U.S. patent application number 14/207313 was filed with the patent office on 2016-08-11 for compositions and methods for controlling diabrotica.
This patent application is currently assigned to Monsanto Technology LLC. The applicant listed for this patent is Monsanto Technology LLC. Invention is credited to James A. Baum, Renata Bolognesi, Lex Evan Flagel, Gerrit Cornelis Segers.
Application Number | 20160230185 14/207313 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 56565916 |
Filed Date | 2016-08-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160230185 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Baum; James A. ; et
al. |
August 11, 2016 |
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR CONTROLLING DIABROTICA
Abstract
The present invention provides methods for controlling
invertebrate pest infestations, for instance in plants, and related
compositions and polynucleotides useful in such methods. More
specifically, the present invention provides polynucleotides and
methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an
invertebrate pest, for instance through RNA interference.
Inventors: |
Baum; James A.; (Webster
Groves, MO) ; Bolognesi; Renata; (St. Louis, MO)
; Flagel; Lex Evan; (St. Louis, MO) ; Segers;
Gerrit Cornelis; (Wildwood, MO) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Monsanto Technology LLC |
St. Louis |
MO |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Monsanto Technology LLC
St. Louis
MO
|
Family ID: |
56565916 |
Appl. No.: |
14/207313 |
Filed: |
March 12, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61782884 |
Mar 14, 2013 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02A 40/162 20180101;
A01N 57/16 20130101; C12N 2310/14 20130101; C12N 15/8286 20130101;
C12N 15/113 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C12N 15/82 20060101
C12N015/82; C12N 15/113 20060101 C12N015/113; A01N 57/16 20060101
A01N057/16 |
Claims
1.-46. (canceled)
47. A method of causing mortality or stunting in Diabrotica species
larvae comprising providing in the diet of Diabrotica species
larvae at least one recombinant RNA comprising at least one
silencing element essentially identical or essentially
complementary to a target gene of said Diabrotica species larvae,
wherein said target gene sequence is selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof, and
wherein ingestion of said recombinant RNA by said Diabrotica
species larvae results in mortality or stunting in said Diabrotica
species larvae.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein said Diabrotica species is at
least one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica
balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica
cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis,
Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea,
Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi,
Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis,
Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata,
Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata,
Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica
viridula.
49. The method of claim 47, wherein said Diabrotica species is at
least one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica
undecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica
barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae
(Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn
Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting
of Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
50. The method of claim 47, wherein said silencing element
comprises at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of said target gene.
51.-97. (canceled)
98. A method of providing a plant having improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species infestation comprising expressing in said plant
at least one polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
99. (canceled)
100. The method of claim 98, wherein said plant is selected from
the group consisting of maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry
beans.
101.-102. (canceled)
103. The method of claim 98, wherein said Diabrotica species is at
least one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica
balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica
cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis,
Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea,
Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi,
Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis,
Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata,
Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata,
Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica
viridula.
104. The method of claim 98, wherein said Diabrotica species is at
least one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica
undecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica
barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae
(Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn
Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting
of Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
105. The method of claim 98, wherein said expressing is by means of
transgenic expression or transient expression.
106. The method of claim 98, further comprising expression in said
plant of at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein.
107. The method of claim 98, wherein said identity is 100%
identity.
108. The plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation, provided by the method of claim 98.
109. Seed of the plant of claim 98.
110. A recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous promoter
operably linked to DNA comprising at least one segment of 18 or
more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof.
111. The recombinant DNA construct of claim 110, wherein said
heterologous promoter is selected from the group consisting of a
promoter functional in a plant, a promoter functional in a
prokaryote, a promoter functional in a fungal cell, and a
baculovirus promoter.
112. A recombinant vector comprising the recombinant DNA construct
of claim 110.
113. The recombinant vector of claim 112, wherein said recombinant
vector is a recombinant plant virus vector or a recombinant
baculovirus vector.
114. (canceled)
115. A plant chromosome or plastid comprising the recombinant DNA
construct of claim 110.
116. A transgenic plant cell having in its genome the recombinant
DNA construct of claim 110.
117. A transgenic plant comprising the transgenic plant cell of
claim 116.
118.-195. (canceled)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/782,884, filed Mar. 14, 2013, herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
INCORPORATION OF SEQUENCE LISTINGS
[0002] The sequence listing that is contained in the file named
"MONS355US.txt", which is 699 kilobytes (as measured in Microsoft
Windows.RTM.) and was created on Mar. 11, 2014, is filed herewith
by electronic submission and is incorporated by reference
herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] This invention discloses methods for controlling
invertebrate pest infestations, particularly in plants, and
compositions and polynucleotides useful in such methods. More
specifically, this invention is related to polynucleotides and
methods of use thereof for modifying the expression of genes in an
invertebrate pest, particularly through RNA interference.
Particular pest species of interest include Diabrotica species,
especially those that infest crop plants.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Commercial crops are often the targets of attack by
invertebrate pests such as insects. Compositions for controlling
insect infestations in plants have typically been in the form of
chemical insecticides. However, there are several disadvantages to
using chemical insecticides. For example, chemical insecticides are
generally not selective, and applications of chemical insecticides
intended to control insect pests in crop plants can exert their
effects on non-target insects and other invertebrates as well.
Chemical insecticides often persist in the environment and can be
slow to degrade, thus potentially accumulating in the food chain.
Furthermore the use of persistent chemical insecticides can result
in the development of resistance in the target insect species. Thus
there has been a long felt need for more environmentally friendly
methods for controlling or eradicating insect infestation on or in
plants, i. e., methods which are species-selective, environmentally
inert, non-persistent, and biodegradable, and that fit well into
pest resistance management schemes.
[0005] Insecticidal compositions that include Bacillus
thuringiensis ("Bt") bacteria have been commercially available and
used as environmentally safe and acceptable insecticides for more
than thirty years. The effectiveness of these compositions is due
to insecticidal proteins that are produced exclusively by Bt
bacteria. The insecticidal Bt proteins do not persist in the
environment, are highly selective as to the target species
affected, exert their effects only upon ingestion by a target
insect, and have been shown to be harmless to plants and other
non-targeted organisms, including humans and other vertebrates.
Transgenic plants containing one or more recombinant genes encoding
insecticidal Bt proteins are also available in the art and are
resistant to insect pest infestation. One positive environmental
result of the use of transgenic plants expressing Bt proteins is a
decrease in the amount of chemical insecticides that are applied to
control pest infestation in such transgenic crop fields, resulting
in decreased contamination of soil and waters by non-degraded or
excess chemical insecticides. In addition, there has been a
noticeable increase in the numbers of beneficial insects in fields
in which Bt protein-expressing transgenic crop plants are grown
because of the decrease in the use of non-selective chemical
insecticides.
[0006] RNA interference (RNAi, RNA-mediated gene suppression) is
another approach used for pest control. In invertebrates RNAi-based
gene suppression was first demonstrated in nematodes (Fire et al.,
(1998) Nature, 391:806-811; Timmons & Fire (1998) Nature,
395:854). Subsequently, RNAi-based suppression of invertebrate
genes using recombinant nucleic acid techniques has been reported
in a number of species, including agriculturally or economically
important pests from various insect and nematode taxa, such as:
root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.), see Huang et al. (2006)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 103:14302-14306; cotton bollworm
(Helicoverpa armigera), see Mao et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol.,
25:1307-1313; Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
LeConte), see Baum et al. (2007) Nature Biotechnol., 25:1322-1326;
sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachtii), see Sindhu et al.
(2008) J. Exp. Botany, 60:315-324; mosquito (Aedes aegypti), see
Pridgeon et al. (2008) J. Med. Entomol., 45:414-420; fruit flies
(Drosophila melanogaster), flour beetles (Tribolium castaneum), pea
aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum), and tobacco hornworms (Manduca
sexta), see Whyard et al. (2009) Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.,
39:824-832; diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), see Gong et al.
(2011) Pest Manag. Sci., 67: 514-520; green peach aphid (Myzus
persicae), see Pitino et al. (2011) PLoS ONE, 6:e25709; brown
planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens), see Li et al. (2011) Pest Manag.
Sci., 67:852-859; and whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), see Upadhyay et
al. (2011) J. Biosci., 36:153-161.
[0007] This invention is related to methods of controlling insect
pests, in particular Diabrotica spp. which infest crop plants. This
invention is further related to polynucleotides and recombinant DNA
molecules and constructs useful in such methods. This invention is
further related to insecticidal compositions, as well as to
transgenic plants resistant to infestation by Diabrotica spp.
[0008] This invention is also related to methods of selecting
target genes that are likely to represent essential functions,
making these genes preferred targets for RNAi-mediated
silencing.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] This invention is related to control of Diabrotica species,
especially those that are economically or agriculturally important
pests. The compositions and methods of this invention include
recombinant polynucleotide molecules, such as recombinant DNA
constructs for making transgenic plants resistant to infestation by
Diabrotica species and single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA
"triggers" that are useful, e. g., as topically applied agents for
causing RNAi-mediated suppression of a target gene in a Diabrotica
species and thus controlling or preventing infestation by that
Diabrotica species. A particular utility of this invention is
providing maize plants, such as transgenic maize plants expressing
a polynucleotide of this invention, or maize plants that have been
topically treated with a polynucleotide of this invention, that are
resistant to infestation by corn rootworm varieties of Diabrotica
species. Another particular utility of this invention is a
polynucleotide-containing composition that is topically applied to
a Diabrotica species or to a plant to be protected from infestation
by a Diabrotica species. This invention is further related to
methods for selecting preferred Diabrotica target genes that are
more likely to be effective targets for RNAi-mediated control of a
Diabrotica species; examples of such preferred target genes are
genes that are non-repetitive and non-redundant in a Diabrotica
species genome, or that have low nucleotide diversity, or that are
evolutionarily or functionally constrained to have a more
synonymous (K.sub.s) than nonsynonymous (K.sub.a) nucleotide
changes.
[0010] In one aspect, this invention provides a method for
controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant including
contacting the Diabrotica species with a polynucleotide including
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
[0011] In another aspect, this invention provides method for
controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant including
providing in the diet of a Diabrotica species an agent including a
polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof, wherein the agent functions upon ingestion by
the Diabrotica species to inhibit a biological function within the
Diabrotica species thereby controlling infestation by the
Diabrotica species.
[0012] In another aspect, this invention provides a method of
causing mortality or stunting in Diabrotica species larvae
including providing in the diet of Diabrotica species larvae at
least one recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element
essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene
of the Diabrotica species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence
is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the
complement thereof, and wherein ingestion of the recombinant RNA by
the Diabrotica species larvae results in mortality or stunting in
the Diabrotica species larvae.
[0013] In another aspect, this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including topically applying to the plant a
composition including at least one polynucleotide having at least
one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% with a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
[0014] In another aspect, this invention provides a composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species including at least one recombinant
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
[0015] In another aspect, this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including expressing in the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
[0016] In another aspect, this invention provides a recombinant DNA
construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA
including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides
with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0017] In another aspect, this invention provides a transgenic
maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA encoding
RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a Diabrotica
species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the RNA includes
at least one silencing element complementary to the target gene,
and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof.
[0018] In another aspect, this invention provides an isolated
recombinant RNA molecule that causes mortality or stunting of
growth in a Diabrotica species when ingested or contacted by the
Diabrotica species, wherein the recombinant RNA molecule includes
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof.
[0019] In another aspect, this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including providing to the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1.
[0020] In yet a further aspect, this invention provides a method
for controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant
including contacting the Diabrotica species with a polynucleotide
including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1.
[0021] In yet a further aspect, this invention provides a method of
selecting preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated silencing from a
plant genome or from an animal genome. In various embodiments, the
method provides a subset of target genes that are present in
single- or low-copy-number (i. e., non-repetitive and
non-redundant) in a particular genome, or that have low nucleotide
diversity, or that have a ratio of synonymous (K.sub.s) to
nonsynonymous (K.sub.a) nucleotide changes where
K.sub.s>>K.sub.a.
[0022] In related aspects, this invention provides compositions
including the polynucleotide of this invention, such as
formulations useful for topical application to a plant or substance
in need of protection from a Diabrotica species infestation,
recombinant constructs and vectors useful for making transgenic
plant cells and transgenic plants, formulations and coatings useful
for treating seeds, seeds treated with or containing a
polynucleotide of this invention as well as commodity products and
foodstuffs produced from such seeds (especially commodity products
and foodstuffs having a detectable amount of a polynucleotide of
this invention). A further aspect of this invention are polyclonal
or monoclonal antibodies that bind a protein encoded by a sequence
or a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of
SEQ ID NOs:1-450; such antibodies are made by routine methods as
known to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0023] Other aspects and specific embodiments of this invention are
disclosed in the following detailed description.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0024] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms
used have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs.
Generally, the nomenclature used and the manufacturing or
laboratory procedures described below are well known and commonly
employed in the art. Conventional methods are used for these
procedures, such as those provided in the art and various general
references. Where a term is provided in the singular, the inventors
also contemplate aspects of the invention described by the plural
of that term. Where there are discrepancies in terms and
definitions used in references that are incorporated by reference,
the terms used in this application shall have the definitions
given. Other technical terms used have their ordinary meaning in
the art in which they are used, as exemplified by various
art-specific dictionaries, for example, "The American Heritage.RTM.
Science Dictionary" (Editors of the American Heritage Dictionaries,
2011, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston and New York), the
"McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms"
(6.sup.th edition, 2002, McGraw-Hill, New York), or the "Oxford
Dictionary of Biology" (6.sup.th edition, 2008, Oxford University
Press, Oxford and New York). The inventors do not intend to be
limited to a mechanism or mode of action. Reference thereto is
provided for illustrative purposes only.
[0025] Unless otherwise stated, nucleic acid sequences in the text
of this specification are given, when read from left to right, in
the 5' to 3' direction. One of skill in the art would be aware that
a given DNA sequence can be understood to define a corresponding
RNA sequence which is identical to the DNA sequence except for
replacement of the thymine (T) nucleotides of the DNA with uracil
(U) nucleotides. Thus, providing a specific DNA sequence is
understood to define the exact RNA equivalent. A given first
polynucleotide sequence, whether DNA or RNA, further defines the
sequence of its exact complement (which can be DNA or RNA), i. e.,
a second polynucleotide that hybridizes perfectly to the first
polynucleotide by forming Watson-Crick base-pairs. By "essentially
identical" or "essentially complementary" to a target gene or a
segment of a target gene is meant that a polynucleotide strand (or
at least one strand of a double-stranded polynucleotide) is
designed to hybridize (generally under physiological conditions
such as those found in a living plant or animal cell) to a target
gene or to a segment of a target gene or to the transcript of the
target gene or the segment of a target gene; one of skill in the
art would understand that such hybridization does not necessarily
require 100% sequence identity or complementarity. A first nucleic
acid sequence is "operably" connected or "linked" with a second
nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is
placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid
sequence. For example, a promoter sequence is "operably linked" to
DNA if the promoter provides for transcription or expression of the
DNA. Generally, operably linked DNA sequences are contiguous.
[0026] The term "polynucleotide" commonly refers to a DNA or RNA
molecule containing multiple nucleotides and generally refers both
to "oligonucleotides" (a polynucleotide molecule of 18-25
nucleotides in length) and longer polynucleotides of 26 or more
nucleotides. Polynucleotides also include molecules containing
multiple nucleotides including non-canonical nucleotides or
chemically modified nucleotides. Generally, polynucleotides of this
invention, whether DNA or RNA or both, and whether single- or
double-stranded, include at least 18 contiguous nucleotides (or, in
the case of double-stranded polynucleotides, at least 18 contiguous
base-pairs) that are essentially identical or complementary to a
segment of equivalent size of the DNA of a target gene or the
target gene's RNA transcript. Throughout this disclosure, "at least
18 contiguous" means "from about 18 to about 10,000, including
every whole number point in between". Thus, embodiments of this
invention include compositions including oligonucleotides having a
length of 18-25 nucleotides (18-mers, 19-mers, 20-mers, 21-mers,
22-mers, 23-mers, 24-mers, or 25-mers), or medium-length
polynucleotides having a length of 26 or more nucleotides
(polynucleotides of 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37,
38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54,
55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80,
about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120,
about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180,
about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240,
about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, or about 300
nucleotides), or long polynucleotides having a length greater than
about 300 nucleotides (e. g., polynucleotides of between about 300
to about 400 nucleotides, between about 400 to about 500
nucleotides, between about 500 to about 600 nucleotides, between
about 600 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 700 to about 800
nucleotides, between about 800 to about 900 nucleotides, between
about 900 to about 1000 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 500
nucleotides, between about 300 to about 600 nucleotides, between
about 300 to about 700 nucleotides, between about 300 to about 800
nucleotides, between about 300 to about 900 nucleotides, or about
1000 nucleotides in length, or even greater than about 1000
nucleotides in length, for example up to the entire length of a
target gene including coding or non-coding or both coding and
non-coding portions of the target gene). Where a polynucleotide is
double-stranded, its length can be similarly described in terms of
base pairs.
Controlling Diabrotica Infestations by Contacting with a
Polynucleotide
[0027] A first aspect of this invention provides a method for
controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant including
contacting the Diabrotica species with a polynucleotide including
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
[0028] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0029] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0030] The polynucleotide of this invention can be single-stranded
(ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded" refers to the
base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary,
anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded
nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant
conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the
polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting
of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA
(ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA),
a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense
ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be
used.
[0031] In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a
sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,
or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the
contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0032] Polynucleotides of use in this method include at least 18
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at
least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30,
or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0033] The polynucleotide of this invention is generally designed
to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). The term "gene"
refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for
expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A "gene" thus
includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5' untranslated
regions, transcript encoding regions that can include intronic
regions, and 3' untranslated regions. Thus, the target genes can
include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific
embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more
target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various
embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more
genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide
includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and
can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof;
"spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can
optionally be used in between the sections.
[0034] The total length of the polynucleotide of this invention can
be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include
nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can be
greater than the length of the section or segment of the
polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where
each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For example, the polynucleotide can
have nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include
"spacer" nucleotides between active segments, or can have
additional nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both
the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can
include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary
structure.
[0035] In various embodiments the polynucleotide of this invention
consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which
occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide is
a combination of ribonucleotides and deoxyribonucleotides, for
example, synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of
ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal deoxyribonucleotides
or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly of
deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0036] The polynucleotide of this invention is provided by suitable
means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those wherein
the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro
transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other
polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell
culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced
by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial
fermentation.
[0037] In many embodiments the polynucleotide of this invention is
provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an
expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a
promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be
relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded
polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300
nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about
18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded
polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided
in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant
expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for
example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant
baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or
vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as
expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an
insecticidal protein).
[0038] In various embodiments of the method, the contacting
includes application to a surface of the Diabrotica species of a
suitable composition including the polynucleotide of this
invention; such a composition can be provided, e. g., as a solid,
liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and
non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles,
and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated
or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other
carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a
matrix. The contacting can be in the form of a seed treatment.
Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can
optionally be included in the composition, as is known to one
skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In
embodiments, the contacting includes providing the polynucleotide
in a composition that further includes one or more components
selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a
surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth
regulator. In embodiments, the contacting includes providing the
polynucleotide in a composition that further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. In one embodiment the contacting includes providing the
polynucleotide in a composition that can be ingested or otherwise
absorbed internally by the Diabrotica species.
[0039] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide
triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic
improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically
improved prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations.
Controlling Diabrotica Infestations by Providing a Dietary
Polynucleotide
[0040] Another aspect of this invention provides a method for
controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant including
providing in the diet of a Diabrotica species an agent including a
polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof, wherein the agent functions upon ingestion by
the Diabrotica species to inhibit a biological function within the
Diabrotica species thereby controlling infestation by the
Diabrotica species.
[0041] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0042] In various embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide
of this invention includes a microbial cell or is produced in a
microorganism. For example, the agent can include or can be
produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments the
agent including a polynucleotide includes a transgenic plant cell
or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell
transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be
cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell
suspension.
[0043] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0044] In various embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide
of this invention is provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica
species in a form suitable for ingestion, for example, as a solid,
liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and
non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids, micelles,
and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated
or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on microbeads or other
carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or on or within a
matrix. The agent including a polynucleotide can be provided for
dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species by applying the agent to a
plant subject to infestation by the Diabrotica species, for example
by spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a
soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. The agent
including a polynucleotide can be provided for dietary uptake by
the Diabrotica species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the
particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the Diabrotica
species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some
amount of the polynucleotide obtained from a separate source such
as chemical synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation;
this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing
and amounts of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes. In some
embodiments the agent including a polynucleotide is provided for
dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species in the form of a plant
cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a
bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a
synthetic diet. In one embodiment the agent including a
polynucleotide is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by
the Diabrotica species. The agent including a polynucleotide can be
provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species in the form
of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers, surfactants,
and the like can be included in the agent, as is known to one
skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In
embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide further includes
one or more components selected from the group consisting of a
carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide
herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth
regulator. In embodiments, the agent including a polynucleotide
further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected from the
group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid,
a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein,
a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a
Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein.
[0045] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides of use in agents of this invention (e. g., the
polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one
or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a
synergetic improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica
species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically
improved prevention or control of Diabrotica species infestations
when provided to the Diabrotica species in a diet.
[0046] The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention can be
single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded"
refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently
complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a
double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under
physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method
include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected
from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA),
sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid,
anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides
of any of these types can be used.
[0047] In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a
sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,
or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the
contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0048] Polynucleotides of use in agents of this invention include
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides
number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or
between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between
50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between
200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to
the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire
length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The
contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g.,
about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about
65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95,
about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150,
about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210,
about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270,
about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300.
[0049] The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention is
generally designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes").
The term "gene" refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that
provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A
"gene" thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5'
untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include
intronic regions, and 3' untranslated regions. Thus, the target
genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In
specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress
one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various
embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more
genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide
includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and
can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof;
"spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can
optionally be used in between the sections.
[0050] The total length of the polynucleotide of use in agents of
this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and
can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides
having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can
be greater than the length of the section or segment of the
polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where
each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For example, the polynucleotide can
have nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include
"spacer" nucleotides between active segments, or can have
additional nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both
the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can
include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary
structure.
[0051] In various embodiments the polynucleotide of use in agents
of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such
as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the
polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides
consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly
of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0052] The polynucleotide of use in agents of this invention is
provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments
include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized
(e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7
polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a
microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells
grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or
produced by microbial fermentation.
[0053] In many embodiments the polynucleotide of use in agents of
this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not
part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements
such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides
can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded
polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300
nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about
18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded
polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided
in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant
expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for
example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant
baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or
vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as
expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an
insecticidal protein).
Controlling Diabrotica Infestations by Providing a Dietary
Recombinant RNA
[0054] Another aspect of this invention provides a method of
causing mortality or stunting in Diabrotica species larvae
including providing in the diet of Diabrotica species larvae at
least one recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element,
wherein the at least one silencing element is essentially identical
or essentially complementary to a target gene of the Diabrotica
species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from
the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof,
and wherein ingestion of the recombinant RNA by the Diabrotica
species larvae results in mortality or stunting in the Diabrotica
species larvae. A related aspect of this invention is the
recombinant RNA including at least one silencing element, wherein
the at least one silencing element is essentially identical or
essentially complementary to a target gene of the Diabrotica
species larvae, wherein the target gene sequence is selected from
the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement
thereof.
[0055] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0056] In various embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant
RNA includes a microbial cell or is produced in a microorganism.
For example, the diet providing the recombinant RNA can include or
can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar embodiments
the diet providing the recombinant RNA includes a transgenic plant
cell or is produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell
transiently expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be
cells in an plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell
suspension.
[0057] In one embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is
any plant that is subject to infestation by a Diabrotica species,
wherein the recombinant RNA is contained in or on the plant. Such
plants can be stably transgenic plants that express the recombinant
RNA, or non-transgenic plants that transiently express the
recombinant RNA. Stably transgenic plants generally contain
integrated into their genome a recombinant construct that encodes
the recombinant RNA. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein
the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples
include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize,
cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of
interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant
is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative
stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, .
. . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2,
R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of
maize.
[0058] In various embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant
RNA is provided in a form suitable for ingestion by the Diabrotica
species, for example, as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous
mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as
suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. The diet providing the
recombinant RNA can be provided by applying the diet to a plant
subject to infestation by the Diabrotica species, for example by
spraying, dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a
soil drench, or by providing in an artificial diet. In one
embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is provided in
the form of bait that is ingested by the Diabrotica species. The
diet providing the recombinant RNA can be an artificial diet
formulated to meet the particular nutritional requirements for
maintaining the Diabrotica species, wherein the artificial diet is
supplemented with some amount of the recombinant RNA obtained from
a separate source such as chemical synthesis or purified from a
microbial fermentation; this embodiment can be useful, e. g., for
determining the timing and amounts of effective polynucleotide
treatment regimes. In some embodiments the diet providing the
recombinant RNA is provided in the form of a plant cell or in plant
cell components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a
yeast) or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet.
In one embodiment the diet providing the recombinant RNA is
provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the Diabrotica
species. The diet providing the recombinant RNA can be provided in
the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can be included in the diet, as is known
to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In
embodiments, the diet providing the recombinant RNA further
includes one or more components selected from the group consisting
of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In embodiments, the diet providing the
recombinant RNA further includes at least one pesticidal agent
selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a
phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a
Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a
Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein.
[0059] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
recombinant RNAs of this invention (e. g., the dsRNA triggers
described in the working Examples) with one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic
improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
recombinant RNA alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more
recombinant RNAs of this invention and one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically
improved prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0060] The recombinant RNA of this invention can be single-stranded
(ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded" refers to the
base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary,
anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded
nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant
conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the
recombinant RNA is at least one selected from the group consisting
of sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense single-stranded
(ssRNA), or double-stranded RNA (dsRNA); a mixture of recombinant
RNAs of any of these types can be used. In one embodiment a
double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid can be used.
[0061] The at least one recombinant RNA of this invention includes
at least one silencing element, wherein the silencing element is
essentially identical (as the RNA equivalent) or essentially
complementary to a target gene of the Diabrotica species larvae,
wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof. In some
embodiments, the silencing element has a sequence of about 95%,
about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof. In some embodiments the silencing element is
exactly (100%) identical (as the RNA equivalent) to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In some embodiments, the silencing element has an overall sequence
of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with the segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0062] In some embodiments, the silencing element includes at least
18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% with a segment of equivalent length of the target gene. In
some embodiments the silencing element includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the silencing
element includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides, e. g., between
18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or
between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between
100-500, or between 200-1000 contiguous nucleotides. In some
embodiments the silencing element includes more than 18 contiguous
nucleotides, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30,
or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50,
about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about
85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130,
about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190,
about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250,
about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater
than 300 contiguous nucleotides.
[0063] The recombinant RNA of this invention is generally designed
to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such target genes
can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific
embodiments, the recombinant RNA is designed to suppress one or
more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various
embodiments, the recombinant RNA is designed to suppress one or
more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA
includes multiple silencing elements each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
silencing element can be identical or different in size or in
sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target
gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include
multiple silencing elements in tandem or repetitive arrangements,
wherein each silencing element includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof; "spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to
a target gene can optionally be used in between the silencing
elements.
[0064] The total length of the recombinant RNA of this invention
can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include
nucleotides in addition to the silencing element having the
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In other words, the total length of the recombinant RNA can be
greater than the length of the silencing element designed to
suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
For example, the recombinant RNA can have nucleotides flanking the
"active" silencing element of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
that suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer" nucleotides
between active silencing element, or can have additional
nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and
3' ends. In an embodiment, the recombinant RNA can include
additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary
structure.
[0065] In various embodiments the recombinant RNA of this invention
consists of naturally occurring ribonucleotides. In other
embodiments the recombinant RNA is chemically modified, or includes
chemically modified nucleotides. The recombinant RNA is provided by
suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include those
wherein the recombinant RNA is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in
vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or
other polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in
cell culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture),
produced by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial
fermentation.
[0066] In many embodiments the recombinant RNA of this invention is
provided as an isolated RNA fragment. Such RNAs can be relatively
short, such as single- or double-stranded RNAs of between about 18
to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded RNAs) or
between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for
double-stranded RNAs). Alternatively the recombinant RNA can be
provided in more complex constructs, e. g., including additional
RNA encoding an aptamer or ribozyme or an insecticidal protein.
Methods of Providing Plants Having Improved Resistance to
Diabrotica Infestations, and the Plants and Seeds Thus Provided
[0067] Another aspect of this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including topically applying to the plant a
composition including at least one polynucleotide having at least
one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof,
whereby the plant treated with the polynucleotide composition
exhibits improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
relative to an untreated plant. In an embodiment the at least one
polynucleotide includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are
essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
[0068] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0069] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0070] By "topical application" is meant application to the surface
or exterior of an object, such as the surface or exterior of a
plant, such as application to the surfaces of a plant part such as
a leaf, stem, flower, fruit, shoot, root, seed, tuber, flowers,
anthers, or pollen, or application to an entire plant, or to the
above-ground or below-ground portions of a plant. Topical
application can be carried out on non-living surfaces, such as
application to soil, or to a surface or matrix by which a
Diabrotica insect can come in contact with the polynucleotide. In
various embodiments of the method, the composition including at
least one polynucleotide is topically applied to the plant in a
suitable form, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous
mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as
suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in
the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the
composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of
pesticides and seed treatments. In one embodiment the
polynucleotide-containing composition can be ingested or otherwise
absorbed internally by the Diabrotica species. For example, the
polynucleotide-containing composition can be in the form of bait.
In embodiments, the polynucleotide-containing composition further
includes one or more components selected from the group consisting
of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition further
includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and
EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from
Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the
topically applied composition further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal
agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical
application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively
the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing
composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or
concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy
of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant
can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution
containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77, followed by a second topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa.
[0071] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides useful in compositions of this invention (e. g.,
the polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with
one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a
synergetic improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica
species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a transgenic plant expressing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more genes encoding a
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to exhibit
synergistically improved resistance to Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0072] In some embodiments of the method, the composition including
at least one polynucleotide is topically applied to above-ground
parts of the plant, e. g., sprayed or dusted onto leaves, stems,
and flowering parts of the plant. In other embodiments, the
composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically
applied to below-ground parts of the plant, such as to the roots,
e. g., by means of a soil drench. In other embodiments, the
composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically
applied to a seed that is grown into the plant.
[0073] The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention
can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds).
"Double-stranded" refers to the base-pairing that occurs between
sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to
form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under
physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method
include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected
from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA),
sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid,
anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides
of any of these types can be used.
[0074] In various embodiments the polynucleotide useful in
compositions of this invention consists of naturally occurring
nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain
embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides
and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides
consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly
of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0075] The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention
is provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments
include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized
(e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7
polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a
microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells
grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or
produced by microbial fermentation.
[0076] In many embodiments the polynucleotide useful in
compositions of this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or
RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking
additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences).
Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or
double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or
about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or
between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for
double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide
can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a
recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant
vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a
recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression
constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional
elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of
interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein).
[0077] The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention
(i. e., the polynucleotide of this invention that is topically
applied to the plant) has at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In an embodiment the polynucleotide
that is topically applied to the plant includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In
some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having
a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450
or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous
nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In
some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0078] The polynucleotide useful in compositions of this invention
(i. e., the polynucleotide of this invention that is topically
applied to the plant) includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18, e. g., between
18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or
between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between 100-250, or between
100-500, or between 200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater,
for example, up to the entire length of an open reading frame or up
to the entire length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be
suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e.
g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than
30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about
60, about 65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90,
about 95, about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140,
about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200,
about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260,
about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than
300.
[0079] The topically applied polynucleotide is generally designed
to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such target genes
can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific
embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more
target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various
embodiments, the topically applied polynucleotide is designed to
suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed
to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different
regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the
topically applied polynucleotide includes multiple sections or
segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size
or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the
target gene. For example, in one embodiment the topically applied
polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or
repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof; "spacer" nucleotides which do not
correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the
sections.
[0080] The total length of the topically applied polynucleotide can
be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include
nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides having the
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In other words, the total length of the topically applied
polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or
segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more
target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For example, the
topically applied polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the
"active" segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer" nucleotides between
active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5' end,
or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment,
the topically applied polynucleotide can include additional
nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary structure.
[0081] In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
provided by this method which includes topically applying to the
plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide having at
least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof,
whereby the plant treated with the polynucleotide composition
exhibits improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
relative to an untreated plant. In yet another aspect, this
invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed)
produced by the plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation, as provided by this method. Also contemplated
is a commodity product produced by the plant having improved
resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, as provided by this
method, and a commodity product produced from the transgenic
progeny seed of such a plant.
Compositions for Controlling Diabrotica Species
[0082] Another aspect of this invention provides a composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species including at least one recombinant
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In an embodiment the
recombinant polynucleotide has at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In this context "controlling" includes
inducement of a physiological or behavioural change such as, but
not limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in
reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior
or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage
development.
[0083] In various embodiments, the composition for controlling a
Diabrotica species is in the form of at least one selected from the
group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures
such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions,
colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion,
spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on
microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or
on or within a matrix. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can be included in the composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species, as is known to one skilled in
formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the
composition for controlling a Diabrotica species further includes
one or more components selected from the group consisting of a
carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide
herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth
regulator. In one embodiment the composition for controlling a
Diabrotica species further includes a nonionic organosilicone
surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant
having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO.
5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance
Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus
laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus
insecticidal protein.
[0084] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
recombinant polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the
polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one
or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a
synergetic improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica
species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
recombinant polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide
pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing
one or more recombinant polynucleotides of this invention and one
or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically
improved prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0085] The composition for controlling a Diabrotica species can be
provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species by applying
the composition to a plant or surface subject to infestation by the
Diabrotica species, for example by spraying, dusting, or coating
the plant, or by application of a soil drench, or by providing in
an artificial diet. The composition for controlling a Diabrotica
species can be provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica
species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the particular
nutritional requirements for maintaining the Diabrotica species,
wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some amount of the
recombinant polynucleotide obtained from a separate source such as
chemical synthesis or purified from a microbial fermentation; this
embodiment can be useful, e. g., for determining the timing and
amounts of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes. In some
embodiments the composition for controlling a Diabrotica species is
provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species in the form
of a plant cell or in plant cell components, or in a microorganism
(such as a bacterium or a yeast) or a microbial fermentation
product, or in a synthetic diet. In one embodiment the composition
for controlling a Diabrotica species is provided in the form of
bait that is ingested by the Diabrotica species. The composition
for controlling a Diabrotica species can be provided for dietary
uptake by the Diabrotica species in the form of a seed
treatment.
[0086] In various embodiments, the composition for controlling a
Diabrotica species includes a microbial cell or is produced in a
microorganism. For example, the composition for controlling a
Diabrotica species can include or can be produced in bacteria or
yeast cells. In similar embodiments the composition for controlling
a Diabrotica species includes a transgenic plant cell or is
produced in a plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently
expressing the polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an
plant or cells grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension.
[0087] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species to be
controlled is at least one selected from the group consisting of
Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis,
Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica
dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans,
Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata,
Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis, Diabrotica milleri,
Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa, Diabrotica porracea,
Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis,
Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica undecimpunctata, Diabrotica
virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In specific embodiments, the
Diabrotica species is at least one selected from the group
consisting of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Western Corn
Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn
Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),
Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica
balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm
complex (BCR) consisting of Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica
speciosa.
[0088] In some embodiments the Diabrotica species to be controlled
infests a plant. Of particular interest are embodiments wherein the
plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples
include a plant selected from the group consisting of maize,
cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop plant of
interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein the plant
is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a vegetative
stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1, V2, V3, .
. . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage (R1, R2,
R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a field of
maize.
[0089] The recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of
this invention can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds).
"Double-stranded" refers to the base-pairing that occurs between
sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to
form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under
physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method
include those wherein the recombinant polynucleotide is at least
one selected from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA
(ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA
(dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA
hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of
polynucleotides of any of these types can be used.
[0090] The recombinant polynucleotide of the composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides that are essentially identical or complementary to a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In an embodiment the
recombinant polynucleotide has at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof In some embodiments, the contiguous
nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,
about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%)
identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide
has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about
98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with a segment of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
[0091] Recombinant polynucleotides of use in the composition for
controlling a Diabrotica species include at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at least 18,
e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or
between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0092] The recombinant polynucleotide is generally designed to
suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). The term "gene" refers
to any portion of a nucleic acid that provides for expression of a
transcript or encodes a transcript. A "gene" thus includes, but is
not limited to, a promoter region, 5' untranslated regions,
transcript encoding regions that can include intronic regions, and
3' untranslated regions. Thus, the target genes can include coding
or non-coding sequence or both. In specific embodiments, the
polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more target genes,
where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various embodiments, the
polynucleotide is designed to suppress one or more genes, where
each gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ
ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from
this group, or to target different regions of one or more of these
genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide includes multiple
sections or segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof. In such cases, each section can be identical or
different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense
relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the
polynucleotide can include multiple sections in tandem or
repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof; "spacer" nucleotides which do not
correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the
sections.
[0093] The total length of the recombinant polynucleotide useful in
compositions of this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous
nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in addition to the
contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the
polynucleotide can be greater than the length of the section or
segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more
target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For example, the
polynucleotide can have nucleotides flanking the "active" segment
of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target
gene, or include "spacer" nucleotides between active segments, or
can have additional nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or
at both the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide
can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing
secondary structure.
[0094] In various embodiments the recombinant polynucleotide useful
in compositions of this invention consists of naturally occurring
nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain
embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides
and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides
consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly
of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0095] The recombinant polynucleotide useful in compositions of
this invention is provided by suitable means known to one in the
art. Embodiments include those wherein the polynucleotide is
chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as
transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced
by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant
or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a
plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation.
[0096] In many embodiments the recombinant polynucleotide is
provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not part of an
expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements such as a
promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides can be
relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded
polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300
nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about
18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded
polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided
in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant
expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for
example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant
baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or
vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as
expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an
insecticidal protein).
Methods of Providing Plants Having Improved Resistance to
Diabrotica Species Infestations, and the Plants and Seeds Thus
Provided
[0097] Another aspect of this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including expressing in the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, whereby the resulting plant
has improved resistance to a Diabrotica species when compared to a
control plant in which the polynucleotide is not expressed. In an
embodiment the method includes expressing in the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. By "expressing a polynucleotide in the
plant" is generally meant "expressing an RNA transcript in the
plant". However, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can also
be DNA, e. g., a DNA produced in the plant during genome
replication.
[0098] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0099] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0100] The method includes expressing at least one polynucleotide
in a plant. In many embodiments, a first polynucleotide can be
provided to a plant in the form of DNA (e. g., in the form of an
isolated DNA molecule, or as an expression construct, or as a
transformation vector), and the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant is a second polynucleotide (an RNA transcript) in the plant.
In an embodiment, the polynucleotide is expressed in the plant by
transgenic expression, i. e., by stably integrating the
polynucleotide into the plant's genome from where it can be
expressed in a cell or cells of the plant. In an embodiment, a
first polynucleotide (e. g., a recombinant DNA construct including
a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA silencing element
for suppressing a target gene selected from the group consisting of
the genes identified in Table 1) is stably integrated into the
plant's genome from where secondarily produced polynucleotides (e.
g., an RNA transcript including the RNA silencing element for
suppressing the target gene) can be expressed in a cell or cells of
the plant. Methods of providing stably transformed plant are
provided in the section headed "Making and Using Transgenic Plant
Cells and Transgenic Plants".
[0101] In another embodiment the polynucleotide of use in methods
of this invention is expressed by transient expression. In such
embodiments the method can include a step of introducing a
polynucleotide into the plant by routine techniques known in the
art. For example, transient expression can be accomplished by
infiltration of a polynucleotide solution using a needle-less
syringe into a leaf of a plant.
[0102] In some embodiments where the polynucleotide of use in
methods of this invention is expressed by transient expression, a
first polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or
DNA or both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second
polynucleotide is transiently expressed in the plant. In
embodiments, the first polynucleotide is one or more selected from:
(a) a single-stranded RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded
RNA molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA
molecule, (c) a double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a
single-stranded DNA molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA
molecule that self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA
molecule, (f) a single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified
Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a
double-stranded DNA molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA
molecule including a modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to
an RNA molecule, and (i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA
molecule, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, a first
polynucleotide is introduced into the plant by topical application
to the plant of a polynucleotide-containing composition in a
suitable form, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous
mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as
suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in
the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the
composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of
pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the
polynucleotide-containing composition further includes one or more
components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a
surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth
regulator. In one embodiment the composition further includes a
nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g.,
Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA
Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from
Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the
topically applied composition further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal
agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical
application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively
the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing
composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or
concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy
of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant
can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution
containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77, followed by a second topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa.
[0103] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide
triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic
improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a transgenic plant expressing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more genes encoding a
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to exhibit
synergistically improved resistance to Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0104] In embodiments where the polynucleotide of use in methods of
this invention is expressed by transient expression, a first
polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or
both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide
is transiently expressed in the plant; the site of application of
the first polynucleotide need not be the same site where the second
polynucleotide is transiently expressed. For example, a first
polynucleotide can be provided to a plant by topical application
onto a leaf, or by injection into a stem, and the second
polynucleotide can be transiently expressed elsewhere in the plant,
e. g., in the roots or throughout the plant. In some embodiments of
the method, a composition including at least one polynucleotide is
topically applied to above-ground parts of the plant, e. g.,
sprayed or dusted onto leaves, stems, and flowering parts of the
plant. In other embodiments, a composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to below-ground parts of the
plant, such as to the roots, e. g., by means of a soil drench. In
other embodiments, a composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to a seed that is grown into
the plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation.
[0105] The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention can
be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded"
refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently
complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a
double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under
physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method
include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected
from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA),
sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid,
anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides
of any of these types can be used.
[0106] In some embodiments a first polynucleotide (DNA or RNA or
both) is provided to a plant and a second polynucleotide having a
sequence corresponding to the first polynucleotide is subsequently
expressed in the plant. In such embodiments the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant is an RNA transcript which can be ssRNA or
dsRNA or both. In some embodiments where the polynucleotide is
expressed by transient expression, a first polynucleotide is
provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA,
and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide is transiently
expressed in the plant. In embodiments, the first polynucleotide
may be one or more of the following: (a) a single-stranded RNA
molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that
self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a
double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA
molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that
self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, (f) a
single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that
is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA
molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a
modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, and
(i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations
thereof. In various embodiments the first polynucleotide consists
of naturally occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in
DNA and RNA. In other embodiments the first polynucleotide is
chemically modified, or includes chemically modified nucleotides.
The first polynucleotide is provided by suitable means known to one
in the art. Embodiments include those wherein the first
polynucleotide is chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro
transcription, such as transcription using a T7 polymerase or other
polymerase), produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell
culture (such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced
by expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial
fermentation. The first polynucleotide can be provided as an RNA or
DNA fragment. Alternatively the first polynucleotide can be
provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a
recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant
vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a
recombinant baculovirus vector; such recombinant expression
constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional
elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of
interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein).
[0107] In many embodiments the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant is an isolated RNA fragment and can be relatively short, such
as single- or double-stranded RNAs of between about 18 to about 200
or about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded RNAs) or between
about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded
RNAs).
[0108] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant has at least one
segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In an
embodiment the polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In
some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA having
a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450
or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous
nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In
some embodiments, the polynucleotide has an overall sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0109] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at least
18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at
least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30,
or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0110] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant is generally
designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such
target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In
specific embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is
designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target
gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ
ID NOs:1-450. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed
in the plant is designed to suppress one or more genes, where each
gene has a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress multiple genes from this
group, or to target different regions of one or more of these
genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant
includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and
can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant can include multiple sections in tandem or repetitive
arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof; "spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to
a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections.
[0111] The total length of the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can
include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides
having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant can be greater than the length of the
section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to suppress one
or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For
example, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can have
nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer"
nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional
nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and
3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing
secondary structure.
[0112] In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
provided by expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide
including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450, whereby the resulting plant has improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species infestation when compared to a control plant in
which the polynucleotide is not expressed. In a related aspect,
this invention is directed to the plant having improved resistance
to a Diabrotica species infestation, provided by expressing in the
plant at least one polynucleotide including at least one segment of
18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof, whereby the resulting
plant has improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation
when compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not
expressed. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to
seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, as
provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product
produced by the plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity
product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a
plant.
Recombinant DNA Constructs for Controlling a Diabrotica Species
[0113] Another aspect of this invention provides a recombinant DNA
construct including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA
including at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides
with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
The recombinant DNA constructs are useful in providing a plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, e.
g., by expressing in a plant a transcript of such a recombinant DNA
construct. The recombinant DNA constructs are also useful in the
manufacture of polynucleotides useful in making compositions that
can be applied to a plant or surface in need of protection from a
Diabrotica species infestation.
[0114] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a
heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one
segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In
some embodiments, the segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides
has a sequence with about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%,
about 99%, or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In
some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%)
identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the DNA has an
overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%,
about 99%, or about 100% identity with a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof.
[0115] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention therefore
includes a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including
at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides designed
to suppress expression of a target gene having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof. The contiguous nucleotides of the segment number at least
18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30, or
between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0116] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a
heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA generally designed to
suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such target genes can
include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In specific
embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is designed to suppress
one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various
embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct is designed to suppress
one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to
suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different
regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the
recombinant DNA construct includes a heterologous promoter operably
linked to multiple sections or segments each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and
can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the recombinant DNA construct can
include a heterologous promoter operably linked to multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof;
"spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can
optionally be used in between the sections.
[0117] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a
heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA which can have a total
length that is greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can
include nucleotides in addition to the segment of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the
DNA can be greater than the length of the segment of the DNA
designed to suppress one or more target genes, where each target
gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ
ID NOs:1-450. For example, the DNA can have nucleotides flanking
the "active" segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer" nucleotides between
active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the 5' end,
or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment,
the DNA can include or encode additional nucleotides that provide
stabilizing secondary structure.
[0118] In recombinant DNA constructs of this invention, the
heterologous promoter is operably linked to DNA that encodes a
transcript that can be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds)
or a combination of both. Embodiments of the method include those
wherein the DNA encodes a transcript including sense
single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense ssRNA, or double-stranded
RNA (dsRNA), or a combination of any of these.
[0119] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention is provided
by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include
those wherein the recombinant DNA construct is synthesized in
vitro, produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture
(such as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by
expression in a plant cell, or produced by microbial
fermentation.
[0120] The heterologous promoter of use in recombinant DNA
constructs of this invention is selected from the group consisting
of a promoter functional in a plant, a promoter functional in a
prokaryote, a promoter functional in a fungal cell, and a
baculovirus promoter. Non-limiting examples of promoters are
described in the section headed "Promoters".
[0121] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this
invention includes a second promoter also operably linked to the
DNA. For example, the DNA including at least one segment of 18 or
more contiguous nucleotides can be flanked by two promoters
arranged so that the promoters transcribe in opposite directions
and in a convergent manner, yielding opposite-strand transcripts of
the DNA that are complementary to and capable of hybridizing with
each other to form double-stranded RNA. In one embodiment, the DNA
is located between two root-specific promoters, which enable
transcription of the DNA in opposite directions, resulting in the
formation of dsRNA.
[0122] In some embodiments the recombinant DNA construct of this
invention includes other DNA elements in addition to the
heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including at least one
segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. Such
DNA elements are known in the art, and include but are not limited
to introns, recombinase recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes,
additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing
coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an
insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences
(e. g., to express additional suppression elements). Inclusion of
one or more recognition sites for binding and cleavage by a small
RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is expressed only in a
particular cell or tissue) allows for more precise expression
patterns in a plant, wherein the expression of the recombinant DNA
construct is suppressed where the small RNA is expressed.
[0123] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this
invention is provided in a recombinant vector. By "recombinant
vector" is meant a recombinant polynucleotide molecule that is used
to transfer genetic information from one cell to another.
Embodiments suitable to this invention include, but are not limited
to, recombinant plasmids, recombinant cosmids, artificial
chromosomes, and recombinant viral vectors such as recombinant
plant virus vectors and recombinant baculovirus vectors.
[0124] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct of this
invention is provided in a plant chromosome or plastid, e. g., in a
transgenic plant cell or a transgenic plant. Thus, also encompassed
by this invention is a transgenic plant cell having in its genome
the recombinant DNA construct, as well as a transgenic plant or
partially transgenic plant including such a transgenic plant cell.
Partially transgenic plants include, e. g., a non-transgenic scion
grafted onto a transgenic rootstock including the transgenic plant
cell. In various embodiments the plant is a row crop plant or a
vegetable crop plant. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed
to seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the
transgenic plant having in its genome a recombinant DNA construct
of this invention. Also contemplated is a commodity product
produced by such a transgenic plant, and a commodity product
produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a transgenic
plant.
[0125] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention can be
provided in a composition for topical application to a surface of a
plant or of a plant seed, or for topical application to any
substrate needing protection from a Diabrotica species infestation.
Likewise, the recombinant DNA construct can be provided in a
composition for topical application to a Diabrotica species, or in
a composition for ingestion by a Diabrotica species. In various
embodiments, such compositions containing the recombinant DNA
construct are provided in the form of at least one selected from
the group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous
mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as
suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Suitable binders,
inert carriers, surfactants, and the like can be included in the
composition containing the recombinant DNA construct, as is known
to one skilled in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In
embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant DNA
construct further includes one or more components selected from the
group consisting of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an
organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide
pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth regulator. In one
embodiment the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct
further includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as
Silwet, e. g., Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number
27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently
available from Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In
embodiments, the composition containing the recombinant DNA
construct further includes at least one pesticidal agent selected
from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a
phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein.
[0126] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
recombinant DNA constructs of this invention (e. g., recombinant
DNA constructs including the polynucleotide triggers described in
the working Examples), whether transgenically expressed or
topically applied, with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal
agents, whether transgenically expressed or topically applied, will
result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or control of
Diabrotica species infestations, when compared to the effect
obtained with the recombinant DNA constructs alone or the
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. In an embodiment, a
recombinant DNA construct for expressing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention as well as one or more genes
encoding a non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the
group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid,
a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to provide
synergistically improved resistance to Diabrotica species
infestations in plants expressing the recombinant DNA
construct.
[0127] The composition containing the recombinant DNA construct of
this invention can be provided for dietary uptake by a Diabrotica
species by applying the composition to a plant or surface subject
to infestation by the Diabrotica species, for example by spraying,
dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench,
or by providing in an artificial diet. The composition containing
the recombinant DNA construct can be provided for dietary uptake by
a Diabrotica species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the
particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the Diabrotica
species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some
amount of the recombinant DNA construct obtained from a separate
source such as in vitro synthesis or purified from a microbial
fermentation or other biological source; this embodiment can be
useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective
treatment regimes. In some embodiments the composition containing
the recombinant DNA construct is provided for dietary uptake by the
Diabrotica species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell
components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast)
or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one
embodiment the composition containing the recombinant DNA construct
is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the Diabrotica
species. The composition containing the recombinant DNA construct
can be provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species in the
form of a seed treatment.
[0128] In various embodiments, the composition containing the
recombinant DNA construct of this invention includes a microbial
cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the
composition for containing the recombinant DNA construct can
include or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar
embodiments the composition containing the recombinant DNA
construct includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a
plant cell (for example a plant cell transiently expressing the
polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells
grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension.
[0129] The recombinant DNA construct of this invention is
particularly useful for making plants having improved resistance to
a Diabrotica infestation as well as for making compositions for
controlling a Diabrotica species. In various embodiments, the
Diabrotica species to be controlled is at least one selected from
the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica barberi,
Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica
curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula,
Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae,
Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis,
Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa,
Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa,
Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
Transgenic Maize Plant Cells
[0130] Another aspect of this invention provides a plant cell
expressing any of the recombinant DNA constructs of this invention.
Such plant cells include, for example: a transgenic maize plant
cell expressing a polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a
polynucleotide having at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a
recombinant RNA comprising at least one silencing element
essentially identical or essentially complementary to a target gene
of said Diabrotica species larvae, wherein said target gene
sequence is selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450
or the complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant cell expressing
a polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450; a transgenic maize plant cell
expressing a recombinant DNA construct comprising a heterologous
promoter operably linked to DNA comprising at least one segment of
18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof; a transgenic maize plant
cell expressing a recombinant DNA encoding RNA that suppresses
expression of a target gene in a Diabrotica species that contacts
or ingests said RNA, wherein said RNA comprises at least one
silencing element complementary to said target gene, and wherein
said target gene sequence is selected from the group consisting of
SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof; a transgenic maize
plant cell expressing a recombinant RNA molecule comprises at least
18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially complementary to a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof; or a transgenic maize plant cell expressing a
polynucleotide comprising at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. Such plant cells are
useful in providing a plant having improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species infestation when compared to a control plant
lacking such plant cells. The plant cell can be an isolated plant
cell, or a plant cell grown in culture, or a cell of any plant that
is subject to infestation by a Diabrotica species. Of particular
interest are embodiments wherein the plant cell is a cell of a row
crop plant or a vegetable crop plant. Examples include a plant cell
selected from the group consisting cells of maize, cucumber,
squash, soybeans, and dry beans. Of particular interest is a cell
of maize plants, and embodiments include those wherein the plant
cell is a cell of an ungerminated maize seed, or of a maize plant
in a vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e.,
VE, V1, V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or of a maize plant in a
reproductive stage (R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment
includes cells of maize plants in a field of maize.
[0131] In an embodiment, the recombinant DNA is stably integrated
into the plant's genome from where it can be expressed in a cell or
cells of the plant according to this invention. Methods of
providing stably transformed plants are provided in the section
headed "Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic
Plants". Thus, one specific aspect of this invention provides a
transgenic maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA
encoding RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a
Diabrotica species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the
RNA includes at least one silencing element complementary to the
target gene, and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from
the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof.
Such transgenic maize plant cells are useful in providing a maize
plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation when compared to a control maize plant lacking such
transgenic maize plant cells.
[0132] Where embodiments where the plant cell of this invention is
used in providing a plant exhibiting improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species, the Diabrotica species is at least one selected
from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata, Diabrotica
barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata, Diabrotica
curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica elegantula,
Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica hispanolae,
Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica longicornis,
Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica occlusa,
Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica speciosa,
Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0133] One specific aspect of this invention provides a transgenic
maize plant cell having in its genome a recombinant DNA encoding
RNA that suppresses expression of a target gene in a Diabrotica
species that contacts or ingests the RNA, wherein the RNA includes
at least one silencing element complementary to the target gene,
and wherein the target gene sequence is selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the complement thereof. In
embodiments, the RNA element includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof. In embodiments, the RNA element includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides capable of hybridizing in vivo or
of hybridizing under physiological conditions (e. g., such as
physiological conditions normally found in the cells of a
Diabrotica species) to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450.
[0134] The RNA element useful in plant cells of this invention can
include sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) or anti-sense ssRNA
(where "sense" and "anti-sense" is in reference to the coding
sequences of a target gene such as those with a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450), or can include
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or any combination of these. The RNA
element useful in plant cells of this invention includes at least
18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides number at
least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30,
or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0135] The RNA element useful in plant cells of this invention is
generally designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes").
Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or
both. In specific embodiments, the RNA element is designed to
suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In
various embodiments, the RNA element is designed to suppress one or
more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the RNA element
includes multiple sections or segments each of which includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In such cases, each
section can be identical or different in size or in sequence, and
can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the RNA element can include multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof;
"spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can
optionally be used in between the sections.
[0136] The total length of the transcript of the recombinant DNA
construct useful in plant cells of this invention can be greater
than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can include nucleotides in
addition to the RNA element having the sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total
length of the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct can be
greater than the length of the RNA element designed to suppress one
or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. For
example, the transcript of the recombinant DNA construct can have
nucleotides flanking the "active" RNA element of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include
"spacer" nucleotides between active segments, or can have
additional nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both
the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment, the transcript of the
recombinant DNA construct can include additional nucleotides that
provide stabilizing secondary structure.
[0137] The transcript of the recombinant DNA construct useful in
plant cells of this invention has at least one RNA element of 18 or
more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In an embodiment the RNA element
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450. In some embodiments, the contiguous nucleotides have a
sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%,
or about 100% identity with the segment of equivalent length of a
DNA having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments the
contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%) identical to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In some embodiments, the RNA element has an overall sequence of
about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about
100% identity with a segment of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof.
[0138] In embodiments, the plant cell is further capable expressing
additional heterologous DNA sequences. For example, a transgenic
maize plant cell can have a genome that further includes
recombinant DNA encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected
from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a
phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein.
[0139] In a related aspect, this invention is directed to a plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
such as a transgenic maize plant including a transgenic maize plant
cell expressing a recombinant DNA construct encoding an RNA element
for suppressing one or more target genes with a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In yet another
aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially transgenic
progeny seed) produced by the transgenic maize plant having
improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, as
provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product
produced by the transgenic maize plant having improved resistance
to a Diabrotica species infestation, as provided by this method,
and a commodity product produced from the transgenic progeny seed
of such a transgenic maize plant.
Recombinant RNA Molecules for Controlling Diabrotica Species
[0140] Another aspect of this invention provides a recombinant RNA
molecule that causes mortality or stunting of growth in a
Diabrotica species when ingested or contacted by the Diabrotica
species, wherein the recombinant RNA molecule includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that are essentially complementary to a
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof. In one embodiment the recombinant RNA molecule includes at
least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In this context "controlling" includes inducement of a
physiological or behavioural change such as, but not limited to,
growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in reproductive
capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior or movement,
or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage development.
Generally the recombinant RNA molecule has been isolated, that is,
substantially purified from a mixture such as from a fermentation
or from an in vitro synthesis mixture. Such a purified recombinant
RNA molecule can of course be combined with other components to
form compositions wherein the recombinant RNA molecule is an active
agent, or can be combined with other nucleic acid elements, e. g.,
in a chimeric RNA molecule.
[0141] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is useful in
the manufacture of compositions that can be applied to a plant or
other surface in need of protection from a Diabrotica species
infestation. The recombinant RNA molecule is useful in the
manufacture of compositions for controlling a Diabrotica species
that contacts or ingests such a composition. In various
embodiments, the Diabrotica species to be controlled is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0142] Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule of this
invention include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof. In some embodiments, the segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides has a sequence with about 95%, about 96%,
about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity with the
segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement
thereof. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly
(100%) identical to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having
a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450
or the DNA complement thereof. In some embodiments, the DNA has an
overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%,
about 99%, or about 100% identity with a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof.
[0143] Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule of this
invention include at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous
nucleotides designed to suppress expression of a target gene having
a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450
or the DNA complement thereof. The contiguous nucleotides of the
segment number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28,
or between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between
50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between
200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to
the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire
length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The
contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g.,
about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about
65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95,
about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150,
about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210,
about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270,
about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300.
[0144] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is generally
designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such
target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In
specific embodiments, the recombinant RNA molecule is designed to
suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In
various embodiments, the recombinant RNA molecule is designed to
suppress one or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected
from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, and can be designed
to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target different
regions of one or more of these genes. Embodiments of the
recombinant RNA molecule include at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides having a sequence designed to suppress one
or more genes, where each gene has a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In an embodiment, the
recombinant RNA molecule includes multiple sections or segments
each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In such cases, each section can be identical or different in size
or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the
target gene. For example, in one embodiment the recombinant RNA
molecule includes multiple sections in tandem or repetitive
arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence
selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA
complement thereof; "spacer" nucleotides which do not correspond to
a target gene can optionally be used in between the sections.
[0145] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can have a
total length that is greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and
can include nucleotides in addition to the segment of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides having the sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA having a
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or
the DNA complement thereof. In other words, the total length of the
recombinant RNA molecule can be greater than the length of the
segment of the recombinant RNA molecule which is designed to
suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene has a DNA
sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
For example, the recombinant RNA molecule can have nucleotides
flanking the "active" segment of at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
that suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer" nucleotides
between active segments, or can have additional nucleotides at the
5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and 3' ends. In an
embodiment, the recombinant RNA molecule can include or encode
additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary
structure.
[0146] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can be
single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds) or a combination of
both. Embodiments of the recombinant RNA molecule include sense
single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), anti-sense ssRNA, or double-stranded
RNA (dsRNA), or a combination of any of these.
[0147] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention is provided
by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments include
those wherein the recombinant RNA molecule is synthesized in vitro,
produced by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such
as plant or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression
in a plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation.
[0148] In some embodiments the recombinant RNA molecule of this
invention includes other RNA elements, such as RNA aptamers or
ribozymes, additional non-coding RNA (e. g., additional suppression
elements), or one or more recognition sites for binding and
cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA that is
expressed only in a particular cell or tissue).
[0149] The recombinant RNA molecule of this invention can be
provided in a composition for topical application to a surface of a
plant or of a plant seed, or for topical application to any
substrate needing protection from a Diabrotica species infestation.
Likewise, the recombinant RNA molecule can be provided in a
composition for topical application to a Diabrotica species, or in
a composition for ingestion by a Diabrotica species. In various
embodiments, such compositions containing the recombinant RNA
molecule are provided in the form of at least one selected from the
group consisting of a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures
such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions,
colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion,
spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on
microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or
on or within a matrix. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can included in the composition
containing the recombinant RNA molecule, as is known to one skilled
in formulation of pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments,
the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule further
includes one or more components selected from the group consisting
of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition containing the
recombinant RNA molecule further includes a nonionic organosilicone
surfactant such as Silwet, e. g., Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant
having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO.
5905-50073-AA, currently available from Momentive Performance
Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the composition containing
the recombinant RNA molecule further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus
laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus
insecticidal protein.
[0150] The composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule of
this invention can be provided for dietary uptake by a Diabrotica
species by applying the composition to a plant or surface subject
to infestation by the Diabrotica species, for example by spraying,
dusting, or coating the plant, or by application of a soil drench,
or by providing in an artificial diet. The composition containing
the recombinant RNA molecule can be provided for dietary uptake by
a Diabrotica species in an artificial diet formulated to meet the
particular nutritional requirements for maintaining the Diabrotica
species, wherein the artificial diet is supplemented with some
amount of the recombinant RNA molecule obtained from a separate
source such as in vitro synthesis or purified from a microbial
fermentation or other biological source; this embodiment can be
useful, e. g., for determining the timing and amounts of effective
treatment regimes. In some embodiments the composition containing
the recombinant RNA molecule is provided for dietary uptake by the
Diabrotica species in the form of a plant cell or in plant cell
components, or in a microorganism (such as a bacterium or a yeast)
or a microbial fermentation product, or in a synthetic diet. In one
embodiment the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule
is provided in the form of bait that is ingested by the Diabrotica
species. The composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule
can be provided for dietary uptake by the Diabrotica species in the
form of a seed treatment.
[0151] In various embodiments, the composition containing the
recombinant RNA molecule of this invention includes a microbial
cell or is produced in a microorganism. For example, the
composition for containing the recombinant RNA molecule can include
or can be produced in bacteria or yeast cells. In similar
embodiments the composition containing the recombinant RNA molecule
includes a transgenic plant cell or is produced in a plant cell
(for example a plant cell transiently expressing the
polynucleotide); such plant cells can be cells in an plant or cells
grown in tissue culture or in cell suspension.
Methods of Providing Plants Having Improved Resistance to
Diabrotica Species Infestations, and the Plants and Seeds Thus
Provided
[0152] Another aspect of this invention provides a method of
providing a plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation including providing to the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. Embodiments of these
target genes are identified by name in Table 1 and include genes
having a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID
NOs:1-450, as well as related genes including orthologues from
related insect species, for example related genes from other
Diabrotica species, Tribolium species, or other related genera.
Examples of such target genes include the Tribolium castaneum genes
listed in Table 1.
[0153] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0154] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0155] In one embodiment the method includes topically applying to
the plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide
including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1, whereby the plant treated with the
polynucleotide composition exhibits improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species infestation, relative to an untreated plant.
[0156] By "topical application" is meant application to the surface
or exterior of an object, such as the surface or exterior of a
plant, such as application to the surfaces of a plant part such as
a leaf, stem, flower, fruit, shoot, root, seed, tuber, flowers,
anthers, or pollen, or application to an entire plant, or to the
above-ground or below-ground portions of a plant. Topical
application can be carried out on non-living surfaces, such as
application to soil, or to a surface or matrix by which a
Diabrotica insect can come in contact with the polynucleotide. In
various embodiments of the method, the composition including at
least one polynucleotide is topically applied to the plant in a
suitable form, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including homogeneous
mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures such as
suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. Topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in
the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the
composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of
pesticides and seed treatments. In one embodiment the
polynucleotide-containing composition can be ingested or otherwise
absorbed internally by the Diabrotica species. For example, the
polynucleotide-containing composition can be in the form of bait.
In embodiments, the polynucleotide-containing composition further
includes one or more components selected from the group consisting
of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In one embodiment the composition further
includes a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and
EPA Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from
Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the
topically applied composition further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal
agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical
application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively
the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing
composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or
concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy
of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant
can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution
containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77, followed by a second topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa.
[0157] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides of this invention (e. g., the polynucleotide
triggers described in the working Examples) with one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a synergetic
improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica species
infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a composition containing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to effect synergistically
improved prevention or control of Diabrotica species infestations
when topically applied to a plant.
[0158] In some embodiments of the method of this invention, the
composition including at least one polynucleotide is topically
applied to above-ground parts of the plant, e. g., sprayed or
dusted onto leaves, stems, and flowering parts of the plant. In
other embodiments, the composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to below-ground parts of the
plant, such as to the roots, e. g., by means of a soil drench. In
other embodiments, the composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to a seed that is grown into
the plant.
[0159] In embodiments, the method of this invention includes
topically applying to the plant a composition including at least
one polynucleotide including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
that are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. The polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant can be single-stranded (ss) or
double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded" refers to the base-pairing
that occurs between sufficiently complementary, anti-parallel
nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded nucleic acid
structure, generally under physiologically relevant conditions.
Embodiments of the method include those wherein the polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant is at least one selected from the
group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense
single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid,
anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides
of any of these types can be used.
[0160] In various embodiments of this invention the polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant consists of naturally occurring
nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain
embodiments, the polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides
and deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides
consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly
of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0161] The polynucleotide topically applied to the plant is
provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments
include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized
(e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7
polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a
microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells
grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or
produced by microbial fermentation.
[0162] In many embodiments of this invention the polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant is provided as an isolated DNA or
RNA fragment (not part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking
additional elements such as a promoter or terminator sequences).
Such polynucleotides can be relatively short, such as single- or
double-stranded polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or
about 300 nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or
between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for
double-stranded polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide
can be provided in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a
recombinant expression construct, or included in a recombinant
vector, for example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a
recombinant baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression
constructs or vectors can be designed to include additional
elements, such as expression cassettes for expressing a gene of
interest (e. g., an insecticidal protein).
[0163] The polynucleotide topically applied to the plant has at
least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides that are
essentially identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting
of the genes identified in Table 1, or that have a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting
of the genes identified in Table 1. In an embodiment the
polynucleotide topically applied to the plant includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the contiguous
nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,
about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity or complementarity
with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly
(100%) identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length
of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the
polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%,
about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of a DNA of a target gene selected
from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1.
[0164] The polynucleotide topically applied to the plant includes
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting
of the genes identified in Table 1. The contiguous nucleotides
number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or
between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between
50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between
200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to
the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire
length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The
contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g.,
about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about
65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95,
about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150,
about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210,
about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270,
about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300.
[0165] The polynucleotide topically applied to the plant is
generally designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes").
Such target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or
both. In specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to
suppress one or more target genes selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. In embodiments, each
target gene has a DNA sequence selected from the group consisting
of SEQ ID NOs:1-450. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant is designed to suppress one or more
genes, where each gene is selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide
topically applied to the plant includes multiple sections or
segments each of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides
with a sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In such cases, each section can be identical
or different in size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense
relative to the target gene. For example, in one embodiment the
polynucleotide topically applied to the plant can include multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the
group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1; "spacer"
nucleotides which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally
be used in between the sections.
[0166] The total length of the polynucleotide topically applied to
the plant can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can
include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides
having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In other words, the total length of the
polynucleotide topically applied to the plant can be greater than
the length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed
to suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene is
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. For example, the polynucleotide topically applied to the plant
can have nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include
"spacer" nucleotides between active segments, or can have
additional nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both
the 5' and 3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide topically
applied to the plant can include additional nucleotides that
provide stabilizing secondary structure.
[0167] In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
provided by this method which includes topically applying to the
plant a composition including at least one polynucleotide including
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical
or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1, whereby the plant treated with the
polynucleotide composition exhibits improved resistance to a
Diabrotica species infestation, relative to an untreated plant. In
yet another aspect, this invention is directed to seed (especially
transgenic progeny seed) produced by the plant having improved
resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, as provided by this
method. Also contemplated is a commodity product produced by the
plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity product
produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a plant.
[0168] In another embodiment the method of this invention includes
expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide including at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1, whereby the plant expressing the
polynucleotide exhibits improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation, relative to an plant not expressing the
polynucleotide. In an embodiment the method includes expressing in
the plant at least one polynucleotide including at least one
segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the
group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. By "expressing
a polynucleotide in the plant" is generally meant "expressing an
RNA transcript in the plant". However, the polynucleotide expressed
in the plant can also be DNA, e. g., a DNA produced in the plant
during genome replication.
[0169] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0170] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0171] In some embodiments of the method including expressing at
least one polynucleotide in a plant, a first polynucleotide can be
provided to a plant in the form of DNA (e. g., in the form of an
isolated DNA molecule, or as an expression construct, or as a
transformation vector), and the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant is a second polynucleotide (an RNA transcript) in the plant.
In an embodiment, the polynucleotide is expressed in the plant by
transgenic expression, i. e., by stably integrating the
polynucleotide into the plant's genome from where it can be
expressed in a cell or cells of the plant. In an embodiment, a
first polynucleotide (e. g., a recombinant DNA construct including
a promoter operably linked to DNA encoding an RNA silencing element
for suppressing a target gene selected from the group consisting of
the genes identified in Table 1) is stably integrated into the
plant's genome from where secondarily produced polynucleotides (e.
g., an RNA transcript including the RNA silencing element for
suppressing the target gene) can be expressed in a cell or cells of
the plant. Methods of providing stably transformed plant are
provided in the section headed "Making and Using Transgenic Plant
Cells and Transgenic Plants".
[0172] In another embodiment of this invention the polynucleotide
is expressed by transient expression. In such embodiments the
method can include a step of introducing a polynucleotide into the
plant by routine techniques known in the art. For example,
transient expression can be accomplished by infiltration of a
polynucleotide solution using a needle-less syringe into a leaf of
a plant.
[0173] In some embodiments of this invention where the
polynucleotide is expressed by transient expression, a first
polynucleotide is provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or
both RNA and DNA, and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide
is transiently expressed in the plant. In embodiments, the first
polynucleotide is one or more selected from: (a) a single-stranded
RNA molecule (ssRNA), (b) a single-stranded RNA molecule that
self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded RNA molecule, (c) a
double-stranded RNA molecule (dsRNA), (d) a single-stranded DNA
molecule (ssDNA), (e) a single-stranded DNA molecule that
self-hybridizes to form a double-stranded DNA molecule, (f) a
single-stranded DNA molecule including a modified Pol III gene that
is transcribed to an RNA molecule, (g) a double-stranded DNA
molecule (dsDNA), (h) a double-stranded DNA molecule including a
modified Pol III gene that is transcribed to an RNA molecule, and
(i) a double-stranded, hybridized RNA/DNA molecule, or combinations
thereof. In embodiments, a first polynucleotide is introduced into
the plant by topical application to the plant of a
polynucleotide-containing composition in a suitable form, e. g., as
a solid, liquid (including homogeneous mixtures such as solutions
and non-homogeneous mixtures such as suspensions, colloids,
micelles, and emulsions), powder, suspension, emulsion, spray,
encapsulated or micro-encapsulation formulation, in or on
microbeads or other carrier particulates, in a film or coating, or
on or within a matrix. Topical application of the
polynucleotide-containing composition to the plant can be in the
form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the
composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of
pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the
polynucleotide-containing composition further includes one or more
components selected from the group consisting of a carrier agent, a
surfactant, an organosilicone, a polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect growth
regulator. In one embodiment the composition further includes a
nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e. g.,
Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA
Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, currently available from
Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments, the
topically applied composition further includes at least one
pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a patatin, a
plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. Alternatively such additional components or pesticidal
agents can be provided separately, e. g., by separate topical
application or by transgenic expression in the plant. Alternatively
the plant is topically treated with the polynucleotide-containing
composition as well as with a separate (preceding, following, or
concurrent) application of a substance that improves the efficacy
of the polynucleotide-containing composition. For example, a plant
can be sprayed with a first topical application of a solution
containing a nonionic organosilicone surfactant such as Silwet, e.
g., Silwet.RTM. L-77, followed by a second topical application of
the polynucleotide-containing composition, or vice-versa.
[0174] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
polynucleotides useful in methods of this invention (e. g., the
polynucleotide triggers described in the working Examples) with one
or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents will result in a
synergetic improvement in prevention or control of Diabrotica
species infestations, when compared to the effect obtained with the
polynucleotide alone or the non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent
alone. In an embodiment, a transgenic plant expressing one or more
polynucleotides of this invention and one or more genes encoding a
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent selected from the group
consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a
Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus
insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus
sphearicus insecticidal protein, is found to exhibit
synergistically improved resistance to Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0175] In embodiments of this invention where the polynucleotide is
expressed by transient expression, a first polynucleotide is
provided to a plant in the form of RNA or DNA or both RNA and DNA,
and a secondarily produced second polynucleotide is transiently
expressed in the plant; the site of application of the first
polynucleotide need not be the same site where the second
polynucleotide is transiently expressed. For example, a first
polynucleotide can be provided to a plant by topical application
onto a leaf, or by injection into a stem, and the second
polynucleotide can be transiently expressed elsewhere in the plant,
e. g., in the roots or throughout the plant. In some embodiments of
the method, a composition including at least one polynucleotide is
topically applied to above-ground parts of the plant, e. g.,
sprayed or dusted onto leaves, stems, and flowering parts of the
plant. In other embodiments, a composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to below-ground parts of the
plant, such as to the roots, e. g., by means of a soil drench. In
other embodiments, a composition including at least one
polynucleotide is topically applied to a seed that is grown into
the plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation.
[0176] The topically applied polynucleotide can be single-stranded
(ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded" refers to the
base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently complementary,
anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a double-stranded
nucleic acid structure, generally under physiologically relevant
conditions. Embodiments of the method include those wherein the
polynucleotide is at least one selected from the group consisting
of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), sense single-stranded RNA
(ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA),
a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid, anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense
ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides of any of these types can be
used.
[0177] In some embodiments of this invention a first polynucleotide
(DNA or RNA or both) is topically applied to a plant and a second
polynucleotide having a sequence corresponding to the first
polynucleotide is subsequently expressed in the plant. In such
embodiments the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is an RNA
transcript which can be ssRNA or dsRNA or both. In various
embodiments the first polynucleotide consists of naturally
occurring nucleotides, such as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In
other embodiments the first polynucleotide is chemically modified,
or includes chemically modified nucleotides. The first
polynucleotide is provided by suitable means known to one in the
art. Embodiments include those wherein the first polynucleotide is
chemically synthesized (e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as
transcription using a T7 polymerase or other polymerase), produced
by expression in a microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant
or insect cells grown in culture), produced by expression in a
plant cell, or produced by microbial fermentation. The first
polynucleotide can be provided as an RNA or DNA fragment.
Alternatively the first polynucleotide can be provided in more
complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant expression
construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for example in a
recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant baculovirus
vector; such recombinant expression constructs or vectors can be
designed to include additional elements, such as expression
cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an insecticidal
protein).
[0178] In many embodiments of this invention the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant is an isolated RNA fragment and can be
relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded RNAs of
between about 18 to about 200 or about 300 nucleotides (for
single-stranded RNAs) or between about 18 to about 200 or about 300
base-pairs (for double-stranded RNAs).
[0179] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant has at least one
segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment
of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the
group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. In an
embodiment the polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at
least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the contiguous
nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,
about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity or complementarity
with the segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. In some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly
(100%) identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length
of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the
polynucleotide has an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%,
about 97%, about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of a DNA of a target gene selected
from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1.
[0180] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant includes at least
18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about
100% identity or complementarity with a segment of equivalent
length of a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting
of the genes identified in Table 1. The contiguous nucleotides
number at least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or
between 20-30, or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between
50-100, or between 100-250, or between 100-500, or between
200-1000, or between 500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to
the entire length of an open reading frame or up to the entire
length of a gene or nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The
contiguous nucleotides can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21,
22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g.,
about 35, about 40, about 45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about
65, about 70, about 75, about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95,
about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150,
about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210,
about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270,
about 280, about 290, about 300, or greater than 300.
[0181] The polynucleotide expressed in the plant is generally
designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes"). Such
target genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In
specific embodiments, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant is
designed to suppress one or more target genes, where at least one
target gene is selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant is designed to suppress one or more genes,
where each target gene is selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1, and can be designed to suppress
multiple genes from this group, or to target different regions of
one or more of these genes. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant includes multiple sections or segments each
of which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity
with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a target gene
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. In such cases, each section can be identical or different in
size or in sequence, and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the
target gene. For example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide
expressed in the plant can include multiple sections in tandem or
repetitive arrangements, wherein each section includes at least 18
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity or complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of
a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1; "spacer" nucleotides which do not
correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in between the
sections.
[0182] The total length of the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and can
include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides
having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In other words, the total length of the
polynucleotide expressed in the plant can be greater than the
length of the section or segment of the polynucleotide designed to
suppress one or more target genes, where each target gene is
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. For example, the polynucleotide expressed in the plant can have
nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer"
nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional
nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and
3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide expressed in the
plant can include additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing
secondary structure.
[0183] In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
provided by expressing in the plant at least one polynucleotide
including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1, whereby the resulting plant has
improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation when
compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not
expressed. In a related aspect, this invention is directed to the
plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species
infestation, provided by expressing in the plant at least one
polynucleotide including at least one segment of 18 or more
contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to about 100%
identity or complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of
a DNA of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1, whereby the resulting plant has
improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation when
compared to a control plant in which the polynucleotide is not
expressed. In yet another aspect, this invention is directed to
seed (especially transgenic progeny seed) produced by the plant
having improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation, as
provided by this method. Also contemplated is a commodity product
produced by the plant having improved resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation, as provided by this method, and a commodity
product produced from the transgenic progeny seed of such a
plant.
Methods of Controlling Diabrotica Species Infestations of a
Plant
[0184] Another aspect of this invention provides a method for
controlling a Diabrotica species infestation of a plant including
contacting the Diabrotica species with a polynucleotide including
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical
or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a target gene
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. Embodiments of these target genes are identified by name in
Table 1 and include genes having a sequence selected from the group
consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, as well as related genes including
orthologues from related insect species, for example, related genes
from other Diabrotica species, Tribolium species, or other related
coleopteran genera. Examples of such related genes include the
Tribolium castaneum genes listed in Table 1. In this context
"controlling" includes inducement of a physiological or behavioural
change such as, but not limited to, growth stunting, increased
mortality, decrease in reproductive capacity, decrease in or
cessation of feeding behavior or movement, or decrease in or
cessation of metamorphosis stage development.
[0185] In various embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least
one selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica balteata,
Diabrotica barberi, Diabrotica beniensis, Diabrotica cristata,
Diabrotica curvipustulata, Diabrotica dissimilis, Diabrotica
elegantula, Diabrotica emorsitans, Diabrotica graminea, Diabrotica
hispanolae, Diabrotica lemniscata, Diabrotica linsleyi, Diabrotica
longicornis, Diabrotica milleri, Diabrotica nummularis, Diabrotica
occlusa, Diabrotica porracea, Diabrotica scutellata, Diabrotica
speciosa, Diabrotica tibialis, Diabrotica trifasciata, Diabrotica
undecimpunctata, Diabrotica virgifera, and Diabrotica viridula. In
specific embodiments, the Diabrotica species is at least one
selected from the group consisting of Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera (Western Corn Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata
howardii (Southern Corn Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi
(Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR), Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican
Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm,
BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm complex (BCR) consisting of
Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica speciosa.
[0186] The plant can be any plant that is subject to infestation by
a Diabrotica species. Of particular interest are embodiments
wherein the plant is a row crop plant or a vegetable crop plant.
Examples include a plant selected from the group consisting of
maize, cucumber, squash, soybeans, and dry beans. One row crop
plant of interest is maize, and embodiments include those wherein
the plant is an ungerminated maize seed, or a maize plant in a
vegetative stage (from emergence to tasseling stage, i. e., VE, V1,
V2, V3, . . . , V(n), VT), or a maize plant in a reproductive stage
(R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6). One embodiment includes maize plants in a
field of maize.
[0187] The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention can
be single-stranded (ss) or double-stranded (ds). "Double-stranded"
refers to the base-pairing that occurs between sufficiently
complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to form a
double-stranded nucleic acid structure, generally under
physiologically relevant conditions. Embodiments of the method
include those wherein the polynucleotide is at least one selected
from the group consisting of sense single-stranded DNA (ssDNA),
sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA),
double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), a double-stranded DNA/RNA hybrid,
anti-sense ssDNA, or anti-sense ssRNA; a mixture of polynucleotides
of any of these types can be used.
[0188] The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that are essentially
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the contiguous
nucleotides have a sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%,
about 98%, about 99%, or about 100% identity or complementarity
with the segment of equivalent length of a target gene selected
from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. In
some embodiments the contiguous nucleotides are exactly (100%)
identical or complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide has
an overall sequence of about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%,
about 99%, or about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment
of equivalent length of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1.
[0189] Polynucleotides of use in methods of this invention include
at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of about 95% to
about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment of equivalent
length of a target gene selected from the group consisting of the
genes identified in Table 1. The contiguous nucleotides number at
least 18, e. g., between 18-24, or between 18-28, or between 20-30,
or between 20-50, or between 20-100, or between 50-100, or between
100-250, or between 100-500, or between 200-1000, or between
500-2000, or even greater, for example, up to the entire length of
an open reading frame or up to the entire length of a gene or
nucleotide sequence to be suppressed. The contiguous nucleotides
can number more than 18, e. g., 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27,
28, 29, 30, or greater than 30, e. g., about 35, about 40, about
45, about 50, about 55, about 60, about 65, about 70, about 75,
about 80, about 85, about 90, about 95, about 100, about 110, about
120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about
180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about
240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about
300, or greater than 300.
[0190] The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention is
generally designed to suppress one or more genes ("target genes").
The term "gene" refers to any portion of a nucleic acid that
provides for expression of a transcript or encodes a transcript. A
"gene" thus includes, but is not limited to, a promoter region, 5'
untranslated regions, transcript encoding regions that can include
intronic regions, and 3' untranslated regions. Thus, the target
genes can include coding or non-coding sequence or both. In
specific embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to suppress
one or more target genes, where at least one target gene is
selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in Table
1. In various embodiments, the polynucleotide is designed to
suppress one or more genes, where each gene is selected from the
group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1, and can be
designed to suppress multiple genes from this group, or to target
different regions of one or more of these genes. In an embodiment,
the polynucleotide includes multiple sections or segments each of
which includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence
of about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a
segment of equivalent length of a target gene selected from the
group consisting of the genes identified in Table 1. In such cases,
each section can be identical or different in size or in sequence,
and can be sense or anti-sense relative to the target gene. For
example, in one embodiment the polynucleotide can include multiple
sections in tandem or repetitive arrangements, wherein each section
includes at least 18 contiguous nucleotides with a sequence of
about 95% to about 100% identity or complementarity with a segment
of equivalent length of a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1; "spacer" nucleotides
which do not correspond to a target gene can optionally be used in
between the sections.
[0191] The total length of the polynucleotide of use in methods of
this invention can be greater than 18 contiguous nucleotides, and
can include nucleotides in addition to the contiguous nucleotides
having the sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity or
complementarity with a segment of equivalent length of a target
gene selected from the group consisting of the genes identified in
Table 1. In other words, the total length of the polynucleotide can
be greater than the length of the section or segment of the
polynucleotide designed to suppress one or more target genes, where
each target gene is selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1. For example, the polynucleotide can have
nucleotides flanking the "active" segment of at least 18 contiguous
nucleotides that suppresses the target gene, or include "spacer"
nucleotides between active segments, or can have additional
nucleotides at the 5' end, or at the 3' end, or at both the 5' and
3' ends. In an embodiment, the polynucleotide can include
additional nucleotides that provide stabilizing secondary
structure.
[0192] In various embodiments the polynucleotide of use in methods
of this invention consists of naturally occurring nucleotides, such
as those which occur in DNA and RNA. In certain embodiments, the
polynucleotide is a combination of ribonucleotides and
deoxyribonucleotides, for example, synthetic polynucleotides
consisting mainly of ribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
deoxyribonucleotides or synthetic polynucleotides consisting mainly
of deoxyribonucleotides but with one or more terminal
dideoxyribonucleotides. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide
includes non-canonical nucleotides such as inosine, thiouridine, or
pseudouridine. In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide includes
chemically modified nucleotides. Examples of chemically modified
oligonucleotides or polynucleotides are well known in the art; see,
for example, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0171287, U.S. Patent
Publication 2011/0171176, U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152353,
U.S. Patent Publication 2011/0152346, and U.S. Patent Publication
2011/0160082, which are herein incorporated by reference.
Illustrative examples include, but are not limited to, the
naturally occurring phosphodiester backbone of an oligonucleotide
or polynucleotide which can be partially or completely modified
with phosphorothioate, phosphorodithioate, or methylphosphonate
internucleotide linkage modifications, modified nucleoside bases or
modified sugars can be used in oligonucleotide or polynucleotide
synthesis, and oligonucleotides or polynucleotides can be labeled
with a fluorescent moiety (e. g., fluorescein or rhodamine) or
other label (e. g., biotin).
[0193] The polynucleotide of use in methods of this invention is
provided by suitable means known to one in the art. Embodiments
include those wherein the polynucleotide is chemically synthesized
(e. g., by in vitro transcription, such as transcription using a T7
polymerase or other polymerase), produced by expression in a
microorganism or in cell culture (such as plant or insect cells
grown in culture), produced by expression in a plant cell, or
produced by microbial fermentation.
[0194] In many embodiments the polynucleotide of use in methods of
this invention is provided as an isolated DNA or RNA fragment (not
part of an expression construct, i. e., lacking additional elements
such as a promoter or terminator sequences). Such polynucleotides
can be relatively short, such as single- or double-stranded
polynucleotides of between about 18 to about 200 or about 300
nucleotides (for single-stranded polynucleotides) or between about
18 to about 200 or about 300 base-pairs (for double-stranded
polynucleotides). Alternatively the polynucleotide can be provided
in more complex constructs, e. g., as part of a recombinant
expression construct, or included in a recombinant vector, for
example in a recombinant plant virus vector or in a recombinant
baculovirus vector. Such recombinant expression constructs or
vectors can be designed to include additional elements, such as
expression cassettes for expressing a gene of interest (e. g., an
insecticidal protein).
[0195] In various embodiments of the method, the contacting
includes application to a surface of the Diabrotica species of a
suitable composition including the polynucleotide; such a
composition can be provided, e. g., as a solid, liquid (including
homogeneous mixtures such as solutions and non-homogeneous mixtures
such as suspensions, colloids, micelles, and emulsions), powder,
suspension, emulsion, spray, encapsulated or micro-encapsulation
formulation, in or on microbeads or other carrier particulates, in
a film or coating, or on or within a matrix. The contacting can be
in the form of a seed treatment. Suitable binders, inert carriers,
surfactants, and the like can optionally be included in the
composition, as is known to one skilled in formulation of
pesticides and seed treatments. In embodiments, the contacting
includes providing the polynucleotide in a composition that further
includes one or more components selected from the group consisting
of a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In embodiments, the contacting includes providing
the polynucleotide in a composition that further includes at least
one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of a
patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus
laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus
insecticidal protein. In one embodiment the contacting includes
providing the polynucleotide in a composition that can be ingested
or otherwise absorbed internally by the Diabrotica species.
Methods of Selecting Target Genes
[0196] Another aspect of this invention provides a method of
selecting preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated silencing. In an
embodiment, the method provides a subset of target genes that are
present in single- or low-copy-number (i. e., non-repetitive and
non-redundant) in a particular genome. Such preferred target genes
can be genes from a plant genome or genes from an animal genome. In
embodiments, the preferred target genes are genes of an
invertebrate pest, e. g. an invertebrate pest of a plant or an
invertebrate pest of a vertebrate. In embodiments, the preferred
target genes are genes of an insect pest of a plant or a nematode
pest of a plant. In embodiments, the preferred target genes are
genes of a Diabrotica species. Further aspects of this invention
include manufacturing a polynucleotide of this invention (e. g., an
ssRNA or dsRNA trigger, such as the dsRNA triggers described in the
working Examples, or a recombinant DNA construct of this invention
useful for making transgenic plants) based on preferred target
genes for RNAi-mediated silencing selected by any of the methods
described herein.
[0197] In an embodiment, the method includes the step of
identifying single- or low-copy-number genes in the chosen genome,
or alternatively to identify single- or low-copy-number genes in an
orthologous database from related organisms to predict which genes
will be single/low copy in the chosen organism. Low-copy genes, and
in particular single-copy genes, are selected as preferred targets
for RNAi-mediated silencing. In one embodiment, the identification
of single- or low-copy-number genes is carried out by sequence
comparison between a set of genes from a first species and a set of
genes from a second species, wherein the set of genes from a second
species have been identified as single- or low-copy-number in the
second species. In one embodiment, the identification of single- or
low-copy-number genes is carried out by applying an algorithm
performed by a computer to a set of genes from a first species to
identify a subset of single- or low-copy-number genes in the set of
genes from the first species, then comparing a set of genes from a
second species to the subset of single- or low-copy-number genes
from the first species to identify corresponding single- or
low-copy-number genes from the second species. The single- or
low-copy-number genes from the second species are useful as
preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated silencing; the sequences
of these preferred target genes are used for designing
polynucleotides (e. g., an ssRNA or dsRNA trigger, such as the
dsRNA triggers described in the working Examples, or recombinant
DNA constructs for making transgenic plants) and methods of use
thereof for preventing or controlling infestations by the second
species.
[0198] Embodiments of the method include a further step of
estimating nucleotide diversity for low-/single-copy genes in a
population of the chosen organism and selecting those
low-/single-copy genes that further have the lowest nucleotide
diversity. Low-/single-copy genes that further have low nucleotide
diversity are selected as preferred targets for RNAi-mediated
silencing.
[0199] Embodiments of the method include a further step of
comparing the ratio of synonymous (K.sub.s) to nonsynonymous
(K.sub.a) nucleotide changes as an estimate of functional or
evolutionary constraint. In an embodiment, the method includes the
step of selecting genes where K.sub.s is at least equal to or
greater than K.sub.a. In an embodiment, the method includes the
step of selecting genes where K.sub.s>>K.sub.a.
[0200] A related aspect of this invention is a set of preferred
target genes for RNAi-mediated silencing identified from a genome
by any of the gene selection methods described herein. An
embodiment includes a set of preferred target genes for
RNAi-mediated silencing selected from a genome by identifying
single- or low-copy-number target genes from a larger set of genes
from that genome. One embodiment includes a set of preferred target
genes for RNAi-mediated silencing selected from an invertebrate
genome by identifying single- or low-copy-number target genes from
a larger set of genes from that invertebrate genome. A specific
embodiment includes a set of preferred target genes for
RNAi-mediated silencing in a Diabrotica species selected from a
Diabrotica genome by identifying single- or low-copy-number target
genes from a larger set of genes from that Diabrotica genome.
[0201] Another embodiment includes a set of preferred target genes
for RNAi-mediated silencing selected from a genome by estimating
nucleotide diversity for a given set of genes in a population of
individuals of the species having that genome, and selecting those
genes that have the lowest nucleotide diversity. One embodiment
includes a set of preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated
silencing selected from an invertebrate genome by estimating
nucleotide diversity for a given set of genes in a population of
individuals of the invertebrate having that genome, and selecting
those genes that have the lowest nucleotide diversity. Another
embodiment includes a set of preferred target genes for
RNAi-mediated silencing selected from an invertebrate genome by
estimating nucleotide diversity for low-/single-copy genes in a
population of individuals of the invertebrate having that genome,
and selecting those low-/single-copy genes that further have the
lowest nucleotide diversity.
[0202] Another embodiment includes a set of preferred target genes
for RNAi-mediated silencing selected from a genome by comparing the
ratio of synonymous (K.sub.s) to nonsynonymous (K.sub.a) nucleotide
changes in genes of that genome and selecting genes where K.sub.s
is at least equal to or greater than K.sub.a. In an embodiment, the
set of preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated silencing are genes
where K.sub.s is at least equal to or greater than K.sub.a. In an
embodiment, the set of preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated
silencing are genes where K.sub.s>>K.sub.a. An embodiment
includes a set of preferred target genes for RNAi-mediated
silencing selected from an invertebrate genome and where
K.sub.s>>K.sub.a for the selected genes.
[0203] In an embodiment, the single- or low-copy-number target
genes are a subset of target genes of a first invertebrate species
selected from a larger set of genes from the first invertebrate
species, wherein the selection is by a sequence comparison
performed by a computer between the larger set of genes from the
first invertebrate species and a set of genes from a second
invertebrate species that have been identified as single- or
low-copy-number in the second invertebrate species. In a specific
embodiment, the single- or low-copy-number target genes are a
subset of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera target genes selected from
a larger set of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera target genes,
wherein the selection is by a sequence comparison performed by a
computer between the larger set of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
target genes and a set of genes from a second invertebrate species
that have been identified as single- or low-copy-number in the
second invertebrate species. The preferred Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera single- or low-copy-number target genes selected by the
method are particularly useful in making polynucleotides of this
invention, including recombinant DNA constructs useful, e. g., for
providing plants having increased resistance to a Diabrotica
species infestation, and isolated recombinant RNA molecules useful,
e. g., in making compositions for topical treatment of a plant or
Diabrotica species to provide prevention or control of a Diabrotica
species infestations. In an embodiment, preferred Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera single- or low-copy-number target genes
selected by the method are genes having a sequence selected from
the group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450.
[0204] A further aspect of this invention are polyclonal or
monoclonal antibodies that bind a protein encoded by a sequence or
a fragment of a sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ
ID NOs:1-450; such antibodies are made by routine methods as known
to one of ordinary skill in the art, for example using routine
protocols as described in "Antibody Methods and Protocols"
(Proetzel and Ebersbach, editors, 2012, Humana Press, New York) or
"Making and Using Antibodies" (Howard and Kaser, editors, 2006, CRC
Press, Boca Raton).
Related Techniques
[0205] Embodiments of the polynucleotides and nucleic acid
molecules of this invention can include additional elements, such
as promoters, small RNA recognition sites, aptamers or ribozymes,
additional and additional expression cassettes for expressing
coding sequences (e. g., to express a transgene such as an
insecticidal protein or selectable marker) or non-coding sequences
(e. g., to express additional suppression elements). For example,
an aspect of this invention provides a recombinant DNA construct
including a heterologous promoter operably linked to DNA including
at least one segment of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides with a
sequence of about 95% to about 100% identity with a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450 or the DNA complement thereof.
In another embodiment, a recombinant DNA construct including a
promoter operably linked to DNA encoding: (a) an RNA silencing
element for suppressing a target gene selected from the group
consisting of the genes identified in Table 1), and (b) an aptamer,
is stably integrated into the plant's genome from where RNA
transcripts including the RNA aptamer and the RNA silencing element
are expressed in cells of the plant; the aptamer serves to guide
the RNA silencing element to a desired location in the cell. In
another embodiment, inclusion of one or more recognition sites for
binding and cleavage by a small RNA (e. g., by a miRNA or an siRNA
that is expressed only in a particular cell or tissue) allows for
more precise expression patterns in a plant, wherein the expression
of the recombinant DNA construct is suppressed where the small RNA
is expressed. Such additional elements are described below.
Promoters
[0206] Promoters of use in the invention are functional in the cell
in which the construct is intended to be transcribed. Generally
these promoters are heterologous promoters, as used in recombinant
constructs, i. e., they are not in nature found to be operably
linked to the other nucleic elements used in the constructs of this
invention. In various embodiments, the promoter is selected from
the group consisting of a constitutive promoter, a spatially
specific promoter, a temporally specific promoter, a
developmentally specific promoter, and an inducible promoter. In
many embodiments the promoter is a promoter functional in a plant,
for example, a pol II promoter, a pol III promoter, a pol IV
promoter, or a pol V promoter.
[0207] Non-constitutive promoters suitable for use with the
recombinant DNA constructs of this invention include spatially
specific promoters, temporally specific promoters, and inducible
promoters. Spatially specific promoters can include organelle-,
cell-, tissue-, or organ-specific promoters (e. g., a
plastid-specific, a root-specific, a pollen-specific, or a
seed-specific promoter for expression in plastids, roots, pollen,
or seeds, respectively). In many cases a seed-specific,
embryo-specific, aleurone-specific, or endosperm-specific promoter
is especially useful. Temporally specific promoters can include
promoters that tend to promote expression during certain
developmental stages in a plant's growth cycle, or during different
times of day or night, or at different seasons in a year. Inducible
promoters include promoters induced by chemicals or by
environmental conditions such as, but not limited to, biotic or
abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit or drought, heat, cold, high
or low nutrient or salt levels, high or low light levels, or pest
or pathogen infection). MicroRNA promoters are useful, especially
those having a temporally specific, spatially specific, or
inducible expression pattern; examples of miRNA promoters, as well
as methods for identifying miRNA promoters having specific
expression patterns, are provided in U.S. Patent Application
Publications 2006/0200878, 2007/0199095, and 2007/0300329, which
are specifically incorporated herein by reference. An
expression-specific promoter can also include promoters that are
generally constitutively expressed but at differing degrees or
"strengths" of expression, including promoters commonly regarded as
"strong promoters" or as "weak promoters".
[0208] Promoters of particular interest include the following
examples: an opaline synthase promoter isolated from T-DNA of
Agrobacterium; a cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter; enhanced
promoter elements or chimeric promoter elements such as an enhanced
cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter linked to an enhancer
element (an intron from heat shock protein 70 of Zea mays); root
specific promoters such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,837,848; 6,437,217 and 6,426,446; a maize L3 oleosin promoter
disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,433,252; a promoter for a plant
nuclear gene encoding a plastid-localized aldolase disclosed in
U.S. Patent Application Publication 2004/0216189; cold-inducible
promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,084,089; salt-inducible
promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,140,078; light-inducible
promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,714; pathogen-inducible
promoters disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,252,138; and water
deficit-inducible promoters disclosed in U.S. Patent Application
Publication 2004/0123347 A1. All of the above-described patents and
patent publications disclosing promoters and their use, especially
in recombinant DNA constructs functional in plants are incorporated
herein by reference.
[0209] Plant vascular- or phloem-specific promoters of interest
include a rolC or rolA promoter of Agrobacterium rhizogenes, a
promoter of a Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA gene 5, the rice
sucrose synthase RSs1 gene promoter, a Commelina yellow mottle
badnavirus promoter, a coconut foliar decay virus promoter, a rice
tungro bacilliform virus promoter, the promoter of a pea glutamine
synthase GS3A gene, a invCD111 and invCD141 promoters of a potato
invertase genes, a promoter isolated from Arabidopsis shown to have
phloem-specific expression in tobacco by Kertbundit et al. (1991)
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 88:5212-5216, a VAHOX1 promoter
region, a pea cell wall invertase gene promoter, an acid invertase
gene promoter from carrot, a promoter of a sulfate transporter gene
Sultr1;3, a promoter of a plant sucrose synthase gene, and a
promoter of a plant sucrose transporter gene.
[0210] Promoters suitable for use with a recombinant DNA construct
or polynucleotide of this invention include polymerase II ("pol
II") promoters and polymerase III ("pol III") promoters. RNA
polymerase II transcribes structural or catalytic RNAs that are
usually shorter than 400 nucleotides in length, and recognizes a
simple run of T residues as a termination signal; it has been used
to transcribe siRNA duplexes (see, e. g., Lu et al. (2004) Nucleic
Acids Res., 32:e171). Pol II promoters are therefore preferred in
certain embodiments where a short RNA transcript is to be produced
from a recombinant DNA construct of this invention. In one
embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes a pol II
promoter to express an RNA transcript flanked by self-cleaving
ribozyme sequences (e. g., self-cleaving hammerhead ribozymes),
resulting in a processed RNA, such as a single-stranded RNA that
binds to the transcript of the Diabrotica target gene, with defined
5' and 3' ends, free of potentially interfering flanking sequences.
An alternative approach uses pol III promoters to generate
transcripts with relatively defined 5' and 3' ends, i. e., to
transcribe an RNA with minimal 5' and 3' flanking sequences. In
some embodiments, Pol III promoters (e. g., U6 or H1 promoters) are
preferred for adding a short AT-rich transcription termination site
that results in 2 base-pair overhangs (UU) in the transcribed RNA;
this is useful, e. g., for expression of siRNA-type constructs. Use
of pol III promoters for driving expression of siRNA constructs has
been reported; see van de Wetering et al. (2003) EMBO Rep., 4:
609-615, and Tuschl (2002) Nature Biotechnol., 20: 446-448.
[0211] The promoter element can include nucleic acid sequences that
are not naturally occurring promoters or promoter elements or
homologues thereof but that can regulate expression of a gene.
Examples of such "gene independent" regulatory sequences include
naturally occurring or artificially designed RNA sequences that
include a ligand-binding region or aptamer (see "Aptamers", below)
and a regulatory region (which can be cis-acting). See, for
example, Isaacs et al. (2004) Nat. Biotechnol., 22:841-847, Bayer
and Smolke (2005) Nature Biotechnol., 23:337-343, Mandal and
Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463, Davidson and
Ellington (2005) Trends Biotechnol., 23:109-112, Winkler et al.
(2002) Nature, 419:952-956, Sudarsan et al. (2003) RNA, 9:644-647,
and Mandal and Breaker (2004) Nature Struct. Mol. Biol., 11:29-35.
Such "riboregulators" could be selected or designed for specific
spatial or temporal specificity, for example, to regulate
translation of DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing
a Diabrotica target gene only in the presence (or absence) of a
given concentration of the appropriate ligand. One example is a
riboregulator that is responsive to an endogenous ligand (e. g.,
jasmonic acid or salicylic acid) produced by the plant when under
stress (e. g., abiotic stress such as water, temperature, or
nutrient stress, or biotic stress such as attach by pests or
pathogens); under stress, the level of endogenous ligand increases
to a level sufficient for the riboregulator to begin transcription
of the DNA that encodes a silencing element for suppressing a
Diabrotica target gene.
Recombinase Sites
[0212] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding one or more
site-specific recombinase recognition sites. In one embodiment, the
recombinant DNA construct includes at least a pair of loxP sites,
wherein site-specific recombination of DNA between the loxP sites
is mediated by a Cre recombinase. The position and relative
orientation of the loxP sites is selected to achieve the desired
recombination; for example, when the loxP sites are in the same
orientation, the DNA between the loxP sites is excised in circular
form. In another embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes
DNA encoding one loxP site; in the presence of Cre recombinase and
another DNA with a loxP site, the two DNAs are recombined.
Aptamers
[0213] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA that is processed to
an RNA aptamer, that is, an RNA that binds to a ligand through
binding mechanism that is not primarily based on Watson-Crick
base-pairing (in contrast, for example, to the base-pairing that
occurs between complementary, anti-parallel nucleic acid strands to
form a double-stranded nucleic acid structure). See, for example,
Ellington and Szostak (1990) Nature, 346:818-822. Examples of
aptamers can be found, for example, in the public Aptamer Database,
available on line at aptamer.icmb.utexas.edu (Lee et al. (2004)
Nucleic Acids Res., 32(1):D95-100). Aptamers useful in the
invention can, however, be monovalent (binding a single ligand) or
multivalent (binding more than one individual ligand, e. g.,
binding one unit of two or more different ligands).
[0214] Ligands useful in the invention include any molecule (or
part of a molecule) that can be recognized and be bound by a
nucleic acid secondary structure by a mechanism not primarily based
on Watson-Crick base pairing. In this way, the recognition and
binding of ligand and aptamer is analogous to that of antigen and
antibody, or of biological effector and receptor. Ligands can
include single molecules (or part of a molecule), or a combination
of two or more molecules (or parts of a molecule), and can include
one or more macromolecular complexes (e. g., polymers, lipid
bilayers, liposomes, cellular membranes or other cellular
structures, or cell surfaces). Examples of specific ligands include
vitamins such as coenzyme B.sub.12 and thiamine pyrophosphate,
flavin mononucleotide, guanine, adenosine, S-adenosylmethionine,
S-adenosylhomocysteine, coenzyme A, lysine, tyrosine, dopamine,
glucosamine-6-phosphate, caffeine, theophylline, antibiotics such
as chloramphenicol and neomycin, herbicides such as glyphosate and
dicamba, proteins including viral or phage coat proteins and
invertebrate epidermal or digestive tract surface proteins, and
RNAs including viral RNA, transfer-RNAs (t-RNAs), ribosomal RNA
(rRNA), and RNA polymerases such as RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
(RdRP). One class of RNA aptamers useful in the invention are
"thermoswitches" that do not bind a ligand but are thermally
responsive, that is to say, the aptamer's conformation is
determined by temperature; see, for example, Box 3 in Mandal and
Breaker (2004) Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol., 5:451-463.
Transgene Transcription Units
[0215] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes a transgene transcription
unit. A transgene transcription unit includes DNA sequence encoding
a gene of interest, e. g., a natural protein or a heterologous
protein. A gene of interest can be any coding or non-coding
sequence from any species (including, but not limited to,
non-eukaryotes such as bacteria, and viruses; fungi, protists,
plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates. Particular genes of
interest are genes encoding at least one pesticidal agent selected
from the group consisting of a patatin, a plant lectin, a
phytoecdysteroid, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis
insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a
Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus laterosporous
insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal
protein. The transgene transcription unit can further include 5' or
3' sequence or both as required for transcription of the
transgene.
Introns
[0216] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding a spliceable
intron. By "intron" is generally meant a segment of DNA (or the RNA
transcribed from such a segment) that is located between exons
(protein-encoding segments of the DNA or corresponding transcribed
RNA), wherein, during maturation of the messenger RNA, the intron
present is enzymatically "spliced out" or removed from the RNA
strand by a cleavage/ligation process that occurs in the nucleus in
eukaryotes. The term "intron" is also applied to non-coding DNA
sequences that are transcribed to RNA segments that can be spliced
out of a maturing RNA transcript, but are not introns found between
protein-coding exons. One example of these are spliceable sequences
that that have the ability to enhance expression in plants (in some
cases, especially in monocots) of a downstream coding sequence;
these spliceable sequences are naturally located in the 5'
untranslated region of some plant genes, as well as in some viral
genes (e. g., the tobacco mosaic virus 5' leader sequence or
"omega" leader described as enhancing expression in plant genes by
Gallie and Walbot (1992) Nucleic Acids Res., 20:4631-4638). These
spliceable sequences or "expression-enhancing introns" can be
artificially inserted in the 5' untranslated region of a plant gene
between the promoter but before any protein-coding exons. Examples
of such expression-enhancing introns include, but are not limited
to, a maize alcohol dehydrogenase (Zm-Adh1), a maize Bronze-1
expression-enhancing intron, a rice actin 1 (Os-Act1) intron, a
Shrunken-1 (Sh-1) intron, a maize sucrose synthase intron, a heat
shock protein 18 (hsp18) intron, and an 82 kilodalton heat shock
protein (hsp82) intron. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,593,874 and 5,859,347,
specifically incorporated by reference herein, describe methods of
improving recombinant DNA constructs for use in plants by inclusion
of an expression-enhancing intron derived from the 70 kilodalton
maize heat shock protein (hsp70) in the non-translated leader
positioned 3' from the gene promoter and 5' from the first
protein-coding exon.
Ribozymes
[0217] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding one or more
ribozymes. Ribozymes of particular interest include a self-cleaving
ribozyme, a hammerhead ribozyme, or a hairpin ribozyme. In one
embodiment, the recombinant DNA construct includes DNA encoding one
or more ribozymes that serve to cleave the transcribed RNA to
provide defined segments of RNA, such as silencing elements for
suppressing a Diabrotica target gene.
Gene Suppression Elements
[0218] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding an
additional gene suppression element for suppressing a target gene
other than a Diabrotica target gene. The target gene to be
suppressed can include coding or non-coding sequence or both.
[0219] Suitable gene suppression elements are described in detail
in U.S. Patent Application Publication 2006/0200878, which
disclosure is specifically incorporated herein by reference, and
include one or more of: [0220] (a) DNA that includes at least one
anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment
of the gene to be suppressed; [0221] (b) DNA that includes multiple
copies of at least one anti-sense DNA segment that is anti-sense to
at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed; [0222] (c) DNA
that includes at least one sense DNA segment that is at least one
segment of the gene to be suppressed; [0223] (d) DNA that includes
multiple copies of at least one sense DNA segment that is at least
one segment of the gene to be suppressed; [0224] (e) DNA that
transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by
forming double-stranded RNA and includes at least one anti-sense
DNA segment that is anti-sense to at least one segment of the gene
to be suppressed and at least one sense DNA segment that is at
least one segment of the gene to be suppressed; [0225] (f) DNA that
transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be suppressed by
forming a single double-stranded RNA and includes multiple serial
anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least one segment
of the gene to be suppressed and multiple serial sense DNA segments
that are at least one segment of the gene to be suppressed; [0226]
(g) DNA that transcribes to RNA for suppressing the gene to be
suppressed by forming multiple double strands of RNA and includes
multiple anti-sense DNA segments that are anti-sense to at least
one segment of the gene to be suppressed and multiple sense DNA
segments that are at least one segment of the gene to be
suppressed, and wherein the multiple anti-sense DNA segments and
the multiple sense DNA segments are arranged in a series of
inverted repeats; [0227] (h) DNA that includes nucleotides derived
from a plant miRNA; [0228] (i) DNA that includes nucleotides of a
siRNA; [0229] (j) DNA that transcribes to an RNA aptamer capable of
binding to a ligand; and [0230] (k) DNA that transcribes to an RNA
aptamer capable of binding to a ligand, and DNA that transcribes to
regulatory RNA capable of regulating expression of the gene to be
suppressed, wherein the regulation is dependent on the conformation
of the regulatory RNA, and the conformation of the regulatory RNA
is allosterically affected by the binding state of the RNA
aptamer.
[0231] In some embodiments, an intron is used to deliver a gene
suppression element in the absence of any protein-coding exons
(coding sequence). In one example, an intron, such as an
expression-enhancing intron (preferred in certain embodiments), is
interrupted by embedding within the intron a gene suppression
element, wherein, upon transcription, the gene suppression element
is excised from the intron. Thus, protein-coding exons are not
required to provide the gene suppressing function of the
recombinant DNA constructs disclosed herein.
Transcription Regulatory Elements
[0232] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA construct or
polynucleotide of this invention includes DNA encoding a
transcription regulatory element. Transcription regulatory elements
include elements that regulate the expression level of the
recombinant DNA construct of this invention (relative to its
expression in the absence of such regulatory elements). Examples of
suitable transcription regulatory elements include riboswitches
(cis- or trans-acting), transcript stabilizing sequences, and miRNA
recognition sites, as described in detail in U.S. Patent
Application Publication 2006/0200878, specifically incorporated
herein by reference.
Making and Using Transgenic Plant Cells and Transgenic Plants
[0233] Transformation of a plant can include any of several
well-known methods and compositions. Suitable methods for plant
transformation include virtually any method by which DNA can be
introduced into a cell. One method of plant transformation is
microprojectile bombardment, for example, as illustrated in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,015,580 (soybean), U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,880 (maize), U.S.
Pat. No. 5,550,318 (maize), U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,451 (soybean), U.S.
Pat. No. 6,153,812 (wheat), U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,208 (maize), U.S.
Pat. No. 6,288,312 (rice), U.S. Pat. No. 6,365,807 (rice), and U.S.
Pat. No. 6,399,861 (maize), and U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,865 (maize),
all of which are incorporated by reference for enabling the
production of transgenic plants.
[0234] Another useful method of plant transformation is
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation by means of Agrobacterium
containing a binary Ti plasmid system, wherein the Agrobacterium
carries a first Ti plasmid and a second, chimeric plasmid
containing at least one T-DNA border of a wild-type Ti plasmid, a
promoter functional in the transformed plant cell and operably
linked to a polynucleotide or recombinant DNA construct of this
invention. See, for example, the binary system described in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,159,135, incorporated by reference. Also see De Framond
(1983) Biotechnology, 1:262-269; and Hoekema et al., (1983) Nature,
303:179. In such a binary system, the smaller plasmid, containing
the T-DNA border or borders, can be conveniently constructed and
manipulated in a suitable alternative host, such as E. coli, and
then transferred into Agrobacterium.
[0235] Detailed procedures for Agrobacterium-mediated
transformation of plants, especially crop plants, include
procedures disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,004,863, 5,159,135, and
5,518,908 (cotton); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,416,011, 5,569,834, 5,824,877
and 6,384,301 (soybean); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,616 and 5,981,840
(maize); 5,463,174 (brassicas including canola), 7,026,528 (wheat),
and 6,329,571 (rice), and in U.S. Patent Application Publications
2004/0244075 (maize) and 2001/0042257 A1 (sugar beet), all of which
are specifically incorporated by reference for enabling the
production of transgenic plants. U.S. Patent Application
Publication 2011/0296555 discloses in Example 5 the transformation
vectors (including the vector sequences) and detailed protocols for
transforming maize, soybean, canola, cotton, and sugarcane) and is
specifically incorporated by reference for enabling the production
of transgenic plants. Similar methods have been reported for many
plant species, both dicots and monocots, including, among others,
peanut (Cheng et al. (1996) Plant Cell Rep., 15: 653); asparagus
(Bytebier et al. (1987) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 84:5345);
barley (Wan and Lemaux (1994) Plant Physiol., 104:37); rice
(Toriyama et al. (1988) Bio/Technology, 6:10; Zhang et al. (1988)
Plant Cell Rep., 7:379; wheat (Vasil et al. (1992) Bio/Technology,
10:667; Becker et al. (1994) Plant J., 5:299), alfalfa (Masoud et
al. (1996) Transgen. Res., 5:313); and tomato (Sun et al. (2006)
Plant Cell Physiol., 47:426-431). See also a description of
vectors, transformation methods, and production of transformed
Arabidopsis thaliana plants where transcription factors are
constitutively expressed by a CaMV35S promoter, in U.S. Patent
Application Publication 2003/0167537 A1, incorporated by reference.
Various methods of transformation of other plant species are well
known in the art, see, for example, the encyclopedic reference,
"Compendium of Transgenic Crop Plants", edited by Chittaranjan Kole
and Timothy C. Hall, Blackwell Publishing Ltd., 2008; ISBN
978-1-405-16924-0 (available electronically at
mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9781405181099/hpt/toc), which
describes transformation procedures for cereals and forage grasses
(rice, maize, wheat, barley, oat, sorghum, pearl millet, finger
millet, cool-season forage grasses, and bahiagrass), oilseed crops
(soybean, oilseed brassicas, sunflower, peanut, flax, sesame, and
safflower), legume grains and forages (common bean, cowpea, pea,
faba bean, lentil, tepary bean, Asiatic beans, pigeonpea, vetch,
chickpea, lupin, alfalfa, and clovers), temperate fruits and nuts
(apple, pear, peach, plums, berry crops, cherries, grapes, olive,
almond, and Persian walnut), tropical and subtropical fruits and
nuts (citrus, grapefruit, banana and plantain, pineapple, papaya,
mango, avocado, kiwifruit, passionfruit, and persimmon), vegetable
crops (tomato, eggplant, peppers, vegetable brassicas, radish,
carrot, cucurbits, alliums, asparagus, and leafy vegetables),
sugar, tuber, and fiber crops (sugarcane, sugar beet, stevia,
potato, sweet potato, cassava, and cotton), plantation crops,
ornamentals, and turf grasses (tobacco, coffee, cocoa, tea, rubber
tree, medicinal plants, ornamentals, and turf grasses), and forest
tree species One of ordinary skill in the art has various
transformation methodologies for production of stable transgenic
plants.
[0236] Transformation methods to provide transgenic plant cells and
transgenic plants containing stably integrated recombinant DNA are
preferably practiced in tissue culture on media and in a controlled
environment. "Media" refers to the numerous nutrient mixtures that
are used to grow cells in vitro, that is, outside of the intact
living organism. Recipient cell targets include, but are not
limited to, meristem cells, callus, immature embryos or parts of
embryos, and gametic cells such as microspores, pollen, sperm, and
egg cells. Any cell from which a fertile plant can be regenerated
is contemplated as a useful recipient cell for practice of this
invention. Callus can be initiated from various tissue sources,
including, but not limited to, immature embryos or parts of
embryos, seedling apical meristems, microspores, and the like.
Those cells which are capable of proliferating as callus can serve
as recipient cells for genetic transformation. Practical
transformation methods and materials for making transgenic plants
of this invention (e. g., various media and recipient target cells,
transformation of immature embryos, and subsequent regeneration of
fertile transgenic plants) are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,194,636 and 6,232,526 and U.S. Patent Application
Publication 2004/0216189, which are specifically incorporated by
reference.
[0237] In general transformation practice, DNA is introduced into
only a small percentage of target cells in any one transformation
experiment. Marker genes are generally used to provide an efficient
system for identification of those cells that are stably
transformed by receiving and integrating a transgenic DNA construct
into their genomes. Preferred marker genes provide selective
markers which confer resistance to a selective agent, such as an
antibiotic or herbicide. Any of the antibiotics or herbicides to
which a plant cell is resistant can be a useful agent for
selection. Potentially transformed cells are exposed to the
selective agent. In the population of surviving cells will be those
cells where, generally, the resistance-conferring gene is
integrated and expressed at sufficient levels to permit cell
survival. Cells can be tested further to confirm stable integration
of the recombinant DNA. Commonly used selective marker genes
include those conferring resistance to antibiotics such as
kanamycin or paromomycin (nptII), hygromycin B (aph IV) and
gentamycin (aac3 and aacC4) or resistance to herbicides such as
glufosinate (bar or pat) and glyphosate (EPSPS). Examples of useful
selective marker genes and selection agents are illustrated in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 5,550,318, 5,633,435, 5,780,708, and 6,118,047, all of
which are specifically incorporated by reference. Screenable
markers or reporters, such as markers that provide an ability to
visually identify transformants can also be employed. Examples of
useful screenable markers include, for example, a gene expressing a
protein that produces a detectable color by acting on a chromogenic
substrate (e. g., beta glucuronidase (GUS) (uidA) or luciferase
(luc)) or that itself is detectable, such as green fluorescent
protein (GFP) (gfp) or an immunogenic molecule. Those of skill in
the art will recognize that many other useful markers or reporters
are available for use.
[0238] Detecting or measuring transcription of a recombinant DNA
construct in a transgenic plant cell can be achieved by any
suitable method, including protein detection methods (e. g.,
western blots, ELISAs, and other immunochemical methods),
measurements of enzymatic activity, or nucleic acid detection
methods (e. g., Southern blots, northern blots, PCR, RT-PCR,
fluorescent in situ hybridization).
[0239] Other suitable methods for detecting or measuring
transcription in a plant cell of a recombinant polynucleotide of
this invention targeting a Diabrotica species target gene include
measurement of any other trait that is a direct or proxy indication
of the level of expression of the target gene in the Diabrotica
species, relative to the level of expression observed in the
absence of the recombinant polynucleotide, e. g., growth rates,
mortality rates, or reproductive or recruitment rates of the
Diabrotica species, or measurements of injury (e. g., root injury)
or yield loss in a plant or field of plants infested by the
Diabrotica species. In general, suitable methods for detecting or
measuring transcription in a plant cell of a recombinant
polynucleotide of interest include, e. g., gross or microscopic
morphological traits, growth rates, yield, reproductive or
recruitment rates, resistance to pests or pathogens, or resistance
to biotic or abiotic stress (e. g., water deficit stress, salt
stress, nutrient stress, heat or cold stress). Such methods can use
direct measurements of a phenotypic trait or proxy assays (e. g.,
in plants, these assays include plant part assays such as leaf or
root assays to determine tolerance of abiotic stress). Such methods
include direct measurements of resistance to an invertebrate pest
or pathogen (e. g., damage to plant tissues) or proxy assays (e.
g., plant yield assays, or bioassays such as the Western corn
rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte) larval bioassay
described in International Patent Application Publication
WO2005/110068 A2 and U.S. Patent Application Publication US
2006/0021087 A1, specifically incorporated by reference, or the
soybean cyst nematode bioassay described by Steeves et al. (2006)
Funct. Plant Biol., 33:991-999, wherein cysts per plant, cysts per
gram root, eggs per plant, eggs per gram root, and eggs per cyst
are measured.
[0240] The recombinant DNA constructs of this invention can be
stacked with other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits
(e. g., in the case of transformed plants, traits including
herbicide resistance, pest resistance, cold germination tolerance,
water deficit tolerance, and the like) for example, by expressing
or suppressing other genes. Constructs for coordinated decrease and
increase of gene expression are disclosed in U.S. Patent
Application Publication 2004/0126845 A1, specifically incorporated
by reference.
[0241] Seeds of fertile transgenic plants can be harvested and used
to grow progeny generations, including hybrid generations, of
transgenic plants of this invention that include the recombinant
DNA construct in their genome. Thus, in addition to direct
transformation of a plant with a recombinant DNA construct of this
invention, transgenic plants of this invention can be prepared by
crossing a first plant having the recombinant DNA with a second
plant lacking the construct. For example, the recombinant DNA can
be introduced into a plant line that is amenable to transformation
to produce a transgenic plant, which can be crossed with a second
plant line to introgress the recombinant DNA into the resulting
progeny. A transgenic plant of this invention can be crossed with a
plant line having other recombinant DNA that confers one or more
additional trait(s) (such as, but not limited to, herbicide
resistance, pest or disease resistance, environmental stress
resistance, modified nutrient content, and yield improvement) to
produce progeny plants having recombinant DNA that confers both the
desired target sequence expression behavior and the additional
trait(s).
[0242] In such breeding for combining traits the transgenic plant
donating the additional trait can be a male line (pollinator) and
the transgenic plant carrying the base traits can be the female
line. The progeny of this cross segregate such that some of the
plant will carry the DNA for both parental traits and some will
carry DNA for one parental trait; such plants can be identified by
markers associated with parental recombinant DNA Progeny plants
carrying DNA for both parental traits can be crossed back into the
female parent line multiple times, e. g., usually 6 to 8
generations, to produce a homozygous progeny plant with
substantially the same genotype as one original transgenic parental
line as well as the recombinant DNA of the other transgenic
parental line.
[0243] Yet another aspect of this invention is a transgenic plant
grown from the transgenic seed of this invention. This invention
contemplates transgenic plants grown directly from transgenic seed
containing the recombinant DNA as well as progeny generations of
plants, including inbred or hybrid plant lines, made by crossing a
transgenic plant grown directly from transgenic seed to a second
plant not grown from the same transgenic seed. Crossing can
include, for example, the following steps: [0244] (a) plant seeds
of the first parent plant (e. g., non-transgenic or a transgenic)
and a second parent plant that is transgenic according to the
invention; [0245] (b) grow the seeds of the first and second parent
plants into plants that bear flowers; [0246] (c) pollinate a flower
from the first parent with pollen from the second parent; and
[0247] (d) harvest seeds produced on the parent plant bearing the
fertilized flower.
[0248] It is often desirable to introgress recombinant DNA into
elite varieties, e. g., by backcrossing, to transfer a specific
desirable trait from one source to an inbred or other plant that
lacks that trait. This can be accomplished, for example, by first
crossing a superior inbred ("A") (recurrent parent) to a donor
inbred ("B") (non-recurrent parent), which carries the appropriate
gene(s) for the trait in question, for example, a construct
prepared in accordance with the current invention. The progeny of
this cross first are selected in the resultant progeny for the
desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent "B",
and then the selected progeny are mated back to the superior
recurrent parent "A". After five or more backcross generations with
selection for the desired trait, the progeny can be essentially
hemizygous for loci controlling the characteristic being
transferred, but are like the superior parent for most or almost
all other genes. The last backcross generation would be selfed to
give progeny which are pure breeding for the gene(s) being
transferred, i. e., one or more transformation events.
[0249] Through a series of breeding manipulations, a selected DNA
construct can be moved from one line into an entirely different
line without the need for further recombinant manipulation. One can
thus produce inbred plants which are true breeding for one or more
DNA constructs. By crossing different inbred plants, one can
produce a large number of different hybrids with different
combinations of DNA constructs. In this way, plants can be produced
which have the desirable agronomic properties frequently associated
with hybrids ("hybrid vigor"), as well as the desirable
characteristics imparted by one or more DNA constructs.
[0250] In certain transgenic plant cells and transgenic plants of
this invention, it is sometimes desirable to concurrently express a
gene of interest while also modulating expression of a Diabrotica
target gene. Thus, in some embodiments, the transgenic plant
contains recombinant DNA further including a gene expression
element for expressing at least one gene of interest, and
transcription of the recombinant DNA construct of this invention is
preferably effected with concurrent transcription of the gene
expression element.
[0251] In some embodiments, the recombinant DNA constructs of this
invention can be transcribed in any plant cell or tissue or in a
whole plant of any developmental stage. Transgenic plants can be
derived from any monocot or dicot plant, such as, but not limited
to, plants of commercial or agricultural interest, such as crop
plants (especially crop plants used for human food or animal feed),
wood- or pulp-producing trees, vegetable plants, fruit plants, and
ornamental plants. Examples of plants of interest include grain
crop plants (such as wheat, oat, barley, maize, rye, triticale,
rice, millet, sorghum, quinoa, amaranth, and buckwheat); forage
crop plants (such as forage grasses and forage dicots including
alfalfa, vetch, clover, and the like); oilseed crop plants (such as
cotton, safflower, sunflower, soybean, canola, rapeseed, flax,
peanuts, and oil palm); tree nuts (such as walnut, cashew,
hazelnut, pecan, almond, and the like); sugarcane, coconut, date
palm, olive, sugarbeet, tea, and coffee; wood- or pulp-producing
trees; vegetable crop plants such as legumes (for example, beans,
peas, lentils, alfalfa, peanut), lettuce, asparagus, artichoke,
celery, carrot, radish, the brassicas (for example, cabbages,
kales, mustards, and other leafy brassicas, broccoli, cauliflower,
Brussels sprouts, turnip, kohlrabi), edible cucurbits (for example,
cucumbers, melons, summer squashes, winter squashes), edible
alliums (for example, onions, garlic, leeks, shallots, chives),
edible members of the Solanaceae (for example, tomatoes, eggplants,
potatoes, peppers, groundcherries), and edible members of the
Chenopodiaceae (for example, beet, chard, spinach, quinoa,
amaranth); fruit crop plants such as apple, pear, citrus fruits
(for example, orange, lime, lemon, grapefruit, and others), stone
fruits (for example, apricot, peach, plum, nectarine), banana,
pineapple, grape, kiwifruit, papaya, avocado, and berries; plants
grown for biomass or biofuel (for example, Miscanthus grasses,
switchgrass, jatropha, oil palm, eukaryotic microalgae such as
Botryococcus braunii, Chlorella spp., and Dunaliella spp., and
eukaryotic macroalgae such as Gracilaria spp., and Sargassum spp.);
and ornamental plants including ornamental flowering plants,
ornamental trees and shrubs, ornamental groundcovers, and
ornamental grasses.
[0252] This invention also provides commodity products produced
from a transgenic plant cell, plant, or seed of this invention,
including, but not limited to, harvested leaves, roots, shoots,
tubers, stems, fruits, seeds, or other parts of a plant, meals,
oils, extracts, fermentation or digestion products, crushed or
whole grains or seeds of a plant, or any food or non-food product
including such commodity products produced from a transgenic plant
cell, plant, or seed of this invention. The detection of one or
more of nucleic acid sequences of the recombinant DNA constructs of
this invention in one or more commodity or commodity products
contemplated herein is de facto evidence that the commodity or
commodity product contains or is derived from a transgenic plant
cell, plant, or seed of this invention.
[0253] Generally a transgenic plant having in its genome a
recombinant DNA construct of this invention exhibits increased
resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation. In various
embodiments, for example, where the transgenic plant expresses a
recombinant DNA construct of this invention that is stacked with
other recombinant DNA for imparting additional traits, the
transgenic plant has at least one additional altered trait,
relative to a plant lacking the recombinant DNA construct, selected
from the group of traits consisting of: [0254] (a) improved abiotic
stress tolerance; [0255] (b) improved biotic stress tolerance;
[0256] (c) modified primary metabolite composition; [0257] (d)
modified secondary metabolite composition; [0258] (e) modified
trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition; [0259] (f)
improved yield; [0260] (g) improved ability to use nitrogen,
phosphate, or other nutrients; [0261] (h) modified agronomic
characteristics; [0262] (i) modified growth or reproductive
characteristics; and [0263] (j) improved harvest, storage, or
processing quality.
[0264] In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is characterized
by: improved tolerance of abiotic stress (e. g., tolerance of water
deficit or drought, heat, cold, non-optimal nutrient or salt
levels, non-optimal light levels) or of biotic stress (e. g.,
crowding, allelopathy, or wounding); by a modified primary
metabolite (e. g., fatty acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or
carbohydrate) composition; a modified secondary metabolite (e. g.,
alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides, non-ribosomal peptides, and
secondary metabolites of mixed biosynthetic origin) composition; a
modified trace element (e. g., iron, zinc), carotenoid (e. g.,
beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, or other carotenoids
and xanthophylls), or vitamin (e. g., tocopherols) composition;
improved yield (e. g., improved yield under non-stress conditions
or improved yield under biotic or abiotic stress); improved ability
to use nitrogen, phosphate, or other nutrients; modified agronomic
characteristics (e. g., delayed ripening; delayed senescence;
earlier or later maturity; improved shade tolerance; improved
resistance to root or stalk lodging; improved resistance to "green
snap" of stems; modified photoperiod response); modified growth or
reproductive characteristics (e. g., intentional dwarfing;
intentional male sterility, useful, e. g., in improved
hybridization procedures; improved vegetative growth rate; improved
germination; improved male or female fertility); improved harvest,
storage, or processing quality (e. g., improved resistance to pests
during storage, improved resistance to breakage, improved appeal to
consumers); or any combination of these traits.
[0265] In another embodiment, transgenic seed, or seed produced by
the transgenic plant, has modified primary metabolite (e. g., fatty
acid, oil, amino acid, protein, sugar, or carbohydrate)
composition, a modified secondary metabolite composition, a
modified trace element, carotenoid, or vitamin composition, an
improved harvest, storage, or processing quality, or a combination
of these. In another embodiment, it can be desirable to change
levels of native components of the transgenic plant or seed of a
transgenic plant, for example, to decrease levels of an allergenic
protein or glycoprotein or of a toxic metabolite.
[0266] Generally, screening a population of transgenic plants each
regenerated from a transgenic plant cell is performed to identify
transgenic plant cells that develop into transgenic plants having
the desired trait. The transgenic plants are assayed to detect an
enhanced trait, e. g., enhanced water use efficiency, enhanced cold
tolerance, increased yield, enhanced nitrogen use efficiency,
enhanced seed protein, and enhanced seed oil. Screening methods
include direct screening for the trait in a greenhouse or field
trial or screening for a surrogate trait. Such analyses are
directed to detecting changes in the chemical composition, biomass,
physiological properties, or morphology of the plant. Changes in
chemical compositions such as nutritional composition of grain are
detected by analysis of the seed composition and content of
protein, free amino acids, oil, free fatty acids, starch,
tocopherols, or other nutrients. Changes in growth or biomass
characteristics are detected by measuring plant height, stem
diameter, internode length, root and shoot dry weights, and (for
grain-producing plants such as maize, rice, or wheat) ear or seed
head length and diameter. Changes in physiological properties are
identified by evaluating responses to stress conditions, e. g.,
assays under imposed stress conditions such as water deficit,
nitrogen or phosphate deficiency, cold or hot growing conditions,
pathogen or insect attack, light deficiency, or increased plant
density. Other selection properties include days to pollen shed,
days to silking in maize, leaf extension rate, chlorophyll content,
leaf temperature, stand, seedling vigor, internode length, plant
height, leaf number, leaf area, tillering, brace roots, staying
green, stalk lodging, root lodging, plant health, fertility, green
snap, and pest resistance. In addition, phenotypic characteristics
of harvested seed can be evaluated; for example, in maize this can
include the number of kernels per row on the ear, number of rows of
kernels on the ear, kernel abortion, kernel weight, kernel size,
kernel density and physical grain quality. The following
illustrates examples of screening assays useful for identifying
desired traits in maize plants. These can be readily adapted for
screening other plants such as canola, cotton, and soybean either
as hybrids or inbreds.
[0267] Transgenic maize plants having nitrogen use efficiency are
identified by screening in fields with three levels of nitrogen
fertilizer being applied, e. g., low level (0 pounds/acre), medium
level (80 pounds/acre) and high level (180 pounds/acre). Plants
with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency provide higher yield as
compared to control plants.
[0268] Transgenic maize plants having enhanced yield are identified
by screening the transgenic plants over multiple locations with
plants grown under optimal production management practices and
maximum weed and pest control. A useful target for improved yield
is a 5% to 10% increase in yield as compared to yield produced by
plants grown from seed for a control plant. Selection methods can
be applied in multiple and diverse geographic locations and over
one or more planting seasons to statistically distinguish yield
improvement from natural environmental effects.
[0269] Transgenic maize plants having enhanced water use efficiency
are identified by screening plants in an assay where water is
withheld for period to induce stress followed by watering to revive
the plants. For example, a useful selection process imposes 3
drought/re-water cycles on plants over a total period of 15 days
after an initial stress free growth period of 11 days. Each cycle
consists of 5 days, with no water being applied for the first four
days and a water quenching on the 5th day of the cycle. The primary
phenotypes analyzed by the selection method are the changes in
plant growth rate as determined by height and biomass during a
vegetative drought treatment.
[0270] Transgenic maize plants having enhanced cold tolerance are
identified by screening plants in a cold germination assay and/or a
cold tolerance field trial. In a cold germination assay trays of
transgenic and control seeds are placed in a dark growth chamber at
9.7 degrees Celsius for 24 days. Seeds having higher germination
rates as compared to the control are identified as having enhanced
cold tolerance. In a cold tolerance field trial plants with
enhanced cold tolerance are identified from field planting at an
earlier date than conventional spring planting for the field
location. For example, seeds are planted into the ground around two
weeks before local farmers begin to plant maize so that a
significant cold stress is exerted onto the crop. As a control,
seeds also are planted under local optimal planting conditions such
that the crop has little or no exposure to cold condition. At each
location, seeds are planted under both cold and normal conditions
preferably with multiple repetitions per treatment.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
[0271] This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of
sequences useful as target genes for controlling Diabrotica species
and for making compositions and plants of this invention, and
describes identification of such DNA sequences from Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera. It is recognized that analogous sequences can
be obtained from any other Diabrotica species referred to
hereinabove.
[0272] cDNA libraries were generated from mid-guts of Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera (Western corn rootworm, WCR) third instar
larvae reared on corn plants, as follows. Disinfected WCR eggs were
suspended in a 0.1% (w/v) agar solution and dispensed into petri
dishes containing 2% (w/v) agar and filter paper. The WCR eggs were
incubated first at 20 degrees Celsius and 60% relative humidity
("RH") for 3 days and then at 25 degrees Celsius and 60% RH for 10
days. After 13 days of incubation, the eggs were washed from the
dishes into sweater boxes containing soil (2 parts Metro-Mix 200: 1
part Redi-Earth; steam-sterilized) and germinated corn mats, which
were prepared by geminating corn seeds of Dekalb line DKC64-04 in
sweater boxes containing germination paper wet with 1.0% (w/v)
3336F fungicide. Larvae were reared in sweater boxes in a growth
chamber (25 degrees Celsius, 70% relative humidity, irrigated for
10 minutes every 2 days, and fertilized every 4 days). Third instar
larvae were dissected to separate mid-guts from other body parts
(cuticle, head, fore- and hind-gut, and fat body). The harvested
mid-guts were placed in chilled microcentrifuge tubes with 25
millimolar Tris buffer (pH 7.4), thoroughly saturated with the
buffer, and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 14,000 g at 4 degrees
Celsius. The supernatant was discarded and mid-gut pellets were
immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80 degrees
Celsius until used for total RNA preparation. Total RNA was
purified, from which the cDNA library was obtained by
high-throughput sequencing using commercially available 454
technology (454 Life Sciences, 15 Commercial St., Branford, Conn.
06405, USA), as described in Margulies et al. (2005) Nature,
437:376-380. This provided approximately 1.27 million .about.300
base-pair reads, which were supplemented with 17,800 publicly
available .about.520 base-pair Sanger reads from NCBI. The combined
sequence data were assembled into contigs de novo using the Newbler
(version 2.3) software package (454 Life Sciences, 15 Commercial
St., Branford, Conn. 06405, USA). Approximately 16,130 genes were
identified from the assembled sequence data.
Example 2
[0273] This example illustrates a method for non-random selection
of target genes. More specifically, this example illustrates a
method of selecting a subset of target genes that are present in
single- or low-copy-number (i. e., non-repetitive and
non-redundant) in a particular genome.
[0274] In general the method includes the step of identifying
single- or low-copy-number genes in the chosen genome, or
alternatively to identify single- or low-copy-number genes in an
orthologous database from related organisms to predict which genes
will be single/low copy in the chosen organism. Low-copy genes, and
in particular single-copy genes, are unlikely to have their
function recapitulated by a paralogue, and are selected as
preferred targets for RNAi-mediated silencing. In other words, such
genes are likely to represent essential functions, making these
genes preferred targets for RNAi-mediated silencing.
[0275] Embodiments of the method include a further step of
estimating nucleotide diversity for low-/single-copy gene in a
population of the chosen organism and selecting those
low-/single-copy genes that further have the lowest nucleotide
diversity. Low-/single-copy genes that further have low nucleotide
diversity are selected as preferred targets for RNAi-mediated
silencing. One advantage provided by this step is simplification of
design of recombinant nucleotide sequences (e. g., recombinant
dsRNA sequences) for silencing such genes, as the possibility of
mismatches between the silencing polynucleotide and the target gene
is decreased.
[0276] Embodiments of the method include a further step of
comparing the ratio of synonymous (K.sub.s) to nonsynonymous
(K.sub.a) nucleotide changes as an estimate of functional or
evolutionary constraint. If mutation occurs at random, for a gene
randomly made of all possible codons, K.sub.a is approximately 2
times greater than K.sub.s, given the structure of the genetic
code. For genes under strong functional constraints (i. e., those
genes likely to decrease fitness of the source organism if gene
functionality is lost), natural selection is expected to remove
nonsynonymous changes from the population while tolerating
synonymous ones, resulting in a shift of the observed substitutions
toward K.sub.s>K.sub.a. Selection of target genes can therefore
be improved by including an estimate of functional or evolutionary
constraint by selecting genes where K.sub.s>>K.sub.a.
[0277] In a non-limiting example of the method, a public database
of orthologous genes, OrthoDB6 (available at cegg.unige.ch/orthodb6
and described in Waterhouse et al. (2012) Nucleic Acids Res.,
PMID:23180791) was filtered to select a subset of 450 genes that
were single-copy in Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle, a
coleopteran species) as well as single-copy in all available
arthropod genomes in the database (i. e., 33 other arthropod
genomes available at the time this application is filed).
[0278] While Diabrotica virgifera virgifera is not included in the
OrthoDB database, Tribolium castaneum is a coleopteran species and
is therefore more closely related to Diabrotica species than to
other species in the database, which makes it more likely that a
single-copy gene present in the Tribolium castaneum genome database
will also be a single-copy gene in the Diabrotica virgifera
virgifera genome, at least for genes that have high sequence
similarity in the two organisms. From the 16,130 sequence contigs
obtained from the Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Western corn
rootworm, WCR) sequencing and assembly described in Example 1, a
subset of 450 genes were identified using a translated nucleotide
BLAST search (tblastx) as genes having high sequence similarity
(significance or e-value of less than or equal to
1.times.10.sup.-15) to the 450 single-copy Tribolium castaneum
genes in the OrthoDB database.
[0279] For sequence annotation, SmartBlast annotation was performed
by using NCBI's Blastall 2.2.21 software to search Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera contigs against the publicly available
uniref90.fasta database
(ftp.uniprot.org/pub/databases/uniprot/current_release/uniref/uniref90/).
The blast search was performed in blastx mode (translated
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera nucleotide queries searched against
the uniref90 protein database). Only blast hits with an e-value
less than or equal to 9e-9 were retained. For each Diabrotica
virgifera virgifera contig the description line from the uniref90
best hit was used as an annotation. When no SmartBlast hits were
found, the sequence was subjected to a supplementary Pfam search.
To accomplish this, the longest open reading frame (ORF) was
identified for each Diabrotica virgifera virgifera contig and used
to query the publicly available Pfam-A database
(ftp.sanger.ac.uk/pub/databases/Pfam/current_release) using the
publicly available HMMER 3.0 software package (hmmer.janelia.org/).
Diabrotica virgifera virgifera contigs with a Pfam hit with an
e-value less than or equal to 1e-5 were annotated with the protein
family name and the Pfam identifier. Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
contigs with no SmartBlast or Pfam hit were annotated as "novel
protein".
[0280] The subset of 450 Diabrotica virgifera virgifera genes is
provided in Table 1, with each gene annotated based on sequence
similarity to Tribolium castaneum and/or OrthoDB sequences, or by
conserved Pfam domains. For each Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
gene, the corresponding Tribolium castaneum presumed homologous
single-copy gene is also identified, together with the similarity
e-value for each pair.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Tribolium Blast E- Gene value Name Tribolium
from Gene vs SEQ OrthoDB Diabrotica ID NO. Annotation database
Unigene 1 Sorting nexin-6 TC000458 0 2 Alpha spectrin TC000749 0 3
Clathrin TC015014 0 4 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3
subunit, putative TC012303 0 5 Lipin TC010029 0 6 Phagocyte
signaling-impaired protein TC015420 0 7 Coatomer subunit beta',
putative TC013867 0 8 Ns1 binding protein TC009594 0 9 Eukaryotic
translation initiation factor 3 subunit B TC006009 0 10 TTC27
protein TC011547 0 11 Lissencephaly-1 homolog TC005496 0 12
Wd-repeat protein TC005722 0 13 Glutaminyl-trna synthetase TC000042
0 14 Transcription factor 25 TC030734 0 15 Sphingosine-1-phosphate
lyase TC000875 0 16 Cleft lip and palate transmembrane protein
TC008245 0 17 Vesicle docking protein P115 TC006352 0 18
Glutaminase kidney isoform, mitochondrial TC004628 0 19 eukaryotic
translation initiation factor 2A TC013517 0 20 T-complex protein 1
subunit delta TC007791 0 21 ATP-grasp enzyme-like protein TC000357
0 22 Fimbrin TC001769 0 23 Pyridoxal-dependent decarboxylase
domain-containing protein 1 TC005445 0 24 Coatomer subunit delta
(Fragment) TC003020 0 25 Putative phosphoglycerate kinase TC015540
0 26 Glycylpeptide N-tetradecanoyltransferase 2 TC015649 0 27
Succinyl-CoA:3-ketoacid-coenzyme A transferase 1, putative TC011712
0 28 Sly1 protein-like protein TC007530 0 29 Trifunctional enzyme
beta subunit (Tp-beta) TC008872 0 30 Zgc: 100980 TC006359 0 31 26S
proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit 3 TC014286 0 32 26S
proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit, putative TC006260 0 33
Pre-mRNA-processing factor 6 TC005794 0 34 Sodium-dependent
phosphate transport protein 1, chloroplastic TC015307 0 35 Protein
singed, putative TC006673 0 36 WD-repeat protein, putative TC001051
3.00E-180 37 Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit H
TC014327 7.00E-180 38 SWI/SNF-related matrix-associated
actin-dependent regulator of TC012873 1.00E-179 chromatin subfamily
D member 1 39 26S proteasome non-ATPase regulatory subunit,
putative TC015728 1.00E-178 40 Elongation factor 1-gamma TC007229
2.00E-175 41 Abhydrolase domain-containing protein 2 TC009769
9.00E-171 42 Transmembrane protein 184B TC003325 9.00E-171 43
Pelota TC001682 3.00E-170 44 DNA polymerase epsilon, catalytic
subunit TC009600 3.00E-170 45 Polymerase delta-interacting protein
2 TC014911 3.00E-167 46 Methylthioribose-1-phosphate isomerase
TC002054 3.00E-166 47 Chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol
beta-mannosyltransferase TC003528 1.00E-164 48 Failed axon
connections protein, putative TC000100 3.00E-163 49
Dolichyl-diphosphooligosaccharide--protein glycosyltransferase 67
kDa TC005188 2.00E-160 subunit, putative 50 Membrane-bound
O-acyltransferase domain-containing protein 2 TC030770 2.00E-158 51
Coproporphyrinogen iii oxidase TC000466 9.00E-158 52 Mitochondrial
sulfide quinone oxidoreductase TC001316 8.00E-157 53 Coiled-coil
domain-containing protein 47, putative TC005820 6.00E-153 54
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 TC010161
8.00E-151 55 Branched chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase E1 beta
subunit TC000711 2.00E-150 56 Zinc-type alcohol dehydrogenase-like
protein C1773.06c TC013567 1.00E-146 57 Ef-hand protein nucb1
TC003574 2.00E-145 58 Cxpwmw03 TC004703 3.00E-145 59
Gerrochelatase, putative TC014202 8.00E-145 60 D-3-phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase TC013082 1.00E-144 61 Sphingosine-1-phosphate
phosphatase 1 TC012252 2.00E-144 62 Delta-aminolevulinic acid
dehydratase TC009997 3.00E-143 63 Apyrase TC005356 3.00E-142 64
NADH dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 alpha subcomplex, 10 TC008030
4.00E-142 65 CDK5 and ABL1 enzyme substrate 1 TC013369 2.00E-140 66
THO complex subunit 5-like protein TC005538 6.00E-140 67 WD
repeat-containing protein 75 TC003309 2.00E-139 68 Oligopeptidase
TC010332 3.00E-137 69 Sodium/bile acid cotransporter 7 TC006130
6.00E-136 70 DCN1-like protein 1 (Fragment) TC013916 1.00E-133 71
Zinc finger protein 330 homolog TC007558 2.00E-133 72
Microfibrillar-associated protein TC000456 2.00E-132 73
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen TC008874 2.00E-132 74 Solute
carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 6 TC015433
3.00E-132 75 Prolyl 3-hydroxylase 2 TC004700 8.00E-132 76 60S
ribosomal protein L10, mitochondrial TC014453 6.00E-130 77 General
transcription factor IIF subunit 2 TC013555 1.00E-129 78 Electron
transfer flavoprotein subunit beta TC008707 5.00E-129 79 Zinc
finger protein-like 1 TC009067 3.00E-127 80 COMPASS component SWD2,
putative TC014755 2.00E-126 81 Protein phosphatase 2A, 59 kDa
regulatory subunit B, putative TC009266 1.00E-123 82 Translation
initiation factor eIF-2B subunit delta TC008223 3.00E-123 83
Nucleoporin seh1, putative TC009902 2.00E-122 84 Rho-associated
protein kinase, putative TC011950 9.00E-122 85 Golgi resident
protein GCP60 TC007892 7.00E-120 86 Coatomer subunit epsilon
TC001210 9.00E-120 87 Suppressor of profilin 2 TC000050 1.00E-119
88 Nucleolar protein 10 TC014492 1.00E-119 89 CCR4-NOT
transcription complex subunit 3 TC002501 2.00E-118 90 Nimrod B
TC011428 7.00E-118 91 Probable splicing factor,
arginine/serine-rich 7 TC009171 2.00E-116 92 Leo1-like protein;
Pfam: PF04004 TC013564 3.00E-116 93 Vesicular mannose-binding
lectin TC012578 9.00E-116 94 Two pore calcium channel protein 1
TC015674 2.00E-115 95 39S ribosomal protein L2, mitochondrial
TC000434 6.00E-114 96 Zinc transporter 9 TC007348 9.00E-114 97
Cmp-sialic acid transporter TC007703 1.00E-113 98 Sparc TC000930
2.00E-112 99 RGS-GAIP interacting protein GIPC TC011711 3.00E-112
100 CG6672 TC015914 2.00E-110 101 DDB1- and CUL4-associated factor
7 TC012028 1.00E-109 102 Deoxyhypusine synthase TC002446 2.00E-109
103 Ubiquitin domain-containing protein UBFD1 TC003520 8.00E-109
104 Sorting nexin-4 TC000603 2.00E-108 105 Probable GDP-mannose 4,6
dehydratase TC011606 3.00E-108 106 Lethal s1921 TC006746 6.00E-107
107 Cytochrome c-type heme lyase TC011725 4.00E-105 108
Vesicle-trafficking protein SEC22b TC007954 5.00E-105 109
Vacuolar-sorting protein SNF8 TC007472 1.00E-103 110 Protein rogdi
TC011795 1.00E-103 111 Probable GDP-fucose transporter TC012326
1.00E-101 112 Slc39a9-prov protein TC015133 3.00E-101 113 Cysteine
desulfurylase TC014434 5.00E-101 114 ZIP Zinc transporter; Pfam:
PF02535 TC003468 1.00E-100 115 AN1-type zinc finger protein,
putative TC013251 1.00E-100 116 Blastoderm specific protein 25D,
putative TC003516 4.00E-99 117 Eukaryotic initiation factor 4E
TC012945 2.00E-95 118 Lysophospholipase TC011535 3.00E-95 119
Protein Red TC015452 3.00E-95 120 ATP-dependent RNA helicase SUV3,
mitochondrial TC012348 6.00E-95 121 Vacuolar protein
sorting-associated protein 11-like protein TC005586 9.00E-95 122
Alpha-1,3-mannosyltransferase TC013994 8.00E-94 123
Tubulin-specific chaperone C TC008402 2.00E-92 124 A kinase anchor
protein 10, mitochondrial TC012804 2.00E-92 125 Cop-coated vesicle
membrane protein P24 TC012624 3.00E-92 126 Transcription initiation
factor TFIID subunit 6 TC013033 5.00E-92 127 DnaJ-like protein
subfamily C member 10 TC000962 2.00E-91 128 GTP cyclohydrolase 1
TC010564 2.00E-91 129 vesicle-mediated transport protein Vid24
TC006738 3.00E-91 130 Transmembrane emp24 domain-containing protein
2 TC015633 5.00E-91 131 Transmembrane protein 145 TC003142 5.00E-91
132 UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--dolichyl-phosphate N- TC007854
1.00E-90 acetylglucosaminephosphotransferase 133 CG8290, isoform B
TC008388 2.00E-90 134 Charged multivesicular body protein 2a
TC007124 3.00E-90 135 Cappuccino TC012258 3.00E-90 136 Protein
MAK16-like protein A TC000795 1.00E-88 137 CG5131 TC003033 1.00E-88
138 Protein LTV1-like protein TC008848 3.00E-88 139 RING finger and
CHY zinc finger domain-containing protein 1 TC009851 3.00E-88 140
Aspartyl/asparaginyl beta-hydroxylase TC001594 3.00E-88 141
Presenilin sel-12 TC010178 1.00E-87 142 CG8108, isoform A TC003237
2.00E-87 143 NADH dehydrogenase TC015022 3.00E-87 144 CAAX prenyl
protease 2 TC008733 1.00E-86 145 Adaptin ear-binding
coat-associated protein 2 TC011619 5.00E-86 146 Integrator complex
subunit 3 TC002074 8.00E-86 147 Actin-related protein 5 TC009219
1.00E-85 148 Etoposide-induced protein 2.4-like protein TC008317
2.00E-85 149 Leucine-rich repeat flightless-interacting protein,
putative TC012376 3.00E-85 150 Tollip-like protein TC007125
1.00E-84 151 Complement component TC010563 3.00E-84 152 Protein
tyrosine phosphatase prl TC004794 5.00E-84 153 StAR-related lipid
transfer protein 7 TC004819 5.00E-84 154 ETS translocation variant
1 TC030651 1.00E-83 155 Peroxisomal biogenesis factor, putative
TC002842 3.00E-83 156 Ribosomal protein L12e TC010002 1.00E-82 157
Cellular retinaldehyde-binding protein TC005781 2.00E-82 158
Switch-associated protein 70 TC006709 2.00E-82 159 Helicase with
zinc finger protein domain helz, putative TC003141 2.00E-82 160
CG8315 TC009150 3.00E-82 161 Sorting nexin TC000739 3.00E-82 162 WD
repeat-containing protein SAZD TC006390 3.00E-82 163
Mannosyltransferase TC005068 6.00E-82 164 Prefoldin subunit 3
TC001098 7.00E-82 165 Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription
subunit 8 TC009839 7.00E-82 166 Nuclear distribution protein NUDC
TC015243 2.00E-81 167 CG1812, isoform A TC012393 2.00E-81 168
Transmembrane BAX inhibitor motif-containing protein 4 TC013429
3.00E-81 169 Alkylated DNA repair protein alkB-like protein 6
TC000790 5.00E-81 170 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein, L45,
putative TC009023 5.00E-81 171 Myb-binding protein 1A TC015701
7.00E-81 172 Protein LSM12-like protein TC015064 9.00E-81 173
Retrograde Golgi transport protein RGP1-like protein TC009939
1.00E-80 174 Glucosamine-6-phosphate N-acetyltransferase TC009619
4.00E-80 175 ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 3 TC014695
5.00E-80 176 Tumor necrosis factor induced protein TC004961
1.00E-79 177 Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing protein 9 TC005967
2.00E-79 178 Prenylated Rab acceptor protein, putative TC014897
2.00E-79 179 Phd finger protein TC006094 2.00E-79 180 Mitochondrial
ribosomal protein L17 TC007726 4.00E-79 181 cAMP-dependent protein
kinase catalytic subunit, putative TC009500 1.00E-78 182 Tab2
TC005952 1.00E-77 183 Polyadenylation factor subunit, putative
TC001352 1.00E-77 184 Vacuolar H+-ATPase v1 sector subunit E
TC010367 3.00E-77 185 Methyltransferase-like protein 10 TC003501
5.00E-77 186 Dihydrofolate reductase TC030670 3.00E-76 187 tRNA
(Guanine-N(7)-)-methyltransferase TC012665 3.00E-76 188
Thioredoxin-like protein 4A TC007987 2.00E-75 189 Flap endonuclease
1 TC009261 2.00E-75 190 6-phosphogluconolactonase TC005667 3.00E-75
191 Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 19 TC011979
3.00E-75 192 Putative microsomal signal peptidase 25 kD subunit
TC013119 6.00E-75 193 RNA 3' terminal phosphate cyclase TC002529
6.00E-75 194 Ral guanine nucleotide dissociation stimulator-like 1
TC003754 7.00E-75 195 Cysteine-rich hydrophobic protein TC012812
2.00E-74 196 WW domain-binding protein 2 TC005552 5.00E-74 197
Ribosomal protein L21 TC007932 5.00E-74 198 CG8768 TC003713
6.00E-74 199 HEAT repeat containing 7A isoform 2 TC010431 8.00E-74
200 Peroxisomal biogenesis factor, putative TC015168 2.00E-72 201
Tumor protein D54-like TC013379 5.00E-72 202 Zinc finger CCCH
domain-containing protein 15-like protein TC000028 8.00E-72 203
CG7864 TC030620 9.00E-72 204 WD repeat-containing protein 47
TC001580 1.00E-71 205 Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
TC003858 2.00E-71 206 fibroblast growth factor (acidic)
intracellular binding protein TC006041 1.00E-70 207 Synaptic
vesicle 2-related protein TC003566 5.00E-70 208 Coiled-coil
protein, putative TC001451 9.00E-70 209 F1-ATPase chaperone
TC006560 1.00E-69 210 NADH dehydrogenase, putative TC006357
1.00E-69 211 COP9 signalosome complex subunit, putative TC030655
3.00E-69
212 Arp2/3 complex 20 kD subunit, putative TC015671 5.00E-69 213
Elongator complex protein 2 (ELP2) (STAT3-interacting protein)
TC012601 1.00E-68 (StIP1) (SHINC-2) 214 ATP synthase mitochondrial
F1 complex assembly factor 2 TC013923 3.00E-68 215 Nudt18 protein
TC004374 5.00E-68 216 NADH:ubiquinone dehydrogenase, putative
TC015691 8.00E-68 217 Membrin TC013356 9.00E-68 218 Mitochondrial
ribosomal protein L11 TC009555 2.00E-67 219 Protein CLEC16A
TC005512 2.00E-67 220 15 kDa selenoprotein, putative TC003269
5.00E-67 221 3110057O12Rik protein TC010883 6.00E-67 222 Zgc:
123096 TC009382 2.00E-66 223 Methyltransferase-like protein 11A
TC013789 2.00E-66 224 Def8 protein, putative TC003420 2.00E-66 225
Zinc finger CCCH domain-containing protein 11A TC007327 6.00E-66
226 Upstream activation factor subunit UAF30 TC012018 9.00E-66 227
Phosphatidylserine decarboxylase TC004926 1.00E-65 228
N-acetyltransferase 9-like protein TC000126 1.00E-65 229 Alkylated
DNA repair protein alkB-like protein 1 TC007602 3.00E-65 230 TBC1
domain family TC014792 3.00E-65 231 CG4618 TC005451 5.00E-65 232
Exocyst complex component, putative TC005817 5.00E-65 233 Mediator
of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 6 TC009982 1.00E-64 234
Thioredoxin domain-containing protein 15 TC005372 2.00E-64 235
Gualynate kinase-1 (Fragment) TC014210 3.00E-64 236 KTI12 protein,
putative TC005882 3.00E-64 237 Lymphoid-retiricted membrane
protein, jaw1, putative (Fragment) TC007394 4.00E-64 238
Methyltransferase-like protein 9 TC003894 1.00E-63 239 Novel
protein TC010150 2.00E-63 240 Zinc finger FYVE domain-containing
protein 19 TC009615 2.00E-63 241 Novel protein TC015595 5.00E-63
242 Protein FAM91A1 TC004359 6.00E-63 243 Protein enabled TC002504
2.00E-62 244 Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor
subunit 6 TC008014 3.00E-62 245 Small GTPase, putative TC013254
4.00E-62 246 Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1 TC000104 9.00E-62 247
Myb-like protein; Pfam: PF13921 TC008316 2.00E-61 248 Protein midA
homolog, mitochondrial TC003565 3.00E-61 249 Mitochondrial
carnitine/acylcarnitine carrier protein TC012546 5.00E-61 250 COMM
domain-containing protein 2 TC014257 7.00E-61 251 Ribosomal protein
L35A TC002098 7.00E-61 252 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 93
TC002495 1.00E-60 253 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein MTMR15
TC010140 2.00E-60 254 Methylmalonic aciduria and homocystinuria
type D protein, TC000972 2.00E-60 mitochondrial 255 Rhomboid
protein 1, mitochondrial TC013516 3.00E-60 256
Homocysteine-responsive endoplasmic reticulum-resident TC010160
7.00E-60 ubiquitin-like domain member 2 protein 257 WH2 protein,
Pfam: PF02205 TC012341 8.00E-60 258 WD repeat-containing protein 4
(fragment) TC000064 1.00E-59 259 Vacuolar protein
sorting-associated protein 16-like protein TC001384 2.00E-59 260
Arp2/3 complex 16 kD subunit, putative TC013790 9.00E-59 261 Novel
protein TC008531 1.00E-58 262 Mapmodulin, putative TC030635
2.00E-58 263 Ensconsin, isoform E TC010873 2.00E-58 264 Casein
kinase II subunit beta TC000224 2.00E-58 265 Prefoldin subunit 5
TC011234 2.00E-58 266 Deoxynucleotidyltransferase
terminal-interacting protein 2 TC000065 4.00E-58 267 Golgin
subfamily A member 5 TC004294 7.00E-58 268 Lethal neo18 TC004388
4.00E-57 269 Pyridoxal kinase TC003259 4.00E-57 270 Putative
ARP-like TC015785 7.00E-57 271 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein L48
TC007588 2.00E-56 272 Splicing factor SPF30 TC005331 3.00E-56 273
Transmembrane protein 208 TC003864 4.00E-56 274 Novel protein
TC010006 5.00E-56 275 NIF3-like protein 1 TC011681 7.00E-56 276
Neuroendocrine protein 7b2 TC008457 2.00E-55 277 Class I helical
cytokine receptor member 2 TC000209 2.00E-55 278 CG8675 TC002245
2.00E-55 279 Novel protein TC007222 3.00E-55 280
Dolichyldiphosphatase, putative TC013393 3.00E-55 281 Low density
lipoprotein receptor adapter protein 1 TC006386 4.00E-55 282
Formin-binding protein 4 TC005008 5.00E-55 283 BRCA1-A complex
subunit MERIT40 TC004528 9.00E-55 284 Ribosomal protein L31
TC008311 1.00E-54 285 Reticulon; Pfam: PF02453 TC011617 2.00E-54
286 Circadian clock-controlled protein TC013657 3.00E-54 287
Ribosomal protein L28 TC003255 5.00E-54 288 Transmembrane
domains-containing protein TC003492 7.00E-54 289
N-acetyltransferase MAK3-like protein TC008129 2.00E-53 290
N-acetyltransferase UNQ2771/PRO7155-like protein TC010378 1.00E-52
291 Protein rolling stone TC005180 2.00E-52 292 39S ribosomal
protein L32, mitochondrial TC001148 2.00E-52 293 Transcription
initiation factor TFIID subunit 13 TC001068 3.00E-52 294
Phosphatidylcholine:ceramide cholinephosphotransferase 1 TC006942
4.00E-52 295 WD40 repeat protein TC015135 5.00E-52 296
Mitochondrial 39S ribosomal protein L27 TC000079 5.00E-52 297 TMEM9
domain family member B TC002414 9.00E-52 298 Novel protein TC008970
1.00E-51 299 Similar to poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, PARN
TC005425 1.00E-51 300 Coiled-coil-helix-coiled-coil-helix
domain-containing protein, TC002433 2.00E-51 putative 301
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein, S23, putative TC005391 2.00E-51
302 RCC1 domain-containing protein 1 TC012016 3.00E-51 303
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 1 TC008473 3.00E-51 304
Anamorsin homolog TC004939 4.00E-51 305 Transcription elongation
factor B polypeptide 2 TC004834 4.00E-51 306 Biogenesis of
lysosome-related organelles complex 1 subunit 1 TC012623 4.00E-51
307 NADH dehydrogenase (Ubiquinone) 1 beta subcomplex, 7 TC001945
5.00E-51 308 Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase
catalytic subunit TC011996 3.00E-50 delta isoform 309 Alpha- and
gamma-adaptin-binding protein p34 TC007613 4.00E-50 310 Mediator of
RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 28 TC001173 5.00E-50 311
Novel protein TC002356 6.00E-50 312 Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent
protein kinase TC010591 8.00E-50 313 Mitogen-activated protein
kinase kinase 1-interacting protein 1 TC002357 1.00E-49 314
Vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 37B TC014972 1.00E-49
315 Tetratricopeptide repeat; Pfam: PF13414 TC004720 4.00E-49 316
Putative sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter 10 TC003653
4.00E-49 317 DDRGK domain-containing protein 1 TC001171 6.00E-49
318 Cactin TC008782 1.00E-48 319 Novel protein (Zgc: 91844)
TC030671 2.00E-48 320 HIT zinc finger family protein TC014859
2.00E-48 321 Mediator of RNA polymerase II transcription subunit 7
TC007575 2.00E-48 322 Mitochondrial import inner membrane
translocase subunit TIM14 TC010456 2.00E-48 323 Transmembrane
protein, putative TC013919 5.00E-48 324 Mitochondrial ribosomal
protein, L46, putative TC001144 1.00E-47 325 Prefoldin subunit 1
TC010530 1.00E-47 326 F-box only protein, putative TC003789
1.00E-47 327 Paraflagellar rod protein TC010451 2.00E-47 328
Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 95 TC009249 3.00E-47 329 Fez1
TC004530 4.00E-47 330 NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase subunit,
putative TC014412 8.00E-47 331 Protein C10 TC005394 1.00E-46 332
Transmembrane protein 32 TC014495 3.00E-46 333 Cell division cycle
protein 123 homolog TC004132 8.00E-46 334 Novel protein TC000418
2.00E-45 335 Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 124 TC004658
2.00E-45 336 Ubinuclein TC008303 6.00E-45 337 WD40 domain
containing protein; Pfam: PF00400 TC005673 7.00E-45 338 Tat binding
protein 1(TBP-1); Pfam: PF00539 TC012383 9.00E-45 339 GPI-anchored
wall transfer protein 1 TC014480 2.00E-44 340 HCaRG protein; Pfam:
PF07258 TC012212 9.00E-44 341 Mannose-6-phosphate receptor
domain-containing protein TC005595 2.00E-43 342 Novel protein
TC012803 2.00E-43 343 Ribonuclease H2 subunit C TC002570 2.00E-43
344 Pre-mRNA splicing factor SF3B 10 kDa subunit, putative TC016369
2.00E-43 345 Motile sperm domain-containing protein 1 TC002877
3.00E-43 346 UPF0586 protein C1778.07 TC009347 4.00E-43 347
Mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase B14.7 subunit,
TC009025 7.00E-43 putative 348 Mitochondrial ribosomal protein, L9,
putative TC010194 7.00E-43 349 MKI67 FHA domain-interacting
nucleolar phosphoprotein-like TC004828 8.00E-43 350 Mitochondrial
ribosomal protein L1 TC011372 1.00E-42 351 Putative
pterin-4-alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase TC010121 2.00E-42 352
Ecsit TC015956 3.00E-42 353 Probable 39S ribosomal protein L49,
mitochondrial (fragment) TC007075 8.00E-42 354 Brinker TC000748
1.00E-41 355 L-aminoadipate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase- TC011251
2.00E-41 phosphopantetheinyl transferase 356 Insulin-degrading
enzyme TC001879 7.00E-41 357 Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 TC007454
8.00E-41 358 Autotransporter adhesin, putative TC006745 1.00E-40
359 TGF-beta activated kinase 1 TC005572 3.00E-40 360
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2-interacting protein TC009488 4.00E-40 361
Cytochrome c oxidase assembly protein cox11 TC003306 2.00E-39 362
CKLF-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing protein 4 TC014737
4.00E-39 363 Small androgen receptor-interacting protein TC012817
4.00E-39 364 Stathmin TC013090 4.00E-38 365 Prolactin regulatory
element-binding protein TC014725 6.00E-38 366
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatase 4 regulatory subunit 2
TC008382 7.00E-38 367 Zgc: 152651 protein TC000873 1.00E-37 368 Fau
TC015895 2.00E-37 369 Mitochondrial import inner membrane
translocase subunit Tim10, TC003366 3.00E-37 putative 370 NADH
dehydrogenase 1 alpha subcomplex subunit 5 TC030694 3.00E-37 371
Mitochondrial ribosomal protein, S18A, putative TC030560 4.00E-37
372 Nuclear pore complex protein Nup107 TC011645 5.00E-37 373
Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 14C, putative TC012424
5.00E-37 374 FAM98A TC011549 5.00E-37 375 RNA-binding protein with
serine-rich domain 1 TC005720 8.00E-37 376 Coiled-coil
domain-containing protein 58 TC000619 8.00E-37 377 28S ribosomal
protein S16 TC009884 9.00E-37 378 Glyoxylate/hydroxypyruvate
reductase A TC014276 3.00E-36 379 Transmembrane protein 50A
TC009723 3.00E-36 380 NADH dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] 1 subunit C2
TC007636 3.00E-36 381 Mediator complex TC012102 4.00E-36 382
DNL-type zinc finger protein TC030565 4.00E-36 383
Ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase, complex III subunit VII TC007766
5.00E-36 384 F13E9.13, mitochondrial TC004031 8.00E-36 385 Protein
YIPF6 TC008171 2.00E-35 386 BAG domain-containing protein Samui
TC006553 2.00E-34 387 Amsh TC011383 3.00E-34 388 Transcription
elongation factor 1-like protein TC030554 5.00E-34 389 Tumor
protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 1 TC004030 6.00E-34 390 Novel
protein TC006224 7.00E-33 391 Guanine nucleotide-releasing factor 2
TC004461 1.00E-32 392 Novel protein TC009815 3.00E-32 393
Mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase 9 kDa subunit-
TC007332 5.00E-32 like protein 394 Sirtuin-5 TC005187 4.00E-31 395
TP53RK-binding protein TC006547 2.00E-30 396 Transferrin (Fragment)
TC030767 5.00E-30 397 Novel protein TC014167 1.00E-29 398
Regulatory factor X domain-containing protein 2 TC008959 1.00E-29
399 Novel protein TC012215 6.00E-29 400 Polyadenylate-binding
protein-interacting protein, putative TC004150 1.00E-28 401
Pallidin TC008878 2.00E-27 402 Signal recognition particle 14 kDa
protein TC030566 2.00E-27 403 Proteasome assembly chaperone 2
TC002896 2.00E-27 404 Zinc finger protein 509 TC030550 3.00E-27 405
Polyglutamine-binding protein, putative TC014489 2.00E-26 406 HCaRG
protein; Pfam: PF07258 TC004291 2.00E-26 407 Protein lunapark-B
TC009502 4.00E-26 408 Polyadenylate-binding protein-interacting
protein 1 TC003208 5.00E-26 409 Peptidase family S49 N-terminal;
Pfam: PF08496 TC002531 6.00E-26 410 alba-like protein; Pfam:
PF01918 TC006278 1.00E-25 411 Pre-rRNA-processing protein TSR2;
Pfam: PF10273 TC003011 4.00E-25 412 Ribosome-associated membrane
protein TC003121 7.00E-25 413 Novel protein TC007255 3.00E-24 414
Intraflagellar transport protein 122-like protein TC009862 4.00E-24
415 Chromatin accessibility complex protein 1 TC005810 1.00E-22 416
Cag pathogenicity island protein Cag12; Pfam: PF13117 TC003712
4.00E-22 417 Novel protein TC013025 1.00E-21 418 Mitochondrial
NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase ESSS subunit, TC030690 2.00E-21
putative
419 Novel protein TC002622 3.00E-21 420 Pogo transposable element
with ZNF domain TC014398 4.00E-21 421 Exopolysaccharide synthesis,
ExoD; Pfam: PF06055 TC001378 7.00E-21 422 Transcription elongation
factor B polypeptide, putative TC001477 1.00E-20 423 Coiled-coil
domain-containing protein 137 TC006678 1.00E-20 424
Glucocorticoid-induced transcript 1 protein TC001670 2.00E-20 425
24 kDa salivary protein TC007968 5.00E-20 426 CD151 antigen,
putative TC008242 7.00E-20 427 Novel protein TC001918 1.00E-19 428
WW domain binding protein 4 TC011685 2.00E-19 429 Angiogenic factor
with G patch and FHA domains 1 TC009165 2.00E-19 430 Novel protein
TC003588 3.00E-19 431 Chloride ion current inducer protein,
putative TC003587 4.00E-19 432 Tetratricopeptide repeat protein 7B
TC001250 1.00E-18 433 Protein HSPC020 homolog TC004459 1.00E-18 434
NADH dehydrogenase TC004001 1.00E-18 435 Putative mitochondrial
precursor protein; Pfam: PF10161 TC012057 6.00E-18 436 Protein
dispatched TC010878 3.00E-16 437 Zinc finger CCHC domain-containing
protein 10 TC010699 3.00E-16 438 Novel protein TC013714 5.00E-16
439 Protein HBXIP-like protein TC006817 8.00E-16 440 Novel protein
TC002312 8.00E-15 441 DSS1/SEM1 family; Pfam: PF05160 TC003531
9.00E-15 442 Novel protein TC003092 1.00E-14 443 Novel protein
TC010373 8.00E-14 444 Mitotic phosphoprotein 67 (Fragment) TC008670
8.00E-13 445 Novel protein TC014221 2.00E-12 446 CDNA sequence
TC030548 2.00E-12 447 C2H2-type zinc finger; Pfam: PF13912 TC007119
6.00E-12 448 Novel protein TC006599 2.00E-09 449 Novel protein
TC008147 2.00E-08 450 4F5 protein family; Pfam: PF04419 TC004123
4.00E-06
[0281] This subset of Diabrotica virgifera virgifera genes is
selected as target genes that are likely to be effective targets
for RNAi-mediated silencing methods. These nucleotide sequences
(SEQ ID NOs:1-450) are especially useful in designing recombinant
polynucleotides for controlling Diabrotica species infestations,
and in making transgenic plants expressing such recombinant
polynucleotides for resistance to Diabrotica species
infestations.
Example 3
[0282] The polynucleotides of this invention are generally designed
to modulate expression by inducing regulation or suppression of a
Diabrotica species target gene and are designed to have a
nucleotide sequence essentially identical or essentially
complementary to the nucleotide sequence of a Diabrotica species
target gene (e. g., SEQ ID NOs:1-450) or to the sequence of RNA
transcribed from a Diabrotica species target gene, which can be
coding sequence or non-coding sequence. These effective
polynucleotide molecules that modulate expression are referred to
herein as a "trigger", or "triggers". This example describes
non-limiting techniques useful in the design and selection of
polynucleotides as "triggers" to modulate expression of a
Diabrotica species target gene.
[0283] Selection of Polynucleotide Triggers by "Tiling"
[0284] Polynucleotides of use in the invention need not be of the
full length of a target gene, and in many embodiments are of much
shorter length in comparison to the target gene. An example of a
technique that is useful for selecting effective triggers is
"tiling", or evaluation of polynucleotides corresponding to
adjacent or partially overlapping segments of a target gene.
[0285] Effective polynucleotide "triggers" can be identified by
"tiling" gene targets in selected length fragments, e. g.,
fragments of 200-300 nucleotides in length, with partially
overlapping regions, e. g., of about 25 nucleotides, along the
length of the target gene. To suppress a single gene, trigger
sequences are designed to correspond to (have a nucleotide identity
or complementarity with) regions that are unique to the target
gene; the selected region of the target gene can include coding
sequence or non-coding sequence (e. g., promoter regions, 3'
untranslated regions, introns and the like) or a combination of
both.
[0286] Where it is of interest to design a target effective in
suppressing multiple target genes, the multiple target gene
sequences are aligned and polynucleotide triggers designed to
correspond to regions with high sequence homology in common among
the multiple targets. Conversely, where it is of interest to design
a target effective in selectively suppressing one among multiple
target sequences, the multiple target gene sequences are aligned
and polynucleotide triggers designed to correspond to regions with
no or low sequence homology in common among the multiple
targets.
[0287] In a non-limiting example, anti-sense single-stranded RNA
triggers are designed for each of the target genes listed in Table
1 as follows. Multiple anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers,
each of 200-300 nucleotides in length and with a sequence
corresponding to (i. e., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to)
a fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ ID
NOs:1-450 are designed so that each trigger's sequence overlaps
about 25 nucleotides of the next adjacent trigger's sequence, in
such a way that the multiple triggers in combination cover the full
length of the target gene. (Sense triggers are designed in an
analogous fashion, where the trigger sequence is identical to a
fragment of the target gene. Similarly, double-stranded triggers
can be designed by providing pairs of sense and anti-sense
triggers, each pair of triggers overlapping the next adjacent pair
of triggers.)
[0288] The polynucleotide triggers are tested by any convenient
means for efficacy in silencing the Diabrotica species target gene.
An example of a suitable test is a diet bioassay such as the
Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte)
larval bioassay described in International Patent Application
Publication WO2005/110068 A2 and U.S. Patent Application
Publication US 2006/0021087 A1, specifically incorporated by
reference. Another test involves the topical application of the
polynucleotide triggers either directly to Diabrotica individuals
or to the surface of a plant to be protected from a Diabrotica
species infestation. One desired result of treatment with a
polynucleotide of this invention is prevention or control of a
Diabrotica species infestation, e. g., by inducing in a Diabrotica
insect a physiological or behavioural change such as, but not
limited to, growth stunting, increased mortality, decrease in
reproductive capacity, decrease in or cessation of feeding behavior
or movement, or decrease in or cessation of metamorphosis stage
development. Another desired result of treatment with a
polynucleotide of this invention is provision of a plant that
exhibits improved resistance to a Diabrotica species infestation,
such as a maize (Zea mays) plant that exhibits improved resistance
to an infestation by Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Western Corn
Rootworm, WCR), Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardii (Southern Corn
Rootworm, SCR), Diabrotica barberi (Northern Corn Rootworm, NCR),
Diabrotica virgifera zeae (Mexican Corn Rootworm, MCR), Diabrotica
balteata (Brazilian Corn Rootworm, BZR), or Brazilian Corn Rootworm
complex (BCR) consisting of Diabrotica viridula and Diabrotica
speciosa.
[0289] The tiling procedure can be repeated, if desired. A
polynucleotide trigger found to provide desired activity can itself
be subjected to a tiling procedure. For example, multiple
overlapping anti-sense single-stranded RNA triggers are designed,
each of 50-60 nucleotides in length and with a sequence
corresponding to (i. e., for anti-sense triggers, complementary to)
the fragment of a target gene having a sequence selected from SEQ
ID NOs:1-450 for which a single polynucleotide trigger of 300
nucleotides was found to be effective. Additional rounds of tiling
analysis can be carried out, where triggers as short as 18 or 19
nucleotides are tested.
[0290] Effective polynucleotide triggers of any size can be used,
alone or in combination, in the various methods of this invention.
In some embodiments, a single polynucleotide trigger is used to
make a composition of this invention (e. g., a composition for
topical application, or a recombinant DNA construct useful for
making a transgenic plant). In other embodiments, a mixture or pool
of different polynucleotide triggers is used; in such cases the
polynucleotide triggers can be for a single target gene or for
multiple target genes.
[0291] Thermodynamic Considerations in Selecting Polynucleotide
Triggers
[0292] Polynucleotide triggers can be designed or their sequence
optimised using thermodynamic considerations. For example,
polynucleotide triggers can be selected based on the thermodynamics
controlling hybridization between one nucleic acid strand (e. g., a
polynucleotide trigger or an individual siRNA) and another (e. g.,
a target gene transcript)
[0293] Methods and algorithms to predict nucleotide sequences that
are likely to be effective at RNAi-mediated silencing of a target
gene are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of such methods
and algorithms include "i-score", described by Ichihara et al.
(2007) Nucleic Acids Res., 35(18): 123e; "Oligowalk", publicly
available at rna.urmc.rochester.edu/servers/oligowalk and described
by Lu et al. (2008) Nucleic Acids Res., 36:W104-108; and "Reynolds
score", described by Khovorova et al. (2004) Nature Biotechnol.,
22:326-330.
[0294] Permitted Mismatches
[0295] By "essentially identical" or "essentially complementary" is
meant that the trigger polynucleotide (or at least one strand of a
double-stranded polynucleotide) has sufficient identity or
complementarity to the target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a
target gene (e. g., the transcript) to suppress expression of a
target gene (e. g., to effect a reduction in levels or activity of
the target gene transcript and/or encoded protein). Polynucleotides
of this invention need not have 100 percent identity or
complementarity to a target gene or to the RNA transcribed from a
target gene to suppress expression of the target gene (e. g., to
effect a reduction in levels or activity of the target gene
transcript or encoded protein, or to provide control of a
Diabrotica species). In some embodiments, the polynucleotide or a
portion thereof is designed to be essentially identical to, or
essentially complementary to, a sequence of at least 18 or 19
contiguous nucleotides in either the target gene or the RNA
transcribed from the target gene. In certain embodiments, an
"essentially identical" polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence
identity or at least about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92,
93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, or 99 percent sequence identity when
compared to the sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in
either the endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the
target gene. In certain embodiments, an "essentially complementary"
polynucleotide has 100 percent sequence complementarity or at least
about 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97,
98, or 99 percent sequence complementarity when compared to the
sequence of 18 or more contiguous nucleotides in either the target
gene or RNA transcribed from the target gene.
[0296] Polynucleotides containing mismatches to the target gene or
transcript can be used in certain embodiments of the compositions
and methods of this invention. In some embodiments, the
polynucleotide includes at least 18 or at least 19 contiguous
nucleotides that are essentially identical or essentially
complementary to a segment of equivalent length in the target gene
or target gene's transcript. In certain embodiments, a
polynucleotide of 19 contiguous nucleotides that is essentially
identical or essentially complementary to a segment of equivalent
length in the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or
2 mismatches to the target gene or transcript (i. e., 1 or 2
mismatches between the polynucleotide's 19 contiguous nucleotides
and the segment of equivalent length in the target gene or target
gene's transcript). In certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 20
or more nucleotides that contains a contiguous 19 nucleotide span
of identity or complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in
the target gene or target gene's transcript can have 1 or 2
mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In certain
embodiments, a polynucleotide of 21 continuous nucleotides that is
essentially identical or essentially complementary to a segment of
equivalent length in the target gene or target gene's transcript
can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to the target gene or transcript. In
certain embodiments, a polynucleotide of 22 or more nucleotides
that contains a contiguous 21 nucleotide span of identity or
complementarity to a segment of equivalent length in the target
gene or target gene's transcript can have 1, 2, or 3 mismatches to
the target gene or transcript.
[0297] In designing polynucleotides with mismatches to an
endogenous target gene or to an RNA transcribed from the target
gene, mismatches of certain types and at certain positions that are
more likely to be tolerated can be used. In certain exemplary
embodiments, mismatches formed between adenine and cytosine or
guanosine and uracil residues are used as described by Du et al.
(2005) Nucleic Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. In some embodiments,
mismatches in 19 base-pair overlap regions are located at the low
tolerance positions 5, 7, 8 or 11 (from the 5' end of a
19-nucleotide target), at medium tolerance positions 3, 4, and
12-17 (from the 5' end of a 19-nucleotide target), and/or at the
high tolerance positions at either end of the region of
complementarity, i. e., positions 1, 2, 18, and 19 (from the 5' end
of a 19-nucleotide target) as described by Du et al. (2005) Nucleic
Acids Res., 33:1671-1677. Tolerated mismatches can be empirically
determined in routine assays, e. g., in in vitro dietary assays on
Diabrotica species larvae.
[0298] Embedding Active Triggers in Neutral Sequence
[0299] In an embodiment, a bioactive trigger (i. e., a
polynucleotide with a sequence corresponding to the target gene and
which is responsible for an observed suppression of the target
gene) is embedded in "neutral" sequence, i. e., inserted into
additional nucleotides that have no sequence identity or
complementarity to the target gene. Neutral sequence can be
desirable, e. g., to increase the overall length of a
polynucleotide. For example, it can be desirable for a
polynucleotide to be of a particular size for reasons of stability,
cost-effectiveness in manufacturing, or biological activity.
[0300] It has been reported that for Diabrotica virgifera virgifera
dsRNAs greater than or equal to approximately 60 base-pairs (bp)
are required for biological activity in artificial diet bioassays;
see Bolognesi et al. (2012) PLoS ONE 7(10): e47534. Thus, in one
embodiment, a 21-base-pair dsRNA trigger corresponding to a target
gene in Table 1 and found to provide control of a Diabrotica
infestation is embedded in neutral sequence of an additional 39
base pairs, thus forming a polynucleotide of about 60 base pairs.
In another embodiment, a single 21-base-pair trigger is found to be
efficacious when embedded in larger sections of neutral sequence,
e. g., where the total polynucleotide length is from about 60 to
about 300 base pairs.
Example 4
[0301] This example illustrates a non-limiting assay useful for
evaluating the Diabrotica-controlling efficacy of a polynucleotide
of this invention including at least 18 contiguous nucleotides that
are essentially identical or complementary to a segment of
equivalent length of a DNA having a sequence selected from the
group consisting of SEQ ID NOs:1-450, or including at least 18
contiguous nucleotides that are essentially identical or
complementary to a segment of equivalent length of a DNA of a
target gene selected from the group consisting of the genes
identified in Table 1, or compositions including such
polynucleotides.
[0302] Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers for each of the target
genes with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-450 (i. e., the
450 target genes identified in Table 1) are designed and selected
as described in Examples 2 and 3 and are tested in a bioassay. Each
trigger is about 500 base pairs in length with a sequence of
contiguous nucleotides corresponding to an open reading frame of a
target gene with a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-450 (i. e.,
a target gene selected from the 450 target genes identified in
Table 1); where the open reading frame is shorter than 500
nucleotides, a shorter trigger is used. At least one trigger for
each of the 450 target genes is tested; for selected target genes
multiple triggers are tested. The triggers are chemically
synthesized by in vitro transcription using a T7 RNA polymerase,
using standard methodology. The RNA transcription products are
purified from the T7 reaction mixture and are used either directly
in the bioassay or are modified prior to the bioassay by digestion
with RNAse III (Ambion Corporation, Austin, Tex.) or DICER
(Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.) to produce twenty-one and twenty-two
nucleotide duplexes containing 5' phosphorylated ends and 3'
hydroxyl ends with 2-3 base overhangs. The dsRNA triggers for
suppressing each of the 450 target genes are tested in a diet
bioassay using Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae, wherein
mortality or stunting of the larvae due to contact with or
ingestion of the polynucleotide triggers is assayed, is carried out
as follows.
[0303] Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (WCR) eggs are obtained from
Crop Characteristics, Inc., Farmington, Minn. The non-diapausing
WCR eggs are incubated in soil for about 13 days at 24 degrees
Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete darkness. On day 13 the
soil containing WCR eggs is placed between #30- and #60-mesh sieves
and the eggs are washed out of the soil with water from a hose. The
eggs are surface-disinfected by soaking in a LYSOL.RTM. (Reckitt
Benckiser LLC, Parsippany, N.J.) solution for three minutes, rinsed
three times with sterile water, washed one time with a 10% formalin
solution and then rinsed three additional times in sterile water.
The eggs are then dispensed onto sterile coffee filters and hatched
overnight at 27 degrees Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete
darkness.
[0304] Insect diet is prepared essentially according to Pleau et
al. (2002) Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 105:1-11, with
some modifications. 9.4 grams of Serva agar is dispensed into 540
milliliters of purified water and agitated until the agar is
thoroughly distributed. The water/agar mixture is heated to boiling
to completely dissolve the agar, and poured into a Waring blender.
The blender is maintained at low speed while 62.7 grams of Bio-Serv
mix (F9757), 3.75 grams lyophilized maize root, 1.25 milliliters of
green food coloring, and 0.6 milliliters of formalin are added to
the hot agar mixture. The mixture is then adjusted to pH 9.0 with
the addition of a 10% potassium hydroxide solution. The
approximately 600 milliliter volume of liquid diet is continually
mixed at high speed and maintained at from about 48 to about 60
degrees Celsius using a sterilized Nalgene-coated magnetic stir bar
on a magnetic stirring hot plate while being dispensed in aliquots
of 200 microliters into each well of FALCON 96-well round bottom
microtiter plates. The diet in the plates is allowed to solidify
and air dry in a sterile biohood for about ten minutes.
[0305] Thirty (30) microliter volumes of test samples, containing
either control reagents or the polynucleotide (dsRNA triggers) to
be tested in varying quantities, are overlayed onto the surface of
the solidified insect diet in each well. The plates are allowed to
stand in a sterile biohood for up to one half hour after
application of test samples to allow the reagents to diffuse into
the diet and to allow the surface of the diet to dry. One WCR
neonate larva is deposited in each well with a fine paintbrush.
Plates are then sealed with Mylar and ventilated using an insect
pin. From 12 to 72 larvae are tested per dose, depending on the
design of the assay. The bioassay plates are incubated at 27
degrees Celsius, 60% relative humidity, in complete darkness for
12-14 days. Mortality or stunting of the larvae is observed at the
last (12-14) day time point: the number of surviving larvae per
dose is recorded and larval mass is determined by weighing each
surviving larva with an analytical balance. Data are analyzed using
JMP.COPYRGT.4 statistical software (SAS Institute, 1995) and a full
factorial ANOVA is conducted with a Dunnett's test to look for
treatment effects compared to the untreated control (P<0.05). A
Tukey-Kramer post hoc test is performed to compare all pairs of the
treatments (P<0.05).
[0306] It is anticipated that the combination of certain
recombinant RNAs of this invention (e. g., the dsRNA triggers
described herein) with one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal
agents will result in a synergetic improvement in prevention or
control of Diabrotica species infestations, when compared to the
effect obtained with the recombinant RNA alone or the
non-polynucleotide pesticidal agent alone. Routine insect bioassays
such as the bioassay employing an artificial diet described here
are useful for defining dose-responses for larval mortality or
growth inhibition using combinations of the polynucleotides of this
invention and one or more non-polynucleotide pesticidal agents (e.
g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus
laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus
insecticidal protein). One of skill in the art can test
combinations of polynucleotides and non-polynucleotide pesticidal
agents in routine bioassays to identify combinations of bioactives
that are synergistic and desirable for use in protecting plants
from Diabrotica species infestations.
Example 5
[0307] This example illustrates non-limiting embodiments of the use
of polynucleotides of this invention in topically applied
compositions for preventing or controlling Diabrotica species
infestations.
[0308] Compositions containing one or more polynucleotides of this
invention are useful as topical treatments of plants, animals, or
environments wherein prevention or control of a Diabrotica species
infestation is desired. In embodiments, a polynucleotide of this
invention (e. g., a dsRNA trigger for each of the target genes with
a sequence selected from SEQ ID NOs:1-450, i. e., the 450 target
genes identified in Table 1, as described in Examples 3 and 4
above) is included in an effective amount in a composition designed
to be provided directly (e. g., by contact or ingestion) to a
Diabrotica species, or a plant or environment wherein prevention or
control of infestation by that Diabrotica species is desired. Such
compositions are formulated and manufactured according to the art
and can be in any convenient form, e. g., a solution or mixture of
solutions, an emulsion, a suspension, a dispersible powder, a solid
or liquid bait, a seed coating, or a soil drench. Embodiments of
such compositions include those where the polynucleotide of this
invention is provided in a living or dead microorganism such as a
bacterium or fungal or yeast cell, or provided as a microbial
fermentation product, or provided in a living or dead plant cell,
or provided as a synthetic recombinant polynucleotide. In an
embodiment the composition includes a non-pathogenic strain of a
microorganism that contains a polynucleotide of this invention;
ingestion or intake of the microorganism results in stunting or
mortality of the Diabrotica species; non-limiting examples of
suitable microorganisms include E. coli, B. thuringiensis,
Pseudomonas sp., Photorhabdus sp., Xenorhabdus sp., Serratia
entomophila and related Serratia sp., B. sphaericus, B. cereus, B.
laterosporus, B. popilliae, Clostridium bifermentans and other
Clostridium species, or other spore-forming gram-positive bacteria.
In an embodiment, the composition includes a plant virus vector
including a polynucleotide of this invention; feeding by a
Diabrotica species on a plant treated with the plant virus vector
results in stunting or mortality of the Diabrotica species. In an
embodiment, the composition includes a baculovirus vector including
a polynucleotide of this invention; ingestion or intake of the
vector results in stunting or mortality of the Diabrotica species.
In an embodiment, a polynucleotide of this invention is
encapsulated in a synthetic matrix such as a polymer or attached to
particulates and topically applied to the surface of a plant;
feeding by a Diabrotica species on the topically treated plant
results in stunting or mortality of the Diabrotica species. In an
embodiment, a polynucleotide of this invention is provided in the
form of a plant cell (e. g., a transgenic maize plant cell of this
invention) expressing the polynucleotide; ingestion of the plant
cell or contents of the plant cell by a Diabrotica species results
in stunting or mortality of the Diabrotica species.
[0309] Such compositions can include the appropriate stickers and
wetters required for efficient foliar coverage as well as UV
protectants to protect polynucleotides such as dsRNAs from UV
damage. Such additives are commonly used in the bioinsecticide
industry and are known to those skilled in the art. Compositions
for soil application can include granular formulations that serve
as bait for Diabrotica species larvae. Such compositions can
include a carrier agent, a surfactant, an organosilicone, a
polynucleotide herbicidal molecule, a non-polynucleotide herbicidal
molecule, a non-polynucleotide pesticide, a safener, and an insect
growth regulator. In embodiments, the composition further includes
at least one pesticidal agent selected from the group consisting of
a patatin, a plant lectin, a phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus
thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a Xenorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Bacillus
laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a Bacillus sphearicus
insecticidal protein.
[0310] Such compositions are applied in any convenient manner, e.
g., by spraying or dusting the Diabrotica species directly, or
spraying or dusting a plant or environment wherein prevention or
control of infestation by that Diabrotica species is desired, or by
applying a coating to a surface of a plant, or by applying a
coating to a seed in preparation for the seed's planting, or by
applying a soil drench around roots of a plant for which prevention
or control of infestation by that Diabrotica species is
desired.
[0311] An effective amount of a polynucleotide of this invention is
an amount sufficient to provide control of the Diabrotica species,
or to prevent infestation by the Diabrotica species; determination
of effective amounts of a polynucleotide of this invention are made
using routine assays such as those described in Example 4 above.
While there is no upper limit on the concentrations and dosages of
a polynucleotide of this invention that can be useful in the
methods and compositions provided herein, lower effective
concentrations and dosages will generally be sought for efficiency.
The concentrations can be adjusted in consideration of the volume
of spray or treatment applied to plant leaves or other plant part
surfaces, such as flower petals, stems, tubers, fruit, anthers,
pollen, leaves, roots, or seeds. In one embodiment, a useful
treatment for herbaceous plants using 25-mer polynucleotides of
this invention is about 1 nanomole (nmol) of polynucleotides per
plant, for example, from about 0.05 to 1 nmol polynucleotides per
plant. Other embodiments for herbaceous plants include useful
ranges of about 0.05 to about 100 nmol, or about 0.1 to about 20
nmol, or about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of polynucleotides per
plant. In certain embodiments, about 40 to about 50 nmol of a ssDNA
polynucleotide of this invention is applied. In certain
embodiments, about 0.5 nmol to about 2 nmol of a dsRNA of this
invention is applied. In certain embodiments, a composition
containing about 0.5 to about 2.0 mg/mL, or about 0.14 mg/mL of a
dsRNA or an ssDNA (21-mer) of this invention is applied. In certain
embodiments, a composition of about 0.5 to about 1.5 mg/mL of a
dsRNA polynucleotide of this invention of about 50 to about 200 or
more nucleotides is applied. In certain embodiments, about 1 nmol
to about 5 nmol of a dsRNA of this invention is applied to a plant.
In certain embodiments, the polynucleotide composition as topically
applied to the plant contains at least one polynucleotide of this
invention at a concentration of about 0.01 to about 10 milligrams
per milliliter, or about 0.05 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter,
or about 0.1 to about 2 milligrams per milliliter Very large
plants, trees, or vines can require correspondingly larger amounts
of polynucleotides. When using long dsRNA molecules of this
invention that can be processed into multiple oligonucleotides (e.
g., multiple triggers encoded by a single recombinant DNA molecule
of this invention), lower concentrations can be used. Non-limiting
examples of effective polynucleotide treatment regimes include a
treatment of between about 0.1 to about 1 nmol of polynucleotide
molecule per plant, or between about 1 nmol to about 10 nmol of
polynucleotide molecule per plant, or between about 10 nmol to
about 100 nmol of polynucleotide molecule per plant.
[0312] Embodiments of compositions of this invention include a
"transfer agent", i. e., an agent that, when combined with a
composition including a polynucleotide of this invention that is
topically applied to the surface of an organism, enables the
polynucleotide to enter the cells of that organism. Such transfer
agents can be incorporated as part of the composition including a
polynucleotide of this invention, or can be applied prior to,
contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition
including a polynucleotide of this invention. In embodiments, a
transfer agent is an agent that improves the uptake of a
polynucleotide of this invention by a Diabrotica species. In
embodiments, a transfer agent is an agent that conditions the
surface of plant tissue, e. g., seeds, leaves, stems, roots,
flowers, or fruits, to permeation by a polynucleotide of this
invention into plant cells. In embodiments, the transfer agent
enables a pathway for a polynucleotide of this invention through
cuticle wax barriers, stomata, and/or cell wall or membrane
barriers into plant cells.
[0313] Suitable transfer agents include agents that increase
permeability of the exterior of the organism or that increase
permeability of cells of the organism to polynucleotides of this
invention. Suitable transfer agents include a chemical agent, or a
physical agent, or combinations thereof. Chemical agents for
conditioning or transfer include (a) surfactants, (b) an organic
solvent or an aqueous solution or aqueous mixtures of organic
solvents, (c) oxidizing agents, (d) acids, (e) bases, (f) oils, (g)
enzymes, or combinations thereof. In embodiments, application of a
composition of this invention and a transfer agent optionally
includes an incubation step, a neutralization step (e. g., to
neutralize an acid, base, or oxidizing agent, or to inactivate an
enzyme), a rinsing step, or combinations thereof. Suitable transfer
agents can be in the form of an emulsion, a reverse emulsion, a
liposome, or other micellar-like composition, or can cause the
polynucleotide composition to take the form of an emulsion, a
reverse emulsion, a liposome, or other micellar-like composition.
Embodiments of transfer agents include counter-ions or other
molecules that are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules,
e. g., inorganic ammonium ions, alkyl ammonium ions, lithium ions,
polyamines such as spermine, spermidine, or putrescine, and other
cations. Embodiments of transfer agents include organic solvents
such as DMSO, DMF, pyridine, N-pyrrolidine,
hexamethylphosphoramide, acetonitrile, dioxane, polypropylene
glycol, or other solvents miscible with water or that dissolve
phosphonucleotides in non-aqueous systems (such as is used in
synthetic reactions). Embodiments of transfer agents include
naturally derived or synthetic oils with or without surfactants or
emulsifiers, e. g., plant-sourced oils, crop oils (such as those
listed in the 9.sup.th Compendium of Herbicide Adjuvants, publicly
available on-line at herbicide.adjuvants.com), paraffinic oils,
polyol fatty acid esters, or oils with short-chain molecules
modified with amides or polyamines such as polyethyleneimine or
N-pyrrolidine.
[0314] Embodiments of transfer agents include organosilicone
preparations. For example, a suitable transfer agent is an
organosilicone preparation that is commercially available as
Silwet.RTM. L-77 surfactant having CAS Number 27306-78-1 and EPA
Number: CAL.REG.NO. 5905-50073-AA, and currently available from
Momentive Performance Materials, Albany, N.Y. In embodiments where
a Silwet L-77 organosilicone preparation is used as transfer agent
in the form of a spray treatment (applied prior to,
contemporaneously with, or following application of the composition
including a polynucleotide of this invention) of plant leaves or
other plant surfaces, freshly made concentrations in the range of
about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) (e. g., about
0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055,
0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,
0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6,
1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt percent) are efficacious
in preparing a leaf or other plant surface for transfer of a
polynucleotide of this invention into plant cells from a topical
application on the surface. One embodiment includes a composition
that comprises a polynucleotide of this invention and a transfer
agent including an organosilicone preparation such as Silwet L-77
in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt
percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04,
0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09,
0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt
percent). One embodiment includes a composition that comprises a
polynucleotide of this invention and a transfer agent including
Silwet L-77 in the range of about 0.3 to about 1 percent by weight
(wt percent) or about 0.5 to about 1% by weight (wt percent).
[0315] Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use
in this invention include, but are not limited to, compounds that
include: (a) a trisiloxane head group that is covalently linked to,
(b) an alkyl linker including, but not limited to, an n-propyl
linker, that is covalently linked to, (c) a polyglycol chain, that
is covalently linked to, (d) a terminal group. Trisiloxane head
groups of such organosilicone compounds include, but are not
limited to, heptamethyltrisiloxane. Alkyl linkers can include, but
are not limited to, an n-propyl linker Polyglycol chains include,
but are not limited to, polyethylene glycol or polypropylene
glycol. Polyglycol chains can comprise a mixture that provides an
average chain length "n" of about "7.5". In certain embodiments,
the average chain length "n" can vary from about 5 to about 14.
Terminal groups can include, but are not limited to, alkyl groups
such as a methyl group. Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer
agents for use in this invention include, but are not limited to,
trisiloxane ethoxylate surfactants or polyalkylene oxide modified
heptamethyl trisiloxane. An example of a transfer agent for use in
this invention is Compound I:
##STR00001##
[0316] Organosilicone compounds useful as transfer agents for use
in this invention are used, e. g., as freshly made concentrations
in the range of about 0.015 to about 2 percent by weight (wt
percent) (e. g., about 0.01, 0.015, 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04,
0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09,
0.095, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, 1.2,
1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.5 wt
percent).
[0317] Embodiments of transfer agents include one or more salts
such as ammonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and
ammonium sulfate, provided in or used with a composition including
a polynucleotide of this invention. In embodiments, ammonium
chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, and/or ammonium sulfate
are used at a concentration of about 0.5% to about 5% (w/v), or
about 1% to about 3% (w/v), or about 2% (w/v). In certain
embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this
invention includes an ammonium salt at a concentration greater or
equal to 300 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition
including a polynucleotide of this invention includes an
organosilicone transfer agent in a concentration of about 0.015 to
about 2 percent by weight (wt percent) as well as ammonium sulfate
at concentrations from about 80 to about 1200 mM or about 150 mM to
about 600 mM.
[0318] Embodiments of transfer agents include a phosphate salt.
Phosphate salts useful in a composition including a polynucleotide
of this invention include, but are not limited to, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, or sodium phosphate salts. In certain
embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this
invention includes a phosphate salt at a concentration of at least
about 5 millimolar, at least about 10 millimolar, or at least about
20 millimolar. In certain embodiments, the composition including a
polynucleotide of this invention includes a phosphate salt in a
range of about 1 mM to about 25 mM or in a range of about 5 mM to
about 25 mM. In certain embodiments, the composition including a
polynucleotide of this invention includes sodium phosphate at a
concentration of at least about 5 millimolar, at least about 10
millimolar, or at least about 20 millimolar. In certain
embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this
invention includes sodium phosphate at a concentration of about 5
millimolar, about 10 millimolar, or about 20 millimolar. In certain
embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this
invention includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about 1 mM
to about 25 mM or in a range of about 5 mM to about 25 mM. In
certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of
this invention includes a sodium phosphate salt in a range of about
10 mM to about 160 mM or in a range of about 20 mM to about 40 mM.
In certain embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide
of this invention includes a sodium phosphate buffer at a pH of
about 6.8.
[0319] Embodiments of transfer agents include surfactants and/or
effective molecules contained therein. Surfactants and/or effective
molecules contained therein include, but are not limited to, sodium
or lithium salts of fatty acids (such as tallow or tallowamines or
phospholipids) and organosilicone surfactants. In certain
embodiments, the composition including a polynucleotide of this
invention is formulated with counter-ions or other molecules that
are known to associate with nucleic acid molecules. Non-limiting
examples include, tetraalkyl ammonium ions, trialkyl ammonium ions,
sulfonium ions, lithium ions, and polyamines such as spermine,
spermidine, or putrescine. In certain embodiments, the composition
including a polynucleotide of this invention is formulated with a
non-polynucleotide herbicide e. g., glyphosate, auxin-like benzoic
acid herbicides including dicamba, chloramben, and TBA,
glufosinate, auxin-like herbicides including phenoxy carboxylic
acid herbicide, pyridine carboxylic acid herbicide, quinoline
carboxylic acid herbicide, pyrimidine carboxylic acid herbicide,
and benazolin-ethyl herbicide, sulfonylureas, imidazolinones,
bromoxynil, delapon, cyclohezanedione, protoporphyrinogen oxidase
inhibitors, and 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate-dioxygenase inhibiting
herbicides. In certain embodiments, the composition including a
polynucleotide of this invention is formulated with a
non-polynucleotide pesticide, e. g., a patatin, a plant lectin, a
phytoecdysteroid, a Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein, a
Xenorhabdus insecticidal protein, a Photorhabdus insecticidal
protein, a Bacillus laterosporous insecticidal protein, and a
Bacillus sphearicus insecticidal protein.
[0320] All of the materials and methods disclosed and claimed
herein can be made and used without undue experimentation as
instructed by the above disclosure. Although the materials and
methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred
embodiments and illustrative examples, it will be apparent to those
of skill in the art that variations can be applied to the materials
and methods described herein without departing from the concept,
spirit and scope of this invention. All such similar substitutes
and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed
to be within the spirit, scope and concept of this invention as
defined by the appended claims.
Sequence CWU 0 SQTB SEQUENCE LISTING The patent application
contains a lengthy "Sequence Listing" section. A copy of the
"Sequence Listing" is available in electronic form from the USPTO
web site
(http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20160230185A1).
An electronic copy of the "Sequence Listing" will also be available
from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37
CFR 1.19(b)(3).
0 SQTB SEQUENCE LISTING The patent application contains a lengthy
"Sequence Listing" section. A copy of the "Sequence Listing" is
available in electronic form from the USPTO web site
(http://seqdata.uspto.gov/?pageRequest=docDetail&DocID=US20160230185A1).
An electronic copy of the "Sequence Listing" will also be available
from the USPTO upon request and payment of the fee set forth in 37
CFR 1.19(b)(3).
* * * * *
References