U.S. patent application number 15/005325 was filed with the patent office on 2016-07-28 for brass having improved castability and corrosion resistance.
The applicant listed for this patent is TOTO LTD.. Invention is credited to Toru UCHIDA.
Application Number | 20160215366 15/005325 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55221338 |
Filed Date | 2016-07-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160215366 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
UCHIDA; Toru |
July 28, 2016 |
BRASS HAVING IMPROVED CASTABILITY AND CORROSION RESISTANCE
Abstract
Disclosed is a brass having reduced amounts of lead and nickel
or not containing them, and having improved castability and
corrosion resistance. The brass, comprising Sn in the range of
0.05% to 0.2% by mass, at least one or more elements selected from
the group consisting of Sb, As, and P with total amount thereof in
the range of 0.05% to 0.32% by mass, Al in the range of 0.1% to
0.5% by mass, Zn in the range of 33.0% to 40.0% by mass, at least
one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Pb and
Bi with total amount thereof in the range of 0.005% to 0.25% by
mass, Ni in the range of 0.5% or less by mass, Si in the range of
0.5% or less by mass, at least one or more elements selected from
the group consisting of Fe and B with total amount thereof in the
range of 0.0001% to 0.3% by mass, and the balance substantially
consisting of Cu and unavoidable impurities, and also an apparent
content of Zn in the range of 36% to 41%, is excellent in
castability and corrosion resistance.
Inventors: |
UCHIDA; Toru; (Fukuoka-ken,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
TOTO LTD. |
Kitakyushu-shi |
|
JP |
|
|
Family ID: |
55221338 |
Appl. No.: |
15/005325 |
Filed: |
January 25, 2016 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C22F 1/08 20130101; B22D
21/005 20130101; C22C 1/02 20130101; E03C 1/02 20130101; C22C 9/04
20130101 |
International
Class: |
C22C 9/04 20060101
C22C009/04; E03C 1/02 20060101 E03C001/02; B22D 21/00 20060101
B22D021/00; C22C 1/02 20060101 C22C001/02; C22F 1/08 20060101
C22F001/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jan 28, 2015 |
JP |
2015-014370 |
Dec 8, 2015 |
JP |
2015-239068 |
Claims
1. A brass comprising: Sn in the range of 0.05% or more by mass to
0.2% or less by mass, at least one or more elements selected from
the group consisting of Sb, As, and P with total amount thereof in
the range of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.32% or less by mass, Al in
the range of 0.1% or more by mass to O.5% or less by mass, Zn in
the range of 33.0% or more by mass to 40.0% or less by mass, at
least one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Pb
and Bi with total amount thereof in the range of 0.005% or more by
mass to 0.25% or less by mass, Ni in the range of 0.5% or less by
mass, Si in the range of 0.5% or less by mass, at least one or more
elements selected from the group consisting of Fe and B with total
amount thereof in the range of 0.0001% or more by mass to 0.3% or
less by mass, and the balance substantially consisting of Cu and
unavoidable impurities; and also an apparent content of Zn in the
range of 36% or more to 41% or less.
2. The brass according to claim 1, wherein ratio of .beta. phase in
crystal texture thereof is 15% or less.
3. The brass according to claim 2, wherein the brass is obtained,
after casting, by heat treatment carried out in a temperature range
of 450.degree. C. to 550.degree. C. and a time range of 30 minutes
to 3 hours.
4. A method for producing the brass according to claim 1, wherein
the said method comprises, after casting, the heat treatment
carried out in a temperature range of 450.degree. C. to 550.degree.
C. and a time range of 30 minutes to 3 hours.
5. A water faucet metal fitting comprising the brass according to
claim 1.
6. The water faucet fitting according to claim 5, wherein the said
water faucet fitting is produced by metal mold casting.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a brass having reduced
amounts of lead and nickel or not containing them; more
specifically, the present invention relates to a brass for casting
possessing having improved castability and corrosion resistance,
which can be advantageously used, for example, for a water faucet
metal fitting containing only minute amounts of lead and nickel, or
not containing them.
BACKGROUND ART
[0002] A water faucet metal fitting is in general made of a brass
or a bronze. From the viewpoint of improving the processability and
corrosion resistance of the material, lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are
added. In recent years, however, the influences of Pb and Ni on the
human body and environment have become a concern, and regulations
related to Pb and Ni have been actively established in various
countries. For example, in California, U.S.A., a regulation of the
content of Pb in a water-contacting member of a water tap faucet
which should be in the range of 0.25% or less by mass in weighted
average has come into effect from January, 2010. In addition, in
the U.S.A. and China, a regulation that leaching amounts of Pb and
Ni should be not more than 5 .mu.g/L and 20 .mu.g/L, respectively,
has already been in effect. Also in countries all over the world
including Europe and Korea, other than the U.S.A., the movement of
regulations as mentioned above is notable; and therefore, the
development of materials which can cope with the regulations of
containing amount of Pb or leaching amounts of Pb and Ni has been
desired in the art.
[0003] As to the typical conventional lead-containing brass, in
order to provide a copper alloy having improved metal mold
castability and corrosion resistance, JP H08(1996)-337831 A
proposes a copper alloy for metal mold casting which comprises 0.05
to 0.2% by weight of Sn, 0.05 to 0.3% by weight of at least one or
more elements selected from the group consisting of Sb, As, and P,
0.1 to 0.5% by weight of Al, 33.0 to 37.0% by weight of Zn, 0.5 to
3.0% by weight of Pb, and the balance Cu, with 35.7 to 41.0% by
weight of a zinc equivalent, 15% or less of the area occupation
rate of the .beta. phase, and 17.degree. C. or lower as the
solidification temperature range thereof. According to this patent
document, in order to improve machinability of the copper alloy,
0.5 to 3.0% by weight of Pb is added thereto. Moreover, in this
patent document, Ni is not disclosed as the element contained in
the copper alloy.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENT
Patent Document
[0004] Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent H08(1996)-337831 A
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] Inventor of the present invention recently found that in the
brass having reduced amounts of Pb and Ni or not containing them,
corrosion resistance inherently imparted to the brass by containing
them can be remarkably improved by adding prescribed amounts of
antimony (Sb) and tin (Sn) each, and that even though addition of
Sb and Sn sometimes can have an effect on casting cracking, the
effect can be remedied by adding prescribed amounts of iron (Fe)
and/or boron (B). The present invention is based on such
finding.
[0006] Accordingly, the present invention has an object to provide
a brass having reduced amounts of lead and nickel or not containing
them, and also having improved castability, corrosion resistance,
and the like.
[0007] The brass according to the present invention comprises:
[0008] Sn in the range of O,05% or more by mass to 0.2% or less by
mass,
[0009] at least one or more elements selected from the group
consisting of Sb, As, and P with total amount thereof in the range
of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.32% or less by mass,
[0010] Al in the range of 0.1% or more by mass to 0.5% or less by
mass,
[0011] Zn in the range of 33.0% or more by mass to 40.0% or less by
mass,
[0012] at least one or more elements selected from the group
consisting of Pb and Bi with total amount thereof in the range of
0.005% or more by mass to 0.25% or less by mass,
[0013] Ni in the range of 0.5% or less by mass,
[0014] Si in the range of 0.5% or less by mass,
[0015] at least one or more elements selected from the group
consisting of Fe and B with total amount thereof in the range of
0.0001% or more by mass to 0.3% or less by mass, and
[0016] the balance substantially consisting of Cu and unavoidable
impurities; and also
[0017] an apparent content of Zn in the range of 36% or more to 41%
or less.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
[0018] FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the shape of mold 1 used in a
both end restriction test method for evaluating casting cracking
resistance.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Definition:
[0020] In the present invention, the term "unavoidable impurities"
as used herein means elements present in an amount of less than
0.1% by mass unless otherwise specified. For example, elements such
as manganese (Mn) and chromium (Cr) are included in the unavoidable
impurities. The amount of the unavoidable impurities is preferably
less than 0.05% by mass.
[0021] At Least One or More Elements Selected from the Group
Consisting of Pb and Bi:
[0022] The brass according to the present invention contains at
least one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Pb
and Bi (bismuth) with the total amount thereof in the range of
0.005% or more by mass to 0.25% or less by mass. In the present
invention, amount of Pb can be made very small as mentioned above.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
addition amount of the at least one or more elements selected from
the group consisting of Pb and Bi is made in the range of 0.15% or
more by mass to 0.25% or less by mass as the total amount of them.
In addition, according to another preferred embodiment of the
present invention, the addition amount of Pb is made in the range
of 0.13% or more by mass to 0.23% or less by mass.
[0023] Bi, on behalf of Pb, imparts the brass with processability
(for example, machinability) comparable with the processability
imparted by Pb. Accordingly, in the present invention, the addition
amount of Bi is preferably in the range of 0.13% or more by mass to
0.23% or less by mass.
[0024] Ni: The brass according to the present invention contains Ni
with the amount of 0.5% or less by mass. In the present invention,
amount of Ni can be made very small as mentioned above. According
to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the addition
amount of Ni is made 0.2% or less by mass, while more preferably
0.1% or less by mass.
[0025] At Least One or More Elements Selected from the Group
Consisting of Sb, As, and P:
[0026] The brass according to the present invention contains at
least one or more elements selected from the group consisting of
Sb, As (arsenic), and P (phosphorous) with the total amount thereof
in the range of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.32% or less by mass. In
the brass according to the present invention, as mentioned above,
the addition amount of Ni is so small that there is a tendency that
sufficient corrosion resistance cannot be obtained; however, by
containing the at least one or more elements selected from the
group consisting of Sb, As, and P with the total amount thereof in
the range of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.32% or less by mass, the
corrosion resistance thereof can be enhanced. This effect can be
synergistically expressed by adding a prescribed amount of Sn (this
will be mentioned later) as compared with the single addition
thereof. If the total addition amount of these elements is more
than 0.32% by mass, there is a tendency that the corrosion
resistance of the brass is not improved so eminently; and
therefore, in view of economy, the upper limit thereof is
determined to be 0.32% by mass. According to a preferred embodiment
of the present invention, the total addition amount of the at least
one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Sb, As,
and P is made in the range of 0.056% or more by mass to 0.315% or
less by mass. According to another preferred embodiment, addition
amount of each of Sb, As, and P is made in the range of 0.01% or
more by mass to 0.30% or less by mass, in the range of 0.001% or
more by mass to 0.30% or less by mass, and in the range of 0.005%
or more by mass to 0.30% or less by mass, respectively.
[0027] Sn The brass according to the present invention contains Sn
in the range of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.2% or less by mass. In
the brass according to the present invention, as mentioned above,
the addition amount of Ni is so small that there is a tendency that
sufficient corrosion resistance cannot be obtained; however, by
containing Sn in the range of 0.05% or more by mass to 0.2% or less
by mass, the corrosion resistance thereof can be enhanced. This
effect can be synergistically expressed by adding a prescribed
amount of the at least one or more elements selected from the group
consisting of Sb, As, and P, as compared with the single addition
thereof.
[0028] At Least One or More Elements Selected from the Group
Consisting of Fe and B:
[0029] The brass according to the present invention contains at
least one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Fe
and B with the total amount thereof in the range of 0.0001% or more
by mass to 0.3% or less by mass. In the present invention, as
mentioned above, by considering the influences on the human body
and environment, the addition amounts of Pb and Ni, the containing
amounts thereof or the leaching amounts thereof being regulated or
intended to be regulated, are controlled to be very small. And
therefore, this is based on the finding that deterioration of the
corrosion resistance due to these reductions can be compensated by
addition of prescribed amount of Sn as well as each of the at least
one or more elements selected from the group consisting of Sb, As,
and P. On the other hand, by reducing the addition amounts of Pb
and Ni and by adding Sn as well as Sb and so forth, there is a
possibility that the brass may not have sufficient castability;
however, the brass according to the present invention is based on
the simultaneous finding that the castability thereof can be
remedied by containing the at least one or more elements selected
from the group consisting of Fe and B within the range as mentioned
above. That is, each of Fe and B facilitates refinement of crystals
(especially proeutectic .beta. phase) so that cracking during the
time of casting can be effectively avoided. Further, the brass
according to the present invention, by virtue of the refinement,
can also be imparted with good mechanical properties.
[0030] Furthermore, B forms, together with Fe, Cr, and the like
(these will be mentioned later), an intermetallic compound thereby
forming hard spots which possibly pose problems in the surface
processing of the molded product after casting. Accordingly, when a
smooth and flat surface is wanted, it is preferable to lower the
addition amount of B and/or the amounts of Fe, Cr, and the like.
Specifically, the amount of B is preferably 0.005% or less by mass,
more preferably 0.003% or less by mass, while still more preferably
0.002% or less by mass; and the amount of Fe is preferably 0.10% or
less by mass; and the amount of Cr is preferably less than 0.1% by
mass.
[0031] Zn: The brass according to the present invention contains Zn
in the range of 33.0% or more by mass to 40.0% or less by mass. By
making the addition amount of Zn in the range of 33.0% or more by
mass, the casting yield thereof can be made higher. Also by making
the addition amount of Zn in the range of 40.0% or less by mass,
increase of the .beta.-phase region, which is poor in the corrosion
resistance, can be suppressed so that deterioration of the
dezincification corrosion resistance may be avoided.
[0032] Al: The brass according to the present invention contains Al
in the range of 0.1% or more by mass to 0.5% or less by mass. By
having the addition amount of Al in the range of 0.1% or more by
mass, castability thereof can be improved. Specifically, the
warm-water fluidity and casting surface texture thereof can be
improved. In the present invention, preferable addition amount of
Al is 0.3% or more by mass. With this, the warm-water fluidity and
casting surface texture thereof can be improved furthermore. Also
by having the addition amount of Al in the range of 0.5% or less by
mass, deterioration of elongation and impact resistance value can
be suppressed.
[0033] Si: The brass according to the present invention contains Si
in the range of 0.5% or less by mass. As will be described later,
the Zn equivalent of Si proposed by Guillet is 10; and thus, it
increases an apparent Zn content thereby leading to a possibility
that heterogeneous phases such as .gamma. phase and .kappa. phase
are crystallized out in the crystal texture. In the present
invention, because the addition amount of Si is 0.5% or less by
mass, a possibility that heterogeneous phases such as .gamma. phase
and .kappa. phase are crystallized out in the crystal texture is
low. According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention,
the addition amount of Si is 0.1% or less by mass.
[0034] Cu and Unavoidable Impurities:
[0035] In the brass according to the present invention, the balance
after the above-mentioned element components comprises
substantially copper (Cu) and unavoidable impurities. According to
a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the brass
according to the present invention contains Cu in the range of 55%
or more by mass to 709'o or less by mass. When the addition amount
of Cu is made in the range of 70% or less by mass, cracking due to
crystallization of dendrite of the proeutectic .alpha. phase can be
suppressed. Also when the addition amount of Cu is 55% or more by
mass, deterioration of the castability, corrosion resistance, and
mechanical properties as the brass can be suppressed. According to
a more preferred embodiment of the present invention, the lower
limit of the addition amount of Cu is 58% by mass, and the upper
limit thereof is 66% by mass.
[0036] In addition, the brass according to the present invention
may contain various additives in order to improve properties of the
brass. Also in the present invention, it is preferable that amounts
of the unavoidable impurities be as small as possible, though
presence of them is not excluded.
[0037] In the present invention, Cr forms, together with Fe, B, and
the like, an intermetallic compound thereby forming hard spots
which possibly pose problems in the surface processing of the
molded product after casting. Therefore, when a smooth and flat
surface is wanted, it is preferable to lower the amount of Cr.
Specifically, the amount thereof is preferably less than 0.1% by
mass, while more preferably less than 0.01% by mass.
[0038] In the present invention, Mn improves strength of the brass.
When Mn is added, an intermetallic compound of Mn and Si is formed
thereby forming hard spots which possibly pose problems in the
surface processing of the molded product after casting. Therefore,
in order to suppress the influence to the castability as mentioned
above, it is preferable that amount of Mn be made as small as
possible. Specifically, the amount thereof is preferably less than
0.1% by mass, while more preferably less than 0.01% by mass.
[0039] Apparent Zn Content:
[0040] According to a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, an apparent Zn content in the brass of the present
invention is in the range of 36% or more to 41% or less. When the
apparent Zn content is within this range, the brass not having
cracks by casting can be obtained. In the present specification,
the apparent Zn content means the amount calculated by the
following equation proposed by Guillet. This equation is based on
the concept that the addition of additive elements other than Zn
exhibits the same tendency as the addition of Zn.
Apparent Zn content (%)=[(B+tq)/(A+B+tq)].times.100
[0041] In the equation, A=% by mass of Cu and B=% by mass of Zn,
wherein t represents the Zn equivalent of the additive element, and
q represents % by mass of the addition amount of the additive
element. The Zn equivalent of each element is Si=10, Al=6, Sn=2,
Pb=1, Fe=0.9, Mn=0.5, and Ni=-1.3. The Zn equivalent of Bi has not
been clearly defined yet. In the present specification, however,
the Zn equivalent of Bi is calculated to be 0.6 in view of
reference documents and the like. For the other elements, the value
is regarded as "1," because the addition amount of them is very
small and thus the influence on the Zn equivalent value is small,
too.
[0042] Ratio of the .beta. Phase:
[0043] According to a preferred embodiment of the present
invention, in the brass of the present invention, the ratio of the
.beta. phase in the crystal texture thereof is 15% or less. When
the crystal texture as mentioned above is formed, the brass having
improved corrosion resistance can be realized. In addition,
according to a more preferred embodiment of the present invention,
the ratio of the .beta. phase is 8% or less. By so doing, the brass
for metal mold casting having improved corrosion resistance useful
for a water faucet metal fitting can be realized. This is
especially suitable for a pressure-resistant part of a water faucet
metal fitting. Meanwhile, in the present invention, the ratio of
the fi phase is based on the area ratio of the cross section of the
crystals. For example, the ratio of the .beta. phase may be
determined as the area ratio of the .beta. phase, for example, by
subjecting a photograph of a crystal texture taken with an optical
microscope to image processing.
[0044] Use:
[0045] The brass according to the present invention has the amounts
of Pb and Ni reduced to very small, or does not contain these
elements;
[0046] but on the other hand, the castability and corrosion
resistance thereof are equal to or higher than the brass which
contains Pb and Ni. Thus, the brass is preferably used in a water
faucet metal fitting material. Specifically, the brass according to
the present invention is preferably used as a material for a water
supply metal fitting, a drainage metal fitting, a valve, and the
like.
[0047] Production Method:
[0048] It is preferable that the brass according to the present
invention be produced by the method which comprises heat treatment
after casting thereby decreasing the ratio of the .beta. phase in
the crystal texture thereof. Because the corrosion resistance
thereof increases with decrease of the ratio of the .beta. phase,
the brass having improved corrosion resistance can be obtained.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the
heat treatment is carried out in the temperature range of
450.degree. C. to 550.degree. C. and the time range of 30 minutes
to 3 hours. When the heat treatment is carried out in the way as
mentioned above, the brass having the ratio of the .beta. phase in
the range of 15% or less, preferably in the range of 8% or less,
can be obtained. The brass obtained in this way has improved
corrosion resistance.
[0049] In the present invention, when the heat treatment is carried
out in the temperature range of 450.degree. C. to 550.degree. C.,
the region of the .beta. phase decreases and the concentrations of
Sn and Sb in the .beta. phase increase, so that the corrosion
resistance in the .beta. phase improves dramatically. When the heat
treatment is carried out in the temperature range of 550.degree. C.
or lower, increase of the region of the .beta. phase can be
suppressed thereby suppressing deterioration of the corrosion
resistance. Also when the heat treatment is carried out in the
temperature range of 450.degree. C. or higher, uneven distribution
of elements in particular region of a grain boundary is resolved
without requiring time, so that the region of the .beta. phase can
be decreased.
[0050] In the present invention, when the heat treatment is carried
out in the time range of 30 minutes to 3 hours, the effect that the
phase becomes smaller can be obtained. In addition, this effect can
be sufficiently obtained within 3 hours of the heat treatment. The
heat treatment longer than 3 hours does not give a significant
effect of it; and thus, in view of economy, it is preferable that
the upper limit of the time for the heat treatment be within 3
hours.
[0051] In addition, molded products using the brass according to
the present invention as a material may be produced by any of mold
casting and sand casting by virtue of good castability thereof.
However, the effect of the good castability can be more clearly
enjoyed in the mold casting. Further, the brass according to the
present invention has good machinability and thus can be machined
after casting. Furthermore, after continuous casting, the brass
according to the present invention may be extruded into a bar for
machining and a bar for forging, or alternatively may be drawn into
a wire rod.
EXAMPLES
[0052] The following Examples further illustrate the present
invention. However, it should be noted that the present invention
is not limited to these Examples.
Evaluation Tests:
[0053] Evaluation tests each conducted in the following Examples
will be described in detail.
(1) Casting Cracking Resistance Test
[0054] The casting cracking resistance was evaluated by a both end
restriction test method. In this test, a mold 1 having a shape
shown in FIG. 1 was used. In FIG. 1, a heat insulating material 2
was arranged at the central part thereof so that the central part
might be cooled later than both end restriction parts 3. The
restriction end distance (2L) was 100 mm, and the length (2I) of
the heat insulating material was 70 mm.
[0055] In the test, in such a state that the restriction parts were
rapidly quenched while the both ends were restricted, the
solidification of the central part was allowed to proceed. In this
case, whether or not cracking took place at the central part of a
test piece as the final solidified part by the resultant
solidification shrinkage stress was examined.
[0056] The casting cracking resistance was evaluated as
.circleincircle. (Excellent) when cracking did not take place; as
.smallcircle. (Good) when cracking partially took place but the
cracking was not such a level that the test piece was broken; and
as .times. (Bad) when cracking took place resulting in breaking of
the test piece.
(2) Corrosion Resistance Test
[0057] A cast ingot having a diameter of 35 mm and a length of 100
mm was produced by metal mold casting. This cast ingot was used as
a test piece and was tested according to the technical standards
JBMA T-303-2007 established by Japan Copper and Brass Association.
The corrosion resistance was evaluated as .circleincircle.
(Excellent) when the maximum erosion depth was 100 .mu.m or less;
as .smallcircle. (Good) when the maximum erosion depth was 150
.mu.m or less; and as .times. (Bad) when the maximum erosion depth
was more than 150 .mu.m.
Examples 1-1 to 10-8
[0058] Brasses having chemical compositions shown in the following
Tables were produced by casting. Specifically, electrolytic Cu,
electrolytic Zn, virgin Bi metal, electrolytic Pb, virgin Sn metal,
virgin Sb metal, Cu-30% Ni mother alloy, electrolytic Al, Cu-15% Si
mother alloy, Cu-2% B mother alloy, Cu-30% Mn mother alloy, Cu-10%
Cr mother alloy, Cu-15% P mother alloy, Cu-10% Fe, Cu-20% As mother
alloy and the like were provided as raw materials; and then, they
were melted in a high frequency melting furnace while regulating
the composition thereof. Firstly, the melt was cast into a mold for
a both end restriction test to evaluate the casting cracking
resistance.
[0059] Subsequently, the melt was cast into a cylindrical mold to
produce a cast ingot having a diameter of 35 mm and a length of 100
mm. The cast ingot was used as a sample for the evaluation of the
corrosion resistance. The evaluation results are shown in the
following Tables.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Zn Exam- equiv Casting Corrosion ple Cu Zn
Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent cracking resistance 1-1
66.00 33.02 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015
0.01 0.005 0.0025 35.0 X .circleincircle. 1-2 65.00 34.02 0.20 0.01
0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 1-3 64.00 35.04 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 1-4 63.00 36.02 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 1-5 62.00 37.02 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 39.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 1-6 61.00 38.02 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 40.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 1-7 59.90 39.12 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 1-8 58.90 40.12 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 42.0
.circleincircle. X 2-1 63.00 36.20 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 2-2 63.00 36.05 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.20
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 2-3 63.30 35.95 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.001 0.005 0.05
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 2-4 63.00 35.80 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.30 0.001 0.005
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 2-5 64.40 34.84 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 2-6 59.40 39.84 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 2-7 65.70 33.14 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15
0.50 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 2-8 60.50 38.34 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.50 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 3-1 63.00 36.20 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.05
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 3-2 63.00 36.05 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.05 0.20
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 3-3 63.00 35.95 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.30 0.05
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 3-4 63.00 35.80 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.30
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 3-5 63.00 36.20 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.005
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 3-6 63.00 36.05 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.005 0.20
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 3-7 63.00 35.95 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.30 0.005 0.05
0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 3-8 63.00 35.80 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.30 0.005
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 4-1 61.60 36.99 0.20 0.01 0.50 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 4-2 62.10 36.79 0.20 0.01 0.20 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 4-3 62.30 36.74 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle.
.circleincircle. 4-4 62.30 36.84 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.30 0 0 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 X .circleincircle. 4-5 62.30
36.54 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0 0.30 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 4-6 62.30 36.54 0.20
0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.30 0 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.largecircle. .circleincircle.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Zn Exam- equiv- Casting Corrosion ple Cu Zn
Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent cracking resistance 5-1
65.00 34.04 0.03 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015
0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-2 62.20
36.84 0.03 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01
0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-3 59.90 39.14
0.03 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005
0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-4 62.80 36.15 0.20
0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.10 0.005 0.0025
38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-5 63.90 34.85 0.20 0.01
0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.30 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-6 65.00 33.55 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.50 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-7 62.30 36.73 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0050 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 5-8 62.30 36.72 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0200 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.largecircle. .largecircle. 6-1 65.00 34.23 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .largecircle. 6-2 59.90 39.33 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 6-3 65.10 33.98 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .largecircle. 6-4 60.00 39.08 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 6-5 65.00 33.98 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 6-6 59.90 39.08 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 6-7 65.10 33.73 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.30 0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 6-8 60.00 38.83 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 7-1 62.30 36.92 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 7-2 62.30 36.77 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.05
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.largecircle. .largecircle. 7-3 62.30 36.67 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 7-4 62.30 36.52 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 7-5 64.30 34.96 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 7-6 59.30 39.96 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 7-7 65.60 33.26 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.50 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 7-8 60.50 38.36 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.50 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 8-1 62.30 36.77 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 8-2 62.80 36.18 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.10 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 8-3 63.90 34.88 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.30 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 8-4 65.00 33.58 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.50 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 8-5 61.70 36.92 0.01 0.20 0.50
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 8-6 62.30 36.57 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.30 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 8-7 62.30 36.76 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0100 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 8-8 64.40 33.52 0.01 0.20 0.50 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.30 0.0100 0.50 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.largecircle. .circleincircle.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Zn Exam- equiv- Casting Corrosion ple Cu Zn
Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent cracking resistance 9-1
64.90 34.33 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 9-2 59.80
39.43 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01
0.005 0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 9-3 65.00 34.08
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 36.9 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 9-4 59.90 39.18 0.01
0.20 0.05 0.05 0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
41.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 9-5 64.90 34.08 0.01 0.20
0.05 0.30 0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 9-6 59.80 39.18 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 9-7 65.00 33.83 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.30 0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 36.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 9-8 59.90 38.93 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.30
0.001 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 10-1 63.00 36.23 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01
0.001 0.05 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9
.largecircle. .largecircle. 10-2 63.00 36.08 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01
0.001 0.05 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 10-3 63.00 35.98 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01
0.001 0.30 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 10-4 63.00 35.83 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.01 0.001 0.30 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 10-5 63.00 36.23 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.01 0.05 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 10-6 63.00 36.08 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.01 0.05 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 10-7 63.00 35.98 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.01 0.30 0.005 0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 37.9
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 10-8 63.00 35.83 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01
0.30 0.005 0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Cast- Corro- Zn ing sion Exam- equiv- crack-
resist- ple Cu Zn Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent ing
ance 11-1 62.30 36.86 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.02 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30
0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. X 11-2 62.30
36.38 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.50 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01
0.005 0.0025 38.7 X .circleincircle. 11-3 62.20 37.00 0.20 0.01
0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. X 11-4 62.50 36.22 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.50 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 X .circleincircle.
11-5 61.40 37.97 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. X 11-6 63.80 34.77 0.20
0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.80 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
38.7 X .circleincircle. 11-7 65.30 33.08 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001
0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.70 0.005 0.0025 39.4 .largecircle. X
11-8 62.30 36.68 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.001 0.10 0.15 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 12-1
62.20 36.96 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.02 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. X 12-2 62.20 36.48 0.01
0.20 0.05 0.50 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
38.7 X .circleincircle. 12-3 62.20 37.00 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001
0.005 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle.
X 12-4 62.50 36.22 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.50 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 X .circleincircle. 12-5 61.30 38.07
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. X 12-6 63.80 34.77 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.80 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 X
.circleincircle. 12-7 65.30 33.08 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.70 0.005 0.0025 39.4 .largecircle. X 12-8
62.20 36.78 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.001 0.10 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 13-1 62.30
36.96 0.005 0 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01
0.005 0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-2 62.30
36.82 0.15 0 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-3 62.30 36.72 0.25
0 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
38.7 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-4 62.30 36.82 0.13 0.02
0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-5 62.30 36.72 0.23 0.02 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-6 62.30 36.72 0.20 0.01 0.10
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-7 62.60 36.37 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.10 0.010 0.0025 38.9
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 13-8 62.30 36.76 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0100 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-1 62.30 36.96 0 0.005 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-2 62.30 36.82 0 0.15 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-3 62.30 36.72 0 0.25 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-4 62.30 36.82 0.02 0.13 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.7
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-5 62.30 36.72 0.02 0.23 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-6 62.30 36.72 0.01 0.20 0.10
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-7 62.60 36.37 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.10 0.010 0.0025 38.8
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 14-8 62.30 36.76 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0100 38.6
.circleincircle. .circleincircle.
[0060] Examples shown in Table 4 especially clarify the
significance and influence of the following elements. [0061]
Examples 11-1, 11-2, 11-8, 12-1, 12-2, and 12-8: Sb, As, and P
[0062] Examples 11-3, 11-4, 12-3, and 12-4: Sn [0063] Examples
11-5, 11-6, 12-5, and 12-6: Al [0064] Examples 11-7 and 12-7: Si
[0065] Examples 13-1 to 13-5, and 14-1 to 14-5: Pb and Bi [0066]
Examples 13-6 and 14-6: Ni [0067] Examples 13-7 and 14-7: Mn [0068]
Examples 13-8 and 14-8: Cr
TABLE-US-00005 [0068] TABLE 5 Cast- Corro- Zn ing sion Exam- equiv-
crack- resist- ple Cu Zn Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent
ing ance 15-1 63.10 35.68 0.15 0 0.10 0.25 0.001 0.010 0.07 0.40
0.20 0.0037 0.02 0.010 0.005 38.1 .largecircle. .circleincircle.
15-2 62.00 36.99 0.23 0.01 0.08 0.20 0.001 0.020 0.23 0.13 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.003 38.5 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 15-3
63.60 35.16 0.18 0.01 0.15 0.07 0.001 0.005 0.28 0.42 0.08 0.0032
0.04 0.008 0.004 37.9 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 15-4 63.10
35.79 0.25 0 0.05 0.15 0.001 0.008 0.17 0.35 0.10 0.0025 0.02 0.006
0.008 38.1 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 15-5 63.60 35.46 0.10
0.01 0.10 0.08 0.001 0.007 0.10 0.46 0.06 0.0035 0.02 0.005 0.002
37.9 .circleincircle. .largecircle. 15-6 59.50 39.21 0.20 0.01 0.30
0.28 0.001 0.005 0.27 0.11 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.008 0.002 40.6
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 15-7 65.50 33.10 0.16 0.01 0.08 0.17
0.001 0.010 0.13 0.48 0.07 0.0034 0.29 0.005 0.003 37.6
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 15-8 63.40 35.31 0.22 0.01 0.09 0.12
0.001 0.080 0.15 0.27 0.23 0.0023 0.11 0.010 0.010 38.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 16-1 63.20 35.57 0.01 0.14 0.11 0.26
0.001 0.010 0.07 0.41 0.19 0.0035 0.02 0.010 0.005 38.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 16-2 62.20 36.78 0.01 0.22 0.10 0.21
0.001 0.021 0.24 0.11 0.09 0.0022 0.02 0.004 0.002 38.2
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 16-3 63.50 35.26 0.01 0.19 0.14 0.07
0.001 0.004 0.29 0.41 0.09 0.0034 0.03 0.008 0.003 37.9
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 16-4 63.20 35.72 0.01 0.24 0.03 0.14
0.001 0.009 0.14 0.37 0.10 0.0026 0.01 0.008 0.009 38.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 16-5 63.50 35.60 0.01 0.10 0.09
0.09 0.001 0.008 0.09 0.45 0.05 0.0038 0.01 0.006 0.003 37.9
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 16-6 59.40 39.32 0.01 0.21 0.29 0.28
0.001 0.004 0.28 0.10 0.09 0.0018 0.02 0.004 0.003 40.7
.circleincircle. .largecircle. 16-7 65.40 33.16 0.01 0.15 0.10 0.16
0.001 0.020 0.15 0.47 0.08 0.0036 0.30 0.008 0.003 37.7
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 16-8 63.20 35.56 0.01 0.21 0.10 0.13
0.001 0.080 0.14 0.25 0.21 0.0024 0.10 0.010 0.010 38.0
.largecircle. .circleincircle. 17-1 62.80 36.36 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.02
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2
.circleincircle. X 17-2 62.80 36.41 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.001 0.005
0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle. X
17-3 62.80 36.03 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.35 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 X .circleincircle. 17-4 62.80 36.18
0.20 0.01 0.05 0.10 0.001 0.005 0.25 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.3 X .circleincircle. 17-5 62.80 36.36 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01
0.001 0.02 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2
.circleincircle. X 17-6 62.80 36.41 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.10
0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle. X 17-7
62.80 36.03 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.35 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 X .circleincircle. 17-8 62.80 36.18 0.20
0.01 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.10 0.25 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
38.3 X .largecircle. 18-1 62.80 36.36 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.02 0.001
0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle.
X 18-2 62.80 36.41 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.10 0.001 0.005 0.02 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle. X 18-3 62.80 36.03
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.35 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.1 X .circleincircle. 18-4 62.80 36.18 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.10
0.001 0.005 0.25 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 X
.circleincircle. 18-5 62.80 36.36 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.02
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .circleincircle. X
18-6 62.80 36.41 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.10 0.02 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle. X 18-7 62.80 36.03 0.01
0.20 0.05 0.01 0.001 0.35 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
38.1 X .circleincircle. 18-8 62.80 36.18 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.01 0.001
0.10 0.25 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 X
.largecircle.
[0069] Examples 15-1 to 15-8 and 16-1 to 16-8 give the compositions
which are considered to be more preferable. [0070] Examples shown
in Table 5 especially clarify the significance and influence of the
following elements. [0071] Examples 17-1, 17-3, 17-5, 17-7, 18-1,
18-3, 18-5, and 18-7: Sb, As, and P [0072] Examples 17-2, 17-4,
17-6, 17-8, 18-2, 18-4, 18-6, and 18-8: Sn
TABLE-US-00006 [0072] TABLE 6 Cast- Corro- Zn ing sion Exam- equiv-
crack- resist- ple Cu Zn Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent
ing ance 19-1 62.80 36.43 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.025 0.05
0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 19-2 62.80 36.28 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.025
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 19-3 62.80 36.38 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 19-4 62.80 36.23 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.largecircle. 19-5 62.80 36.28 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.100 0.001 0.100
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 19-6 62.80 36.13 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.100 0.001 0.100
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 19-7 62.80 36.18 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.150 0.001 0.150
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 19-8 62.80 36.03 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.150 0.001 0.150
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 20-1 62.80 36.43 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.025
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 20-2 62.80 36.28 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.025 0.001 0.025
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 20-3 62.80 36.38 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 20-4 62.80 36.23 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.largecircle. 20-5 62.80 36.28 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.100 0.001 0.100
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 20-6 62.80 36.13 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.100 0.001 0.100
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 20-7 62.80 36.18 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.150 0.001 0.150
0.05 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 20-8 62.80 36.03 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.150 0.001 0.150
0.20 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .largecircle.
.circleincircle. 21-1 62.80 36.36 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.010 0.001 0.010
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 .circleincircle. X
21-2 62.80 36.41 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050 0.02 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle. X 21-3 62.80 36.03
0.20 0.01 0.05 0.175 0.001 0.175 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.2 X .circleincircle. 21-4 62.80 36.18 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.050 0.001 0.050 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.3 X
.circleincircle. 21-5 62.80 36.36 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.010 0.001 0.010
0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle. X
21-6 62.80 36.41 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.050 0.001 0.050 0.02 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.1 .circleincircle. X 21-7 62.80 36.03
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.175 0.001 0.175 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 38.1 X .circleincircle. 21-8 62.80 36.18 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.050 0.001 0.050 0.02 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 38.2 X
.circleincircle. 22-1 64.70 34.62 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.05 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 35.5 X .circleincircle.
22-2 60.80 37.82 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.75 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.5 .largecircle. X 22-3 66.40 32.47 0.20
0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.50 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025
35.3 X .circleincircle. 22-4 58.70 40.57 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001
0.005 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.7 .largecircle. X
22-5 64.70 34.62 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.05 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 35.5 X .circleincircle. 22-6 60.80 37.82
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.75 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005
0.0025 41.4 .largecircle. X 22-7 66.40 32.47 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11
0.001 0.005 0.15 0.50 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 35.2 X
.circleincircle. 22-8 58.70 40.57 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005
0.15 0.10 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0025 41.6 .largecircle. X
[0073] Examples shown in Table 6 especially clarify the
significance and influence of the following elements. [0074]
Examples 19-1 to 19-8, 20-1 to 20-8, 21-1, 21-3, 21-5, and 21-7:
Sb, As, and P [0075] Examples 19-1 to 19-8, 20-1 to 20-8, 21-2,
21-4, 21-6, and 21-8: Sn [0076] Examples 22-1 to 22-8: apparent Zn
content [0077] Examples 22-1, 22-2, 22-5, and 22-6: Al [0078]
Examples 22-3, 22-4, 22-7, and 22-8: Zn
TABLE-US-00007 [0078] TABLE 7 Cast- Corro- Zn ing sion Exam- equiv-
crack- resist- ple Cu Zn Pb Bi Ni Sb As P Sn Al Fe B Si Mn Cr alent
ing ance 23-1 63.00 35.97 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30
0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.100 0.0025 38.0 .largecircle. .circleincircle.
23-2 63.00 36.02 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.050 0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle.
23-3 63.00 35.97 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.1000 38.0 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 23-4
63.00 36.02 0.20 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020
0.01 0.005 0.0500 38.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 23-5 63.00
35.97 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01
0.100 0.0025 38.0 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 23-6 63.00 36.02
0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.050
0.0025 38.0 .circleincircle. .circleincircle. 23-7 63.00 35.97 0.01
0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.1000
38.0 .largecircle. .circleincircle. 23-8 63.00 36.02 0.01 0.20 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.01 0.005 0.0500 38.0
.circleincircle. .circleincircle. 24-1 63.00 35.38 0.20 0.01 0.05
0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10 0.0020 0.70 0.005 0.0025 41.6
.circleincircle. X 24-2 58.60 39.99 0.25 0.01 0.50 0.15 0.001 0.005
0.05 0.05 0.25 0.0020 0 0.100 0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle.
.largecircle. 24-3 66.00 33.02 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.001 0.005 0.05
0.05 0.01 0.0020 0.50 0.010 0.0025 37.5 .largecircle. .largecircle.
24-4 62.80 36.31 0.20 0.01 0.10 0.10 0.001 0.005 0.10 0.10 0.01
0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0050 38.1 .circleincircle. .circleincircle.
24-5 63.00 35.38 0.01 0.20 0.05 0.11 0.001 0.005 0.15 0.30 0.10
0.0020 0.70 0.005 0.0025 41.5 .circleincircle. X 24-6 58.60 39.99
0.01 0.25 0.50 0.15 0.001 0.005 0.05 0.05 0.25 0.0020 0 0.100
0.0025 41.0 .circleincircle. .largecircle. 24-7 66.00 33.02 0.01
0.10 0.01 0.10 0.001 0.005 0.05 0.05 0.01 0.0020 0.50 0.010 0.0025
37.4 .largecircle. .largecircle. 24-8 62.80 36.31 0.01 0.20 0.10
0.10 0.001 0.005 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.0015 0.01 0.005 0.0050 38.1
.circleincircle. .circleincircle.
[0079] Examples shown in Table 7 especially clarify the
significance and influence of the following elements. [0080]
Examples 23-1 to 23-8: unavoidable impurities [0081] Examples 23-1,
23-2, 23-5, and 23-6: Mn [0082] Examples 23-3, 23-4, 23-7, and
23-8: Cr [0083] Examples 24-1 and 24-5: Si [0084] Examples 24-1 and
24-5: apparent Zn content [0085] Examples 24-2, 24-3, 24-6, and
24-7: Cu and unavoidable impurities
* * * * *