U.S. patent application number 15/055499 was filed with the patent office on 2016-09-01 for compositions comprising combinations of purified cannabinoids, with at least one flavonoid, terpene, or mineral.
The applicant listed for this patent is Ebbu, LLC. Invention is credited to Jonathan Michael Cooper, Christopher Jarrad Denicola, Kurt Aron Levy, Jon Erik Strickler, Michael Victor Wendschuh.
Application Number | 20160250270 15/055499 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56789971 |
Filed Date | 2016-09-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160250270 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Wendschuh; Michael Victor ;
et al. |
September 1, 2016 |
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING COMBINATIONS OF PURIFIED CANNABINOIDS, WITH
AT LEAST ONE FLAVONOID, TERPENE, OR MINERAL
Abstract
Disclosed herein are new compositions having combinations of
purified cannabinoids. One embodiment of this disclosure provides
compositions having one or more purified cannabinoids in
combination with a purified terpene. One embodiment of this
disclosure provides compositions having one or more purified
cannabinoids in combination with a purified flavonoid. One
embodiment of this disclosure provides compositions having one or
more purified cannabinoids in combination with a purified
mineral.
Inventors: |
Wendschuh; Michael Victor;
(Denver, CO) ; Cooper; Jonathan Michael; (Denver,
CO) ; Denicola; Christopher Jarrad; (Denver, CO)
; Levy; Kurt Aron; (Superior, CO) ; Strickler; Jon
Erik; (Denver, CO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Ebbu, LLC |
Evergreen |
CO |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
56789971 |
Appl. No.: |
15/055499 |
Filed: |
February 26, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62126365 |
Feb 27, 2015 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/454 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/05 20130101;
A61K 31/045 20130101; A61K 33/00 20130101; A61K 31/045 20130101;
A61K 33/00 20130101; A61K 31/35 20130101; A61K 31/015 20130101;
A61K 31/01 20130101; A61K 31/352 20130101; A61K 31/122 20130101;
A61K 36/185 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/353 20130101;
A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00
20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K
2300/00 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/015 20130101; A61K
31/05 20130101; A61K 31/352 20130101; A61K 31/122 20130101; A61K
31/353 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K 31/01 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/185 20060101
A61K036/185; A61K 31/05 20060101 A61K031/05; A61K 31/01 20060101
A61K031/01; A61K 31/045 20060101 A61K031/045; A61K 31/35 20060101
A61K031/35; A61K 31/352 20060101 A61K031/352; A61K 31/015 20060101
A61K031/015 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising: a first purified cannabinoid; and a
compound chosen from a second purified cannabinoid, a purified
terpene, a purified flavonoid, and a purified mineral, wherein the
said composition is substantially free from cellulose.
2. The composition of claim 1, comprising a purified mineral.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the purified mineral is
lithium.
4. The composition of claim 2, consisting essentially of a first
purified cannabinoid and a purified mineral.
5. The composition of claim 1, comprising a purified terpene.
6. The composition of claim 5, wherein the terpene is chosen from
7,8-dihydroionone, Acetanisole, Acetic Acid, Acetyl Cedrene,
Anethole, Anisole, Benzaldehyde, Bergamotene
(.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene) (.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene), Bisabolol
(.beta.-Bisabolol), Borneol, Butanoic/Butyric Acid, Cadinene
(.alpha.-Cadinene) (.gamma.-Cadinene), Cafestol, Caffeic acid,
Camphene, Camphor, Capsaicin, Carene (.DELTA.-3-Carene), Carotene,
Carvacrol, Carvone, Dextro-Carvone, Laevo-Carvone, Caryophyllene
(.beta.-Caryophyllene), Caryophyllene oxide, Castoreum Absolute,
Cedrene (.alpha.-Cedrene) (.beta.-Cedrene), Cedrene Epoxide
(.alpha.-Cedrene Epoxide), Cedrol, Cembrene, Chlorogenic Acid,
Cinnamaldehyde (.alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde)
(.alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde), Cinnamic Acid, Cinnamyl Alcohol,
Citronellal, Citronellol, Cryptone, Curcumene (.alpha.-Curcumene)
(.gamma.-Curcumene), Decanal, Dehydrovomifoliol, Diallyl Disulfide,
Dihydroactinidiolide, Dimethyl Disulfide, Eicosane/Icosane, Elemene
(.beta.-Elemene), Estragole, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl Cinnamate, Ethyl
maltol, Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole, Eudesmol (.alpha.-Eudesmol)
(.mu.-Eudesmol) (.gamma.-Eudesmol), Eugenol, Euphol, Farnesene,
Farnesol, Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol), Fenchone, Geraniol, Geranyl
acetate, Germacrenes, Germacrene B, Guaia-1(10), 11-diene,
Guaiacol, Guaiene (.alpha.-Guaiene), Gurjunene (.alpha.-Gurjunene),
Herniarin, Hexanaldehyde, Hexanoic Acid, Humulene
(.alpha.-Humulene) (.beta.-Humulene), Ionol (3-oxo-.alpha.-ionol)
(.beta.-Ionol), Ionone (.alpha.-Ionone) (.beta.-Ionone), Ipsdienol,
Isoamyl acetate, Isoamyl Alcohol, Isoamyl Formate, Isoborneol,
Isomyrcenol, Isopulegol, Isovaleric Acid, Isoprene, Kahweol,
Lavandulol, Limonene, .gamma.-Linolenic Acid, Linalool,
Longifolene, .alpha.-Longipinene, Lycopene, Menthol, Methyl
butyrate, 3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentanal, Mercaptan/Thiols,
.beta.-Mercaptoethanol, Mercaptoacetic Acid, Allyl Mercaptan,
Benzyl Mercaptan, Butyl Mercaptan, Ethyl Mercaptan, Methyl
Mercaptan, Furfuryl Mercaptan, Ethylene Mercaptan, Propyl
Mercaptan, Thenyl Mercaptan, Methyl Salicylate, Methylbutenol,
Methyl-2-Methylvalerate, Methyl Thiobutyrate, Myrcene
(.beta.-Myrcene), .gamma.-Muurolene, Nepetalactone, Nerol,
Nerolidol, Neryl acetate, Nonanaldehyde, Nonanoic Acid, Ocimene,
Octanal, Octanoic Acid, P-cymene, Pentyl butyrate, Phellandrene,
Phenylacetaldehyde, Phenylethanethiol, Phenylacetic Acid, Phytol,
Pinene, .beta.-Pinene, Propanethiol, Pristimerin, Pulegone,
Retinol, Rutin, Sabinene, Sabinene Hydrate, cis-Sabinene Hydrate,
trans-Sabinene Hydrate, Safranal, .alpha.-Selinene,
.alpha.-Sinensal, .beta.-Sinensal, .beta.-Sitosterol, Squalene,
Taxadiene, Terpin hydrate, Terpineol, Terpine-4-ol,
.alpha.-Terpinene, .gamma.-Terpinene, Terpinolene, Thiophenol,
Thujone, Thymol, .alpha.-Tocopherol, Tonka Undecanone, Undecanal,
Valeraldehyde/Pentanal, Verdoxan, .alpha.-Ylangene, Umbelliferone,
or Vanillin.
7. The composition of claim 5, wherein the terpene is chosen from
Alpha-terpineol, Bergamotene (.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene)
(.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene), Bisabolol (.beta.-Bisabolol), Borneol,
Camphor, Capsaicin, Carvacrol, Caryophyllene
(.beta.-Caryophyllene), Caryophyllene oxide, Cineole,
Cinnamaldehyde (.alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde)
(.alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde), Cinnamyl Alcohol, Citronellal,
Citronellol, Ethyl, Cinnamate, Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole, Farnesol,
Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol), Geranyl acetate, Germacrene B, Guaiene
(.alpha.-Guaiene), Humulene (.alpha.-Humulene) (.beta.-Humulene),
Ionol (3-oxo-.alpha.-ionol) (.beta.-Ionol), Ionone (.alpha.-Ionone)
(.beta.-Ionone), Isoamyl acetate, Isoprene, Kahweol, Laevo-Carvone,
Lavandulol, Limonene, Linalool, Linalyl acetate, Luteolin,
Lycopene, Menthol, Myrcene (.beta.-Myrcene), Nerol, Nerolidol,
Neryl acetate, P-cymene, Phytol, Pinene, Pristimerin, Retinol,
Terpin hydrate, Terpineol, Terpinol-4-ol, Terpinolene, Thujone,
Thymol, or Vanillin.
8. The composition of claim 5, comprising of Cannabigerolic Acid
(CBGA), Cannabigerolic Acid monomethylether (CBGAM), Cannabigerol
(CBG), Cannabigerol monomethylether (CBGM), Cannabigerovarinic Acid
(CBGVA), Cannabigerovarin (CBGV), Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA),
Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol
(CBD), Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4
(CBD-C.sub.4), Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin
(CBDV), Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
Delta-7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-THCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC),
Isocanabinoids, and Epigallocatechin gallate.
9. The composition of claim 8, wherein the first purified
cannabinoid is chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabichromene (CBC),
Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabielsoin (CBE),
Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabicyclol (CBL),
Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabitriol (CBT),
Cannabivarin (CBV), and Isocanabinoids.
10. The composition of claim 9, comprising a first purified
cannabinoid chosen from Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA), Cannabigerolic
Acid monomethylether (CBGAM), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabigerol
monomethylether (CBGM), Cannabigerovarinic Acid (CBGVA),
Cannabigerovarin (CBGV), Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA),
Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol
(CBD), Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4
(CBD-C.sub.4), Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin
(CBDV), Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
Delta-7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-THCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), Yangonin,
Isocanabinoids, Epigallocatechin gallate,
Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, or
Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide; and a second purified
cannabinoid chosen from Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA), Cannabigerolic
Acid monomethylether (CBGAM), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabigerol
monomethylether (CBGM), Cannabigerovarinic Acid (CBGVA),
Cannabigerovarin (CBGV), Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA),
Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol
(CBD), Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4
(CBD-C.sub.4), Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin
(CBDV), Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
Delta-7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-THCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), Yangonin,
Isocanabinoids, Epigallocatechin gallate,
Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid isobutylamide, or
Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide.
11. The composition of claim 1, comprising a purified
flavonoid.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the flavonoid is chosen
from phenolic acids, stilbenoids, dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins,
anthocyanidins, polyphenols, tannins, flavones, flavan-3-ols,
Flavan-4-ol, Flavan-3,4-diol flavonols, stilbenoids,
phytochemicals, antioxidants, homoisoflavonoids, phenylpropanoids,
Phloroglucinols coumarins, Phenolic acids, Naphthodianthrones,
Steroid glycosides, bioflavonoids, isoflavonoids, and
neoflavonoids.
13. The composition of claim 11, wherein the flavonoid is chosen
from Adenosine, Adhyperforin, amentoflavone, Anandamide, Apigenin,
Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C), Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Chlorogenic
acid, cichoric acid, caftaric acid, Daidzein, Delphinidin,
Eleutherosides, Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epicatechins,
Epicatechin, epigallocatechin, myricetin, Oxalic acid,
Pelargonidin, Tannin, Theaflavin-3-gallate, Theanine, Theobromine,
Theophylline, Tryptophan, Tyramine, Xanthine, Caffeine, Cannaflavin
A, Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C), Catechin 3-gallate (Cg),
Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epicatechins (Epicatechin (EC)),
epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin (EGC), Epigallocatechin
3-gallate (EGCg), Gallocatechin (GC), Gallocatechin 3-gallate
(GCg)), Gamma amino butyric acid, Genistein, Ginkgo biloba,
Ginsenosides, Quercetin, Quercitrin, or Rutin.
14. The composition of claim 11, wherein the purified flavonoid is
chosen from Caffeine, Cannaflavin A, Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C),
Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epicatechins
(Epicatechin (EC)), epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin (EGC),
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCg), Gallocatechin (GC),
Gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCg)), Gamma amino butyric acid,
Genistein, Ginkgo biloba, Ginsenosides, Quercetin, Quercitrin, or
Rutin.
15. The composition of claim 1, comprising Cannabichromene and at
least one purified terpene chosen from Linalool, Borneol, Elemene,
Mycerne, Nerolidol, Phytol, Terpinolene, Bornyl acetate,
Terpineol.
16. The composition of claim 1, comprising Cannabigerol and at
least one purified terpene chosen from Linalool, Borneol, elemene,
Mycerne, Nerolidol, Phytol, Terpinolene, Bornyl acetate,
Terpineol.
17. The composition of claim 1, comprising Cannabinol and at least
one compound chosen from Linalool, Borneol, elemene, Mycerne,
Nerolidol, Phytol, Terpinolene, Bornyl acetate, Terpineol.
18. The composition of claim 1, comprising Tetrahydrocannabivarin
and at least one compound chosen from Pinene, Bornyl acetate,
Limonene, Caryophyllene, and Sabinene.
19. The composition of claim 1, comprising a cannabinoid chosen
from Tetrahydrocannabinol and Cannabichromene and at least one
compound chosen from Caryophyllene, Pinene, Bornyl acetate,
Cineole, Limonene, Caryophyllene, Pinene, Bornyl acetate.
20. The composition of claim 1, comprising a cannabinoid chosen
from Tetrahydrocannabinol or Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least
one compound chosen from Limonene and Caryophyllene.
21. The composition of claim 1, comprising a cannabinoid chosen
from Tetrahydrocannabinol or Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least
one compound chosen from Limonene, Terpinolene, Pulegone.
22. The compound of claim 1, comprising Cannabichromene and at
least one compound chosen from Linalool, Myrcene, Terpineol.
23. The compound of claim 1, comprising Cannabigerol and
Myrcene.
24. The compound of claim 1, comprising Cannabidiol and
Myrcene.
25. The compound of claim 1, comprising Cannabinol and at least one
compound chosen from Linalool, Terpineol.
26. The compound of claim 1, comprising Tetrahydrocannabivarin and
at least one compound chosen from Cineole, Pinene, Bornyl acetate,
Limonene, Caryophyllene, and Sabinene.
27. The compound of claim 1, comprising at least one cannabinoid
chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol or Cannabidiol and at least one
terpene chosen from Caryophyllene, Pinene, Bornyl acetate, Cineole,
Limonene, Pulegone, Linalool, Hypericin, Pseudohypericin,
Hyperforin, Anethole.
28. The compound of claim 1, comprising Tetrahydrocannabinol or
Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least one compound chosen from
Pulegone, Cineole, Anethole.
29. The compound of claim 1, comprising Tetrahydrocannabinol and
Myrcene.
30. The compound of claim 1, comprising Tetrahydrocannabivarin and
Myrcene.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority on the basis of U.S.
provisional application Ser. No. 62/126,365, filed Feb. 27, 2015,
which is hereby incorporated by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates to the cannabis industry. In
particular, the disclosure relates to compositions and formulations
comprising purified cannabinoids, flavonoids, and/or terpenes.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Cannabis is a genus of flowering plants that have three
different species: Cannabis sativa, Cannabis indica, and Cannabis
ruderalis. Cannabis has long been used for hemp fiber, for seed and
seed oils, for medicinal purposes, and as a recreational drug.
[0004] Cannabis is composed of at least 483 known chemical
compounds, which include cannabinoids, terpenoids, flavonoids,
nitrogenous compounds, amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins,
enzymes, sugars and related compounds, hydrocarbons, simple
alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, simple acids, fatty acids, simple
esters, lactones, steroids, terpenes, non-cannabinoid phenols,
vitamins, pigments, and elements. These compounds are secreted on
the glandular trichomes. Cannabinoids are unique to the cannabis
plant and there have been 100 cannabinoids that have been isolated
as purified (single) molecules.
[0005] Most extraction processes aim to extract cannabinoids,
particularly tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). THC has many effects
including pain relief, treating glaucoma, relieving nausea and
vomiting during cancer treatments. The latter is sold as the drug
dronabinol. The brand name in the US is Marinol. It is the pure
isomer of THC, (-)-trans-.DELTA..sup.9-tetrahydrocannabinol which
is man-made.
[0006] Preparative gas chromatography has proven to be a suitable
method for providing adequate pure samples of THC, Cannabidiol
(CBD), and Cannabinol (CBN). There has been difficulty in isolating
pure cannabinoids in order to conduct research. Cannabinoids can
have synergistic or antagonistic effects on each other. Other
methods of extraction include butane hash oil (BHO) and
supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Cannabinoids are drawn out
of the plant through solvent (e.g., butane or carbon dioxide)
extraction, which produces a purified composition.
[0007] The resin glands, more commonly referred to as kief, contain
a high concentration of cannabinoids and terpenes. The extraction
process for kief involves placing the whole plant in a fine mesh
screen shifter and gently shaking so that the kief falls through
the screen away from the plant. The kief is sometimes compressed
into rounds known as hash or hashish.
[0008] Despite developments in isolating single molecules, no work
has been done in formulating compositions having particular
combinations of the purified compounds. There has been no work
developing compounds having repeatable, dependable ratios of
purified molecules. In particular, there have been no developments
in combining purified cannabinoids with purified terrenes,
flavonoids, and/or minerals.
[0009] There exists a need for compositions comprising new
combinations of purified cannabinoids. There also exists a
particular need for compositions providing one or more purified
cannabinoids in combination with a purified terpene. Furthermore,
there exists a need for compositions providing one or more purified
cannabinoids in combination with a purified flavonoid.
Additionally, there exists a need for compositions providing one or
more purified cannabinoids in combination with a purified
mineral.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] Disclosed herein are new compositions having combinations of
purified cannabinoids. One embodiment of this disclosure provides
compositions having one or more purified cannabinoids in
combination with a purified terpene. One embodiment of this
disclosure provides compositions having one or more purified
cannabinoids in combination with a purified flavonoid. One
embodiment of this disclosure provides compositions having one or
more purified cannabinoids in combination with a purified
mineral.
[0011] Disclosed herein are compositions comprising: [0012] a first
purified cannabinoid; and [0013] a compound chosen from a second
purified cannabinoid, a purified terpene, a purified flavonoid, and
a purified mineral, [0014] wherein the said composition is
substantially free from cellulose.
[0015] As used herein, the term "purified" means isolated from the
plant using chromatography, distillation, extractions, or similar
technique resulting in a greater than 60% purity. In some
embodiments the "purified" compositions disclosed herein are
greater than 70% purity. In some embodiments the "purified"
compositions disclosed herein are greater than 80% purity. In some
embodiments the "purified" compositions disclosed herein are
greater than 90% purity.
[0016] Within the context of this disclosure, where a compound
comprises stereogenic centers, the term "purified" includes
enantiomerically pure compositions and also mixtures of enantiomers
or isomers.
[0017] Cannabinoids and other plant molecules may be extracted
using various solvents and technologies including, but not limited
to ethanol, butane, methane, carbon dioxide, ice, water, steam.
Cannabinoids and other plant molecules may be extracted from plants
bred to express desired cannabinoid and/or terpene and/or flavonoid
profiles for purity. Cannabinoids and other molecules may be
purified using supercritical fluid ("SFC") extraction and similar
technologies. In one example, the process of crystallization
involves placing the compound of interest in a liquid and then
cooling or adding participants to the solution which would lower
the solubility of the compound of interest so that it forms
crystals. In this example, crystals are then separated from the
liquid through filtration or centrifuge.
[0018] As used herein, the term "cannabinoid" means any substance
that acts upon a cannabinoid receptor. For example the term
cannabinoid includes cannabinoid ligands such as agonists, partial
agonists, inverse agonists, or antagonists, as demonstrated by
binding studies and functional assays. In many examples, a
cannabinoid can be identified because its chemical name will
include the text string "*cannabi* in the name. Within the context
of this application, where reference is made to a particular
cannabinoid, each of the acid and/or decarboxylated forms are
contemplated as both single molecules and mixtures. Examples of
cannabinoids within the context of this disclosure include
compounds belonging to any of the following classes of molecules,
their derivatives, salts, or analogs: Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC),
Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV), Cannabichromene (CBC),
Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabielsoin (CBE),
Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabigerol (CBG),
Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabinodiol (CBND),
Cannabitriol (CBT), Cannabivarin (CBV), and Isocanabinoids.
[0019] As used herein, the term "terpene" means an organic compound
built on an isoprenoid structural scaffold or produced by combining
isoprene units. Often, terpene molecules found in plants may
produce smell.
[0020] The structure of terpenes are built with isoprenes, which
are 5 carbon structures. Flavonoids are generally considered to be
15 carbon structures with two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic ring.
So, there could be an overlap in which a flavonoid could be
considered a terpene. However, not all terpenes could be considered
flavonoids.
[0021] Within the context of this disclosure, the term terpene
includes Hemiterpenes, Monoterpenols, Terpene esters, Diterpenes,
Monoterpenes, Polyterpenes, Tetraterpenes, Terpenoid oxides,
Sesterterpenes, Sesquiterpenes, Norisoprenoids, or their
derivatives.
[0022] Derivatives of terpenes include Terpenoids in their forms of
hemiterpenoids, monoterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, sesterterpenoid,
sesquarterpenoids, tetraterpenoids, Triterpenoids, tetraterpenoids,
Polyterpenoids, isoprenoids, and steroids. They may be forms:
.alpha.-, .beta.-, .gamma.-, oxo-, isomers, or combinations
thereof. Examples of terpenes within the context of this disclosure
include: 7,8-dihydroionone, Acetanisole, Acetic Acid, Acetyl
Cedrene, Anethole, Anisole, Benzaldehyde, Bergamotene
(.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene) (.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene), Bisabolol
(.beta.-Bisabolol), Borneol, Bornyl Acetate, Butanoic/Butyric Acid,
Cadinene (.alpha.-Cadinene) (.gamma.-Cadinene), Cafestol, Caffeic
acid, Camphene, Camphor, Capsaicin, Carene (.DELTA.-3-Carene),
Carotene, Carvacrol, Carvone, Dextro-Carvone, Laevo-Carvone,
Caryophyllene (.beta.-Caryophyllene), Caryophyllene oxide,
Castoreum Absolute, Cedrene (.alpha.-Cedrene) (.beta.-Cedrene),
Cedrene Epoxide (.alpha.-Cedrene Epoxide), Cedrol, Cembrene,
Chlorogenic Acid, Cinnamaldehyde (.alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde)
(.alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde), Cinnamic Acid, Cinnamyl Alcohol,
Citronellal, Citronellol, Cryptone, Curcumene (.alpha.-Curcumene)
(.gamma.-Curcumene), Decanal, Dehydrovomifoliol, Diallyl Disulfide,
Dihydroactinidiolide, Dimethyl Disulfide, Eicosane/Icosane, Elemene
(.beta.-Elemene), Estragole, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl Cinnamate, Ethyl
maltol, Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole, Eudesmol (.alpha.-Eudesmol)
(.beta.-Eudesmol) (.gamma.-Eudesmol), Eugenol, Euphol, Farnesene,
Farnesol, Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol), Fenchone, Geraniol, Geranyl
acetate, Germacrenes, Germacrene B, Guaia-1(10), 11-diene,
Guaiacol, Guaiene (.alpha.-Guaiene), Gurjunene (.alpha.-Gurjunene),
Herniarin, Hexanaldehyde, Hexanoic Acid, Humulene
(.alpha.-Humulene) (.beta.-Humulene), Ionol (3-oxo-.alpha.-ionol)
(.beta.-Ionol), Ionone (.alpha.-Ionone) (.beta.-Ionone), Ipsdienol,
Isoamyl acetate, Isoamyl Alcohol, Isoamyl Formate, Isoborneol,
Isomyrcenol, Isopulegol, Isovaleric Acid, Isoprene, Kahweol,
Lavandulol, Limonene, .gamma.-Linolenic Acid, Linalool,
Longifolene, .alpha.-Longipinene, Lycopene, Menthol, Methyl
butyrate, 3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentanal, Mercaptan/Thiols,
.beta.-Mercaptoethanol, Mercaptoacetic Acid, Allyl Mercaptan,
Benzyl Mercaptan, Butyl Mercaptan, Ethyl Mercaptan, Methyl
Mercaptan, Furfuryl Mercaptan, Ethylene Mercaptan, Propyl
Mercaptan, Thenyl Mercaptan, Methyl Salicylate, Methylbutenol,
Methyl-2-Methylvalerate, Methyl Thiobutyrate, Myrcene
(.beta.-Myrcene), .gamma.-Muurolene, Nepetalactone, Nerol,
Nerolidol, Neryl acetate, Nonanaldehyde, Nonanoic Acid, Ocimene,
Octanal, Octanoic Acid, P-cymene, Pentyl butyrate, Phellandrene,
Phenylacetaldehyde, Phenylethanethiol, Phenylacetic Acid, Phytol,
Pinene, .beta.-Pinene, Propanethiol, Pristimerin, Pulegone,
Quercetin, Retinol, Rutin, Sabinene, Sabinene Hydrate, cis-Sabinene
Hydrate, trans-Sabinene Hydrate, Safranal, .alpha.-Selinene,
.alpha.-Sinensal, .beta.-Sinensal, .beta.-Sitosterol, Squalene,
Taxadiene, Terpin hydrate, Terpineol, Terpine-4-ol,
.alpha.-Terpinene, .gamma.-Terpinene, Terpinolene, Thiophenol,
Thujone, Thymol, .alpha.-Tocopherol, Tonka Undecanone, Undecanal,
Valeraldehyde/Pentanal, Verdoxan, .alpha.-Ylangene, Umbelliferone,
or Vanillin. As used herein, the term acetanisole refers to a
compound that has an anisole with an acetic group para to the
methoxy group having the structural formula: Often acetanisole is
characterized as having a medium strength, sweet, anisic,
vanilla-like aroma with powdery, balsamic and benzaldehyde nuances.
It is used
##STR00001##
as a flavoring, it has been described as a sweet, anisic, fruity
and cherry with powdery vanilla nuances.
[0023] As used herein, the term acetic acid refers to a carboxylic
acid with a methyl group. Often acetic acid is characterized as
having a medium strength, sweet, anisic, vanilla-like aroma with
powdery, balsamic and benzaldehyde nuances. Used in flavoring, it
has been described as a sweet, anisic, fruity and cherry with
powdery vanilla nuances.
[0024] As used herein, the term acetyl cedrene refers to a compound
having a cedrene with an acetyl group and with the following
structural formula:
##STR00002##
[0025] Acetyl Cedrene is often characterized as having a medium
strength, warm, woody, amber musky aroma. It can constitute up to
20% of some fragrance concentrates.
[0026] As used herein, the term anethole refers to an aromatic
compound having the following structural formula:
##STR00003##
[0027] Anethole is often characterized as having a very strong,
sweet, anise, licorice aroma. It is used in a wide variety of
fragrances and flavors. It has a sweet, anise, and spicy licorice
flavor with a lingering, sweet aftertaste. Anethole has also shown
some antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
[0028] As used herein, the term anisole refers to a compound having
a benzene ring with a methoxy group with the following structural
formula:
##STR00004##
[0029] Anisole is often characterized as smelling like anise
seeds.
[0030] As used herein, the term benzaldehyde refers to a compound
having a benzene ring connected to an aldehyde with the following
structural formula:
##STR00005##
[0031] Benzaldehyde is often characterized as having an almond-like
odor.
[0032] As used herein, the term bergamotene refers to a compound
that includes either or both of .alpha.-cis-Bergamotene and/or
.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene in a pure and/or mixture of any ratio.
.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene refers to the following structural
formula:
##STR00006##
[0033] The .alpha.-cis-Bergamotene is often characterized as having
a strong odor of ground black pepper. It is an aroma component of
many species of the family orchidaceae. It has also shown some
antioxidant activity. .alpha.-trans-Bergamotene refers to the
following structural formula:
##STR00007##
[0034] The .alpha.-trans-Bergamotene is often characterized as
having a medium strength, warm, tea-leaf-like odor. It is used in
the chemical communication system of some species of aphids.
[0035] As used herein, bisabolol refers to either or both of the
.beta. and/or a forms of a monocyclic sesquiterpene alcohol in a
pure and/or mixture of any ratio. The .beta. form differs from the
.alpha. form based on the position of the tertiary alcohol group.
The .alpha. form refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00008##
[0036] The .beta. form refers to the following structural
formula:
##STR00009##
[0037] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
citrus, floral, tangy, lemon, fresh, sweet, herbaceous aroma. It is
used in the chemical communication system of the Cotton boll
weevil. It has shown anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal
and antimutagenic activities.
[0038] As used herein, the term borneol refers to a compound having
the following structural formula:
##STR00010##
[0039] It is often characterized as having a smell much like the
menthol aroma of camphor and is easily converted into it. In
Chinese medicine, herbs containing borneol are recommended for
fatigue and overstress. Borneol is considered a "calming sedative"
in Chinese medicine. It is directed for fatigue, recovery from
illness and stress. It is found in small quantities in many
essential oils.
[0040] Commercially it is derived from Artemisia plants such as
wormwood and some species of cinnamon.
[0041] As used herein, the term bornyl acetate refers to an acetate
that has a borneol group with the following structural formula:
##STR00011##
[0042] It is often characterized as having a pine, camphoraceous,
herbal, and balsamic odor.
[0043] As used herein, butanoic/butyric acid refers to a carboxylic
acid with the following structural formula:
CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH. It is often characterized as having
an unpleasant, acrid odor normally found in perspiration,
flatulence and rancid butter. It is the primary cause of the foul
smell associated with human vomit as it is one of many stomach
acids that helps break down food for energy, and it is a common
addition to stink bombs for this reason.
[0044] As used herein, the term Cadinene refers to either or both
of .alpha.-Cadinene and/or .gamma.-Cadinene as pure forms or
mixtures in any ratio. .alpha.-Cadinene refers to an isomeric
hydrocarbon sesquiterpene with the following structural
formula:
##STR00012##
[0045] .alpha.-Cadinene is often characterized as having a pungent,
smoky, woody, guaiac wood-like odor. It is listed by the FDA as a
food additive permitted for direct addition to food for human
consumption. It has shown some antimicrobial, anticancer,
anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimalarial activities.
.gamma.-Cadinene refers to a compound having the following
structural formula:
##STR00013##
[0046] .gamma.-Cadinene is often characterized as having a
herbaceous, herbal, woody aroma. It has shown some antimicrobial
and antibacterial properties. Many species of termites and a few
beetles utilize .gamma.-Cadinene in their chemical communication
systems.
[0047] As used herein, the term cafestol refers to a diterpene
molecule having the following structural formula:
##STR00014##
[0048] It is often characterized as being present in high
quantities in unfiltered coffee. It has also been shown to have
anticarcinogenic properties in rats.
[0049] As used herein, the term caffeic acid refers to a compound
having both a phenolic and acrylic functional groups with the
following structural formula:
##STR00015##
[0050] As used herein, the term camphene refers to a bicyclic
monoterpene having the following structural formula:
##STR00016##
[0051] Camphene is often characterized as having a pungent, herbal,
fir needle smell. Its odor has often been described as a
camphoraceous, cooling, piney and woody with terpy nuances. It has
citrus and green minty and green spicy notes.
[0052] Camphene is used in fragrances and food additives. It is a
minor constituent of many essential oils such as turpentine,
cypress oil, camphor oil, citronella oil, neroli, ginger oil, and
valerian.
[0053] As used herein, the term camphor refers to a terpenoid that
is similar in structure to camphene but instead possess a ketone
instead of a double bond with the following structural formula:
##STR00017##
[0054] Camphor has a very characteristic odor for which the tree is
named. The most recognizable product that contains the extracts of
camphor is medicated chest rubs, which have the same distinct
scent. It is a strong, penetrating, persistent odor. It is used as
a flavor and fragrance agent in chewing gum and hard candy. The
therapeutic properties of camphor oil are analgesic,
antidepressant, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, cardiac,
carminative, diuretic, febrifuge, hypertensive, insecticide,
laxative, rubefacient, stimulant, sudorific, vermifuge and
vulnerary. As used herein, the term capsaicin refers to a chemical
compound with following structural formula:
##STR00018##
[0055] In its pure form, capsaicin is often odorless. It is often
characterized as an irritant for mammals, known for the sensation
it provokes when inhaled, eaten, or applied to the skin. In this
sense, it is similar to menthol (which stimulates the body's
sensors without causing an actual change in temperature). Capsaicin
is often used as an analgesic in topical ointments and dermal
patches to relieve pain and as an anti-inflammatory.
[0056] As used herein, the term Carene (.DELTA.-3-Carene) refers to
a bicyclic monoterpene that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00019##
[0057] It differs from camphor and camphene by having the double
bound within the ring structure. .DELTA.-3-Carene is often
characterized as having a medium strength, sweet, pungent citrus
odor. It is a constituent of pine and cedar resin but is found in
many other plants including rosemary. In aromatherapy, cypress oil,
high in .DELTA.-3-Carene, is used to dry excess fluids, tears,
running noses, excess menstrual flow and perspiration. It is
thought to be at least partially responsible for the dry mouth and
eye problems that are common side effects experienced by some
cannabis users.
[0058] As used herein, the term carotene refers to any one of a
series of related unsaturated hydrocarbon substances having the
formula C.sub.40H.sub.x. The .quadrature.-carotene has the
following structural formula:
##STR00020##
[0059] Within the context of this disclosure, the term carotene
refers to any of the isomeric forms of carotene in a pure and/or
mixture in any ratio. Carotene is often characterized as appearing
colored to the human eye.
[0060] As used herein, term carvacrol refers to a monoterpenoid
phenol that has the following structural formula:
##STR00021##
[0061] Carvacrol is often characterized as having a pungent, warm
odor of oregano. It is used as a flavor and fragrance agent and its
flavor has been described as spicy, herbal, phenolic, medicinal and
woody. Carvacrol is often responsible for the biological activities
of oregano. Carvacrol exhibits many diverse activities such as:
antimicrobial, antitumor, antimutagenic, antigenotoxic, analgesic,
antispasmodic, anti-inflammatory, angiogenic, antiparasitic,
antiplatelet, AChe inhibitory, antielastase, insecticidal,
antihepatotoxic and hepatoprotective activities.
[0062] As used herein, the term carvone refers to a monoterpenoid
that it is similar in structure to a carvacrol but has a carbonyl
group instead of an alcohol group. For the context of this
disclosure, the term "carvone" includes the enantiomer forms S-(+)
and R-(-) as pure and/or mixtures in any ratio.
[0063] As used herein, the term dextro-carvone refers to the S-(+)
enantiomer of carvone that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00022##
[0064] Dextro-Carvone is often characterized as having a spicy,
bready, caraway aroma. It is found in mandarin peel oil and
gingergrass oil. It is the principal constituent (60-70%) of the
oil from caraway seeds.
[0065] As used herein, the term laevo-carvone refers to the R-(-)
enantiomer of carvone with the following structural formula:
##STR00023##
[0066] Laevo-Carvone is often characterized as having a sweet,
minty, herbaceous, spearmint odor. It is found in spearmint and
kuromoji oils. It is used extensively in chewing gums and flavor
oils such as spearmint, but is also used in spice and floral
fragrances for air fresheners, perfumes, shampoos, deodorants, body
wash, laundry detergents, cosmetics and toothpaste.
[0067] As used herein, the term Caryophyllene
(.beta.-Caryophyllene) refers to a bicyclic sesquiterpene with the
following structural formula:
##STR00024##
[0068] .beta.-Caryophyllene is often characterized as having a
sweet, woody and dry clove odor and has a peppery, spicy with
camphor and astringent citrus backgrounds. It is a major terpene
found in black pepper, clove and cotton. It is often found in
smaller percentages in many other green, leafy vegetables, herbs,
and spices. Caryophyllene contributes to black pepper's spiciness.
Caryophyllene oil is also used industrially to enhance tobacco
flavor.
[0069] As used herein, the term caryophyllene oxide refers a
compound with the following structural formula:
##STR00025##
[0070] Caryophyllene oxide is often characterized as having a lemon
balm odor. It has shown some effectiveness as an
insecticidal/anti-feedant and as broad-spectrum antifungal in plant
defense. Caryophyllene oxide has the distinction of being the main
component responsible for cannabis identification by drug-sniffing
dogs. As used herein, the term Cedrene refers to either or both of
.alpha.-Cedrene and/or .beta.-Cedrene as pure forms or mixtures in
any ratio. The (-).alpha. and (+).beta. form differ in the position
of the double bond. .alpha.-Cedrene refers to a compound having the
following structural formula:
##STR00026##
[0071] The .alpha. form is often characterized as having a medium
strength, woody, sweet, fresh aroma of cedar. It is used in bakery
items, sherbet and sorbet. It is a major component in the essential
oil of cedar.
[0072] The .beta. form refers to a compound having the following
structural formula:
##STR00027##
[0073] The .beta. form is often characterized as having a medium
strength, woody, fresh aroma of cedar. It is a major component in
the essential oil of cedar.
[0074] As used herein, the term Cedrene Epoxide (.alpha.-Cedrene
Epoxide) refers to cedrene with an epoxide group and having the
following structural formula:
##STR00028##
[0075] .alpha.-Cedrene Epoxide is often characterized as having a
medium strength, woody, amber, tobacco, sandalwood, and fresh
patchouli aroma. It is commonly used as a fragrance agent and a
perfuming agent for cosmetics.
[0076] As used herein, the term cedrol refers to a sesquiterpene
alcohol having the following structural formula:
##STR00029##
[0077] Cedrol is often characterized as having a very faint aroma
that is sweet, soft, dry and cedar woody. Studies have shown cedrol
to show deeply sedative effects when inhaled. Cedrol is a major
component of cedar wood oil. It is found in the essential oil of
conifers, especially in cypress and juniper. It has also been
identified in Origanum onites, a plant related to oregano.
[0078] As used herein, the term Cembrene A refers to a monocyclic
diterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00030##
[0079] It is often characterized as having a faint wax like
odor.
[0080] As used herein, the term chlorogenic acid refers to an ester
of the caffeic acid and a (-)-quinic acid that has the following
structural formula:
##STR00031##
[0081] It can often be found in peaches, prunes, and green coffee
bean extract.
[0082] As used herein, the term Cinnamaldehyde refers to a phenyl
group attached to an unsaturated aldehyde with the following
structural formula:
##STR00032##
[0083] Cinnamaldehyde is often characterized as having a very
strong, spicy, sweet cinnamon odor, and gives cinnamon its flavor.
It occurs naturally in the bark of cinnamon trees and other species
of the genus Cinnamomum. Cinnamaldehyde constitutes 90% of the
essential oil of cinnamon.
[0084] As used herein, the term .alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde refers
to a compound having the structural formula:
##STR00033##
[0085] .alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde is often characterized as
having a medium strength, sweet, floral, green, jasmine, citrus and
fruity aroma with powdery, tropical or spicy notes. As a flavoring
it is sweet, waxy, floral and green with citrus and fruity
nuances.
[0086] As used herein, the term .alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde refers
to a compound having the structural formula:
##STR00034##
[0087] .alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde is often characterized as having
a medium, sweet floral, oily, fruity, herbal, jasmine, and tropical
aroma. Used in flavorings it is tropical, waxy, floral, rosy and
honey-like with a fruity nuance and body.
[0088] As used herein, the term cinnamic acid refers to a phenyl
group double bonded to a propionic acid with the following
structural formula:
##STR00035##
[0089] Cinnamic acid is often characterized as having a weak
balsamic, sweet, storax, honey-like odor. It can be obtained from
the oil of cinnamon, or from balsams such as storax.
[0090] As used herein, the term cinnamyl alcohol refers to a phenyl
group that is double bonded to a propanol group that has the
following structural formula:
##STR00036##
[0091] Cinnamyl alcohol is often characterized as having a medium
strength, cinnamon spice, floral green and fermented odor with
powdery balsamic nuances. As a flavor component it has a green,
floral, spicy and honey flavor with a fermented yeasty nuance.
[0092] As used herein, the term citronellal refers to a
monoterpenoid that has the following structural formula:
##STR00037##
[0093] Citronellal is often characterized as making up to 80% of
the leaf oil from Kaffir lime leaves and is the compound
responsible for its characteristic aroma.
[0094] Citronellal has a high repellent effectiveness against
mosquitoes and other insects. It is also shown to have strong
antifungal qualities. Citronellal is the main component that gives
citronella oil its distinctive lemon-lime scent.
[0095] As used herein, the term citronellol refers to an acyclic
monoterpenoid that includes either or both of the (+) and (-)
enantiomers as pure forms or mixtures in any ratio. The (+)
enantiomer has the following structural formula:
##STR00038##
[0096] The (-) form has the following structural formula:
##STR00039##
[0097] Citronellol is often characterized as having a floral, rosy,
sweet, citrus with green, fatty, terpene-nuanced odor. Used in
flavorings it has a floral, rose, sweet, green with fruity citrus
nuanced flavor. In studies it was shown to have a deeply sedating
effect upon inhalation.
[0098] As used herein, the term cryptone refers to
4-Isopropyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one and has the following structural
formula:
##STR00040##
[0099] It is often characterized as having a woody minty herbaceous
smell.
[0100] As used herein, the term Curcumene refers a compound with
C.sub.15H.sub.22 with either both .alpha.-Curcumene and/or
.gamma.-Curcumene as pure forms or mixtures in any ratio.
.alpha.-Curcumene has the following structural formula:
##STR00041##
[0101] .alpha.-Curcumene is often characterized as having an odor
of Turmeric. It is found prominently in the Zingiber genus of
Ginger. It is one of the main active ingredients of both Turmeric
and Ginger oils. .gamma.-Curcumene has the following structural
formula:
##STR00042##
[0102] .gamma.-Curcumene is often characterized as having an earthy
aroma. It is found prominently in the Libocedrus bidwillii tree of
New Zealand. It is one of the main active ingredients of both
Turmeric and Ginger oils.
[0103] As used herein, the term decanal refers to a ten-carbon
aldehyde having the following structural formula:
##STR00043##
[0104] Decanal is often characterized as having a very powerful,
waxy, orange-peel, citrus like, sweet, aldehydic odor. It is used
in fragrances and flavoring. Its flavor is a waxy, fatty, citrus
and orange peel with a slight green melon nuance.
[0105] Decanal occurs in nature and is an important component in
citrus along with octanal, citral, and sinensal.
[0106] As used herein, the term dehydrovomifoliol refers to a
cyclic terpenoid oxide having the following structural formula:
##STR00044##
[0107] Dehydrovomifoliol is often characterized as having a fruity
and flowery odor. It has shown some cytostatic and antiviral
activity.
[0108] As used herein, the term diallyl disulfide refers to a
disulfide with an allyl group on each sulfide and having the
following structural formula:
##STR00045##
[0109] Diallyl Disulfide is often characterized as having a strong,
alliaceous, onion and garlic-like odor with metallic nuances. When
highly diluted, it is used as a flavoring in food. It has a green
onion and garlic-like flavor with meaty nuances. It is an
organosulfur (organic compounds that contain sulfur) derived from
garlic. It is also one of the main components of the distilled oil
of garlic. Diallyl disulfide has many of the health benefits of
garlic, but it is also an allergen causing garlic allergy.
[0110] As used herein, the term dihydroactinidiolide refers to a
terpenoid oxide that has the following structural formula:
##STR00046##
[0111] Dihydroactinidiolide is often characterized as having a
fruity, musky, coumarin tea-like, peach aroma. It is a flavoring
agent for food and tobacco and used in tea flavors, berry flavors,
other fruit flavors, brown flavors, seaweed, tomato and beer. It
has shown antiproliferative effects.
[0112] As used herein, the term dimethyl disulfide refers to a
disulfide with a methyl group attached to each sulfide that has the
following structural formula:
##STR00047##
[0113] Dimethyl Disulfide is often characterized as having a high
strength, sulfurous, rotten garlic, cabbage or onion type of aroma.
Dimethyl disulfide along with dimethyl sulfide and dimethyl
trisulfide are compounds given off by the plant known as dead-horse
arum. Flies are attracted to the odor of fetid meat the combination
of the three make, and they help pollinate this plant.
[0114] As used herein, the term eicosane/icosane refers to an
alkane with the formula C.sub.20H.sub.42 having 366,619
constitutional isomers with the following skeletal structure:
##STR00048##
[0115] Eicosane is often characterized as having a waxy odor. It is
used in fragrance concentrates. It is the shortest compound found
in paraffin waxes used to form candles. It is also used in insect
repellent.
[0116] As used herein, the term Elemene (.beta.-Elemene) refers to
a cyclic sesquiterpene that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00049##
[0117] .beta.-Elemene is often characterized as having a medium
strength, sweet aroma. The parenteral form of .beta.-elemene is
isolated from Rhizoma zedoariae, a type of ginger, although it is a
volatile terpene found in botanicals such as celery, mint, and it
is prevalent in a variety of medicinal plants. It has a strong
antiproliferative and anti-cancer effects against a broad spectrum
of tumors.
[0118] As used herein, the term estragole refers to a phenylpropene
that has the following structural formula:
##STR00050##
[0119] It is an isomer of anethole with the difference being the
location of the double bond. It is often characterized as having an
anise seed smell and occurs in tarragon oil, turpentine, and other
essential oils, and is used in perfumes and flavoring
materials.
[0120] As used herein, the term ethyl acetate refers to an ester of
ethanol and acetic acid. Ethyl acetate is often characterized as
having a medium strength, acidic fruity, dirty, cheesy, fermented
odor with the strong nuance of Roquefort cheese.
[0121] It is used as a flavoring with a fruity, dirty, acidic
flavor with a dairy, buttery and cheesy nuance.
[0122] As used herein, the term ethyl cinnamate refers to an ester
of cinnamic acid and ethanol that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00051##
[0123] Ethyl Cinnamate is often characterized as having a medium
strength, sweet, balsamic, spicy, powdery, fruity, berry, and plum
odor. It is used as a flavoring agent, where it has a balsamic,
powdery, fruity, berry, punch, spice, sweet and green flavor with
an amber note.
[0124] As used herein, the term ethyl maltol refers to a cyclic
organic compound with the formula C.sub.6H.sub.6O.sub.3 that has
the following structural formula:
##STR00052##
[0125] It is often characterized as having a sweet smell that is
similar to caramelized sugar and cooked fruit.
[0126] As used herein, the term Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole refers to a
cyclic ether and monoterpenoid that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00053##
[0127] Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole is often characterized as having a
camphor-minty odor of eucalyptus. In fact, it is the main
ingredient in oil of eucalyptus. It is also found in other fragrant
plants. It is used to increase circulation, and reduce pain and
swelling when applied topically. Cineole readily crosses the
blood/brain barrier, possibly helping other cannabinoids to cross
more readily as well. The inhalation of cineole often increases
cerebral blood flow and enhances cortical activity. The effects of
cineole, when combined with oral or smoked Cannabis, are reported
as being very uplifting, noticeably increasing mental and physical
energy. This terpene, and others like it, may be responsible for
the reported difference in effect between indica and sativa strains
with a similar cannabinoid profile. As used herein, the term
Eudesmol refers to .alpha.-Eudesmol, .beta.-Eudesmol, or
.gamma.-Eudesmol as pure forms or mixtures in any ratio.
.alpha.-Eudesmol has the following structural formula:
##STR00054##
[0128] .alpha.-Eudesmol is often characterized as having a sweet,
woody odor. It's been shown to protect against brain injury after
focal ischemia in rats. .alpha.-Eudesmol may be useful for the
treatment of migraines. .beta.-Eudesmol refers to the following
structural formula:
##STR00055##
[0129] .beta.-Eudesmol is often characterized as having a sweet,
green, woody, yuzu-like aroma. It has shown some antioxidant,
antimicrobial and anti-wood-decay fungal activities.
.gamma.-Eudesmol refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00056##
[0130] .gamma.-Eudesmol is often characterized as having a waxy,
sweet, woody, floral odor.
[0131] .gamma.-Eudesmol presents cytotoxic effect to cancer cells.
All Eudesmol isomers displayed cytotoxicity to different tumor cell
lines.
[0132] As used herein the term eugenol refers to a phenylpropene
that has the following structural formula:
##STR00057##
[0133] Eugenol is often characterized as causing the aromatic smell
typical of cloves. It is sometimes called clove oil because it is
the active element in cloves. Eugenol is found in insect
attractants as well as UV absorbers. It is an antioxidant, and when
mixed with zinc oxide, eugenol is a common base for temporary
fillings.
[0134] This is the reason dental offices smell the same.
[0135] As used herein, the term euphol refers to a tetracyclic
triterpene that has the following structural formula:
##STR00058##
[0136] As used herein, the term farnesene refers to six closely
related compounds that are sesquiterpenes. (E,E)-.alpha.-Farnesene
is one of these six molecules and has the following structural
formula:
##STR00059##
[0137] Within the context of this disclosure, the term "farnesene"
refers to any one of the six closely related compounds, either
alone or in combination of any other of those six closely related
compounds. A species of aphids emit farnesene as a defense
mechanism. It is often characterized as having a fragrance of
magnolia flowers and has citrus notes with green, woody, vegetative
odor with hints of lavender.
[0138] As used herein, the term farnesol refers to a cyclic
sesquiterpene alcohol that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00060##
[0139] Farnesol is often characterized as having a weak, mild,
fresh, sweet, floral, linden tree odor. It is used as an agent in
cosmetics, flavors and fragrances. It has anti-inflammatory,
antioxidant and antiproliferative effects and it has been suggested
to function as a chemopreventive and antitumor agent with some
analgesic potential. Farnesol is present in many essential oils
such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, lemon grass, tuberose, rose,
musk, balsam and tolu. It is used in perfumery to emphasize the
odors of sweet floral perfumes. It is also a natural pesticide for
mites and is a pheromone for several other insects.
[0140] As used herein, the term Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol) refers to
the isomer of borneol with the following structural formula:
##STR00061##
[0141] .beta.-Fenchol is often characterized as having a
camphorous, borneol, piney, woody, dry, sweet, lemon scent. It is
used as a flavor and fragrance agent. It is an antioxidant and
antimicrobial with limited antifungal properties.
[0142] As used herein, the term fenchone refers to a monoterpene
and a ketone with the following structural formula:
##STR00062##
[0143] Fenchone is often characterized as having a camphorous,
thuja, cedar leaf, herbal, earthy, woody aroma. As an additive, its
flavor has been described as cooling, camphorous, sweet and minty
with a musty, earthy nuance.
[0144] As used herein, the term geraniol refers to a monoterpenoid
that has the following structural formula:
##STR00063##
[0145] Geraniol is often characterized as having a medium strength,
floral, sweet, rosy, fruity odor with citrus to citronella-like
odor nuances. Its flavor is floral, rosy, waxy and perfume-like
with a fruity peach-like nuance. It is used as a flavor and
fragrance agent. It is used in flavors such as peach, raspberry,
grapefruit, red apple, plum, lime, orange, lemon, watermelon,
pineapple, and blueberry. It is also used for cosmetic as a
perfuming agent. Geraniol is a natural antioxidant. It inhibits DNA
synthesis. In one study, Geraniol was shown to suppress pancreatic
tumor growth.
[0146] As used herein, the term geranyl acetate refers to a
monoterpene with a carboxylic acid with the following structural
formula:
##STR00064##
[0147] Geranyl Acetate is often characterized as having a very
strong, floral aroma with a fruity twist. It is found in a variety
of natural oils from plants such as citronella, lemon grass,
sassafras, rose, and many others. It exhibits strong antimicrobial
properties.
[0148] As used herein, the term geranylfarnesol refers to an
acyclic 25-carbon isoprenoid that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00065##
[0149] As used herein, the term germacrenes refers to a class of
volatile organic hydrocarbons that are specifically sesquiterpenes.
For the purposes of this disclosure, the term "germacrene" refers
to any of the five isomers as either pure forms or in any
combination of the five isomers. Germacrene A refers to the
following structural formula:
##STR00066##
[0150] Germacrene B refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00067##
[0151] Germacrene C refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00068##
[0152] Germacrene D refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00069##
[0153] Germacrene E refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00070##
[0154] They are often produced in a number of plant species for
their antimicrobial and insecticidal properties, though they also
play a role as insect pheromones. The essential oil of the red
deadnettle (Lamium purpureum) is characterized by its high contents
of germacrene. Germacrene B is often characterized as having a
potent odor ranging from spicy, warm and earthy to the sweet aroma
of expressed lime oil. It is not used in food or fragrances.
[0155] As used herein, the term guaia-1(10), 11-diene refers to a
bicyclic sesquiterpene that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00071##
[0156] Guaia-1(10), 11-diene is often characterized as having an
elegant and sweet woody aroma. It is used as a fragrance for a wide
range of products from food additives, tobacco flavorings and
general cosmetics, to odorizing rooms.
[0157] As used herein, the term guaiacol refers to an organic
compound with a phenol group with a methoxy group in the
ortho-position with the following structural formula:
##STR00072##
[0158] Guaiacol is often characterized as having a powerful,
smoke-like, phenolic, spicy, woody somewhat medicinal odor. It has
a sweet, powdery, musty, vanilla, floral, almond flavor. It is used
chiefly as an expectorant, but is also used as a local anesthetic,
an antiseptic and an intestinal disinfectant. Guaiacol is a
precursor to various flavorants, such as eugenol and vanillin.
[0159] As used herein, the term Guaiene (.alpha.-Guaiene) refers to
a bicyclic sesquiterpene that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00073##
[0160] .alpha.-Guaiene is often characterized as having a medium
strength, sweet, earthy, woody, balsamic, peppery aroma. It is used
as a flavor and fragrance agent in bakery items, cereals and cereal
products, including flours & starches from roots & tubers,
pulses & legumes, and edible ices, including sherbet and
sorbet. .alpha.-Guaiene imparts earthy, spicy aromas and tastes.
.alpha.-Guaiene also shows anti-inflammatory properties.
[0161] As used herein, the term Gurjunene (.alpha.-Gurjunene)
refers to a tricyclic sesquiterpene that has the following
structural formula:
##STR00074##
.alpha.-Gurjunene is often characterized as having a slight, woody,
balsamic odor. It can be used in cosmetics and fragrances. It has
shown to be an antimicrobial as well as an antibacterial agent.
[0162] As used herein, the term herniarin refers to a methoxy
derivative of coumarin that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00075##
[0163] Herniarin is often found in Herniaria glabra, Ayanpana
triplinervis, and in species of the genus Prunus (P. mahaleb, P.
pensylvanica, and P. maximowiczil).
[0164] As used herein, the term hexanaldehyde refers to an aldehyde
with the following structural formula:
##STR00076##
[0165] Hexanaldehyde is often characterized as having a very
powerful, penetrating, fatty green, freshly cut grassy odor. It is
also used in the flavor industry to produce fruity flavors that are
green woody, vegetative, apple, grassy, citrus and orange with
fresh lingering aftertastes.
[0166] As used herein, the term hexanoic acid refers to a
carboxylic derivative of hexane that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00077##
[0167] Hexanoic acid is often characterized as having a pungent,
oily, acrid, sour, fatty, sweaty, rancid cheese odor. It is used as
a flavoring agent as well as in cosmetics. It is a fatty acid found
naturally in various animal fats and oils. It is one of the
chemicals that give the decomposing fleshy seed coat of ginkgo its
characteristic unpleasant odor.
[0168] As used herein, the term Humulene refers to either or both
the .alpha.-Humulene and/or the .beta.-Humulene isomers as pure
forms or mixtures in any form. They are monocyclic sesquiterpene
with an 11-membered ring. .alpha.-Humulene refers to the following
structural formula:
##STR00078##
[0169] .alpha.-Humulene (obsolete name: .alpha.-Caryophyllene) is
often characterized as having an aroma that has been described as
bitter, medium woody, and hoppy. .alpha.-Humulene has shown
anti-inflammatory properties. Humulene is one of the essential oils
made in the flowering cone of the hops plant Humulus lupulus. The
concentration of humulene varies among different varieties of the
plant, but can be up to 40% of the essential oil of noble hops.
[0170] As used herein, the term Ionol refers to an antioxidant that
is in a group of straining, sterically hindered phenols that has
the following structural formula:
##STR00079##
[0171] It is also known as Butylated Hydroxy Toluene (BHT). For the
purpose of this disclosure "ionol" also refers to
3-oxo-.alpha.-ionol and/or .beta.-Ionol in a pure and/or mixture of
any ratio. .beta.-Ionol is often characterized as having a sweet,
woody, herbal, fruity, floral, violet, tropical and berry aroma. As
a flavoring it is a floral, violet-like, fruity, woody, berry
flavor with powdery nuances.
[0172] As used herein, the term Ionone refers to either or both
.alpha.-Ionone and/or .beta.-Ionone as pure forms or mixtures in
any ratio as a group of compounds known as the rose ketones.
.alpha.-Ionone refers to the following structural formula:
##STR00080##
[0173] .beta.-Ionone refers to the following structural
formula:
##STR00081##
[0174] .beta.-Ionone is often characterized as having a flowery,
violet, raspberry odor. It is a significant contributor to the
aroma of roses, despite its relatively low concentration, and is an
important fragrance chemical used in perfumes. .beta.-ionone,
derived from grape carotenoids, plays an important role in the
flavor of some red wines. The flavor imparted to wine by
.beta.-ionone is a component of fruity/floral character of some of
the most sought-after red wines of Bordeaux, Burgundy and the Rhone
Valley. .beta.-Ionone demonstrates potent anticancer activity as
well as antifungal properties.
[0175] As used herein, the term 7,8-dihydro-.alpha.-ionone refers
to the following structural formula:
##STR00082##
[0176] As used herein, the term ipsdienol refers to a terpene
alcohol having the following structural formula:
##STR00083##
[0177] It is often characterized as having a balsamic, piney aroma.
It is a major component of the floral fragrance of several species
of orchids. Ipsdienol is also one of the major aggregation
pheromones of the bark beetle in which it is believed to be a
mating attractant.
[0178] As used herein, the term isoamyl acetate refers to an ester
formed from isoamyl alcohol and acetic acid that has the following
structural formula:
##STR00084##
[0179] It is often characterized as having a strong odor similar to
banana and pears. As used herein, the term isoamyl alcohol refers
to 3-methyl-1-butanol that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00085##
[0180] It is often characterized as having a pungent, fermented
type, fusel, alcohol-like, ethereal cognac aroma with fruity,
banana and molasses notes. It is used as a flavor and fragrance
agent. Its flavor is similar to fusel, fermented, fruity, banana,
ethereal and cognac.
[0181] As used herein, the term isoamyl formate refers to
3-methylbutyl formate that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00086##
[0182] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
ethereal, vinous, dry, earthy, fruity, green, plum, black currant
aroma. As a flavoring it has a sharp, green, apple and fruity
flavor with winey, fatty notes.
[0183] As used herein, the term isoborneol refers to an isomer of
borneol with the alcohol group in a different position with the
following structural formula:
##STR00087##
[0184] Isoborneol is often characterized as having a camphoraceous,
sweet & musty, India ink-like aroma. It has shown antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory and some limited antimicrobial properties. It is
used as a flavor and fragrance agent for beverages, ice cream,
candy, baked goods, and chewing gum.
[0185] As used herein, the term isomyrcenol refers to a
monoterpenoid with the following structural formula:
##STR00088##
[0186] It is often characterized as having a fresh, floral,
lime-like odor. Isomyrcenol is used in the chemical communication
systems of the Spruce bark beetle, the Pinyon pine beetle and the
Double-spined bark beetle.
[0187] As used herein, the term isopulegol refers to
C.sub.10H.sub.18O with the following structural formula:
##STR00089##
[0188] It is often characterized as having a medium strength odor
that is minty, cooling and bittersweet. It is used as a flavor and
fragrance agent in candies and chewing gum. It is found in the
hesperozygis rhododon shrub, as well as in eucalyptus citriodora.
It is also commonly used in cosmetics.
[0189] As used herein, the term isovaleric acid refers to
3-methylbutanoic acid with the following structural formula:
##STR00090##
[0190] It is often characterized as having a strong, pungent, sour,
stinky feet, and sweaty cheese smell. It is a major component of
the cause of unpleasant foot odor. However, its volatile esters
have pleasing scents and are used widely in perfumery. Used as a
flavoring it is cheesy, dairy, sweet creamy, fermented, waxy and
berry. It has shown effectiveness as an anticonvulsant and
antidepressant.
[0191] As used herein, the term isoprene refers to
2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. Isoprene is considered to be the monomer
that is connected together to provide the structural skeleton for
most terpenes.
[0192] As used herein, the term kahweol refers to a diterpene that
is structurally related to cafestol with the following structural
formula:
##STR00091##
[0193] As used herein, the term lavandulol refers to a monoterpene
alcohol as either of its R and S enantiomer as pure forms or
mixture in any ratio with the following structural formula:
##STR00092##
[0194] The (R) enantiomer is often characterized as having a weak
floral, herbal odor with a slightly lemon-like, citrus fruity
nuance. The (S) enantiomer is often characterized as having a weak
odor.
[0195] As used herein, the term limonene refers to a liquid
hydrocarbon that is a cyclic monoterpene with the following
structural formula:
##STR00093##
[0196] Limonene is often found in high amounts in cannabis resin as
well as tropical fruit rinds and many other fruits and flowers. The
exact odor is determined by the structure of the terpene. Plants
use limonene to repulse predators. For instance, flies have a group
of receptors similar in function to the taste buds on our tongues.
One of them detects noxious chemicals, and responds to Limonene as
if it were toxic. This is hard wired into the fly's brain. Limonene
is a potent antibacterial, antifungal and anticancer agent.
Limonene has been used clinically to dissolve gallstones, improve
mood and relieve heartburn and gastrointestinal reflux. Limonene
has been shown to destroy breast-cancer cells in lab experiments,
and its powerful antimicrobial action can kill pathogenic bacteria.
Limonene sprays are also used to treat depression. Limonene is the
second, third or fourth most prevalent terpene in almost all
cannabis resins and it is a precursor to the synthesis of other
cannabinoids. Limonene is highly absorbed by inhalation and quickly
appears in the bloodstream. Since Limonene is known to affect the
permeability of the cell membranes, it allows more THC to reach
brain cells and increases the absorption of other terpenes.
Limonene's design facilitates a direct response by quickly
permeating the blood-brain barrier. The result is increased
systolic blood pressure. One test, reported subjective alertness
and restlessness.
[0197] As used herein, the term .gamma.-linolenic acid refers to a
fatty acid with the following structural formula:
##STR00094##
[0198] It is often characterized as having the slight, light aroma
of vegetable oil. This is because it is an unsaturated fatty acid
found primarily in vegetable oils. It is sold as a dietary and
health supplement, although there is very limited evidence of any
effectiveness, and only as a slight anti-inflammatory and
blood-thinning agent.
[0199] As used herein, the term linalool refers to a terpene
alcohol that has the following structural formula:
##STR00095##
[0200] Linalool is being tested now for treatment of several types
of cancer. It is also a component of several sedating essential
oils including lavender oil, which is believed to possess
antianxiety and sedative properties. In tests on humans who inhaled
it, it caused severe sedation. In tests on lab rats it reduced
their activity by almost 75%. In addition to being a compound that
counters anxiety and mediates stress, linalool is a strong
anticonvulsant, and it also amplifies serotonin-receptor
transmission, conferring an antidepressant effect. Applied
topically, linalool can heal acne and skin burns without scarring.
Strains that are high in linalool may be particularly beneficial
for patients who experience insomnia due to their sedating
effects.
[0201] As used herein, the term linalyl acetate refers to an
acetate ester of linalool that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00096##
[0202] Linalool is often characterized as having a floral scent
reminiscent of spring flowers such as lily of the valley, but with
spicy overtones. It is a terpenoid prominent in lavender. It is
refined from lavender, neroli, and other essential oils. Humans can
detect its odor at rates as low as one part per million in the
air.
[0203] As used herein, the term longifolene refers to a liquid
hydrocarbon that is a tricyclic sesquiterpene with (+) and (-)
enantiomers. The (+) enantiomer refers to the following structural
formula:
##STR00097##
[0204] For the purposes of this disclosure, the term "linalool"
refers to either of its (+) and/or (-) enantiomers in a pure form
or mixture in any ratio. It is often characterized as having a
medium strength, sweet, woody, rosy, medical, fir needle odor.
Longifolene is also one of two most abundant aroma constituents of
lapsang souchong tea, because the tea is smoked over pine fires.
The Norway spruce produces longifolene as its main product.
[0205] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Longipinene refers to a
bicyclic sesquiterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00098##
[0206] It is often characterized as having a pine aromatic odor.
The Norway spruce produces high levels of .alpha.-Longipinene
secondary to longifolene as its main product.
[0207] As used herein, the term lycopene refers to a symmetrical
tetraterpene made from 8 isoprene units with the following
structural formula:
##STR00099##
[0208] It also is considered a carotene. It is a pigment that gives
a red color.
[0209] As used herein, the term luteolin refers to a flavonoid
having the structural formula:
##STR00100##
[0210] It is often found in leaves, rinds, barks, clover blossoms,
and ragweed pollen.
[0211] As used herein, the term menthol refers to a cyclohexane
with the following structural formula:
##STR00101##
[0212] Menthol is often characterized as having a very strong,
cooling, mentholic, minty, peppermint aroma and flavor. It is
obtained from cornmint, peppermint or other mint oils. Menthol has
local anesthetic and counter-irritant qualities, and it is widely
used to relieve minor throat irritation. Menthol also acts as a
weak kappa opioid receptor agonist. Menthol is responsible for the
well-known cooling sensation it provokes when inhaled, eaten, or
applied to the skin. In this sense, it is similar to capsaicin, the
chemical responsible for the spiciness of hot chilies (which
stimulates heat sensors, also without causing an actual change in
temperature).
[0213] As used herein, the term methyl butyrate refers to a methyl
ester of butyric acid that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00102##
[0214] It is often characterized as having an odor that is
sulfurous with egg and cheese notes, and tomato, tropical-fruit top
notes. Used in flavorings, its taste is a musty, sulfurous,
Limburger-type cheese top note, with a metallic cheese body. Some
have described the odor as sulfuric, cheese-like, putrid, cabbage
or garlic.
[0215] As used herein, the term 3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentanal refers
to an aldehyde with a thiol and methyl group with the following
structural formula:
##STR00103##
[0216] It is often characterized as having a very heavy, sulfurous,
savory, alliaceous, garlic odor with tropical fruit and cultured
dairy nuances. As a flavoring, it has a sulfurous, alliaceous,
savory flavor with cooked onion and sauteed garlic notes and
tropical fruit nuances of mango and passion fruit.
[0217] As used herein, the term 3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentanol refers
to a pentanol with a thiol and methyl group with the following
structural formula:
##STR00104##
[0218] It is often characterized as having a very strong,
sulfurous, onion type aroma. It is used in seasonings as a food
additive, but not used as a fragrance. It is recommended to be
smelled in a 0.10% solution or less due to its strength.
[0219] As used herein, the term mercaptan/thiols refers to an
organosulfur compound that contains a carbon-bonded sulfhydryl. It
is often characterized as the main odor constituent added to assist
in the detection of natural gas (which in pure form is odorless),
and the "smell of natural gas" is due to the smell of the mercaptan
thiol used as the odorant.
[0220] As used herein, the term .beta.-Mercaptoethanol refers to an
ethanol with a thiol (mercaptan) group with the following
structural formula:
##STR00105##
[0221] It is often characterized as having an extremely strong and
persistent aroma that has all the basic rotten-egg sulfur-stink
notes. It is an extremely intestinal and skunk-like odor.
[0222] As used herein, the term mercaptoacetic acid refers to a
carboxylic acid with a thiol group with the following structural
formula:
##STR00106##
[0223] It is often characterized as having an ugly, sharp, acrid,
skunk smell with plenty of endurance.
[0224] As used herein, the term allyl mercaptan refers to an allyl
and thiol chemical compound with the following structural
formula:
##STR00107##
[0225] It is often characterized as having a high strength,
sulfurous and alliaceous, sauteed onion and garlic aroma with
roasted, grilled and charred meaty nuances.
[0226] It is used as a flavor additive and is described as
alliaceous onion, garlic and leek with meaty bouillon savory
nuances.
[0227] As used herein, the term benzyl mercaptan refers to a
benzene and thiol chemical compound with the following structural
formula:
##STR00108##
[0228] It is often characterized as having a high strength, sharp,
alliaceous, sulfurous, onion, garlic, and horseradish aroma with
mint and coffee notes. It is a flavoring and is described as a
green, leek, horseradish, cabbage, tomato and coffee flavor.
[0229] As used herein, the term butyl mercaptan refers to a butyl
and thiol chemical compound with the following structural
formula:
##STR00109##
[0230] It is often characterized as having an extremely strong,
fetid, extremely foul-smelling odor, commonly described as "skunk"
odor. It is structurally similar to several major components of a
skunk's defensive spray but is not present in the spray itself. The
scent of butyl mercaptan is so strong that the human nose can
easily detect it in the air at concentrations as low as 10 parts
per billion. Used as a flavor additive, it has a sulphureous,
vegetative, savory meaty, garlic and onion taste.
[0231] As used herein, the term ethyl mercaptan refers to a thiol
and ethyl chemical compound with the following structural
formula:
##STR00110##
[0232] It is often characterized as having a high strength,
sulfurous, skunky odor with a slight fruity note.
[0233] As used herein, the term methyl mercaptan refers to a thiol
with a methyl group with the following structural formula:
##STR00111##
[0234] It is often characterized as having an extremely strong,
sulfurous, decomposing cabbage, skunky aroma. It is used in
flavorings and is described as sulfurous, alliaceous and creamy
with a surface-ripened cheese topnote and a clean savory meaty
depth.
[0235] As used herein, the term furfuryl mercaptan refers to
C.sub.5H.sub.6OS with the following structural formula:
##STR00112##
[0236] It is often characterized as having a very strong, oily,
fatty, roasted coffee, sulfurous skunky odor with a burnt match
note. Used in flavorings, it is described as a sulfurous, roasted
coffee, burnt match-like, rubbery, and slightly nutty flavor with
eggy and savory meaty nuances.
[0237] As used herein, the term ethylene mercaptan refers to
C.sub.2H.sub.6S.sub.2 with the following structural formula:
##STR00113##
[0238] It is often characterized as having a very high strength,
sulfurous, skunky odor with a slight meaty note. It is so strong,
it is recommended smelling it in a 0.01% solution or less.
[0239] As used herein, the term propyl mercaptan refers to a thiol
with a propyl group with the following structural formula:
##STR00114##
[0240] It is often characterized as having a high strength,
alliaceous, natural gas, sweet onion, cabbage odor.
[0241] As used herein, the term Thenyl Mercaptan refers to a cyclic
thiol with the following structural formula:
##STR00115##
[0242] It is often characterized as having a high strength, roast
coffee, fishy aroma. It is used as a flavoring agent where it has
the flavor of coffee.
[0243] As used herein, the term Methyl Salicylate refers to an
organic ester with the following structural formula:
##STR00116##
[0244] It is often characterized as having a strong, distinct
wintergreen aroma. Its flavor is sweet, salicylate and root beer
like with aromatic and balsamic nuances. It is used as a fragrance,
in foods and beverages, and in liniments where it is commonly used
as a topical medicine for muscle, joint or soft tissue pain and
inflammation.
[0245] As used herein, the term methylbutenol refers to a
hemiterpenoid with the following structural formula:
##STR00117##
[0246] It is often characterized as having a very strong,
suffocating, malty herb aroma. It is released in high
concentrations from lodge pole pine trees.
[0247] As used herein, the term Methyl-2-Methylvalerate refers to a
carboxylic acid with the following structural formula:
##STR00118##
[0248] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
fruity, sweet, berry, pineapple, apple, banana, green melon and
tropical aromas. Used as a flavor additive in food, its taste is
described as fruity, green apple, grape, bubble gum and
pineapple-like.
[0249] As used herein, the term methyl thiobutyrate refers to
methyl butyrate that has a sulfur atom instead of an oxygen atom
with the following structural formula:
##STR00119##
[0250] As used herein, the term Myrcene (.beta.-Myrcene) refers to
a monoterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00120##
[0251] .beta.-Myrcene is often characterized as having an odor that
is variously described as an aroma of hops, clove like, earthy,
green-vegetative, citrus, fruity with tropical, mango and minty
nuances. The various odors are the result of slight differences in
the overall makeup. These flavors and odors are commonly used to
describe Cannabis.
[0252] As used herein, the term .gamma.-Muurolene refers to a
sesquiterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00121##
[0253] It is often characterized as having a medium strength, oily,
woody type, and a herbal spice aroma. It is used in the chemical
communication system of the Lucerne seed wasp and the European
grapevine moth.
[0254] As used herein, the term Nepetalactone refers to a bicyclic
monoterpenoid that has the following structural formula:
##STR00122##
[0255] It is often characterized as having a valerian odor that is
generally considered unpleasant by humans. It has a compound that
resembles a component of a female cat urine odorant thought to
mimic sex communication pheromones. It is one of the main
attractants and stimulants in catnip, which, when inhaled, insights
wild play behavior in many cats (i.e., gets them `stoned`). It has
also been shown to be an active repellent for cockroaches, and
recent tests on yellow fever mosquitoes showed that it was 10 times
more of an effective repellent than DEET (N,N diethyl-m-toluamide),
the most popular synthetic insect repellent. As used herein, the
term nerol refers to a monoterpene with the following structural
formula:
##STR00123##
[0256] Nerol is often characterized as having a strong, fresh, wet
seashore to sweet rose odor. It is a constituent of attar of roses,
oil of orange blossoms and oil of lavender. It is used as a
fragrance in cosmetics and as a flavor agent. Its flavor has been
described as lemon, bitter, green and fruity with a terpy
nuance.
[0257] As used herein, the term nerolidol refers to a sesquiterpene
with C.sub.15H.sub.26O with cis and trans isomers. The trans isomer
has the following structural formula:
##STR00124##
[0258] The cis isomer has the following structural formula:
##STR00125##
[0259] Nerolidol is often characterized as having a mild, delicate
odor that is floral, apple, rose, green and citrus-like with woody,
waxy nuances. It can be found in ginger, niaouli and citronella. It
is present as a low-level component in orange and other citrus
peels. It is used as a flavor and fragrance agent. Its flavor has
been described as green, floral and woody with fruity-citrus and
melon nuances.
[0260] It has antifungal, antileishmaniasis and antimalarial
properties. It is also known to produce a sedative effect.
[0261] As used herein, the term neryl acetate refers to an acetate
ester of nerol with the structural formula:
##STR00126##
[0262] It is often characterized as having a floral and fruity
aroma.
[0263] As used herein, the term Nonanaldehyde refers to an aldehyde
with the following structural formula:
##STR00127##
[0264] It is often characterized as having a high strength, soapy,
axy, aldehydic, citrus odor with a fresh, slightly green, lemon
peel like nuance, and a cucumber fattiness. It is a component of
perfumes, although it also occurs in several natural oils. Used in
flavorings, its taste is an effervescent, aldehydic, citrus,
cucumber and melon rind with raw potato and oily nutty and
coconut-like nuances. It has been identified as a compound that
attracts mosquitoes.
[0265] As used herein, the term nonanoic acid refers to a
carboxylic acid with the following structural formula:
##STR00128##
[0266] It is often characterized as having a high strength,
unpleasant, rancid, waxy, dirty and cheesy aroma with a cultured
dairy nuance. Used as a cosmetic, a fragrance and a flavor agent,
its flavor is fatty, waxy and cheesy with a mild, sweet creamy
background.
[0267] As used herein, the term ocimene refers to a group of
isomeric hydrocarbons that are monoterpenes. .alpha.-Ocimene has
the following structural formula:
##STR00129##
[0268] For this disclosure ocimene can mean any of the isomers in a
single pure form and/or combination. .alpha.-Ocimene is often
characterized as having a medium strength, fruity, floral aroma
with a wet cloth note. It is contributor to green odor of unripe
mango and of mango ginger (Curcuma amada). It is used in oriental
pickles. .beta.-Ocimene is often characterized as having a medium
strength, tropical, green, terpy and woody odor with vegetable
nuances. It is used as a flavoring agent where it has a green,
tropical, woody flavor with floral and vegetable nuances. It is a
flavor and fragrance additive as well as a common component in many
essential oils. .beta.-cis-Ocimene is often characterized as having
a medium strength, warm, floral, herbal, sweet, citrus-like aroma.
It is a component of the chemical communication system of the tea
weevil and cotton bollworm. It has shown some antioxidative
properties. .beta.-trans-Ocimene is often characterized as having a
mild, herbaceous, citrusy sweet, orange to lemon aroma. It is used
in the chemical communication system of boxelders, a few beetles,
and the Phytoseiulus Persimilis predatory mite.
[0269] As used herein, the term octanal refers to an aldehyde with
the following structural formula:
##STR00130##
[0270] It is often characterized as having a very strong aldehydic
waxy citrus green orange peel nuance. As a flavoring it is aldehyde
and green with a peely, citrus, orange note.
[0271] As used herein, the term Octanoic Acid refers to a saturated
fatty acid with the following structural formula:
##STR00131##
[0272] It is often characterized with a very strong, musty, rancid,
penetrating, fatty, waxy, oily, cheesy, sweat-like odor that is
repulsive to most people. It is used as a cosmetic surfactant and
as a flavoring agent for processed cheeses.
[0273] As used herein, the term p-cymene refers to an aromatic
compound related to a monoterpene with the following structural
formula:
##STR00132##
[0274] p-Cymene is often characterized as having a musty tang of
terpenes with an orange to carrot odor, although synthetic p-Cymene
can have a turpentine-like odor. It has shown Antibiotic,
Anticandidal and AChE inhibiting properties. p-Cymene is a
constituent of a number of essential oils, most commonly the oils
of cumin and thyme.
[0275] As used herein, the term pentyl butyrate refers to an ester
of a pentanol and butyric acid with the following structural
formula:
##STR00133##
[0276] It is often characterized as having a smell reminiscent of
pear or apricot.
[0277] As used herein, the term Phellandrene refers to a cyclic
monoterpene with two isomers. .alpha.-Phellandrene has two double
bonds within the ring with the structural formula:
##STR00134##
[0278] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
terpenic, citrus, herbal, slightly green, black pepper-like odor.
It is a flavor additive where it is described as a terpenic, citrus
lime with a fresh green note. .beta.-Phellandrene has one double
bond in ring with the structural formula:
##STR00135##
[0279] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
peppery-minty and slightly citrusy odor with a slight
minty-turpentine note.
[0280] As used herein, the term Phenylacetaldehyde refers to an
aldehyde with a phenyl group with the following structural
formula:
##STR00136##
[0281] It is often characterized as having a very powerful and
penetrating pungent honey-like sweet and green floral odor of
passion fruit. It is found in buckwheat, chocolate and many other
foods and flowers. As an additive its flavor is a honey, sweet,
floral, chocolate and cocoa, with a spicy nuance. It has shown some
antibiotic and anti-asthmatic activity.
[0282] As used herein, the term Phenylethanethiol refers to
C.sub.8H.sub.10S that has multiple isomers. 2-Phenylethanethiol has
the following structural formula:
##STR00137##
[0283] Within the context of this disclosure, phenylethanethiol
refers to any of the isomers as a pure compound and/or in any
mixture. It is often characterized as having the high strength odor
of rubber.
[0284] As used herein, the term phenylacetic acid refers to a
phenyl and carboxylic acid compound with the following structural
formula:
##STR00138##
[0285] It is often characterized as having a sour yet sweet, waxy,
civet, honey, rosey, floral odor similar to honeysuckle with notes
of chocolate and tobacco. It is also used in cosmetics for
perfuming. Used as a flavoring, it has been described as sweet,
floral, chocolate and honey with tobacco notes.
[0286] As used herein, the term phytol refers to diterpene alcohol
with the following structural formula:
##STR00139##
[0287] Phytol is often characterized having a mild, light floral,
balsamic, green jasmine, green tea type of aroma. It's been shown
to prevent Vitamin A teratogenesis.
[0288] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Pinene refers to a bicyclic
monoterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00140##
[0289] .alpha.-Pinene is often associated with the familiar odor
associated with pine trees and their resins. It is a major
component in turpentine and is found in many other plant essential
oils in noticeable amounts including rosemary, sage, eucalyptus and
many others. Pinene can be used medically as an expectorant, and
topical antiseptic. It easily crosses the blood-brain barrier where
it acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor; that is, it inhibits
activity of a chemical that destroys an information transfer
molecule. This results in better memory. Pinene also promotes
alertness and memory retention. Largely due to the presence of
pinene, rosemary and sage are both considered "memory plants."
Concoctions made from their leaves have been used for thousands of
years in traditional medicine to retain and restore memory. It is
also a bronchodilator. A pharmacokinetics study of inhaled
.alpha.-pinene in humans demonstrated 60% uptake, and a relative
bronchodilation effect. The smoke seems to expand in your lungs and
the high comes on very quickly since a high percentage of the
substance will pass into the bloodstream and brain. It also
increases focus, self-satisfaction and energy, which generally
counteracts with the presence of Terpineol. .alpha.-Pinene has
inhibited acetylcholinesterase, suggesting utility in the clinical
treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
[0290] As used herein, the term .beta.-Pinene refers to a
monoterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00141##
[0291] It is often characterized as having a woody-green pine-like
smell. .beta.-Pinene is one of the most abundant compounds released
by forest trees. It is one of the two isomers of pinene (The other
being .alpha.-Pinene) and it shares similar properties.
[0292] As used herein, the term propanethiol refers to a thiol with
a propane group with the following structural formula:
##STR00142##
[0293] It is often characterized as having a high strength,
alliaceous odor of cabbage, sweet onion and natural gas. It belongs
to the group of thiols. It is colorless with a strong, offensive
odor.
[0294] As used herein the term pristimerin refers to a five-cyclic
triterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00143##
[0295] As used herein, the term pulegone refers to a cyclic
monoterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00144##
[0296] Pulegone is often characterized as having a minty-camphor
odor and flavor that is used in the candy industry. It is
implicated in liver damage in very high dosages. Pulegone is an
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Thus, it stops the action of the
protein that destroys acetylcholine, which is used by the brain to
store memories. It may counteract THC's activity, which leads to
low acetylcholine levels. The result is that you would forget more
on THC alone than you would on THC accompanied by Pulegone.
[0297] As used herein, the term quercetin refers to a flavonoid
with the following structural formula:
##STR00145##
[0298] It is often characterized as a polar auxin transport
inhibitor.
[0299] As used herein, the term retinol refers to a cyclic
diterpenoid alcohol with the following structural formula:
##STR00146##
[0300] It is a type of vitamin A that can be converted to other
types of vitamin A.
[0301] As used herein, the term rutin refers to glycoside that has
the following structural formula:
##STR00147##
[0302] It is often characterized as citrus flavonoid found in many
plants.
[0303] As used herein, the term sabinene refers to a bicyclic
monoterpene that has the following structural formula
enantiomers:
##STR00148##
[0304] Sabinene is often characterized as having a medium strength,
warm, oily-peppery, woody, herbaceous and spicy pine odor with
citrus notes. As a flavoring it is oily, citrus and tropical
fruity. It is found in oak trees, tea tree oil, black pepper and is
a major constituent of carrot seed oil.
[0305] As used herein, the term sabinene hydrate refers to a cyclic
monoterpene alcohol with the following structural formula:
##STR00149##
[0306] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
herbal, cooling, minty, eucalyptol, green and terpy odor with a
spicy nuance. It is used as a flavor additive and has a cool,
minty, camphoreous, woody green, and oily flavor. It is also used
in fragrances and cosmetics.
[0307] As used herein, the term cis-Sabinene Hydrate refers to the
sabinene hydrate structure in which alcohol group is oriented
behind the methyl group.
[0308] It is often characterized as having a medium strength
balsamic odor.
[0309] As used herein, the term trans-Sabinene Hydrate refers to
the sabinene hydrate structure in which the alcohol group is
oriented in front of the methyl group.
[0310] It is often characterized as having a medium strength, more
woody, balsamic odor.
[0311] As used herein, the term Safranal refers to a monoterpene
with an aldehyde that has the following structural formula:
##STR00150##
[0312] It is often characterized as being the component primarily
responsible for the aroma of saffron. Its flavor is a woody,
medicinal, phenolic, spicy and camphoreous with a fruity herbal
nuance. Safranal is an effective anticonvulsant, an agonist and it
exhibits high antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity as
well as cytotoxicity towards cancer cells. It has also been shown
to have antidepressant properties.
[0313] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Selinene refers to a
bicyclic sesquiterpene that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00151##
[0314] It is often characterized as having a distinct odor of
amber. It is one of the principal components of the oil from celery
seeds. It has shown analgesic antioxidant and antifungal activity
with antimicrobial potential.
[0315] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Sinensal refers to a
sesquiterpenoid that has the following structural formula:
##STR00152##
[0316] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
citrus orange, mandarin aroma. Its flavor is an orange, waxy and
juicy citrus with a bitter peel nuance.
[0317] As used herein, the term .beta.-Sinensal refers to a
sesquiterpenoid that has the following structural formula:
##STR00153##
[0318] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
sweet, fresh, waxy, citrus, orange juicy odor. It is mainly used in
fragrances.
[0319] As used herein, the term .beta.-Sitosterol refers to plant
sterols with a similar structure to cholesterols that has the
following structural formula:
##STR00154##
[0320] It is often characterized as having a charastic waxy aroma.
It is found in pecans, avocados, pumpkin seeds, cashews, corn oils,
and soybeans. It has shown anti-inflammatory properties.
[0321] As used herein, the term squalene refers to a hydrocarbon
triterpene that has the following structural formula:
##STR00155##
[0322] It plays an important part in the synthesis of plant and
animal sterols.
[0323] As used herein, the term taxadiene refers to a tricyclic
diterpene that has the following structural formula:
##STR00156##
[0324] It is an intermediate in the synthesis of taxol.
[0325] As used herein, the term terpin hydrate refers to a drug
commonly used to loosen mucus in patients with respiratory issues.
It has the following structural formula:
##STR00157##
[0326] As used herein the term terpineol refers to a cyclic
monoterpene alcohol with the following structural formula:
##STR00158##
[0327] The .alpha. isomer has an isopropyl alcohol group.
.alpha.-Terpineol is often characterized as having a lilac, citrus
or apple blossom to lime odor. It is used extensively in the
perfume industry. Terpineol however, is often found in cannabis
with high pinene levels. Therefore, the pungent aromas of pinene
very often mask its odor. It is a minor constituent of many plant
essential oils. It is also used in soaps for fragrance. It reduces
the capability for movement by 45% in lab rat tests. It was also
shown to be deeply sedating upon inhalation. This may partially
account for the couch lock effects of some cannabis although it is
not usually associated with body highs.
[0328] As used herein, the term terpinen-4-ol refers to the isomer
of terpineol that has the following structural formula:
##STR00159##
[0329] Terpinen-4-ol is often characterized as having a pleasantly
herbaceous, peppery, woody odor and is used in commercial
fragrances. Terpinen-4-ol is used in fragrances for spice types. It
is considered the primary active ingredient of tea tree oil. It is
the compound of highest concentration in the essential oil of
nutmeg. It also occurs in oil of cypress, juniper berry, Ceylon
cardamom, marjoram, thyme, and a few others. It has been shown to
act as an AChE inhibitor and as an antibiotic.
[0330] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Terpinene refers to a
cyclic monoterpene that has the following structural formula:
##STR00160##
[0331] It is often characterized as having a refreshing,
lemony-citrus aroma. It has been isolated from cardamom and
marjoram oils.
[0332] As used herein, the term .gamma.-Terpinene refers to a
cyclic monoterpene that has the following structural formula:
##STR00161##
[0333] It is often characterized as having a herbaceous, citrusy
sweet aroma. It is commercially extracted from tea tree oil.
.gamma.-Terpinene shows antimicrobial properties against various
human pathogens. It has also been studied for its antioxidant,
anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities.
[0334] As used herein, the term terpinolene/.delta.-Terpinene
refers to a cyclic monoterpene with an isoprene group that has the
following structural formula:
##STR00162##
[0335] Terpinolene is often characterized as having a medium
strength, herbal aroma that has been described as fresh, woody,
sweet and piney with a hint of citrus. Its flavor is a sweet,
woody, terpy, lemon and lime-like with a slight herbal and floral
nuance. It is used as a flavor and fragrance agent. Its use in
fragrances in the USA alone exceeds 50,000 lb/yr. Terpinolene is
used in soap, detergent, creams, lotions, and perfume.
[0336] As used herein, the term thiophenol refers to a benzene ring
with a sulfur atom that has the following structural formula:
##STR00163##
[0337] It is often characterized as having an extremely potent,
extremely persistent, foul-smelling, pure essence of burning
rubber. It has a high strength, meaty, repulsive, penetrating,
garlic, sulfurous odor with a rubbery, allicious backnote.
[0338] Used in flavorings it is described as a meaty, phenolic
taste with a burnt rubber sulphureous nuance.
[0339] As used herein, the term thujone refers to a bicyclic
monoterpene with a ketone that has two diastereomeric forms that
each has two possible enantiomers. (-)-.alpha.-thujone has the
following structural formula:
##STR00164##
[0340] For the purposes of this closure "thujone" refers to any of
the isomeric forms in a pure form or mixture of any ratio. It is
often characterized as having a menthol like odor.
[0341] As used herein, the term thymol refers to a monoterpene
phenol with the following structural formula:
##STR00165##
[0342] Thymol is often characterized as having a distinctive,
strong flavor of the herb thyme. It is often found in oil of thyme,
and extracted from Thymus vulgaris (common thyme) and various other
kinds of plants as a white crystalline substance of a pleasant,
aromatic odor and strong antiseptic properties. Thymol is a natural
monoterpene phenol derivative of Cymene.
[0343] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Tocopherol refers to a form
of vitamin E that has the following structural formula:
##STR00166##
[0344] It is often characterized as having a very bland, slight,
vegetable oil-like odor. .alpha.-Tocopherol is one of the most
active component of the vitamin E complex, and this organic
substance is the most powerful antioxidant in the lipid phase of
the human body. .alpha.-Tocopherol can be to effectively deactivate
free radicals and stop chain reactions before they can run
away.
[0345] As used herein, the term Tonka undecanone refers to bicyclic
structure with a carbonyl and ester that has the following
structural formula:
##STR00167##
[0346] It is often characterized as having a medium strength,
sweet, spicy, balsamic, Tonka woody tobacco green aroma.
[0347] As used herein, the term undecanal refers to an aldehyde
that has the following structural formula:
##STR00168##
[0348] It is often characterized as having an intensely soapy,
aldehydic, waxy and slightly effervescent orangey citrus-like odor
with a watermelon, pineapple and cilantro background. As an
additive, its flavor is Waxy, aldehydic and soapy with a citrus
note and slight laundry detergent nuance. Undecanal is a common
component of perfumes.
[0349] As used herein, the term Valeraldehyde/Pentanal refers to an
alkyl aldehyde with the following structural formula:
##STR00169##
[0350] It is often characterized as having a fermented type,
diffusive, bready, fruity odor with berry nuances. Used as a
flavoring agent, it has a wine-like, fermented, bready, cocoa
flavor with chocolate notes.
[0351] As used herein, the term verdoxan refers to a cyclic ether
with the following structural formula:
##STR00170##
[0352] It is often characterized as having a medium strength odor
of earthy, fruity, green, herbal, sawn old wood. It is used in
fragrances and cosmetics.
[0353] As used herein, the term .alpha.-Ylangene refers to a cyclic
sesquiterpene with the following structural formula:
##STR00171##
[0354] It is often characterized as having a spicy, fruity aroma.
It is a natural substance often found in wine and is emitted by
some plants. It has shown both antibacterial and antioxidant
properties.
[0355] As used herein, the term Umbelliferone refers to a
phenylpropanoid that has the following structural formula:
##STR00172##
[0356] It has been reported to have antioxidant properties and can
strongly absorb ultraviolet light at several wavelengths.
[0357] As used herein, the term vanillin refers to a phenolic
aldehyde with the following structural formula:
##STR00173##
[0358] It is often characterized as having a pleasant, sweet aroma,
and characteristic vanilla-like flavor.
[0359] As used herein, the term "flavonoid" means a class of
secondary plant metabolites that have a general 15-carbon skeleton
structure which consists of two phenyl rings and a heterocyclic
ring. Examples of flavonoids within the context of this disclosure
include broadly phenolic acids, stilbenoids, dihydroflavonols,
anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, polyphenols, tannins, flavones,
flavan-3-ols, Flavan-4-ol, Flavan-3,4-diol flavonols,
phytochemicals, antioxidants, homoisoflavonoids, and any keytone
containing compound including: flavonoids or bioflavonoids,
isoflavonoids, neoflavonoids or their derivatives.
[0360] As used herein, the term "cellulose" means an organic
compound with the formula (C.sub.6H.sub.10O.sub.5).sub.n. Within
the context of this disclosure, the phrase "substantially free from
cellulose" is intended to distinguish purified components of
naturally occurring plants (for example the cannabis plant) from
the isolated chemical compounds that are free from plant material,
such as cellulose.
[0361] As used herein, the term "mineral" means a naturally
occurring substance that is solid, inorganic, and has an ordered
atomic structure. Examples of minerals within the context of this
disclosure include lithium.
[0362] Disclosed herein are compositions comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified mineral. In one embodiment, the purified
mineral is lithium. In one embodiment, the composition consists
essentially of a first purified cannabinoid and a purified
mineral.
[0363] Disclosed herein are compositions comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene.
[0364] In one embodiment, the composition disclosed herein
comprises a terpene chosen from 7,8-dihydroionone, Acetanisole,
Acetic Acid, Acetyl Cedrene, Anethole, Anisole, Benzaldehyde,
Bergamotene (.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene) (.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene),
Bisabolol (.beta.-Bisabolol), Borneol, Butanoic/Butyric Acid,
Cadinene (.alpha.-Cadinene) (.gamma.-Cadinene), Cafestol, Caffeic
acid, Camphene, Camphor, Capsaicin, Carene (.DELTA.-3-Carene),
Carotene, Carvacrol, Carvone, Dextro-Carvone, Laevo-Carvone,
Caryophyllene (.beta.-Caryophyllene), Caryophyllene oxide,
Castoreum Absolute, Cedrene (.alpha.-Cedrene) (.beta.-Cedrene),
Cedrene Epoxide (.alpha.-Cedrene Epoxide), Cedrol, Cembrene,
Chlorogenic Acid, Cinnamaldehyde (.alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde)
(.alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde), Cinnamic Add, Cinnamyl Alcohol,
Citronellal, Citronellol, Cryptone, Curcumene (.alpha.-Curcumene)
(.gamma.-Curcumene), Decanal, Dehydrovomifoliol, Diallyl Disulfide,
Dihydroactinidiolide, Dimethyl Disulfide, Eicosane/Icosane, Elemene
(.beta.-Elemene), Estragole, Ethyl acetate, Ethyl Cinnamate, Ethyl
maltol, Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole, Eudesmol (.alpha.-Eudesmol)
(.beta.-Eudesmol) (.gamma.-Eudesmol), Eugenol, Euphol, Farnesene,
Farnesol, Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol), Fenchone, Geraniol, Geranyl
acetate, Germacrenes, Germacrene B, Guaia-1(10), 11-diene,
Guaiacol, Guaiene (.alpha.-Guaiene), Gurjunene (.alpha.-Gurjunene),
Herniarin, Hexanaldehyde, Hexanoic Acid, Humulene
(.alpha.-Humulene) (.beta.-Humulene), Ionol (3-oxo-.alpha.-Ionol)
(.beta.-Ionol), Ionone (.alpha.-Ionone) (.beta.-Ionone), Ipsdienol,
Isoamyl acetate, Isoamyl Alcohol, Isoamyl Formate, Isoborneol,
Isomyrcenol, Isopulegol, Isovaleric Acid, Isoprene, Kahweol,
Lavandulol, Limonene, .gamma.-Linolenic Add, Linalool, Longifolene,
.alpha.-Longipinene, Lycopene, Menthol, Methyl butyrate,
3-Mercapto-2-Methylpentanal, Mercaptan/Thiols,
.beta.-Mercaptoethanol, Mercaptoacetic Add, Allyl Mercaptan, Benzyl
Mercaptan, Butyl Mercaptan, Ethyl Mercaptan, Methyl Mercaptan,
Furfuryl Mercaptan, Ethylene Mercaptan, Propyl Mercaptan, Thenyl
Mercaptan, Methyl Salicylate, Methylbutenol,
Methyl-2-Methylvalerate, Methyl Thiobutyrate, Myrcene
(.beta.-Myrcene), .gamma.-Muurolene, Nepetalactone, Nerol,
Nerolidol, Neryl acetate, Nonanaldehyde, Nonanoic Add, Ocimene,
Octanal, Octanoic Add, P-cymene, Pentyl butyrate, Phellandrene,
Phenylacetaldehyde, Phenylethanethiol, Phenylacetic Add, Phytol,
Pinene, .beta.-Pinene, Propanethiol, Pristimerin, Pulegone,
Retinol, Sabinene, Sabinene Hydrate, cis-Sabinene Hydrate;
trans-Sabinene Hydrate, Safranal, .alpha.-Selinene, Sinensal,
.beta.-Sinensal, .beta.-Sitosterol, Squalene, Taxadiene, Terpin
hydrate, Terpineol, Terpine-4-ol, .alpha.-Terpinene,
.gamma.-Terpinene, Terpinolene, Thiophenol, Thujone, Thymol,
.alpha.-Tocopherol; Tonka Undecanone, Undecanal,
Valeraldehyde/Pentanal, Verdoxan, .alpha.-Ylangene, Umbelliferone,
or Vanillin. In one embodiment the composition disclosed herein
comprises a terpene chosen from .alpha.-terpineol, Bergamotene
(.alpha.-cis-Bergamotene) (.alpha.-trans-Bergamotene), Bisabolol
(.beta.-Bisabolol), Borneol, Camphor, Capsaicin, Carvacrol,
Caryophyllene (.beta.-Caryophyllene), Caryophyllene oxide, Cineole,
Cinnamaldehyde (.alpha.-amyl-Cinnamaldehyde)
(.alpha.-hexyl-Cinnamaldehyde), Cinnamyl Alcohol, Citronellal,
Citronellol, Ethyl, Cinnamate, Eucalyptol/1,8-Cineole, Farnesol,
Fenchol (.beta.-Fenchol), Geranyl acetate, Germacrene B, Guaiene
(.alpha.-Guaiene), Humulene (.alpha.-Humulene) (.beta.-Humulene),
Ionol (3-oxo-.alpha.-ionol) (.beta.-Ionol), Ionone (.alpha.-Ionone)
(.beta.-Ionone), Isoamyl acetate, Isoprene, Kahweol, Laevo-Carvone,
Lavandulol, Limonene, Linalool, Linalyl acetate, Luteolin,
Lycopene, Menthol, Myrcene (.beta.-Myrcene), Nerol, Nerolidol,
Neryl acetate, P-cymene, Phytol, Pinene, Pristimerin,
Pulegonecarotene, Retinol, Terpin hydrate, Terpineol,
Terpinol-4-ol, Terpinolene, Thujone, Thymol, or Vanillin.
[0365] In one embodiment, the composition herein disclosed
comprises of Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA), Cannabigerolic Acid
monomethylether (CBGAM), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabigerol
monomethylether (CBGM), Cannabigerovarinic Acid (CBGVA),
Cannabigerovarin (CBGV), Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA),
Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol
(CBD), Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4
(CBD-C.sub.4), Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin
(CBDV), Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
.DELTA..sup.7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-THCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), Yangonin,
Epigallocatechin gallate, Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid
isobutylamide or Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide.
[0366] In one embodiment, the composition herein disclosed
comprises a first purified cannabinoid chosen from
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabivarin (THCV),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabidiol (CBD),
Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabidivarin (CBDV), Cannbifuran (CBF),
Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabinol (CBN), Cannabinodiol (CBND),
Cannabitriol (CBT), Cannabivarin (CBV), and Isocanabinoids.
[0367] In one embodiment the first purified cannabinoid is chosen
from Cannabigerolic Acid (CBGA), Cannabigerolic Acid
monomethylether (CBGAM), Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabigerol
monomethylether (CBGM), Cannabigerovarinic Acid (CBGVA),
Cannabigerovarin (CBGV), Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA),
Cannabichromene (CBC), Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA),
Cannabichromevarin (CBCV), Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol
(CBD), Cannabidiol monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4
(CBD-C.sub.4), Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin
(CBDV), Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
.DELTA..sup.7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-THCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinol (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), Yangonin,
Epigallocatechin gallate, Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid
isobutylamide or Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide
[0368] and a second purified cannabinoid chosen from Cannabigerolic
Acid (CBGA), Cannabigerolic Acid monomethylether (CBGAM),
Cannabigerol (CBG), Cannabigerol monomethylether (CBGM),
Cannabigerovarinic Acid (CBGVA), Cannabigerovarin (CBGV),
Cannabichromenic Acid (CBCA), Cannabichromene (CBC),
Cannabichromevarinic Acid (CBCVA), Cannabichromevarin (CBCV),
Cannabidiolic Acid (CBDA), Cannabidiol (CBD), Cannabidiol
monomethylether (CBDM), Cannabidiol-C.sub.4 (CBD-C.sub.4),
Cannabidivarinic Acid (CBDVA), Cannabidivarin (CBDV),
Cannabidiorcol (CBD-C.sub.1), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A
(THCA-A), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid B (THCA-B),
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), Tetrahydrocannabinolic acid C.sub.4
(THCA-C.sub.4), Tetrahydrocannbinol C.sub.4 (THC-C.sub.4),
Tetrahydrocannabivarinic acid (THCVA), Tetrahydrocannabivarin
(THCV), Tetrahydrocannabiorcolic acid (THCA-C.sub.1),
Tetrahydrocannabiorcol (THC-C.sub.1),
.DELTA..sup.7-cis-iso-tetrahydrocannabivarin,
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (.DELTA.8-MCA),
.DELTA..sup.8-tetrahydrocannabinol (.DELTA..sup.8-THC),
Cannabicyclolic acid (CBLA), Cannabicyclol (CBL), Cannabicyclovarin
(CBLV), Cannabielsoic acid A (CBEA-A), Cannabielsoic acid B
(CBEA-B), Cannabielsoin (CBE), Cannabinolic acid (CBNA), Cannabinol
(CBN), Cannabinol methylether (CBNM), Cannabinol-C.sub.4
(CBN-C.sub.4), Cannabivarin (CBV), Cannabino-C.sub.2 (CBN-C.sub.2),
Cannabiorcol (CBN-C.sub.1), Cannabinodiol (CBND), Cannabinodivarin
(CBDV), Cannabitriol (CBT),
10-Ethoxy-9-hydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a-tetrahydrocannabinol,
8,9-Dihydroxy-.DELTA..sup.6a(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol
(8,9-Di-OH-CBT-C.sub.5), Cannabitriolvarin (CBTV),
Ethoxy-cannabitriolvarin (CBTVE), Dehydrocannabifuran (DCBF),
Cannbifuran (CBF), Cannabichromanon (CBCN), Cannabicitran (CBT),
10-Oxo-.DELTA..sup.6(10a)-tetrahydrocannabinol (OTHC),
.DELTA..sup.9-cis-tetrahydrocannabinal (cis-THC), Cannabiripsol
(CBR),
3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-7-hydroxy-alpha-alpha-2-trimethyl-9-n-propyl-2,6-metha-
no-2H-1-benzoxocin-5-methanol (OH-iso-HHCV),
Trihydroxy-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (triOH-THC), Yangonin,
Epigallocatechin gallate, Dodeca-2E,4E,8Z,10Z-tetraenoic acid
isobutylamide or Dodeca-2E,4E-dienoic acid isobutylamide.
[0369] Disclosed herein, is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified flavonoid.
[0370] In one embodiment, the composition herein disclosed
comprises a flavonoid chosen from phenolic acids, stilbenoids,
dihydroflavonols, anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, polyphenols,
tannins, flavones, flavan-3-ols, Flavan-4-ol, Flavan-3,4-diol
flavonols, phytochemicals, antioxidants, homoisoflavonoids,
phenylpropanoids, Phloroglucinols coumarins, Naphthodianthrones,
Steroid glycosides, bioflavonoids, isoflavonoids, and
neoflavonoids. In one embodiment, the composition herein disclosed
comprises a flavonoid chosen from Adenosine, Adhyperforin,
amentoflavone, Anandamide, Apigenin, Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C),
Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Chlorogenic acid, cichoric acid, caftaric
acid, Daidzein, Delphinidin, Eleutherosides, Epicatechin 3-gallate
(ECg), Epicatechins, Epicatechin, epigallocatechin, myricetin,
Oxalic acid, Pelargonidin, Tannin, Theaflavin-3-gallate, Theanine,
Theobromine, Theophylline, Tryptophan, Tyramine, Xanthine,
Caffeine, Cannaflavin A, Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C), Catechin
3-gallate (Cg), Epicatechin 3-gallate (ECg), Epicatechins
(Epicatechin (EC)), epigallocatechin, Epigallocatechin (EGC),
Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCg), Gallocatechin (GC),
Gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCg)), Gamma amino butyric acid,
Genistein, Ginkgo biloba, Ginsenosides, Quercetin, Quercitrin, or
Rutin. In one embodiment, the composition herein disclosed
comprises a flavonoid chosen from Caffeine, Cannaflavin A,
Cannaflavin B, Catechin (C), Catechin 3-gallate (Cg), Epicatechin
3-gallate (ECg), Epicatechins (Epicatechin (EC)), epigallocatechin,
Epigallocatechin (EGC), Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCg),
Gallocatechin (GC), Gallocatechin 3-gallate (GCg)), Gamma amino
butyric acid, Genistein, Ginkgo biloba, Ginsenosides, Quercetin,
Quercitrin, or Rutin.
[0371] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises Cannabichromene and at least one purified terpene chosen
from Linalool, Borneol, Elemene, Myrcene, Nerolidol, Phytol,
Terpinonlene, Bornyl Acetate, or Terpineol.
[0372] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises Cannabigerol and at least one purified terpene chosen
from Linalool, Borneol, Elemene, Myrcene, Nerolidol, Phytol,
Terpinonlene, Bornyl Acetate, or Terpineol.
[0373] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises Cannabinol and at least one purified terpene chosen from
Linalool, Borneol, Elemene, Myrcene, Nerolidol, Phytol,
Terpinonlene, Bornyl Acetate, or Terpineol.
[0374] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least one compound chosen
from Pinene, Bornyl Acetate, Limonene, Caryophyllene, and
Sabiene.
[0375] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises a cannabinoid chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol and
Cannabichromene and at least one compound chosen from
Caryophyllene, Pinene, Bornyl Acetate, Cineole, and Limonene.
[0376] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of a cannabinoid chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol or
Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least one compound chosen from
Limonene and Caryophyllene.
[0377] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of a cannabinoid chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol or
Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least one compound chosen from
Limonene, Terpinolene, and Pulegone.
[0378] Disclosed herein is a composition comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Cannabichromene and at least one compound chosen from
Linalool, Myrcene, and Terpineol.
[0379] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Cannabigerol and Myrcene.
[0380] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Cannabidiol and Myrcene.
[0381] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Cannabinol and at least one compound chosen from
Linalool and Terpineol.
[0382] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at least one compound
chosen from Cineole, Pinene, Bornyl Acetate, Limonene,
Caryophyllene, and Sabinene.
[0383] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises at least one cannabinoid chosen from Tetrahydrocannabinol
and Cannabidiol and at least one terpene chosen from Caryophyllene,
Pinene, Bornyl Acetate, Cineole, Limonene, Pulegone, Linalool,
Hypericin, Pseudohypericin, Hyperforin, or Anthole.
[0384] As used herein, the term hypericin refers to a red-colored
anthraquinone-derivative that has the following structural
formula:
##STR00174##
[0385] As used herein, the term pseudohypericin refers to a
hypericin with one more alcohol group with the following structural
formula:
##STR00175##
[0386] As used herein, the term hyperforin refers to a prenylated
phloroglucinol derivative with the following structural
formula:
##STR00176##
[0387] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Tetrahydrocannabinol or Tetrahydrocannabivarin and at
least one compound chosen from Pulegone, Cineole, and Anethole.
[0388] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Tetrahydrocannabinol and Myrcene.
[0389] Disclosed herein is a compound comprising a purified
cannabinoid and a purified terpene. In one embodiment the compound
comprises of Tetrahydrocannabivarin and Myrcene.
[0390] Although the present disclosure herein has been described
with reference to various exemplary embodiments, it is to be
understood that these embodiments are merely illustrative of the
principles and applications of the present disclosure. Those having
skill in the art would recognize that various modifications to the
exemplary embodiments may be made, without departing from the scope
of the invention.
[0391] Moreover, it should be understood that various features
and/or characteristics of differing embodiments herein may be
combined with one another. It is therefore to be understood that
numerous modifications may be made to the illustrative embodiments
and that other arrangements may be devised without departing from
the scope of the invention.
[0392] It will be appreciated that there is an implied "about"
prior to all numerical values recited herein, whether or not so
stated. It should also be understood that the precise numerical
values used in the specification and claims form additional
embodiments. Efforts have been made to ensure the accuracy of the
numerical values disclosed herein. Any measured numerical value,
however, can inherently contain certain errors resulting from the
standard deviation found in its associated measuring technique.
[0393] Furthermore, other embodiments of the disclosure will be
apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the
specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is
intended that the specification and examples be considered as
exemplary only, with a scope and spirit being indicated by the
claims.
[0394] Furthermore, throughout this application, where particular
molecules may exist in multiple isomeric (e.g., stereoisomers)
forms, it should be understood that this disclosure contemplates
each of the individual isomers and mixtures comprising any
combination of those isomers.
[0395] Finally, it is noted that, as used in this specification and
the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the,"
include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited
to one referent, and vice versa. As used herein, the terms
"comprise", "comprises", "comprising", "contain", "contains",
"containing", "have", "having", "include", "includes", and
"including" are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation
of an item or items is not to the exclusion of other like items
that can be substituted or added to the recited item(s).
EXAMPLES
[0396] The following examples illustrate certain aspects of the
above described invention. They should not be read as limiting the
full scope of the invention.
Example 1
[0397] Cannabis plant material was cooled to -20 C for 24 hours by
placing the cannabis plant material in a freezer. The cold plant
material was then triturated twice with cold ethanol (2 mL of
ethanol at -20 C per gram of cannabis plant material) by agitating
the mixture plant material and ethanol for 3 minutes, then
decanting the liquid from the mixture. Portions of decanted ethanol
were combined and cooled at -20 C for 24 hours. The precipitate was
then removed by gravity filtration. The ethanol was removed from
the filtrate by evaporation, leaving an amber oil. The oil was
dissolved in ethanol (10-100 mg/mL). This solution was injected
into a Supercritical Fluid Chromatograph equipped with an Ethyl
Pyridine column. Pure fractions were collected and analyzed by
LC-MS, Multiple Reaction Monitoring transitions, full scan
detection, photodiode array detection, and Evaporative Light
Scattering Detection to assess purity.
Example 2
[0398] Cannabis plant material was cooled to -20 C for 24 hours by
placing the cannabis plant material in a freezer. The cooled plant
material was ground into particles having a diameter of
approximately 2 mm. The particles were transferred into a cylinder
and connected to a supercritical fluid extraction device for
extracting cannabinoids and flavonoids. The extracted material was
collected as an amber oil. The oil was dissolved in ethanol (10-100
mg/mL). This solution was injected into a Supercritical Fluid
Chromatograph equipped with an Ethyl Pyridine column.
[0399] Pure fractions were collected and analyzed by LC-MS,
Multiple Reaction Monitoring transitions, full scan detection,
photodiode array detection, and Evaporative Light Scattering
Detection to assess purity.
Example 3
[0400] A composition was formulated by combining the following
components: THCV (1 g); CBG (1 g); CBC (1 g); THC (2 g); and CBD (4
g); b-Caryophllene (0.2); Linalool (0.005 g); Limonene (0.0019);
Pilegone (0,005 g); and Humulene (0.005 g).
Example 4
[0401] A composition was formulated by combining the following
components: THCV (1 g); CBG (1 g); CBC (2 g); THC (1 g); and CBD (2
g); 1,8-Cineol (0.005 g); .alpha.-Pinene (0.005 g); and Limonene
(0.001 g).
Example 5
[0402] A composition was formulated by combining the following
components: CBG (1 g); CBC (2 g); THC (4 g); and CBD (1 g);
1,8-Cineol (0.0025 g); .alpha.-Pinene (0.0025 g); b-Mycrene (0.001
g); and Limonene (0.001 g).
Example 6
[0403] A composition was formulated by combining the following
components: THCV (2 g); CBG (1 g); CBC (1 g); THC 3 g); and CBD (1
g); b-Caryophyllene (0.0025 g); Linalool (0.001 g); 1,8-Cineol
(0.0025 g); b-Mycrene (0.0025 g); Limonene (0,001 g); and Pilegone
(0.001 g).
Example 7
[0404] A composition was formulated by combining the following
components: CBG (1 g), THC (5 g); and CBD (1 g); b-Caryophyllene
(0.05 g); Linalool (0.01 g); b-Mycrene (0.001 g); Limonene (0,001
g); Pilegone (0.01 g); and Humulene (0.01 g).
* * * * *