U.S. patent application number 15/071782 was filed with the patent office on 2016-08-25 for fiber products, prepregs, composites and method of producing same.
The applicant listed for this patent is Nanlin Han. Invention is credited to Nanlin Han.
Application Number | 20160243787 15/071782 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39389684 |
Filed Date | 2016-08-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160243787 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Han; Nanlin |
August 25, 2016 |
Fiber Products, Prepregs, Composites and Method of Producing
Same
Abstract
The present disclosure includes a method to make 3D fibers
products, prepregs and composites, by using fastening components
cross plies, strands, and yarns.
Inventors: |
Han; Nanlin; (Valencia,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Han; Nanlin |
Valencia |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
39389684 |
Appl. No.: |
15/071782 |
Filed: |
March 16, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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11925752 |
Oct 27, 2007 |
9321218 |
|
|
15071782 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B29L 2031/727 20130101;
B32B 3/22 20130101; B32B 5/12 20130101; B32B 5/26 20130101; B32B
2255/02 20130101; Y10T 428/24017 20150115; D03D 27/02 20130101;
Y10T 428/23943 20150401; B32B 3/266 20130101; Y10T 428/23914
20150401; Y10T 428/24008 20150115; B32B 5/06 20130101; B29L
2031/729 20130101; B29C 70/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
B32B 5/06 20060101
B32B005/06; B32B 5/26 20060101 B32B005/26 |
Claims
1. A 3-dimension (3D) multi-layer composite, comprising: a first
fiber sheet with a first plurality of fastening components on both
surfaces of the first fiber sheet, the first plurality of fastening
components penetrating through the first fiber sheet and extending
outwardly from both surfaces of the first fiber sheet; and a second
fiber sheet with a second plurality of fastening components on both
surfaces of the second fiber sheet, the second plurality of
fastening components penetrating through the second fiber sheet and
extending outwardly from both surfaces of the second fiber sheet,
wherein the first plurality of fastening components mechanically
engage with the second plurality of fastening components, wherein
the first and second plurality of fastening components are put on
the first and second fiber sheets by flocking; wherein at least one
of the first fiber sheet and the second fiber sheet has an adhesive
net film on a top, and/or a bottom side of said at least one of the
first fiber sheet and the second fiber sheet, and the fastening
components of the first or second fiber sheet having the adhesive
net film extend in or through the adhesive net film; wherein the
first and second fiber sheets have sufficiently large openings for
allowing penetration of the fastening components through said fiber
sheets.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation application of, and
claims the benefit of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No.
11/925,752, filed on Oct. 27, 2007, now allowed, which is
incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application also
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/854,632,
filed on Oct. 27, 2006, to which U.S. Non-Provisional application
Ser. No. 11/925,752 claims priority to.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to 3 dimension (3D) fibers, 3D
fabrics, 3D preforms, 3D prepregs and 3D composites and methods to
make them using textile industry technologies, hook and loop
technologies, plastic industry technologies and nano-fiber
technologies, with the objects to increase their mechanical
strength, interlaminate strength, fatigue durability and impact
resistance, and their manufacturability.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Fiber composite materials have been used in the industry
over the past three decades. However, their utilization in the
primary load-bearing structures has been limited by its high
sensitivity to out-of-plane failures resulting from the low
interlaminar fracture toughness. Method to alleviate these problems
is to improve delamination resistance in the thickness direction by
stitching, 3D weaving, 3D knitting, 3D braid. Those 3D technologies
need complicated machines and manufacturing processes. So
layer-by-layer lay-up and filament wrapping are still major
processes in composite industry.
[0004] The present invention provides methods to make 3D composites
in compatible to 2D manufacturing process.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention is to provide methods to make 3
dimension (3D) fibers, 3D fabrics, 3D preforms, 3D prepregs and 3D
composites, by using hook and loop (VELCRO), hook and hook, zipper
heads, fish hook, and/or arrow head and mushroom head fastening
components, across layers, strands and yarns. One sheet of fibers
has one or multiple kinds of the above said fastening components on
one side and their fastening counterparts on the other side. Laying
up the sheets with said fastening components on its two side as
regular 2D sheets can obtain a 3D preform. The sheets can be torn
apart if re-lay-up is needed. A fiber or yarn can have the said
fastening components around 360 degree on its surface. Laying up
the fibers and yarns with said fastening components together or
intercrossing each other can get a 3D preform. In those preforms,
two parts of the said fastening components can lock each other if
they meet and engage. A 3D composite structure can be made by using
the 3D preform in resin infusing, resin film infusing, resin
protrusion or RTM. The fastening components can be arranged in
pattern arrays to increase strength against specified loads.
[0006] One weaved or non-weaved sheet of fiber with the said
fasteners on both sides or a yarn is first impregnated with resin.
Then let the impregnated fiber sheet or the yarn dry. A piece of
prepreg with the said fasteners or a yarn prepreg is then made.
Finally, lay and press the prepreg sheets together to any desired
thickness. The fastening component can lock each other if they meet
and engage. In a curing process, the resin can melt and the
fastening components can further interlock each other. So a 3D
composite structure is made by the said 3D prepregs. Wrapping the
yarn prepreg can get a 3D composite too.
[0007] The fastening components of hook and loop (VELCRO), hook and
hook, zipper heads, fish hook, arrow head and mushroom head can be
made onto the sheet fiber (weaved or non-weaved), strands and yarns
by textile industry technologies, such as weaving, knitting, warp
knitting, braid, stitching, and hook and loop (VELCRO)
technologies, and by non-weaving technologies, such as needle
penetrating, air-blowing fasteners on fibers and air- or water-jet
shooting fasteners on fibers. The fastening components can be
bonded on, glued on, welded on, compressed on, or grown on the
fibers.
[0008] The two parts of fastening components can have acute angles
to their base sheet or fibers. The acute angle can allow the two
part fastening components to engage like sharp teeth to increase
their locking. The fastening components can be made from all kinds
of suitable materials including nano fibers, strands and filaments,
nanotubes, nano forks, and nano arrows.
[0009] This 3D fiber technology can be used in rubber, building
materials and plastic industries.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
[0010] FIG. 1 shows a view of an exemplary sheet of fibers with
hook, loop and other fastening components on its both sides.
[0011] FIG. 2 shows a view of an exemplary composite made by the
fiber sheets with fastening components. Several of sheets make the
preform and composite. The trans-layer fastening components make a
3D composite.
[0012] FIG. 3 shows a view of an exemplary 3D prepreg sheet with
hook, loop and other fastening components on its both sides.
[0013] FIG. 4 shows a cross-section view of the 3D prepreg of FIG.
3.
[0014] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process of using mold to
control the hook, loop and fastening fibers shape, direction, and
angle or using chemical air to obtain the shape and angle and
direction of the fastening fibers.
[0015] FIG. 6 shows a view of exemplary trans-layer hook and loop
fibers.
[0016] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary process of using laser to
cut loops to get hooks.
[0017] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary process of using laser and
heat iron to make hooks.
[0018] FIG. 9 shows variety of exemplary hooks. Several fibers are
yarned and bonded together by glue to make the hooks stiffer.
[0019] FIG. 10 shows variety of exemplary loops.
[0020] FIG. 11 shows a transparent view of an exemplary block of
composite made from 3D forks and branches.
[0021] FIGS. 12A-12F show exemplary filaments having hook and loops
and other fastening components.
[0022] FIG. 13 shows an exemplary pressure bottle made from
filaments with fastening components.
[0023] FIG. 14 shows an exemplary vest made from the 3D
composites.
[0024] FIG. 15 shows an exemplary helmet made from 3D
composites.
[0025] FIGS. 16A-16C show an exemplary stem fiber having 3
dimension branches and forks.
[0026] FIGS. 17A-17B show an exemplary networking of 3D branches
and forks.
[0027] FIGS. 18A-18B show 3D branch, hook directions in an
exemplary composite.
[0028] FIGS. 19A-19B show exemplary vertical trans-layer and
interlayer fibers having acute angles along their long direction.
The acute angle vertical fibers can bite into each other and
engage. This locking can have stronger strength against shear load
and tear load.
[0029] FIG. 20 shows a view of an exemplary composite having acute
hooks at different directions.
[0030] FIG. 21. shows an exemplary view of acute angle hooks and
loops interlocking between fiber layers.
[0031] FIG. 22 shows an exemplary view of the engagement of hooks
and hooks, hooks and loops.
[0032] FIG. 23 shows an exemplary process of using a spiral screw
cylinder to make the hooks, loops and fibers in the curves of
spiral spur gear.
[0033] FIG. 24 shows an exemplary process of using a needle to
bring hook and loop fibers trans-layer.
[0034] FIG. 25 shows an exemplary process of using air blow, air
jet, or water jet to shoot hook and loop fibers trans-layer and
stay on the layer.
[0035] FIG. 26 shows the loop on an exemplary woven towel.
[0036] FIG. 27 shows that small loops are formed on the surface of
an exemplary fabric by the use of complex yarns.
[0037] FIG. 28 shows an exemplary view of patterned knitted fabric
loops.
[0038] FIG. 29 shows the other side of the fabric of FIG. 28.
Cutting the loops can get hooks.
[0039] FIG. 30 shows an exemplary view of compressing the hook and
loop fabric on a net.
[0040] FIG. 31 shows an exemplary view of the hook and loop pattern
made by embroidery.
[0041] FIG. 32 shows an exemplary view of loops on a bath
towel.
[0042] FIG. 33 shows an exemplary view of a bath towel with
loops.
[0043] FIG. 34 shows an exemplary process of cutting the fiber to
get the hooks.
[0044] FIG. 35 shows an exemplary process of obtaining fibers and
hooks by napping a yarn.
[0045] FIG. 36 shows an exemplary view of hooks and loop connecting
blankets in the transverse direction.
[0046] FIG. 37 shows an exemplary view of fiber strands combined
with fine simple yarns.
[0047] FIG. 38 shows an exemplary view of stitch and knit making
the loops.
[0048] FIG. 39 shows an exemplary view of stitch and knit making
the loops.
[0049] FIG. 40 shows an exemplary view of fastening components in
belt areas on the sheets.
[0050] FIG. 41 shows an exemplary view of fastening components in
belt areas on the sheets.
[0051] FIG. 42 shows an exemplary view of carbon nanotubes with
varying diameters along length.
[0052] FIG. 43 shows an exemplary view of adhesive or coating
materials holding a bunch of fiber hooks together.
[0053] FIG. 44 shows an exemplary view of a group of fiber loops on
a sheet.
[0054] FIG. 45 shows an exemplary process of using a flocking
process and a modified flocking process to prepare vertical short
fibers on fiber sheet or other substance surface.
[0055] FIG. 46 shows an exemplary process of a flocking application
by an electrostatic method.
[0056] FIG. 47A shows an exemplary view of the fiber sheet net and
adhesive net film with a designed pattern on them.
[0057] FIG. 47B shows an exemplary view of the fiber sheet net and
adhesive net film with a designed pattern on them.
[0058] FIGS. 48A-48B show an exemplary view of the adhesive net
films attached to the two sides of fiber sheet.
[0059] FIG. 49 shows an exemplary view of the fiber sheets with
flocked vertical fibers. Loops and hooks are stacked together.
[0060] FIG. 50 shows an exemplary process of flocking fibers on
adhesive film and transferring on fibers.
[0061] FIG. 51 shows an exemplary view of a net having hooks, loops
and mushroom heads on its both sides.
[0062] FIG. 52 shows an exemplary process of using complex yarn
technology to make the yarns.
[0063] FIG. 53 shows an exemplary view of the yarn with varying
width along its length.
[0064] FIG. 54 shows an exemplary view of wider yarns making the
tube and bottle curve area stronger.
[0065] FIG. 55 shows an exemplary view of the hook, loop, mushroom
head and fastening components attached on yarns just like the barb
on a barbed wire.
[0066] FIG. 56 shows an exemplary process of using stables to make
3D preforms and composites.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0067] Referring to FIG. 1, a sheet 10 of fibers or film has hook
11, loop 12, anchor-like hook 13, fish hook 14, fork 17 and 21, big
head 18, arrow-like hook 19 and group loop 20 fastening components
on both sides of the sheet. A hook can have multiple hooks 15 and
16 like a hook string. The fastening components can form a pattern
or an array on the sheet with specified directions. The fastening
components can be randomly scattered or mixed on the sheet.
[0068] As shown in FIG. 2, several sheets 10 can be laid together
layer-by-layer to form a preform 30. The hook and loop, hook and
hook and other fastening components can engage each other to
provide trans-layer and interlayer reinforcements. The top and
bottom sheet can have fastening components on only one side of the
sheets.
[0069] FIG. 3 shows that resin 35 infiltrates the fiber sheet 10 to
form a piece of prepreg 33. FIG. 4 shows a cross-section view of
prepreg 33. The hook and loop, and fastening components 37 and 38
can be above the resin and stand out of the sheet, or can stay
right under the resin surface. The fastening components can engage
each other when the resin becomes liquid during curing. The resin
35 can have a low step 36 where fastening components are lower than
the surrounding resin. The fastening components can be protected by
the higher surrounding resin.
[0070] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary process of using mold and
chemical air to obtain the hook, loop and fastening component
shape, direction, angle and dimension.
[0071] FIG. 6 is a section view of trans-layer hook and loop
fibers. They can be made by textile industry technologies, such as
weaving, knitting, warp knitting, braid, stitching, by hook and
loop (VELCRO) technologies, and by non-weaving technologies such as
needle penetrating, air-blowing fasteners on fibers, and air- or
water-jet shooting fasteners on fibers. The fastening components
can be bonded on, glued on, welded on, compressed on, and grown on
the fibers.
[0072] FIG. 7 shows an exemplary process of using laser to cut the
loops to get hooks. Knife also works to cut the fibers to get
hooks.
[0073] FIG. 8 shows an exemplary process of using laser and heat
iron to treat the fibers and make the hooks and loops in a
specified direction and angle.
[0074] Some embodiments of the hooks a1-a28 are illustrated in FIG.
9. Hook 40 (a2-a4) can have several fibers bonded together by
adhesive 41 to make the hook much stiffer. Hook 42 can have several
short fibers and several long fiber bonding together. Those hook
11, anchor-like hook 13, fish hook 14, fork 17 and 21, big head 18,
arrow like hook 19 and group loop 20 fastening components are also
shown in FIG. 1.
[0075] Some embodiments of the loops b1-b9 are illustrated in FIG.
10.
[0076] FIG. 11 shows that the rod/fiber 45 can have branches 46
coming out of itself at any direction. Fiber 45 and branch 46 can
be made of different materials. The fibers 45 are aligned together
and their branches 46 are cross-linked together. Therefore a 3D
preform is made. The sheets can be torn apart if re-lay-up is
needed. Infiltrating a 3D preform with resin can get a 3D
composite.
[0077] FIG. 12 shows that yarns (a)-(f) can have hooks and loops
and other fastening components. They can be made by complex yarn
technology, by barbed wire entanglement technology, and by air blow
technology. Air blow and jet or water jet can shoot the fastening
components on the yarns. The yarns are then infiltrated by resin 35
to get yarn prepregs.
[0078] A bottle can be made by wrapping said yarns or yarn prepreg,
as shown in FIG. 13. The yarn can vary its width 76 along its
length. A wider yarn or belt 76 can make the curve area stronger.
The fastening components can engage during wrapping. So a bottle is
made with higher impact resistance 3D composite.
[0079] 3D composites can be used to make vest and helmet to protect
people, as shown in FIG. 14 and FIG. 15.
[0080] FIG. 16 shows that a rod, yarn, or fiber 50 can have
branches 51 and forks 53 coming out from its stem and standing out
to the space around the stem in 3 dimensions. Part of the branch 51
can have curve 52 acting as a hook. The part 52 can be in the same
material as branch 51 or in other material bonded to branch 51. The
fork 53 on branch 51 is sub-branches. The sub-branch 53, knot 54
and arrow-like tooth 55 on branch 51 or even stem 50 can act as
fastening components. Tooth 55 can have a sharp face 56.
[0081] FIG. 17 shows that several fibers 50 can engage together by
their branches 51 and the fastening components on their
branches.
[0082] The acute angle 57 of branch to stem can help the engagement
of branches to increase the engagement chance and strength. The
sub-branch 53 is short enough for penetrating and long enough for
acting as a hook. An acute angle 57 of the sub-branch can help the
penetrating. The acute angle 58 of branch to the interlayer
straight distance line 59 can also be important to the
engagement.
[0083] FIG. 18 shows the fibers 50 in fiber sheets. When the fiber
sheets are laid up together, the branches 51 and their fastening
components can engage and interlock together to form 3D preform,
prepreg and composite. The branches can have back-to-back and
face-to-face engagement due to the acute angel 57 direction (branch
direction), which helps to increase the strength against sheer and
tear load.
[0084] FIG. 19 is a section view showing fibers' face-to-face
engagement of fastening components. An acute angle fiber or branch
faces another fiber or branch in acute angel.
[0085] FIG. 20 shows several fiber sheets laid up together. Some
areas of the sheets can have the same direction of fastening
components (branch, hook, loop), marked by arrow 60. A sheet with
different direction of fastening components can make the composite
have good strength against different direction load.
[0086] A face-to-face lock is illustrated in FIG. 21, just like
sharp teeth bitten together. The fastening components with acute
angles are important in controlling the fastening direction when
the fiber sheets are compressed.
[0087] FIG. 22 shows that hooks, loops and fibers can be made in
the curves of a spiral spur gear or a spiral screw cylinder. Those
curves help the hooks and loops engagement.
[0088] FIG. 23 shows an exemplary process of using a spiral screw
cylinder 62 to make the hooks, loops and fibers in the curves of
spiral spur gear 63.
[0089] FIG. 24 shows an exemplary process of using needles 64 to
bring hook and loop fibers trans-layer.
[0090] FIG. 25 shows an exemplary process of using air blow, air
jet, or water jet 65 to shoot hook and loop fibers trans-layer and
staying on the layer.
[0091] FIG. 26 shows the loops on a woven towel.
[0092] FIG. 27 shows small loops are formed on the surface of the
fabric by the use of complex yarns.
[0093] FIG. 28 shows patterned knitted fabric loops.
[0094] FIG. 29 shows other side of the fabric of FIG. 28. Cutting
the loops can get hooks.
[0095] FIG. 30 shows compressing the hook and loop fabric on a net
66.
[0096] FIG. 31 shows the hook and loop pattern made by
embroidery.
[0097] FIG. 32 shows loops on a bath towel. Terry cloth, used in
towels and robes, is constructed with uncut loops of yarn on both
sides of the sheet cloth. These loops are formed by holding the
ground wrap yarns under tight tension and leaving the wrap yarns
that form the pile in a slack state. The shed is made and picks are
inserted. And this is repeated for a specified number of picks,
usually three, without any beating in. After the picks have been
placed, they are battened into position. This causes the slack wrap
yarns to be pushed into loops between the picks. While the typical
terry cloth has loops on both sides, it is possible to make fabrics
by this method with loops on only one side. Hook yarns are
recommended to be stiff. And loop yarns are softer.
[0098] FIG. 33 shows a bath towel with loops.
[0099] FIG. 34 shows cutting the fiber to get the hooks.
[0100] FIG. 35 shows obtaining the fibers and hooks by napping a
yarn 67.
[0101] FIG. 36 shows hooks 11 and loop 12 connecting blankets in
the transverse direction.
[0102] FIG. 37 shows fiber strands are combined with fine simple
yarns.
[0103] FIG. 38 and FIG. 39 show that stitch and knit make the
loops.
[0104] FIG. 40 and FIG. 41 show the fastening components can be in
belt areas on the sheets. So the two sheets can easily engage in
the belt areas.
[0105] FIG. 42 illustrates that the carbon nanotubes can have big
head 23 at its ends. The big heads are the end areas having bigger
diameters. The big diameter tube area can be single layer tube
and/or multiple tube layers. The big diameter area can be located
along the tube like a chain. Two big diameter areas 24 can hold the
tube on a fabric or a thread. The bigger diameter areas can have
one end with sharp edge 25 acting as hook and another end with
smooth cure 26 acting as a bullet head for penetrating fibers and
loops.
[0106] FIG. 43 shows adhesive or coating materials 27 holding a
bunch of fiber hooks 22 together to make the hook stronger and
stiffer. Those stiffer hooks are easier to penetrate fiber loops
and bundles to lock with them.
[0107] FIG. 44 shows a group of fiber loops 20 on a sheet 10.
[0108] FIG. 45 shows an exemplary process of using a flocking
process and a modified flocking process to prepare vertical short
fibers on fiber sheet 10 or other substrate surface 18. The
flocking process involves applying short fibers 11, fiber bundles
22 and bonded fibers 27 directly on to a substrate that has been
previously coated with an adhesive. The process uses mechanical or
electrical equipment that mechanically erect or electrically
charges the flock short fibers causing them to stand up. The short
fibers are then propelled and anchored into the adhesive at near
right and right angles to the substrate. The flocking process can
be accomplished by one of the four methods: electrostatic, beater
bar/gravity, spraying, and transfers. Flocking material can also be
spayed using an air compressor, reservoir and spay gun similar to
the one spaying paint. Flocking can also be applied by printing an
adhesive on to a material, and then rapidly vibrating the substrate
mechanically, while the flock fibers are dispensed over the
surface.
[0109] The vibration promotes the density of fibers and causes the
flocking fibers to adhere to the adhesive and pack into a layer.
This process is a beater bar or gravity flocking system.
[0110] FIG. 46 shows a flocking application by the electrostatic
method. The fiber sheet 10 goes between positive electrode grid 73
and ground electrode 72 to let flocking short fibers penetrate
fiber sheet and adhesive film and stay on them.
[0111] In FIGS. 47A and 47B, the fiber sheet 10 is attached to an
adhesive net film 70 underneath. The adhesive standoff 71 on the
net film attach to the fiber sheet 10 and make a gap between the
adhesive net film and fiber sheet. The fiber sheet is loose enough
to let the flocking short fibers penetrate fiber sheet to reach,
penetrate and stay on the adhesive net film below. FIG. 47A and
FIG. 47B show the fiber sheet 10 and net adhesive net film 70 with
a designed pattern on them. So short fibers with hooks and loopos
can penetrate fiber sheet 10 and adhesive net film 70 and stay on
them at desired areas according to the patterns.
[0112] FIG. 48A and FIG. 48B show the adhesive net films 70 can be
attached to the two sides of fiber sheet 10. The adhesive film 70
has window 74 to allow short flocking fibers to penetrate fiber
sheet 10 and stay at desired areas.
[0113] FIG. 49 shows the fiber sheets with flocked vertical fibers,
loops and hooks are stacked together. During curing process, the
adhesive melt and the hooks and loops link together.
[0114] A much easier way to add flocking to materials is to apply
standard flocking transfers. Basically the flocking process is
virtually the same as the one for a screen printing with only a few
differences. FIG. 50 shows the short fibers are flocked on adhesive
film 70 and then transfer onto the fiber sheet 10.
[0115] If the short fibers are dielectric, a chemical treatment is
needed to enable the fibers to accept an electrical charge. A
certain amount of conductivity must be present for electrostatic
flocking process to occur.
[0116] FIG. 50 shows flocking fibers on adhesive film and
transferring them on fiber sheets.
[0117] FIG. 51 shows a net 75 has hooks, loops and mushroom heads
on its both sides. The hooks, loops and mushroom heads can go
through fiber sheet 10 to link with next net 75 when the nets 75
and fiber sheets stack together.
[0118] FIG. 52 shows using complex yarn technology to make the
yarns. The hooks or mushroom heads can have multiple stands 22 and
be bonded with material 27 to make them stronger and harder.
[0119] FIG. 53 shows a yarn can vary its width 76 along its length.
So the wider yarn or even belt 76 makes the tube and bottle curve
area stronger, as shown in FIG. 54.
[0120] The hooks, loops, mushroom head and fastening components can
attach on yarns just like the barb on a barbed wire, as shown in
FIG. 55.
[0121] Stables can also be used to make 3D preforms and composites,
as shown in FIG. 56. Threads 22 can become a stable with adhesive
27. Using a regular stable machine and a flocking process can let
the thread stables penetrate fiber sheets to make 3D preforms and
composites.
* * * * *