U.S. patent application number 15/150561 was filed with the patent office on 2016-09-01 for feed supplement and a feed composition comprising resin acid based composition.
This patent application is currently assigned to Hankkija Oy. The applicant listed for this patent is Forchem Oy, Hankkija Oy. Invention is credited to Juha Orte, Mikko Rintola, Juhani Vuorenmaa.
Application Number | 20160250269 15/150561 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 53056837 |
Filed Date | 2016-09-01 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160250269 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Rintola; Mikko ; et
al. |
September 1, 2016 |
Feed Supplement and a Feed Composition Comprising Resin Acid Based
Composition
Abstract
The present invention relates to a feed supplement which
comprises a resin acid based composition comprising over 10% (w/w)
resin acids for use in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria
in the animal digestive tract, in the prevention of intestinal
disorders, in the modulation of microbial population of the animal
digestive tract, in enhancing rumen fermentation, lowering rumen
methane production and/or in binding toxins. The invention further
relates to a use of the feed supplement and a feed composition
comprising the feed supplement.
Inventors: |
Rintola; Mikko; (Rauma,
FI) ; Orte; Juha; (Rauma, FI) ; Vuorenmaa;
Juhani; (Hyvinkaa, FI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hankkija Oy
Forchem Oy |
Hyvinkaa
Rauma |
|
FI
FI |
|
|
Assignee: |
Hankkija Oy
Hyvinkaa
FI
Forchem Oy
Rauma
FI
|
Family ID: |
53056837 |
Appl. No.: |
15/150561 |
Filed: |
May 10, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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PCT/FI2014/050832 |
Nov 5, 2014 |
|
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15150561 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/195.18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02P 60/22 20151101;
A61K 31/192 20130101; A23K 50/10 20160501; A23K 20/10 20160501;
A23K 20/105 20160501; Y02P 60/56 20151101; A61K 31/19 20130101;
A61P 31/00 20180101; A61K 36/15 20130101; A61P 1/00 20180101; A23K
20/158 20160501; A61K 36/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/00 20060101
A61K036/00; A23K 50/10 20060101 A23K050/10; A23K 20/10 20060101
A23K020/10 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Nov 13, 2013 |
FI |
20136113 |
Claims
1.-5. (canceled)
6. Use of a feed supplement comprising the resin acid based
composition comprising over 10% (w/w) resin acids in binding
toxins.
7. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the toxin is
mycotoxin.
8.-22. (canceled)
23. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based comprises at least one of following resin acids abietic
acid, dehydoabietic acid, palustric acid, neoabietic acid, pimaric
acid and isopimaric acid and/or derivative thereof.
24. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is Tall Oil Rosin (TOR).
25. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition comprises over 60% (w/w) resin acids.
26. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is Wood Rosin.
27. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is GUM Rosin.
28. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition comprises over 10 and up to 99% (w/w) resin
acids.
29. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is Distilled Tall Oil (DTO).
30. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition comprises over 10 and up 60% (w/w) resin
acids.
31. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acids are unmodified.
32. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acids are modified chemically, biologically or other ways.
33. The use according to claim 32, characterized in that the resin
acids are hydrogenated, disproportined, isomerizated, oxidized,
polymerized, etherified, saponified and/or esterified and/or used
as a reactant in Diels-Alder reaction.
34. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition comprises 1-90 (w/w) fatty acids and/or
their derivatives.
35. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is modified by saponification.
36. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is dried.
37. The use according to claim 6, characterized in that the resin
acid based composition is absorbed into a carrier material or mixed
with a carrier.
38.-39. (canceled)
40. Use of the feed supplement according claim 6 in a feed
composition in the modulation of microbial population of the animal
digestive tract by increasing the concentrations of acetic and
propionic acids and decreasing the concentration of lactic acid, in
enhancing rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production
and/or in binding toxins.
41. The use according to claim 40, characterized in that the feed
composition comprises a feed supplement in an amount of
0.00001-1.0% (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of feed.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to a feed supplement and a feed
composition comprising resin acid based composition and to an use
of the feed supplement.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Imbalances in microbial populations and growth of harmful
bacteria in the digestive tract of animals can cause significant
losses in animal growth and production. These imbalances manifest
themselves as intestinal disorders such as diarrhea. While
microbial infections of animals have been prevented by the use of
e.g. antibiotics and other agents that prevent the growth of
microorganisms, stricter regulations on their use are expected.
Ruminant animals can utilize fiber-rich raw materials which have
little or no nutritional value for monogastrics like the human.
However, the feed conversion efficiency of ruminants is relatively
low and their methane production represents a remarkable share of
the world's greenhouse gas emissions. With the increasing demand of
food there is a need to improve the feed conversion efficiency of
ruminants and to lower their methane production. Generally, there
is an increasing demand for ingredients for use in animal feeding
that can modulate the microbial population in the animal digestive
tract but which are readily available, well tolerated and
environmentally friendly.
[0003] Fractional distillation of crude tall oil (CTO), obtained as
a by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture,
produces depitched tall oil which typically comprises over 10%
resin acids and less than 90% fatty acids. Further refinement of
depitched tall oil produces tall oil fatty acid (TOFA), Distilled
Tall Oil (DTO) and Tall Oil Rosin (TOR) which are available in a
variety of compositions differing in the fatty acids and resin
acids content. Because TOFA is an inexpensive source of fatty
acids, it has previously been used in animal nutrition as an energy
source. For instance, GB 955316 discloses the use of alkali metal
salts of tall oil fatty acids to improve weight gain and nitrogen
retention in ruminant animals.
[0004] Toxins are poisonous substances produced within living cells
or organisms. Toxins such as mycotoxins are a chemically variable
group of secondary metabolites of fungi, which can be found in
grains and other feedstuffs even in the absence of any visible
fungal growth. High temperature and air humidity during the storage
increase the likelihood of fungal growth, but mycotoxin
contamination can also occur already in the field. Visible
appearance or smell of grains or silage does not indicate the
presence or absence of mycotoxin contamination. Effects of toxins
such as mycotoxins to farm animals are very variable, and range
from increased mortality to decreased fertility and performance.
Mycotoxins may also disturb the immune system of animals and make
them more susceptible to diseases.
[0005] Due to the chemical variability of mycotoxins, analysis of
all feedlots for even the most common mycotoxins would be too
expensive. Therefore mycotoxin adsorbents are often used to give
extra insurance against mycotoxin contamination in feeds. Mycotoxin
adsorbents are substances that are itself not digested or absorbed
by the animal. They are assumed to bind toxins during the passage
through the alimentary canal. Thus, instead of being absorbed by
the animals, the toxins get eventually voided via feces.
[0006] Toxin binders can also adsorb other types of toxins, like
bacterial toxins or secondary metabolites of plants from the
digestive tract. Activated carbon (charcoal) is an efficient toxin
binder. It is a recommended general toxin binder in various
poisonings. However, charcoal also binds vitamins and minerals,
which makes it unsuitable for continuous use in feeds.
PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of
feed supplement comprising resin acid based composition for use in
the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal
digestive tract, in the prevention of intestinal disorders, in the
modulation of microbial population of the animal digestive tract,
in enhancing rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production
and/or in binding toxins.
SUMMARY
[0008] The feed supplement according to the present invention is
characterized by what is presented in claim 1.
[0009] The use of the feed supplement according to the present
invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 3.
[0010] The use of the feed supplement according to the present
invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 6.
[0011] The use of the feed supplement according to the present
invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 7.
[0012] The feed composition according to the present invention is
characterized by what is presented in claim 39.
[0013] The use of the feed supplement according to the present
invention is characterized by what is presented in claim 41.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] FIG. 1 The turbidity change during 8 hours of Cl.
perfringens growth as a response to a Tall Oil Rosin (TOR) and
Distilled Tall Oil (DTO).
[0015] FIG. 2 Gas production during 8 hours by Cl. perfringens
growth as a response to Tall Oil Rosin (TOR) and Distilled Tall Oil
(DTO).
[0016] The present invention is based on the realization that a
feed supplement which comprises resin acid based composition can be
used in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal
digestive tract, in the modulation of microbial population of the
animal digestive tract, in the prevention of intestinal disorders,
in enhancing rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production
and/or in binding toxins.
[0017] Resin acids are present in coniferous trees, and there are
three main species of resin acid products, namely Tall Oil Rosin
(TOR), Wood Rosin and GUM Rosin. TOR is the resin acid fraction
separated by vacuum distillation from Crude Tall Oil (CTO) which is
produced by the preparation of pulp. CTO is obtained via
acidulation of Crude Tall Oil Soap or Crude Sulphate Soap (TOS).
TOS is separated from cooking liquid in pulp mill often called
black liqueur during pulping process. Wood Rosin is the fraction
separated by steam distillation or other means from dead trees,
tree stumps, branches etc. and GUM Rosin is the resin fraction that
has been steam distilled or separated by other means from resin
harvested often called tapping from a living tree.
[0018] GUM resin is widely produced in China, Indonesia and Brazil.
Wood rosin mainly comes from the USA. TOR is produced in the USA
and Scandinavia and to a lesser extent in Central Europe, New
Zealand and Russia. Substances containing resin acid and obtained
by vacuum distillation from crude tall oil include Distilled Tall
Oil (DTO), Tall Oil Fatty Acid (TOFA) and Tall Oil Pitch (TOP). DTO
contains 10-40% resin acids. CTO typically contains 15-70% resin
acids, and the lowest resin acid contents are generally provided by
the cooking of mixed wood pulp.
[0019] The term "Tall Oil Rosin" or "TOR" should be understood as
referring to a composition obtained by distillation of crude tall
oil and further refinement of distilled tall oil. TOR typically
comprises 60-99% (w/w) resin acids.
[0020] The term "Wood Rosin" should be understood as referring to a
composition obtained by distillation or other means from dead
trees, tree stumps, branches etc. Wood Rosin typically comprises
50-99% (w/w) resin acids.
[0021] The term "GUM Rosin" should be understood as referring to a
composition obtained by distillation or separated by other means
from resin harvested from a living tree. GUM Rosin typically
comprises 50-99% (w/w) resin acids.
[0022] The term "Distilled Tall Oil" or "DTO" should be understood
as referring to a composition obtained by distillation of crude
tall oil and further refinement of distilled tall oil. DTO
typically comprises 10-60% (w/w) resin acids.
[0023] The resin acid based composition TOR, Wood Rosin, GUM Rosin,
CTO, TOS and DTO can also be produced by mixing one or more resin
acid compositions and one or more fatty acid compositions in form
of oils or fats. Produced resin acid derivatives are for example
esters, ethers or alkali metal salts.
[0024] Resin acids are known to have antimicrobial, including
antibacterial, properties.
[0025] The feed supplement of the present invention comprises a
resin acid based composition which comprises over 10% (w/w) of
resin acids.
[0026] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises a resin acid based composition which comprises
over 12% (w/w) resin acids.
[0027] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement is effective in the prevention of growth of harmful
bacteria, for prevention of intestinal disorders, in the modulation
of microbial population of the animal digestive tract, in enhancing
rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production and/or in
binding toxins.
[0028] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprising a resin acid based composition is for use in
the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria and/or in the
prevention of intestinal disorders.
[0029] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprising a resin acid based composition is used in the
modulation of microbial population of the animal digestive
tract.
[0030] In one embodiment the feed supplement is used for improving
feed utilization. In one embodiment the feed supplement is used for
improving the feed conversion ratio.
[0031] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprising a resin acid based composition is used in
enhancing rumen fermentation and/or lowering rumen methane
production.
[0032] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprising a resin acid based composition is used in
binding toxins.
[0033] In one embodiment, the feed supplement comprising a resin
acid based composition is used in binding mycotoxins.
[0034] In this context, the term "feed supplement" should be
understood as referring to a composition that may be added to a
feed or used as such in the feeding of animals.
[0035] In this context, the term "resin acids" should be understood
as referring to a complex mixture of various acidic compounds
derived from wood, specially pine wood. They can also be modified
resin acids such as dimers and decarboxylated resin acids. The
exact composition of the resin acids present in the resin acid
based composition varies e.g. according to the species of the trees
the composition is obtained from and the processing conditions
under which it is manufactured. Resin acids typically include
compounds such as abietic acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric
acid, neoabietic acid, pimaric acid and isopimaric acid, only to
mention a few.
[0036] In the context of the feed additive, the resin acid based
composition may be any composition described in this
specification.
[0037] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition of the feed supplement comprises at least one of
following resin acids abietic acid, dehydoabietic acid, palustric
acid, neoabietic acid, pimaric acid and isopimaric acid and/or
derivatives thereof. The derivatives are obtained by modifying the
resin acid chemically, biologically or other ways. In one
embodiment of the present invention the resin acid based
composition comprises at least one of following resin acids abietic
acid, dehydoabietic acid, palustric acid, neoabietic acid, pimaric
acid and isopimaric acid. In one embodiment of the present
invention the resin acid based composition comprises at least one
chemically modified resin acid of abietic acid, dehydoabietic acid,
palustric acid, neoabietic acid, pimaric acid and isopimaric acid.
The resin acid based composition may also be a mixture of
unmodified and modified resin acids.
[0038] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition is Tall Oil Rosin (TOR).
[0039] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition and/or TOR comprises over 60% (w/w) resin acids.
In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid based
composition and/or TOR comprises over 85% (w/w) resin acids.
[0040] The TOR can comprise 32-44.5% abietic acid, 18-25%
dehydoabietic acid, 0-3% dihydoabietic acid, 3.0-11.5% isopimaric
acid, 0-1.5% 8,5-isopimaric acid, 0-2.5% levopimaric acid, 3.3-4%
neobietic acid, 7.5-10% palustric acid, 3-4.5% pimaric acid and
0-4.0% sandaropimaric acid. TOR may comprise <0.1% dimers and
0-7% other components.
[0041] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition is Wood Rosin.
[0042] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition and/or Wood Rosin comprises over 10 and up to 99%
(w/w) resin acids. In one embodiment of the present invention the
resin acid based composition and/or Wood Rosin comprises 50-99%
(w/w) resin acids.
[0043] The Wood Rosin can comprise 45-51% abietic acid, 7.9-8.5%
dehydoabietic acid, 0-1% dihydoabietic acid, 11-15.5% isopimaric
acid, 0-4.2% 8,5-isopimaric acid, 0-0.2% levopimaric acid, 4.7-7%
neobietic acid, 8.2-10% palustric acid, 3-7.1% pimaric acid and
0-2.0% sandaropimaric acid. Wood Rosin may comprise 0-4.2% dimers
and 0-1% other components.
[0044] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition is GUM Rosin.
[0045] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition and/or GUM Rosin comprises over 10 and up to 99%
(w/w) resin acids. In one embodiment of the present invention the
resin acid based composition and/or GUM Rosin comprises 50-99%
(w/w) resin acids.
[0046] The GUM Rosin can comprise 15-45% abietic acid, 3-15%
dehydoabietic acid, 0-0.6% dihydoabietic acid, 3.6-28% isopimaric
acid, 0-0.3% 8,5-isopimaric acid, 0-1.8% levopimaric acid, 10-19%
neobietic acid, 5-25% palustric acid, 2-7.4% pimaric acid and
0-1.5% sandaropimaric acid. GUM Rosin may comprise 0-1.0% dimers
and 0-3.5% other components.
[0047] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition is Distilled Tall Oil (DTO). In one embodiment of
the present invention the resin acid based composition is a
distillation fraction of Tall Oil. In one embodiment of the present
invention the resin acid based composition is a mixture of DTO and
a distillation fraction of Tall Oil. The Distillation fraction of
Tall Oil is any resin acids containing fraction of CTO available
during CTO refining.
[0048] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition and/or DTO comprises over 10 and up to 60% (w/w)
resin acids. In one embodiment of the present invention the resin
acid based composition and/or DTO comprises over 10 and up to 40%
(w/w) resin acids.
[0049] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition is separated from black liqueur during pulping
process or TOS or CTO.
[0050] The resin acids of the resin acid based composition are
insoluble in water. The resin acids of the resin acid based
composition may be unmodified or modified.
[0051] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acids
of the resin acid based composition and the feed supplement are
unmodified. The term "unmodified" should be understood as referring
to the resin acid based composition comprising over 10% (w/w) resin
acids that is not modified, i.e. treated chemically, or
biologically. The feed supplement comprising the resin acid based
composition may be used as such.
[0052] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acids
of the resin acid based composition are chemically, biologically or
other ways modified resin acid compositions. The chemical and/or
biological modification of resin acids of the resin acid based
composition improves the solubility of its components and resin
acids in the digestive tract of an animal. The resin acid based
composition may be chemically modified e.g. partially or totally
hydrogenated, disportinated, isomerized, oxidized, polymerized,
etherified, saponified and/or esterified with suitable compounds,
for example, fatty alcohols, glycol, glycerol or glyceridic fatty
acid compounds such as monodi- and tri- and polyglycerides or sugar
or polyol based esters. They may be also used as a reactant in
Diels-Alder reaction.
[0053] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises a resin acid based composition which is
modified by saponification.
[0054] Various processes for the saponification of the resin acid
based composition using e.g. NaOH or CaOH are known to a person
skilled in the art. In one embodiment of the present invention, the
resin acid based composition for use according to the present
invention is modified by etherification.
[0055] In one embodiment of the present invention the resin acid
based composition of the feed supplement comprises 1-90 (w/w) fatty
acids and/or their derivatives. The fatty acids may be in form of
oils or fats or in other forms like free fatty acids or esters,
ethers or alkali metal salts or fatty alcohols.
[0056] In one embodiment of the present invention, the resin acid
based composition includes unsaponifiables which have not an acid
group, for example, lipophilic neutral substances and esters from
wood. In one embodiment of the present invention, the resin acid
based composition includes less than 15% unsaponifiables. The
amount of unsaponifiables is typically in DTO products less than 5%
and in TOR, Wood and GUM Rosin less than 6%.
[0057] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises resin acid based composition which is dried.
The resin acid based composition can be dried by spray drying, drum
drying or by any other known suitable drying method.
[0058] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises different active ingredients.
[0059] The feed supplement may be added in the feed in a
concentration of 0.0001-10 kg//ton of dry weight of the total
amount of the feed. The feed supplement comprising the resin acid
based composition according to the invention may be added to the
feed or feed supplement as such, or it may in general be further
processed as desired.
[0060] The feed supplement comprising resin acid based composition
according to the present invention can be modified into a form
which is functional and effective in feeds. Carriers such as oil,
fatty acids can be added to the composition for improving the
functionality. Further emulgators such as glycerols, lecithin etc.
can be added to the resin acid based composition for improving the
solubility.
[0061] In one embodiments the feed supplement comprising the resin
acid based composition according to the present invention may
comprise chemically modified resin acid derivatives The resin acid
derivatives could also comprise rosin based acid anhydrides,
dimers, amines, maleimides, alkenyls, epoxy compositions and/or
mixtures thereof or with other suitable chemically modified resin
acids known to person skilled in the art.
[0062] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises resin acid based composition which is absorbed
into a carrier material suitable for the feed composition such as
sugarbeet pulp.
[0063] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises resin acid based composition which is mixed
with a liquid carrier material suitable for the feed composition
such as vegetable oils or fatty acids.
[0064] Further, the feed supplement comprising the resin acid based
composition according to the invention may be added to the feed, or
it may be administered to an animal separately (i.e. not as a part
of any feed composition).
[0065] In this context, the term "feed composition" or "feed"
should be understood as referring to the total feed composition of
an animal diet or to a part thereof, including e.g. supplemental
feed, premixes and other feed compositions. The feed may comprise
different active ingredients.
[0066] The present invention also relates to a feed composition
comprising the feed supplement according to the invention.
[0067] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of
0.00001-1.0% (w/w of the dry weight of the total amount of the
feed.
[0068] The present invention also relates to a use of the feed
supplement according the present invention in a feed
composition.
[0069] The invention also relates to a method of preventing the
growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract,
comprising the step of administering to an animal the feed
supplement comprising the resin acid based composition according to
the invention.
[0070] The invention also relates to a use of the feed supplement
comprising the resin acid based composition comprising over 10%
(w/w) resin acids in modulating microbial population of the animal
digestive tract, preventing intestinal disorders, in enhancing
rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production and/or
binding toxins.
[0071] In this context, the term "harmful bacteria" should be
understood as referring to any bacteria that is capable of
affecting the digestive tract or health of an animal in an adverse
manner, including competition for nutrients with the host animal.
In this context, the term "microbial population" should be
understood as referring to the microorganisms that inhabit the
digestive tract, including the Bacteria and Archaea domains and
microscopic members of the Eukaryote domain and also intestinal
parasites. The microbial population will vary for different animal
species depending on e.g. the health of an animal and on
environmental factors.
[0072] In this context, the term "intestinal disorder" should be
understood as referring to various disorders of the digestive tract
in an animal, including e.g. diarrhea and other intestinal health
problems.
[0073] In this context, the term "animal" should be understood as
referring to all kinds of different animals, such as monogastric
animals, ruminants, fur animals, pets and aquaculture. Non-limiting
examples of different animals, including offspring, are cows, beef
cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, horses, foxes, dogs, cats and
fish.
[0074] In this context, the term "toxin" should be understood as
referring to any poisonous substance produced within living cells
or organisms. Toxins are products of plants, animals,
microorganisms, for example bacteria, viruses, fungi, rickettsiae,
protozoa, etc. In this context, the term "mycotoxin" should be
understood as referring to a toxic secondary metabolite produced by
fungi, such as yeast and mould. The most common mycotoxins in
grains or silage are for example aflatoxins, zearalenone,
ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, fumonisin and T-2 toxin. The toxins
will vary depending on environmental factors.
[0075] In one embodiment of the present invention, the resin acid
based composition is administered to an animal in an effective
amount.
[0076] The feed supplement comprising the resin acid based
composition comprising over 10% (w/w) resin acids is effective in
the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal
digestive tract, in the prevention of intestinal disorders, in the
modulation of microbial population of the animal digestive tract,
in enhancing rumen fermentation, lowering rumen methane production
and/or in binding toxins. They have potential in toxin binding.
[0077] The present invention has a number of advantages. The feed
supplement comprising the resin acid based composition is a readily
available, natural, low-cost and environmentally friendly material.
Further, it is non-toxic and well tolerated. The feed supplement
comprising the resin acid based composition can be used as such.
The invention is effective in modulating the composition of the
microbiota in the animal digestive tract to a direction that is
beneficial for animal performance. Subsequently, other benefits of
the invention are e.g. improved animal health and productivity,
higher product quality, uniformity, nutritional value and food and
product safety, lower costs per production unit and decreased
environmental loads. The invention allows the production of feed
compositions and supplements at low cost.
[0078] The embodiments of the invention described hereinbefore may
be used in any combination with each other. Several of the
embodiments may be combined together to form a further embodiment
of the invention. A product, a method or a use, to which the
invention is related, may comprise at least one of the embodiments
of the invention described hereinbefore.
EXAMPLES
[0079] In the following, the present invention will be described in
more detail.
Example 1
Pathogen Inhibition Test
[0080] Clostridium perfringens is a pathogenic bacterium that
causes necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks and other species of
poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the inhibition of
Cl. perfringens by the resin acid based compositions.
[0081] Two resin acid based compositions Tall Oil Rosin (TOR) and
Distilled Tall Oil (DTO) obtained from Crude Tall Oil distillation
were tested as their efficiency against Clostridium perfringens
growth. The TOR composition contained 88% (w/w) resin acids and the
DTO composition contained 27.5% (w/w) resin acids.
TABLE-US-00001 Test compounds TOR (free resin acids 88%) 0.03 g of
1:1 in turnip rape oil DTO (free resin acids 27.5%) 0.015 g TOR
(free resin acids 88%) 0.15 ml of 10% stock solution in ethanol DTO
(free resin acids 27.5%) 0.15 ml of 10% stock solution in ethanol
TOR (free resin acids 88%) 0.15 ml of 1% stock solution in ethanol
DTO (free resin acids 27.5%) 0.15 ml of 1% stock solution in
ethanol ethanol 0.15 ml ethanol
[0082] The efficiency of test compositions was tested in a Cl.
perfringens growth inhibition test that measures both the turbidity
of the clostridial culture medium as a result of increased number
of bacterial cells in a unit volume of medium, and the cumulative
gas production during the simulation.
[0083] The efficiency of TOR and DTO against the growth of Cl.
perfringens was tested at concentrations 0.01%. The TOR with 88%
resin acid was melted at +105.degree. C. and mixed 1:1 in turnip
rape oil, in order to achieve the same runny form as the other two
oily products. This diluted product was dosed as double amount in
the simulation.
[0084] Simulation Procedure:
[0085] The simulation was conducted in 25-ml glass bottles
containing 15 ml of sterile anaerobic TSGY-media (tryptic soy
broth-yeast extract media with glucose) and the bottles were
enclosed with air-tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions
throughout the experiment. At the beginning of the simulation 0.1%
inoculums of the overnight grown Cl. perfringens culture was
injected to TSGY-bottles. Test compounds, or sterile deionized
water for the control treatment, were added in a 150 .mu.l final
volume from the respective stock solution according to the
treatment. The simulation bottles were randomized to avoid
artificial bias between treatments. The bottles were kept at an
even 37.degree. C. temperature and mixed 1 min before the turbidity
measurement at each time point. The total simulation time was 8
h.
[0086] The optical density was measured at the time points of 0.5,
4 and 8 hours. The turbidity (optical density, OD) of growth media
increases proportionally as the Cl. perfringens cell number and
cell density increases.
[0087] The total gas production was measured at the end of the 8 h
simulation as an indicator of growth efficiency, since Cl.
perfringens produces gas due to the active metabolism during
exponential growth.
[0088] Results
[0089] The results are illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2. The TOR and
DTO treatments very effectively inhibited the growth of Cl.
perfringens, which was detected as the lack of turbidity change
(FIG. 1) and the production of negligible amounts of gas (FIG. 2).
TOR and DTO compositions inhibited the growth of Clostridium
perfringens very efficiently regardless of the rosin acid
concentration
Example 2
Methane Inhibition Test
[0090] Two resin acid based compositions Tall Oil Rosin (TOR) and
Distilled Tall Oil (DTO) were tested in methane inhibitio test. The
TOR composition contained 88% (w/w) resin acids and the DTO
composition contained 27.5% (w/w) resin acids. The TOR composition
containing 88% (w/w) resin acids was mixed 1:1 with turnip rape
oil.
[0091] The methane inhibition test was conducted with
rumen-fistulated dairy cows in order to study the potential of TOR
and DTO to decrease the rate of methane production in the rumen.
Rumen fluid samples were measured for the numbers of methanogenic
bacteria, as they are the methane-producing organisms. The short
chain fatty acid profiles, including the concentration of branched
chain fatty acids, of the samples were measured as they indicate
whether resin based acid compositions had effects to ruminal
fermentation.
[0092] Three rumen-fistulated, lactating dairy cows were given 3.0
g of dry test compositions/head/day for 21 days, in four portions.
TOR and DTO compositions were first dried onto sugar beet pulp and
then mixed into the compound feed. Rumen samples were taken before
the dietary intervention, once a week during the test composition
feeding, and after a two-week washout period. The samples of the
trial were analysed for short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) by gas
chromatography and numbers of methanogens, protozoa and total
bacteria by qPCR.
[0093] Results
[0094] The results show that the numbers of methane producing
bacteria decreased numerically during the TOR and DTO feeding
period, while protozoa and the total number of bacteria were not
affected by the product. The levels of lactic, propionic, and
valeric acids and total short chain fatty acids tended to decrease
in the rumen fluid during the TOR and the DTO feeding period. The
concentration and relative proportion of branched chain fatty acids
tended to decrease as a response to TOR and the DTO.
[0095] The experiment shows that the TOR and the DTO lowers the
amount of methanogens and thus lowers rumen methane production. The
experiment also shows that the TOR and the DTO enhances rumen
fermentation.
Example 3
[0096] This experiment was conducted to study the effect of
saponified DTO with 35% (w/w) resin acids with or without Sugar
Beet Pulp (SBP) carrier on the microbial microbial population and
fermentation of broiler chick ileum in vitro.
[0097] The saponified DTO was manufactured by adding NaOH (sodium
hydroxide) to DTO, adding enough water to adjust the total dry
matter (DTO) percentage of the mixture to 18-20%, heating the
mixture to +90.degree. C., keeping the temperature at +90.degree.
C. for 120 minutes, during which time the mixture was gently
stirred at 15 min intervals.
[0098] Experiment
[0099] Ileal contents of 40-days old broiler chicks were used for
the simulation media and as inoculants in the simulation models.
The trial treatments were prepared from a batch of saponified
DTO.
[0100] Preparations of DTO with 35% resin acids were produced:
[0101] 1. Saponified DTO with 20% Dry Matter Content
[0102] An aliquot of the DTO soap was heated to 90.degree. C.,
mixed with finely ground SBP powder, and dried.
[0103] 2. Saponified DTO
[0104] Gastrointestinal Digestion of the Saponified DTO:
[0105] Part of the liquid DTO soap and the carrier-absorbed DTO
soap was digested by a pepsin-HCl-treatment (pH 2.25) followed by a
pancreatin bile-acid-NaOH treatment (pH 6.2) in a dilution series.
The digestion was made to evaluate whether the products would
resist the conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract before
they enter the distal intestine with higher microbial activity.
[0106] The simulation was conducted in a total of 160 2-ml plastic
microcentrifuge vials, in 1.5 ml volume, with 10 hours simulation
time. Samples were tested at four concentrations of the dry matter
of DTO: 0%, 0.005%, 0.01%, 0.01% and 1%.
[0107] All the simulation samples were analysed for short chain
fatty acids and the total number of microbes. In addition, selected
samples were analysed for a number of microbial species or groups
by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Ileal simulation samples were
analysed for lactobacilli and streptococci.
[0108] Results
[0109] In the ileal simulation model, DTO soap at 0.5 kg/ton level
increased the concentrations of acetic and propionic acids and
decreased the concentration of lactic acid. This suggests
modulation of microbial metabolism from homofermentative towards
heterofermentative metabolical route, which can be seen as a very
positive change improving the feed conversion ratio. The sugar beet
pulp carrier had little effect on the fermentation
Example 4
Test A
Toxin Adsorption into Solid Phase in Vitro
[0110] The capacity of a test product to remove toxins from aqueous
medium was measured in this test. An efficient toxin adsorbent
should be able to bind the toxin in all compartments of the
digestive tract, to inhibit the toxin from getting absorbed by the
animal. To evaluate the efficacy of the binder in the acidic
stomach, the test was run at pH value 2.5 (50 mM glycine-HCl
buffer).
[0111] The test product was a saponified DTO product which contains
20% resin acids. The saponified DTO was manufactured as in example
3. The product tested was the saponified DTO (20%) with or without
silicate carrier.
[0112] The test A was conducted with two toxins Ochratoxin A (OTA)
and Zearalenone (ZEA), at pH-value 2.5, three test substance levels
0.2, 0.5 and 1 kg/ton and four replicate samples per treatment.
Control treatment was replicated 8 times.
[0113] Mycotoxins OTA and ZEA were available as 3H-labeled pure
compounds, and radioactivity, measured by liquid scintillation
counting, was used for their quantification in the samples.
[0114] The experiment was conducted in silanized glass vials in 1
ml volume of buffer. In the test system, the bound radioactive
toxin becomes removed from the liquid phase through co-pelleting
with the insoluble components of the potential binder. The
following procedure was used: 1. The test products were weighed
into the vials, 2. 3H-labeled and intact mycotoxin was mixed with
the buffers to get the final toxin concentration of 10 .mu.g/l, 3.
1 ml of the buffer-mycotoxin solution was added to the vials, 4.
The vials were sealed and kept for 2 hours at 37.degree. C. in
constant slow shaking, 5. The vials were centrifuged for 10 min at
3000.times.g 6. 50 .mu.l of the supernatant was mixed with 150
.mu.l of liquid scintillation cocktail (Optiphase) into wells of a
96-well microtiter plate and 7. The radioactivity of the samples
was measured with a liquid scintillation counter for five
minutes
[0115] Results
[0116] The saponified DTO was able to bind OTA from the aqueous
medium statistically significantly, and the binding was dependent
on the concentration of the test product. The saponified DTO
adsorbed 25-60% of the free OTA from the medium.
[0117] The saponified DTO significantly decreased the amount of
free ZEA even at the lowest dosages. The saponified DTO removed
approximately 30-60% of the free toxin.
[0118] It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that, with the
advancement of technology, the basic idea of the invention may be
implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are
thus not limited to the examples described above; instead they may
vary within the scope of the claims.
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