U.S. patent application number 14/903898 was filed with the patent office on 2016-09-01 for vented plated polymer.
The applicant listed for this patent is UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Grant O. Cook, Glenn Levasseur, Joseph Parkos, Charles R. Watson.
Application Number | 20160251760 14/903898 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52280549 |
Filed Date | 2016-09-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160251760 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Levasseur; Glenn ; et
al. |
September 1, 2016 |
VENTED PLATED POLYMER
Abstract
A vented plated polymer component is disclosed. The vented
plated polymer component may comprise a polymer substrate, a metal
plating deposited on a surface of the polymer substrate, and at
least one vent formed through the metal plating. The at least one
vent may extend from an outer surface of the metal plating to the
surface of the polymer substrate, and it may be sized to allow an
escape of a gas from the polymer substrate to an external
environment surrounding the plated polymer component.
Inventors: |
Levasseur; Glenn;
(Colchester, CT) ; Parkos; Joseph; (East Haddam,
CT) ; Cook; Grant O.; (Spring, TX) ; Watson;
Charles R.; (Windsor, CT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION |
Farmington |
CT |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
52280549 |
Appl. No.: |
14/903898 |
Filed: |
July 9, 2014 |
PCT Filed: |
July 9, 2014 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2014/045911 |
371 Date: |
January 8, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61844108 |
Jul 9, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/137 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F05D 2300/1616 20130101;
F05D 2300/30 20130101; B64C 39/028 20130101; C23C 18/1653 20130101;
F01D 5/187 20130101; F05D 2300/133 20130101; B28B 7/342 20130101;
C23C 18/2013 20130101; F04D 29/324 20130101; B33Y 80/00 20141201;
F01D 5/00 20130101; F05D 2300/121 20130101; F01D 9/02 20130101;
F05D 2230/314 20130101; B28B 11/243 20130101; C23C 28/02 20130101;
F42B 10/02 20130101; B05D 7/02 20130101; B28B 11/04 20130101; F05D
2300/501 20130101; F05D 2230/22 20130101; B32B 2603/00 20130101;
C04B 35/806 20130101; B62D 35/00 20130101; F05D 2300/11 20130101;
B32B 2307/202 20130101; B32B 2307/554 20130101; C23C 18/30
20130101; C25D 5/10 20130101; C25D 3/38 20130101; F05D 2300/177
20130101; B32B 2255/10 20130101; C04B 35/76 20130101; C23C 18/22
20130101; B32B 15/04 20130101; C25D 9/04 20130101; B33Y 10/00
20141201; F01D 5/147 20130101; B32B 37/14 20130101; B22C 9/043
20130101; C23C 18/31 20130101; F04D 29/542 20130101; F05D 2300/603
20130101; C23C 18/165 20130101; C25D 5/022 20130101; C23C 16/06
20130101; C25D 3/46 20130101; F01D 11/08 20130101; F05D 2220/32
20130101; C09D 5/26 20130101; C25D 5/48 20130101; F01D 25/005
20130101; F05D 2240/304 20130101; B32B 15/20 20130101; B32B 37/1284
20130101; C23C 18/1633 20130101; F05D 2230/30 20130101; F05D
2300/10 20130101; F05D 2300/171 20130101; B32B 3/263 20130101; B32B
15/08 20130101; B32B 37/12 20130101; B22C 7/023 20130101; F05D
2300/44 20130101; B64C 2201/10 20130101; F01D 5/288 20130101; F05D
2300/611 20130101; C25D 5/56 20130101; F05D 2300/20 20130101; F05D
2300/614 20130101; F04D 29/023 20130101; F05D 2300/132 20130101;
B05D 5/00 20130101; B64C 39/024 20130101; C23C 26/00 20130101; F01D
5/284 20130101; F05D 2230/10 20130101; F05D 2230/312 20130101; B28B
1/24 20130101; C25D 3/02 20130101; C23C 18/2086 20130101; B22C 9/10
20130101; B32B 7/12 20130101; C23C 14/20 20130101; C25D 11/20
20130101; F05D 2240/122 20130101; F01D 9/041 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C23C 18/31 20060101
C23C018/31; C23C 18/16 20060101 C23C018/16 |
Claims
1. A plated polymer component, comprising: a polymer substrate; a
metal plating deposited on a surface of the polymer substrate; and
at least one vent formed through the metal plating.
2. The plated polymer component of claim 1, wherein the at least
one vent extends from an outer surface of the metal plating to the
surface of the polymer substrate.
3. The plated polymer component of claim 2, wherein the at least
one vent is sized to allow an escape of a gas from the polymer
substrate to an external environment surrounding the plated polymer
component.
4. The plated polymer component of claim 3, wherein the polymer
substrate is fully encapsulated in the metal plating.
5. The plated polymer component of claim 3, wherein the plated
polymer component has a fireproof side and a weakened side, and
wherein the at least one vent is localized on the weakened side of
the plated polymer component.
6. The plated polymer component of claim 5, wherein the escape of
the gas from the polymer substrate occurs through the weakened side
of the plated polymer component.
7. The plated polymer component of claim 3, wherein the at least
one vent has a diameter in the range of about 0.8 mm to about 6.4
mm.
8. The plated polymer component of claim 3, wherein the at least
one vent is normal to the outer surface of the metal plating.
9. The plated polymer component of claim 3, wherein the at least
one vent is oriented at an oblique angle with respect to the outer
surface of the metal plating.
10. A method for fabricating a plated polymer component,
comprising: forming a polymer substrate; depositing a metal plating
on a surface of the polymer substrate; and forming at least one
vent through the metal plating such that the at least one vent
extends from an outer surface of the metal plating to the surface
of the polymer substrate.
11. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the at least one vent
through the metal plating comprises forming the at least one vent
on a weakened side of the plated polymer component.
12. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the at least one vent
through the metal plating comprises drilling or machining the at
least one vent through the metal plating.
13. The method of claim 10, wherein forming the at least one vent
comprises masking a surface of the polymer substrate while
depositing the metal plating on the surface of the polymer
substrate to create the at least one vent.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein forming the at least one vent
through the metal plating comprises introducing a contaminant onto
the surface of the polymer substrate prior depositing the metal
plating on the surface of the substrate.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the contaminant is selected
from the group consisting of an oil and an overconductive
paint.
16. A plated polymer component having a polymer substrate, a metal
plating deposited on a surface of the polymer substrate, and at
least one vent formed through the metal plating, the plated polymer
component being fabricated by a method comprising: forming the
polymer substrate; depositing the metal plating on the surface of
the polymer substrate; and forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating such that the at least one vent extends from an
outer surface of the metal plating to the surface of the polymer
substrate.
17. The plated polymer component of claim 16, wherein forming the
at least one vent through the metal plating comprises forming the
at least one vent on a weakened side of the plated polymer
component.
18. The plated polymer component of claim 16, wherein forming the
at least one vent through the metal plating comprises drilling or
machining the at least one vent through the metal plating.
19. The plated polymer component of claim 16, wherein depositing
the metal plating on the surface of the substrate comprises:
preparing the surface of the polymer substrate for receiving a
catalyst; activating the surface of the polymer substrate by
depositing the catalyst on the surface of the polymer substrate;
depositing a first layer on the catalyst by electroless deposition;
depositing a second layer on the first layer by electrolytic
deposition, the second layer being conductive; and depositing the
metal plating on the second layer.
20. The plated polymer component of claim 19, wherein forming the
at least one vent through the metal plating comprises introducing a
contaminant onto the surface of the polymer substrate prior to or
after depositing the second layer on the first layer by
electrolytic deposition.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
61/844,108 filed on Jul. 9, 2013.
FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to plated polymers.
More specifically, this disclosure relates to plated polymer
components having vents for outgassing during high-temperature
events.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Lightweight polymer materials continue to be explored for
use in gas turbine engine applications to reduce the overall weight
of the engine and improve engine efficiency and fuel savings.
However, due to the high temperatures and stresses encountered in
many parts during engine operations, the use of many polymeric
materials have been restricted to cooler parts of the engine, such
as external parts of the engine. When polymeric materials are
exposed to high temperatures, they tend to outgas, releasing gases
from the polymer substrate to the external environment. However, in
plated polymeric structures in which the outer surfaces of the
polymer substrate are encapsulated in (or blocked by) a metal
plating, such outgassing is inhibited and may lead to significant
expansion of the polymer substrate and possible defects in the
metal plating as well as in the structure of the part as a whole.
To provide performance characteristics necessary for the safe use
of lightweight polymer materials in a broader range of gas turbine
engine parts, especially those parts that may experience very high
temperatures in the event of a fire, enhancements are needed to
improve the high-temperature stability of plated polymeric
components.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, a
plated polymer component is disclosed. The plated polymer component
may comprise a polymer substrate and a metal plating deposited on a
surface of the polymer substrate. The plated polymer component may
further comprise at least one vent formed through the metal
plating.
[0005] In another refinement, the at least one vent may extend from
an outer surface of the metal plating to the surface of the polymer
substrate.
[0006] In another refinement, the at least one vent may be sized to
allow an escape of a gas from the polymer substrate to an external
environment surrounding the plated polymer component.
[0007] In another refinement, the polymer substrate may be fully
encapsulated in the metal plating.
[0008] In another refinement, the plated polymer component may have
a fireproof side and a weakened side, and the at least one vent may
be localized on the weakened side of the plated polymer
component.
[0009] In another refinement, the escape of the gas from the
polymer substrate may occur through the weakened side of the plated
polymer component.
[0010] In another refinement, the at least one vent may have a
diameter in the range of about 0.8 mm to about 6.4 mm.
[0011] In another refinement, the at least one vent may be normal
to the outer surface of the metal plating.
[0012] In another refinement, the at least one vent may be oriented
at an oblique angle with respect to the outer surface of the metal
plating.
[0013] In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure,
a method for fabricating a plated polymer component is disclosed.
The method may comprise forming a polymer substrate, and depositing
a metal plating on a surface of the polymer substrate. The method
may further comprise forming at least one vent through the metal
plating such that the at least one vent extends from an outer
surface of the metal plating to the surface of the polymer
substrate.
[0014] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise forming the at least one vent on a
weakened side of the plated polymer component.
[0015] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise drilling or machining the at least
one vent through the metal plating.
[0016] In another refinement, depositing the metal plating on the
surface of the substrate may comprise: 1) preparing the surface of
the polymer substrate for receiving a catalyst, 2) activating the
surface of the polymer substrate by depositing the catalyst on the
surface of the polymer substrate, 3) depositing a first layer on
the catalyst by electroless deposition, 4) depositing a second
conductive layer on the first layer by electrolytic deposition, and
5) depositing the metal plating on the second layer.
[0017] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise introducing a contaminant onto the
surface of the polymer substrate prior to or after depositing a
second layer on the first layer by electrolytic deposition.
[0018] In another refinement, the contaminant may be selected from
the group consisting of an oil and an overconductive paint.
[0019] In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure,
a plated polymer component is disclosed. The plated polymer
component may have a polymer substrate, a metal plating deposited
on a surface of the polymer substrate, and at least one vent formed
through the metal plating. The plated polymer component may be
fabricated by a method comprising: 1) forming the polymer
substrate, 2) depositing the metal plating on the surface of the
polymer substrate, and 3) forming the at least one vent through the
metal plating such that the at least one vent extends from an outer
surface of the metal plating to the surface of the polymer
substrate.
[0020] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise forming the at least one vent on a
weakened side of the plated polymer component.
[0021] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise drilling or machining the at least
one vent through the metal plating.
[0022] In another refinement, depositing the metal plating on the
surface of the substrate may comprise: 1) preparing the surface of
the polymer substrate for receiving a catalyst, 2) activating the
surface of the polymer substrate by depositing the catalyst on the
surface of the polymer substrate, 3) depositing a first layer on
the catalyst by electroless deposition, 4) depositing a second
conductive layer on the first layer by electrolytic deposition, and
5) depositing the metal plating on the second layer.
[0023] In another refinement, forming the at least one vent through
the metal plating may comprise introducing a contaminant onto the
surface of the polymer substrate prior to or after depositing a
second layer on the first layer by electrolytic deposition.
[0024] These and other aspects and features of the present
disclosure will be more readily understood when read in conjunction
with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 is a front view of a vented plated polymer component
constructed in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the vented plated
polymer component of FIG. 1 taken along the line 2-2 of FIG. 1,
constructed in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a vented plated polymer
component similar to FIG. 2, but having a fireproof side and a
weakened side, constructed in accordance with the present
disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 4 is a flow chart diagram illustrating steps involved
in the fabrication of the vented plated polymer component in
accordance with a method of the present disclosure.
[0029] It should be understood that the drawings are not
necessarily drawn to scale and that the disclosed embodiments are
sometimes illustrated schematically and in partial views. It is to
be further appreciated that the following detailed description is
merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the
invention or the application and uses thereof. In this regard, it
is to be additionally appreciated that the described embodiment is
not limited to use for certain applications. Hence, although the
present disclosure is, for convenience of explanation, depicted and
described as certain illustrative embodiments, it will be
appreciated that it can be implemented in various other types of
embodiments and in various other systems and environments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0030] FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate a vented plated polymer component
180 in accordance with the present disclosure. The vented plated
polymer component 180 may be characterized by high structural
robustness and an ability to maintain its structure at high
temperatures, such as those experienced in certain high-temperature
regions or fire zones of a gas turbine engine. In this regard, the
component 180 may be a structural component of a gas turbine engine
requiring high strength and high-temperature resistance such as,
but not limited to ducts or covers in fire zones of the gas turbine
engine. Alternatively, it may be employed as a structural or
operative component for use in another application requiring parts
with high structural and temperature stability. Moreover, although
depicted as an exemplary box-like structure for clarity purposes,
the component 180 may have any structure suitable for its use,
whether simple or complex.
[0031] The vented plated polymer component 180 may consist of a
polymer substrate 182 having one or more metal platings 184 applied
to one or more of the outer surfaces of the polymer substrate 182,
as best shown in FIG. 2. As one possibility, the polymer substrate
182 may be fully encapsulated in the metal plating 184, as shown in
FIG. 2. The metal plating 184 may contribute substantially to the
overall structural resilience of the component 180.
[0032] Importantly, the metal platings 184 may have one or more
vents 185 which may penetrate through the thickness of the metal
plating 184 from an outer surface 186 of the component 180 to at
least the outer surface of the polymer substrate 182, as shown in
FIG. 2. The vents 185 may permit the escape of gases (or
outgassing) from the polymer substrate 182 to the external
environment when the component 180 is exposed to high temperatures,
such as a during a fire event. Therefore, the vents 185 may assist
in preventing expansion of the polymer substrate 182 as well as
resulting structural distortion of the metal plating 184 which may
otherwise occur if such outgassing were blocked by solid metal
plating layers.
[0033] The vents 185 may be localized in certain areas or selected
outer surfaces of the component 180 in defined or irregular
patterns, or they may be more evenly distributed over all of the
outer surfaces 186 of the component 180 in defined or irregular
patterns. Furthermore, venting features may be installed on
selected outer surfaces of the component 180 to provide controlled
venting on one side of the component which is not structurally
limiting during a high temperature or fire event (see FIG. 3 and
further details below). The diameter of the vents 185 may be in the
range of about 0.031 inches (about 0.79 mm) to about 0.25 inches
(about 6.4 mm), but other diameters may also suffice. In addition,
the vents 185 may be normal to the outer surface 186 of the
component 180, as shown in FIG. 2, or may be oriented at variable
oblique angles with respect to the outer surface 186. The vents 185
may be introduced into the metal plating 184 by laser drilling,
machine drilling, or another comparable method selected by a
skilled artisan. Alternatively, the vents 185 may be incorporated
into the metal plating 184 by the introduction of contaminants onto
the outer surfaces of the polymer substrate 182 to cause defects
and the formation of voids or pores in the metal plating 184 during
its deposition (see FIG. 4 and further details below). As yet
another alternative method, masking may be used to block certain
surfaces of the polymer substrate 182 during deposition of the
metal plating 184, as will be understood by those skilled in the
art.
[0034] The metal plating 184 may consist of one or more platable
materials such as, but not limited to nickel, cobalt, copper, iron,
gold, silver, palladium, rhodium, chromium, and alloys with any of
the foregoing elements comprising at least 50 wt. % of the alloy,
and combinations thereof. The metal plating 184 may also have a
thickness in the range of about 0.001 inches (about 0.0254 mm) to
about 0.050 inches (about 1.27 mm), although other thicknesses may
also apply. The polymer substrate 182 may be formed from a
thermoplastic material or a thermoset material. Suitable
thermoplastic materials may include, but are not limited to,
polyetherimide (PEI), thermoplastic polyimide, polyether ether
ketone (PEEK), polyether ketone ketone (PEKK), polysulfone,
polyamide, polyphenylene sulfide, polyester, polyimide, and
combinations thereof. Suitable thermoset materials may include, but
are not limited to, condensation polyimides, addition polyimides,
epoxy cured with aliphatic and/or aromatic amines and/or
anhydrides, cyanate esters, phenolics, polyesters, polybenzoxazine,
polyurethanes, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, silicones
(thermoset), and combinations thereof. Optionally, the polymer
substrate 182 may also include one or more structurally reinforcing
components such as carbon fibers, glass fibers, or structurally
reinforcing nanomaterials or metals.
[0035] As one possible arrangement for situations where the
component 180 is required to maintain its structural integrity
during a high temperature event or a fire event, the component 180
may be designed to have a fireproof side 188 and a weakened side
190, as best shown in FIG. 3. The operative structure of the
component 180 may be dependent on the structural integrity of the
fireproof side 188, whereas the weakened side 190 may be at least
somewhat structurally expendable. The fireproof side 188 may lack
the vents 185 and may be strong enough to retain its structure in
the case of a high temperature event. For example, the fireproof
side 188 may have thicker metal plating walls than the weakened
side 190 or it may have other design features that enable it to
resist heat-induced structural failure. In contrast, the weakened
side 190 may have one or more of the vents 185 to allow outgassing
from the polymer substrate 182 during high temperature events. The
component 180 may be positioned such that the fireproof side 188 is
oriented towards a fireproof zone 192 (where a fire or other
high-temperature event may occur) and the weakened side 190 is
oriented towards a non-fireproof zone 195 (where fires or other
high-temperature events may not occur), as shown. During a fire or
other high-temperature event, this arrangement may allow the
preferential venting and/or structural failure at the weakened side
190 (non-structurally limiting side) instead of at the structural
fireproof side 188 such that the component 180 may retain its
operative structure during the high-temperature event.
[0036] FIG. 4 illustrates a method of fabricating vented plated
polymer components in accordance with this disclosure. According to
a first block 197, the polymer substrate 182 may be formed from the
thermoplastic or thermoset materials described above (including
optional reinforcing components) in a desired shape by a method
apparent to a skilled artisan such as, but not limited to,
injection molding, compression molding, blow molding, additive
manufacturing (liquid bed, powder bed, deposition processes), or
composite layup (autoclave, compression, or liquid molding).
According to a next block 199, outer surfaces of the polymer
substrate 182 selected for plating with the metal plating 184 may
then be prepared for activation with a catalyst by etching, surface
abrasion, ionic activation, or other mechanical or chemical surface
activation process. Such surface preparation may promote adhesion
of the catalyst to the selected outer surfaces of the polymer
substrate 182. The prepared surfaces of the polymer substrate 182
may then be activated by deposition of the catalyst on the selected
outer surfaces according to a block 201, as shown. The catalyst may
assist in promoting attachment of metals onto the selected outer
surfaces of the polymer substrate 182. The catalyst may be a
palladium layer having an atomic-scale thickness, although other
suitable catalysts and/or other layer thicknesses may also be
used.
[0037] Electroless (current-free) deposition of a first layer on
the catalyst layer followed by electrolytic deposition of a second
layer layer on the first layer may then be carried out according to
a block 203 and a block 205, respectively. The first layer may be a
nickel layer and the second layer may be a copper layer, although
other suitable metals may also suffice. The nickel layer may have a
thickness of about one micron (about 0.001 mm) and the copper layer
may have a thickness in the range of about 0.0001 inches to about
0.001 inches (about 0.0025 mm to about 0.025 mm), however, other
nickel-layer and copper-layer thicknesses may also be used. The
methods of electroless metal deposition and electrolytic metal
deposition required for the performance of the blocks 203 and 205
will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.
Notably, following the block 205, the treated outer surfaces of the
polymer substrate 182 may exhibit the surface characteristics of a
metal (e.g., conductivity), thereby allowing the electrolytic
deposition of the metal plating layer 184 thereon.
[0038] As one possible method to create the vents 185 in the
component 180, contaminants may be introduced onto the selected
outer surfaces of the polymer substrate 182 according to an
optional block 204, as shown. The block 204 may be performed either
prior to or after the block 205, as shown. The contaminants may be
contaminants which adhere to the outer surfaces of the polymer
substrate 182 and may include contaminants such as, but not limited
to, oils or overconductive paints such as a conductive paint or
adhesive. The contaminants may create the vents 185 by at least
partially attenuating the surface conductivity of the polymer
substrate 182, thereby reducing or preventing the adherence of
metal ions to the outer surfaces of the polymer substrate during
electrolytic deposition steps. In this way, defects including voids
and/or pores (vents 185) may be created in the component 180.
Masking may also be used to perform the same function as described
above for the contaminants, as will be understood by those skilled
in the art.
[0039] Following the block 205, deposition of the metal plating 184
may be carried out according to a block 207, as shown. Deposition
of the metal plating 184 may be performed using metal deposition
techniques apparent to those skilled in the art including, but not
limited to, electrolytic plating, electroless plating, or
electroforming. The metal composition of the metal plating 184 may
be selected from those platable materials listed above. Following
deposition of the metal plating 184, additional metal plating
layers having the same or different compositions may be deposited,
if desired, by electrolytic plating or another metal deposition
method. As another possible method to create the vents 185 in the
component, the vents 185 may be formed in the metal plating(s) 184
according to a block 209 after the metal plating 184 layer(s) have
been deposited. As one possibility, the vents 185 may be formed in
the metal plating 184 by drilling. Possible drilling techniques may
include laser drilling, machine drilling, or another comparable
drilling method selected by a skilled artisan. It is noted that the
vents 185 may be created by either or both of the blocks 204 and
209.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0040] In summary, it can therefore be seen that vented plated
polymer components as disclosed herein may find wide applicability
in many areas including, but not limited to, heat- and
fire-resistant component fabrication for gas turbine engines. As
disclosed herein, the polymer support structure may be formed from
a lightweight polymer and the metal plating applied to its surfaces
may substantially contribute to the structural resilience of the
component. The introduction of vents in the metal plating layer may
allow the polymeric substrate to outgas when exposed to high
temperatures, thereby preventing resulting structural distortion of
the metal plating layer. Moreover, the vents may be strategically
introduced in a non-structurally limiting zone of the component to
drive controlled failure or venting of the weakened zone during a
high-temperature event. The invention described herein may also
find wide industrial applicability in a wide range of areas such
as, but not limited to, aerospace and automotive industries.
* * * * *