application. The
application envisions no embodiment where corticosteroid can be
used outside the dispersed phase such as in the dispersion medium.
Specifically, the dispersion medium may include the following
components (a)-(e):
[0063] (a) at least one anti-bacterial agent of the quinolone group
(i.e., quinolone, a fluorinated quinolone and derivatives as
described);
[0064] (b) at least two solubilizing and suspending agents (i.e., a
non-ionic polyoxyethlene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer plus a
polysorbate);
[0065] (c) optionally, at least one glycopeptide antibiotic (i.e.,
vancomycin, or other antibiotic(s) described hereinabove);
[0066] (d) also optionally, at least one non-steroid
anti-inflammatory drug such as bromfenac or other NSAIDs described
hereinabove; and
[0067] (e) a carrier.
[0068] According to further embodiments, methods for fabricating
the above-described pharmaceutical compositions are provided. A
one-batch formulation method may be used, where the components of
the pharmaceutical formulation can be combined in single container;
the components may be added to the container simultaneously or
consecutively.
[0069] In one exemplary, non-limiting procedure, the process of
preparing the pharmaceutical compositions described hereinabove may
commence by forming the aqueous dispersion medium. To form the
aqueous dispersion medium, a quantity of an anti-bacterial agent
such as moxifloxacin may be put into a mixing container followed by
adding a quantity of sterile water and hydrochloric acid to obtain
a slightly acidic mixture (e.g., having pH of about 6.5) which can
be stirred until a clear solution is obtained. In case of
moxifloxacin/HCl system, the solution is stable, allowing the
formulation to remain closed system thus preventing contamination
and the loss of sterility.
[0070] After such clear stable solution has been formed, more
components could be added to the solution that is to become the
dispersion medium of the final suspension, i.e., a quantity of
Poloxamer 407.RTM. and/or a quantity of polysorbate 80, a quantity
of edetate calcium disodium, optionally a quantity of an antibiotic
(e.g., vancomycin) and optionally a quantity of an NSAID (e.g.,
bromfenac) may be all added to the same container with the already
prepared moxifloxacin/HCl solution.
[0071] At the same time, a quantity of corticosteroid such as
micronized triamcinolone acetonide can be added to the above
described solution, followed by stirring everything together (e.g.,
by spinning) for a period of time, e.g., about 6 hours, until a
homogenous suspension has been obtained. In that suspension two
phases can be formed: the dispersed phase of the corticosteroid and
the dispersion medium into which the aqueous solution described
above has now been transformed.
[0072] The resulting suspension may then be transferred into single
dose vials, capped, sealed, autoclaved and shaken until cool.
Finally, a complete testing for sterility and the presence of
endotoxin may be performed on the product according to commonly
used methods known to those having ordinary skill in the art.
[0073] Pharmaceutical compositions prepared as described above can
be used to prevent complications that may arise after ophthalmic
surgical operations and procedure. For example, the formulations
can be used during any intraocular surgery, such as cataract
surgery, planned vitrectomy or glaucoma procedures, to prevent or
at least substantially reduce the risk of post-surgery
complications, such as the development of endophthalmitis or
cystoid macular edema (CME), without having the patient use pre- or
post-operative topical ophthalmic drops. Individuals with evidence
of endophthalmitis from prior surgical procedures or traumatic
ocular penetration will benefit from concurrent injection of these
formulations to sterilize infection and reduce damaging
inflammation.
[0074] Pharmaceutical formulations described herein can be
delivered via intraocular intravitreal injection which can be
transzonular, or, if desired not transzonular. Intraocular
intravitreal injection of this formulation, whether done via
transzonular or via direct pars plana (trans-scleral) injection,
delivers potent broad spectrum antibiotics directly into the
suppurative tissue without requiring the urgent compounding of
multiple individual medications or multiple individual injections
into the eye.
[0075] Typically, a pharmaceutical composition described above will
be intraocularly administered to a mammalian subject (e.g., humans,
cats, dogs, other pets, domestic, wild or farm animals) in need of
emergent, urgent or planned ophthalmic surgery treatment. The
effect achieved by such use of pharmaceutical composition described
above may last up to four weeks. The composition is to be injected
intravitreally and trans-zonularly using methods and techniques
known to those having ordinary skilled in the art of ophthalmology.
In some embodiments, the injection can be intraoperative.
[0076] The delivery through a typical 27 gauge cannula can be
employed utilizing a 1 mL TB syringe, with attention to
re-suspending the formulation using momentary flicks and shake just
prior to injection. The medicinal volume (i.e., dosage) required of
this formulation varies based on the type of intraocular procedure,
the degree of postoperative inflammation induced or anticipated,
the risk assessment for postoperative infection, and anatomic
considerations regarding the available volume for the injection
being added to a closed intraocular space.
[0077] It is worth mentioning that while intracameral (that is,
anterior chamber) injections are within the scope of the instant
invention such injections instead of posterior chamber
(intravitreal) injection may not be satisfactory in some cases, as
the suspension clogs the trabecular meshwork and aggravates
intraocular drainage, resulting in an intraocular pressure rise
postoperative. This is avoided with intravitreal injection, in
addition to retaining the formulation components into the protein
matrix of the vitreous of a greater duration. Anterior chamber wash
out occurs over hours (antibiotic in solution) and days (steroid in
suspension), while intravitreal injection is retained for
weeks.
[0078] In alternative embodiments, if desired or necessary the
formulations may also be delivered in the form of eye drops or eye
sprays, as well as via subconjunctival injection, intraocular
intracameral injection, sub-tenon injection, intra-articular
injection or intra-lesional injection, particularly, in, but not
limited to, some cases when necessary to deliver additional
medication when local ocular inflammation and extra-ocular
infection need suppression. Intravitreal delivery of steroid has
historically been used to treat clinically significant cystoid
macular edema (CME); the application of this formulation into the
vitreous during routine intraocular procedures brings more
aggressive prophylaxis against CME occurrence. Additionally, the
suspension of this formulation is useful for staining vitreous
during planned and unplanned vitrectomies, improving visualization
of this otherwise transparent intraocular tissue, improving
vitrectomy outcomes and reducing complications resulting from
inadequate or tractional vitreous removal. In still further
embodiments, there is also envisioned intra-canalicular delivery,
i.e., delivery via a lacrimal canaliculus implant.
[0079] In some further alternative embodiments, instead of
delivering the above-described compositions comprising both
anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory agents, consecutive injections
may be used instead, if desired. For example, triamcinolone may be
injected first, immediately followed by the injection of
moxifloxacin or vice versa.
[0080] It will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the
art that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any
particular patient may be varied and will depend upon a variety of
factors including the activity of the specific compound employed,
the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the
age, body weight, general health, gender, diet, and the severity of
the particular ophthalmological condition being treated.
[0081] In additional embodiments, pharmaceutical kits are provided.
The kit includes a sealed container approved for the storage of
pharmaceutical compositions, the container containing one of the
above-described pharmaceutical compositions. An instruction for the
use of the composition and the information about the composition
are to be included in the kit.
[0082] The following examples are provided to further elucidate the
advantages and features of the present invention, but are not
intended to limit the scope of the invention. The examples are for
the illustrative purposes only. USP pharmaceutical grade products
were used in preparing the formulations described below.
C. Examples
Example 1
Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition
[0083] A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described
below. The following products were used in the amounts and
concentrations specified:
[0084] (a) about 1.5 g of triamcinolone acetonide, at a
concentration of about 15.0 mg/mL;
[0085] (b) about 0.1 g of moxifloxacin hydrochloride, at a
concentration of about 1.0 mg/mL;
[0086] (c) about 1 mL of polysorbate 80, at a concentration of
about 1.0 mass %;
[0087] (d) about 0.2 g of edetate calcium disodium, at a
concentration of about 0.2 mass %;
[0088] (e) about 1 g of Poloxamer 407.RTM., at a concentration of
about 1.0 mass %;
[0089] (f) hydrochloric acid, to adjust pH to about 6.5; and
[0090] (g) about 100.0 mL of sterile water for injection.
[0091] Moxifloxacin hydrochloride was placed into a de-pyrogenated
beaker with a spin bar. Sterile water for injection was added to
about 1/3 of the volume of the beaker. While spinning, moxifloxacin
was dissolved by adding hydrochloric acid until a clear solution
having the final pH of about 6.5 was obtained.
[0092] The solution was combined with micronized triamcinolone
acetonide, Poloxamer 407.RTM., edetate calcium disoudium and
polysorbate 80 and allowed to spin for about 6 hours until a
hydrated and homogenous suspension was obtained.
[0093] The suspension was transferred into de-pyrogenated, single
dose vials (2 mL size), capped and sealed, followed by autoclaving
and shaking the vials until cool. Complete sterility and endotoxin
testing was performed by an outside laboratory to ensure
safety.
[0094] The formulation prepared as described above was tested for
stability after 6 months of storage. After this period of storage
no loss of potency was observed (as measured by HPLC); the
formulation was visually stable at room temperature and readily
re-suspended with gentle shaking with no increase of particle size
or flocculation.
Example 2
Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition Containing Vancomycin
[0095] A pharmaceutical composition was prepared as described in
Example 1, supra. The composition was autoclaved and sonicated for
about 60 minutes and about 96 mL of the composition were combined
with about 4 mL of vancomycin at a concentration of about 250
mg/mL. The pH of the mixture was adjusted to about 6.0-6.5 using
hydrochloric acid. The product was then transferred into vials (at
about 1 mL plus 5 drops per vial) and frozen. The product has kept
its stability and potency for at least six months.
Example 3
Using a Pharmaceutical Composition
[0096] A pharmaceutical composition fabricated as described in
Example 1, supra, was administered to about 1,600 patients. To
each, it was introduced using intravitreal transzonular injection.
The injection was intraoperative. Only a very few patients, at the
rate of about only 1 in 4,000, have developed any infection or
suffered from other side effects that required further treatment,
which is a substantial improvement over a typical rate of about 8%
for the patients that did not receive the injection.
Example 4
Preparing a Pharmaceutical Composition Containing NSAID
Bromfenac
[0097] A pharmaceutical composition may be prepared as described
below. The following products may be used in the amounts
specified:
[0098] (a) about 10.0 g of triamcinolone acetonide;
[0099] (b) about 5.454 g of moxifloxacin hydrochloride
monohydrate;
[0100] (c) about 1.035 g of bromfenac sodium powder;
[0101] (d) about 10.0 mL of an aqueous solution of polysorbate 80,
at a concentration of about 1.0 mass %;
[0102] (e) about 4.0 g of boric acid powder;
[0103] (f) about 14.0 g of Poloxamer 407.RTM.;
[0104] (g) about 3.17 g of sodium chloride granules;
[0105] (h) 20% solution of sodium hydroxide, to adjust pH; and
[0106] (i) about 1.0 L of sterile water for injection.
[0107] Moxifloxacin hydrochloride may be placed into a
de-pyrogenated beaker with a spin bar. Sterile water for injection
may be added, about 60% of the total volume of water. While
spinning, moxifloxacin may be dissolved by adding sodium hydroxide
to adjust the pH to about 7.4 to 7.8, followed by additional
stirring for about 5 minutes, until a clear solution is obtained.
Bromfenac may then be added, with continued stirring, until
completely dissolved which will be indicated by the solution being
visibly clear. The pH then may be then adjusted again to be
maintained it in the range of 7.4 to 7.8.
[0108] The solution may be combined with polysorbate 80, Poloxamer
407 and boric acid, with continued stirring, followed by slowly
adding triamcinolone acetonide, the remainder of water, with
continued spinning for about 20 minutes, until a hydrated and
homogenous product is obtained.
[0109] The product may then be transferred into pre-sterilized
de-pyrogenated, 100 mL vials, capped and sealed, followed by
autoclaving (about 121.degree. C. and about 15.0 psi of pressure
for about 30 minutes) and shaking and sonicating the vials for
about 30 minutes.
[0110] Although the invention has been described with reference to
the above examples, it will be understood that modifications and
variations are encompassed within the spirit and scope of the
invention. Accordingly, the invention is limited only by the
following claims.
* * * * *