U.S. patent application number 15/076108 was filed with the patent office on 2016-07-14 for keypad.
The applicant listed for this patent is Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P., CFPH, LLC. Invention is credited to Stuart Fraser, Howard Lutnick, Bijoy Paul.
Application Number | 20160203554 15/076108 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 22807176 |
Filed Date | 2016-07-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160203554 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lutnick; Howard ; et
al. |
July 14, 2016 |
KEYPAD
Abstract
Data processing systems and methods for managing transactions in
auction-based trading of specialized items such as fixed income
instruments are presented. The data processing system provides a
highly structured trading protocol implemented through a sequence
of trading paradigms. The system employs a distributed computer
processing network linking together a plurality of commonly
configured program-controlled workstations. The protocol and its
program-controlling logic improves trading efficiency, rewards
market Makers, and fairly distributes market opportunity to system
users.
Inventors: |
Lutnick; Howard; (New York,
NY) ; Fraser; Stuart; (Armonk, NY) ; Paul;
Bijoy; (North Brunswick, NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Cantor Fitzgerald, L.P.
CFPH, LLC |
New York
New York |
NY
NY |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
22807176 |
Appl. No.: |
15/076108 |
Filed: |
March 21, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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11080322 |
Mar 15, 2005 |
9292865 |
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15076108 |
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10251717 |
Sep 20, 2002 |
6963856 |
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11080322 |
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09216464 |
Dec 18, 1998 |
6850907 |
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10251717 |
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08766733 |
Dec 13, 1996 |
5905974 |
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09216464 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
705/37 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06Q 30/06 20130101;
G06Q 40/04 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G06Q 40/04 20060101
G06Q040/04 |
Claims
1. A computer system for electronic order entry of items via
electronic communication, said system comprising: an input device
to enter order information and commands, said input device
comprising a plurality of input keys or a plurality of input
regions having indicia, a first subset of said keys or regions
having indicia that change dynamically in response to trading
conditions.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein said regions are arranged on a
touch screen.
3. The system of claim 1 wherein said regions are arranged on a
touch pad transducer.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein said regions are selectable via a
mouse.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein said keys are arranged on a keypad
or keyboard.
6. The system of claim 1 wherein said keys or regions comprise
triggers, switches, or devices that when individually activated
accomplishes a particular task.
7. The system of claim 1 wherein said indicia comprise liquid
crystal displays (LCDs).
8. The system of claim 1 wherein said first subset of keys or
regions have indicia of item quantities that change dynamically in
response to trading conditions.
9. The system of claim 1 wherein said first subset of keys or
regions have indicia of item prices that change dynamically in
response to trading conditions.
10. The system of claim 1 wherein said indicia includes indication
of the yield of at least one of said items.
11. The system of claim 1 wherein said indicia includes indication
of the market of an issue of at least one of said items.
12. The system of claim 1 wherein said indicia includes indication
of whether said input device is enabled or disabled.
13. The system of claim 1 wherein a second subset of said keys or
regions is assigned to particular ones of said items.
14. The system of claim 13 wherein said second subset of keys or
regions is arranged in one or more rows on said input device.
15. The system of claim 1 wherein a third subset of said keys or
regions is assigned to particular markets or issues of said
items.
16. The system of claim 15 wherein said third subset of keys or
regions is arranged in one or more rows on said input device.
17. The system of claim 1 wherein a fourth subset of said keys or
regions is assigned to order commands.
18. The system of claim 17 wherein said order commands include bid,
offer, buy, and sell.
19. The system of claim 17 wherein said input device provides
single keystroke entry of at least one of said order commands.
20. The system of claim 17 wherein said fourth subset has multiple
keys or regions for at least one of said order commands.
21. The system of claim 20 wherein said multiple keys or regions
for each order command is arranged in a column.
22. The system of claim 21 wherein one column of said multiple keys
or regions is for entering buy orders and another column of said
multiple keys or regions is for entering sell orders.
23. The system of claim 22 wherein one column of said multiple keys
or regions is for entering bids and another column of said multiple
keys or regions is for entering offers.
24. The system of claim 23 wherein said bid column of keys is
disposed to the left of said buy column of keys.
25. The system of claim 23 wherein said offer column of keys is
disposed to the right of said sell column of keys.
26. The system of claim 22 wherein a numeric keypad is disposed
between said buy and sell columns of keys.
27. The system of claim 17 wherein said fourth subset comprises
multiple buy keys or regions, each said buy key or region operative
to enter a buy command for a different item.
28. The system of claim 17 wherein said fourth subset comprises
multiple sell keys or regions, each said sell key operative to
enter a sell command for a different item.
29. The system of claim 17 wherein said fourth subset comprises
multiple buy keys or regions, each said buy key or region operative
to enter a buy command at a different price.
30. The system of claim 17 wherein said fourth subset comprises
multiple sell keys or regions, each said sell key or region
operative to enter a sell command at a different price.
31. The system of claim 1 wherein said plurality of keys or regions
has a column of keys or regions for canceling bids and another
column of keys or regions for undoing functions.
32. The system of claim 31 wherein said plurality of keys or
regions has a column of buy keys or regions, said column of keys or
regions for canceling a bid disposed to the left of said buy column
of keys or regions.
33. The system of claim 31 wherein said plurality of keys or
regions has a column of sell keys or regions, said column of keys
or regions for undoing a function disposed to the right of said
sell column of keys or regions.
34. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to display a
different issue of said items.
35. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to display a
different market of said items.
36. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to display a
different pricing event as it occurs.
37. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a key
or region operative to disable/enable said input device.
38. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a key
or region operative to enter a buy-all command.
39. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a key
or region operative to enter a sell-all command.
40. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to cancel bids and
offers for a specified page and issue.
41. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to display
information pertaining to a different issue of said items.
42. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to mark a page as
done.
43. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to input a different
page number onto a command line.
44. The system of claim 1 wherein said input device comprises a
subset of said keys or regions, each operative to cause information
pertaining to a particular issuer of said items to be
displayed.
45. The system of claim 1 wherein one of said items is a financial
instrument.
46. The system of claim 1 wherein one of said items is selected
from the group consisting of a futures contract, an options
contract, an equity instrument, a fixed income instrument, and a
U.S. Treasury debt instrument.
47. The system of claim 1 wherein one of said items is selected
from the group consisting of a derivative financial product and a
physical commodity.
48. The system of claim 1 wherein one of said items is selected
from the group consisting of art, automobiles, electricity,
pollution rights, carbon dioxide, and wine.
49. The system of claim 1 wherein one of said items is selected
from the group consisting of an equity/debt hybrid instrument, a
municipal debt instrument, a preferred stock, and a convertible
bond.
50. A method of trading items in an electronic interactive trading
system, said method comprising: receiving bids, offers, and volume
information entered via an input device having a plurality of keys
or regions, said keys or regions having indicia indicating prices
and volume; dynamically updating said indicia in response to
trading conditions; and receiving buy and sell orders entered via
said input device having a subset of said keys or regions dedicated
to single keystroke entry of said buy and sell orders.
51. The method of claim 50 wherein said input device comprises a
keyboard.
52. The method of claim 50 wherein said regions are selectable via
a mouse.
53. The method of claim 50 wherein said indicia comprise liquid
crystal displays (LCDs).
54. The method of claim 50 further comprising receiving a buy-all
command entered via said input device having a key or region
dedicated to entering said buy-all command.
55. The method of claim 50 further comprising entering a sell-all
command entered via said input device having a key or region
dedicated to entering said sell-all command.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/251,717, filed Sep. 20, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. ______, which is
a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/216,464,
filed Dec. 18, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,907, which is a
continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
08/766,733, filed Dec. 13, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,905,974, all
of which are incorporated herein by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to financial transaction data
processing. More particularly, this invention relates to data
processing systems and methods for managing the trading of select
classes of assets including securities, financial instruments,
commodities, and their derivatives in accordance with specific
protocols in an auction format with controlled sequences of auction
events.
[0003] Economic activity has at its centerpiece the buyer-seller
transaction for goods and services produced and consumed in a
market economy. It is the fundamental mechanism that allocates
resources to producers and output to consumers. The operation of
the buyer-seller mechanism is often a critical determinant of
economic efficiency, and when operated properly, substantially
enhances market performance.
[0004] Through history, many different approaches have been adopted
to bring buyers and sellers together, each with the objective of
having transactions occur at or very near the "market" price of
goods, satisfying the desires of both buyers and sellers. By
definition, the market price is the price that a fully educated
market, given full access to that market, will transact select
goods. Discovery of the market price can be accomplished by
permitting full access to the transaction by substantially all
potential buyers and sellers and allowing expression of each
party's desires. However, the buyer-seller transaction should be
structured to operate at very low costs--or it will distort the
market price of goods with artificially high transaction costs.
Thus, the two keys to effective buyer/seller transactions--full
access coupled with low transaction costs--can be and often are
conflicting, necessitating trade-offs between market knowledge and
trading efficiency.
[0005] One well-known and particularly successful buyer-seller
transaction system is known as the "open outcry auction." Buyers
and sellers collect in one location and brokers present prices for
select goods to the group via simple vocal offerings. While this
approach has been used for almost all kinds of goods, it is
particularly useful where there are no established trading
locations or markets for the selected items. This approach is the
dominant trading forum for exotic items such as rare pieces of art
and the like. Although successful in bringing interested parties to
the transaction, the overall process can be very expensive, adding
significantly to market-distorting transaction costs.
[0006] Open outcry auction techniques, modified over time, have
also found successful application in many trading activities,
including the buying and selling of farm produce and livestock,
commodities contracts, futures contracts on various items, and
fixed income securities. Many of these trading activities focus on
the buying and selling of essentially fungible items; that is,
items without meaningful differences from like items on the market.
For example, the price of a bushel of wheat for February delivery
is usually independent of its source. Similarly, a 30-year U.S.
treasury bond paying a coupon rate of 6.75% and having an August
1996 issue date is indistinguishable from an identical bond owned
by another investor. Accordingly, the price at which buyers are
willing to pay and sellers are willing to accept defines the market
price of all 30-year U.S. treasury bonds of that same vintage,
allowing open outcry auction trading without regard to an item's
source.
[0007] (For clarity, the following description focuses mainly on
fixed income securities, which should in no way be construed as
limiting the scope or applicability of the invention.)
[0008] Fixed income securities issued by the United States
government are known as U.S. treasuries. These instruments
typically span maturities of 13 to 52 weeks (T-bills), one to ten
years (notes), and up to 30 years (Bonds). T-Bills are pure
discount securities having no coupons. Almost all other treasuries
having longer terms are coupon notes or bonds, with defined
semi-annual interest payments to the holder. An additional and more
recent type of treasury security provides for inflation indexed
payments.
[0009] New treasury securities are auctioned by the U.S. government
at preestablished auction dates. The auction prices for newly
issued treasuries having a face value with a set coupon rate
defines the treasuries' yields when issued. After the auction, the
treasuries enter the secondary market and are traded typically
"over the counter" (i.e., without a defined exchange). As inflation
expectations and supply and demand conditions change, the prices of
recently auctioned treasuries fluctuate on the secondary market.
The new prices reflect competing bid and offer prices communicated
among institutions, banks, brokers, and dealers in the secondary
market.
[0010] The newly auctioned securities are traded with securities
that issued in earlier auctions. Some securities are traded more
often than others and are called the "actives." The actives usually
correspond to the recently issued securities as opposed to the
older securities. Indeed, some older securities are infrequently
traded, resulting in an illiquid market that may or may not reflect
the market-determined interest rate for the more current securities
having the same maturity as the older securities.
[0011] Accordingly, the very size and diversity of the treasury
market requires a high level of sophistication by market
participants involved in the bidding, offering, buying, and selling
of these securities. The very complexity associated with the
transaction and the scale of trading undertaken by banks, brokers,
dealers, and institutional participants necessitates a rigidly
structured approach to trading.
[0012] In the past, open outcry auction bond brokering served its
customers well, providing efficient execution at nearly accurate
market pricing. The open outcry auction as applied to bond trading
was implemented by a broker working with a collection of customers
to create and manage a market. Typically, customer
representatives--for both buyers and sellers--would congregate at a
common location (e.g., a single room) and communicate with each
other to develop pricing and confirm transactions. This process
involved representatives expressing various bid and offer prices
for a fixed income security at select volumes (which are expressed
in millions of dollar at given maturities). This expression took
the form of a loud oral "cry" of a proposed bid or offer and the
coordination with fellow representatives regarding the extraction
of complimentary positions until a transaction match was made and a
deal done. This "trade capture" process relied on after-the-fact
reporting of what just transpired during the oral outcry trade.
[0013] Recently, the trade capture process was performed by clerks
who input data into electronic input devices. A clerk would
interpret the open outcry of many individual brokers
simultaneously, who were verbally making known the trading
instructions of their customers. The quality of the data capture
was a function of the interpretive skill of the clerk and the
volume and volatility of customer orders. A significant drawback of
this type of auction data capture process is the difficulty in
accurately discerning each trading instruction as verbalized in
rapid succession during a quickly moving market.
[0014] Many permutations of this process are known. In general,
because of the lower volumes of transactions occurring at the time
of its development, and the lack of suitable alternatives, the open
outcry auction process remained the dominant trading mechanism for
decades. However successful, this process is not perfect. Indeed,
in recent years, some of the problems in an open outcry auction
forum have been amplified by the vastly increased level of trading
now undertaken in the fixed income field. Generally, difficulties
in the open outcry auction process can occur as a result of trader
personalities. For example, a loud, highly vocal representative may
in fact dominate trading and transaction flow--even though the
representative may only represent a smaller and less critical
collection of customers. Although such aggressive actions at an
open outcry auction may be beneficial to those customers in the
short run, overall, such trading dominance can and will likely
distort pricing away from the actual market and leave some buyers
and sellers unsatisfied.
[0015] Other problems exist in open outcry auctions that retard
efficient trading. The speed at which trading flows and the oral
nature of the auction process create a potential for human error
that often translates into many millions of dollars committed to
trades unrelated to customer objectives. On some occasions, the
broker is left at the end of each trading day with a reconciliation
process that may, under certain market conditions, wipe out all
associated profit from that day's trading. Also, customers may
quickly change trading direction based on new information available
to the market. Shifting position or backing out of a previously
committed transaction onvery short notice is often very difficult
in the traditional open outcry process.
[0016] There have been many efforts to incorporate computers into
trading of select assets and financial instruments, including
efforts to automate the auction process through systems that
control auction protocols. Indeed, almost all trading today
involves some computer support, from simple information delivery to
sophisticated trading systems that automate transactions at select
criteria. However, these systems have not significantly impacted
the issues presented herein relating to satisfaction of buyers' and
sellers' complex desires in completing transactions in open outcry
auctions and traditional fixed income trading.
[0017] In view of the foregoing, it would be desirable to provide
apparatus and methods that address the aforementioned problems of
certain trading processes involving buyers and sellers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0018] It is an object of this invention to provide a data
processing system that supports a high volume trading system.
[0019] It is also an object of this invention to provide a data
processing method that supports a transaction enabling process for
trading securities at accelerated levels with few errors and low
costs.
[0020] It is further an object of this invention to provide a data
processing system that supports a formalized trading protocol
governing the control of trading on a bid/offer market.
[0021] It is still further an object of this invention to provide a
system that in real time collects, displays, and distributes
information on current securities market activity and that in real
time processes this information to quantify the scope of order and
trading activity of participants.
[0022] It is yet further an object of this invention to provide
apparatus for the select processing of several types of data that
are qualified prior to use and for translating the qualified data
into order and trading states for fixed income securities.
[0023] It is another object of this invention to provide a data
processing system that has controlled access to trading commands
pursuant to pre-established interactive criteria, rather than
traditional bidding, offering, and trading criteria.
[0024] It is also another object of this invention to provide a
computer system that includes multiple workstations linked by high
speed communication paths to rapidly distribute and exchange market
data to participants.
[0025] It is further another object of this invention to provide a
system that grants priorities and rewards to participants who
create liquidity while insuring that participants' orders are
satisfied in an orderly and equitable fashion.
[0026] It is still another object of this invention to encourage
buyers and sellers to reveal their total buy and sell intentions
through commencement of a trading action that improves price
execution.
[0027] It is yet another object of this invention to quantify price
improvement trading incentives of buyers and sellers and bidders
and offerors.
[0028] It is another object of this invention to distribute price
improvement trading incentives to buyers and sellers.
[0029] It is yet another object of this invention to provide a
database system linked to a price improvement protocol processor
for collecting, filtering, and distributing select market data in
real time.
[0030] It is another object of this invention to provide a computer
system having dedicated workstation input devices customized for
trading by participants at workstations that can each be further
customized to the particular trading patterns of a given
participant.
[0031] It is still another object of this invention to provide
customized trading tools particular to a given participant, such as
price improvement orders, stop and limit orders, contingent orders,
and flag warnings (e.g., that a particular trading limit, margin
limit, trade initiation limit, or the like has been reached).
[0032] The above and other objects of the invention are provided by
a computer-based, data processing system having program controlled
logic for managing select trading. The data processing system
employs a plurality of trading workstations linked to a server for
coordinated data flow and processing. Communication is provided by
a network, such as, for example, an Ethernet, token ring, token
bus, or other hierarchical LAN and/or WAN configuration. The system
preferably includes a dedicated keypad for input at each
workstation that provides individually programmed keystroke
commands; alternatively, other keyboards, keypads, or voice
controlled electronic devices can be used with the system. Central
processing logic dictates the available order, trading and
allocation options, and screen displays for each workstation. As
orders and transactions are entered, various protocols affect the
allocation of bid-offer control, priority generation, exclusive
trading time, and interactive trade management. As trades are
completed, the system updates a linked database with newly entered
transactional data.
[0033] In accordance with this invention, the controlling logic
provides a sequence of trading states for each participant. The
five states are:
[0034] 1. Bid-Offer State
[0035] 2. When State
[0036] 3. Workup State
[0037] 4. Second Look State
[0038] 5. Workdown State
[0039] As various transactions are entered, workstations operate in
one of these five states. The workstation "state" determines the
options available to the participant--and thus controls the flow of
orders and trades in a cost-efficient and substantially error-free
manner. While participants may bid, offer, and trade on differently
configured workstations, the protocols are universal for all
participants, thus precluding aggressive control of transactions
without true capital commitment.
[0040] Note that although the invention is described herein in
terms of a fixed-income financial-instruments auction that fairly
and quickly transacts bid-offer trading while providing trading
incentives, the invention is not limited to such fixed-income
instruments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0041] The above and other objects and advantages of the invention
will be apparent upon consideration of the following detailed
description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings,
in which like reference characters refer to like parts throughout,
and in which:
[0042] FIG. 1 is a system block diagram according to the
invention;
[0043] FIG. 2 is a diagram of trade-data transmission according to
the invention;
[0044] FIGS. 3A-B are drawings of dedicated keypads according to
the invention;
[0045] FIG. 4 is a diagram of various system states according to
the invention;
[0046] FIG. 5 is a logic diagram of trade-data input according to
the invention;
[0047] FIG. 6 is a logic diagram of a Bid-Offer State according to
the invention;
[0048] FIG. 7 is a logic diagram of a When State according to the
invention;
[0049] FIG. 8 is a logic diagram of a Workup State according to the
invention;
[0050] FIG. 9 is a logic diagram of a Second Look State according
to the invention;
[0051] FIG. 10 is a logic diagram of a Workdown State according to
the invention;
[0052] FIG. 11 is a trading logic summary table according to the
invention; and
[0053] FIG. 12 is a drawing of an interactive keyboard according to
the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0054] The invention is directed to data processing systems and
methods for implementing complex trading rules in support of select
transactions. One aspect of the invention relates to a hardware
arrangement that provides a specifically tailored platform for
processor enhanced trading. This hardware arrangement encompasses a
plurality of custom designed workstations linked together. Each
workstation communicates to a central server that orchestrates the
trading process in accordance with program controlled logic. The
workstation includes a display for presenting the particulars of
trading activity. Preferably, a customized keypad permits either
enhanced data/trade entry by a participant or selection of an input
interface by a participant.
[0055] Another aspect of the invention is the governing logic for
controlling system dynamics. This logic is stored in system memory
and provides the sequence of protocols and rules that allocate
trading priority. The logic also provides system responses to
operative commands entered by participants at the workstations
either directly or via brokers or terminal operators. The system
logic is important in two ways. First, it provides the guiding
principles underlying the system, and thus, performance is tied
directly thereto. Second, when system logic (known as the rules
dictating market access and response) is understood by
participants--it places participants on as close to an equal
footing as possible. The system preferably provides all registered
participants with fair and complete access to the trading
process.
[0056] Although the examples herein focus on fixed income
instruments and the trading of these instruments in large
volumes--with the volume of a given transaction represented in, but
not limited to, dollars (e.g., $25 million of 10 year
treasuries)--the invention is not limited to them.
[0057] Each term listed below is used herein in accordance with its
associated definition:
TABLE-US-00001 Issue A common class of fixed income security (e.g.,
the most recently issued 10-year treasury). Bid Dollar or yield
amount at which to buy a security/Issue Offer Dollar or yield
amount at which to sell a security/Issue Spread Difference between
best Bid(s) and best Offer(s) Size The volume in dollars of a
particular Bid/Offer Hit Accepting a pending Bid Take or Lift
Accepting a pending Offer Trade A string of transactions at one or
more prices initiated by a Hit or Take and continuing until timed
out or done Participant A person or controlling entity receiving
data on trading and responding thereto. While the Participant is
often a Trader, terminal operator, or broker acting on behalf of a
customer, this is not the only arrangement. For example, customers
may directly interact as Participants. Other arrangements are also
possible. Makers Participants with pending Bids and Offers (those
who "make" a market) Uncleared Entry Current Bids/Offers that only
a Maker can Hit or Take Aggressor A Participant who initiates a
Trade Traders After a Trade is initiated, all Participants involved
in the transaction (i.e., buyers and sellers) Active Side Group of
Traders on the same side of the market as the Aggressor Passive
Side Group of Traders on opposite side of the market from the
Aggressor Exclusive Time A time period commenced by a trading
action during which the first best bidder/offeror has the
opportunity to trade more Price An accepted sell order at and/or
Improvement Hit below the current best Bid to sell a security/Issue
initially for more volume than shown on the Passive Side Price An
accepted buy order at and/or Improvement above the current best
Offer to buy Take a security/Issue initially for more volume than
shown on the Passive Side Trader Surplus When an Aggressor has
traded the entire size shown on the Passive, Side at one or more
price levels and is showing intent to trade more, or when a passive
Participant is willing to buy or sell above or below the current
trading price. These situations can lead to a Price Improvement
Trade between Aggressors and passive Participants.
[0058] System operation is based on the repetition of several
functions, which in one embodiment of the invention are implemented
through a specially designed keypad or other input means.
Generally, the process begins when Participants enter Bids and
Offers for a defined class of instruments. These orders are shown
on a display screen in specific ways to reflect priority, size, and
kind. A Participant can establish trading priority by placing a Bid
or Offer at a select price and volume; Bids at the same price are
displayed on the screen in the order in which they enter the system
(i.e., time order); similarly, Offers at the same price are
displayed on the screen in time order. As such, a "queue" of Bids
and Offers develops with line placement for the same price set by
time order. Alternatively, the queue can be set by a different
metric, such as, for example, a combination of time and volume. The
queue (or a summary thereof) is displayed at the Participant's
workstation. Typically, there is a small difference between Bid and
Offer prices (the "Spread"). If no difference exists, a "locked"
market occurs.
[0059] Importantly, Bids and Offers are commitments--once placed, a
Bid can be "Hit" and an Offer can be "Taken" or "Lifted" by a
Participant willing to trade the instrument at the set price or set
of prices.
[0060] To control trading between many Participants, a level of
hierarchy is set. A Participant who Hits a Bid or Lifts an Offer is
promoted to a new level known as the "Aggressor." By acting on a
Bid or Offer, the Aggressor defines (and thus establishes) the
Active Side of the Trade. For example, when a Participant hits a
Bid, selling becomes the Active Side of the Trade and buying turns
passive. However, when a Participant takes an Offer, buying is
active. This can be important because according to some
conventions, the Active Side pays commissions on the ensuing
transactions. When a Price Improvement Trade takes place, however,
the commission on this Trade can be divided among the Participants
in the Trade. This allocation of commissions is premised on the
notion that the active Participants are taking advantage of
liquidity--while the Passive Side is supplying liquidity to the
market, and on the notion that if a better price can be obtained
during Price Improvement trading, a passive Trader is provided with
value for which that Trader is willing to pay. Further combinations
of commission allocation are preferable in order to encourage
trading (e.g., choices among volume discounts, annual fixed fees,
both sides paying, and paying based on time and place of
execution).
[0061] For controlled implementation, the distinction between
Active and Passive Sides is important and carries more significance
in processing transactions than the Bid and Offer sides of a
transaction.
[0062] Focusing further on the nomenclature for system logic, a
"Trade" is considered a sequence of trading events, triggered by an
initial Hit or Take that defines the Aggressor. A Trade continues
for all such transactions until the Trade "clears." During a
non-price improvement Trade, the Aggressor side remains active and
all transactions take place at the price set by the initial Hit or
Take--regardless of the number of transactions that follow. To
properly track activity, a Trade generates a (virtual and/or real)
single trade ticket--with an associated and screen-displayed
reference number. When a transaction reflects more than a single
buy/sell, several trade tickets each reflecting the total size
transacted per Participant per side is recorded. A set of average
price tickets or their equivalent may be generated.
[0063] In addition, the system preferably controls a Participant's
maximum command size, thus preventing the Participant from entering
orders that are outside the Participant's permissible trading
parameters. The system preferably also protects the novice
Participant. Accordingly, Participants with different skills can
trade on a more level playing field. The system can preferably
further control the hierarchy of Participants to allow management
intervention.
[0064] FIG. 1 shows various hardware components of an embodiment of
a system according to the invention. A plurality of workstations 10
are each individually linked to a central server 20 via network
lines 15. Server 20 includes controlling software that manages data
flow to individual workstations 10 in accordance with system
constraints. The system can be linked to Participants at remote
locations either directly, indirectly, and/or through the Internet.
Access to trading activity is accomplished at communication server
30 and remote server 40, which is coupled to a remote distribution
hub 50 and remote workstations 60. Supplemental communication lines
are provided via conventional phone link 90. This platform further
includes a 32-bit operating system that manages the multi-tasking
environment within the network. The invention can be implemented
using an open VMS64-bit operating system running on DEC Alpha
clustered servers; however, other operating systems may be
substituted. Alternatively, the desktop client machines can be
implemented in OS/2 (Windows N/T 4.0 is a migration substitute).
The workstation provides display and input and can be selected from
Pentium.RTM. processor-based PCs, SPARC Stations.RTM. (using UNIX),
or other hardware and software systems and/or languages providing
the requisite functionality.
[0065] FIG. 2 shows various information paths of the invention.
Market information is derived from the auction process and is a
highly valuable source of data to related markets, futures and
options, or cash as the case may be. Market data 100 is collected
from the plurality of online terminals operated by Participants
within the relevant market sector. A continual exchange of
information flows between Participants (included in market data
100) as Bids, Offers, and Trades are transacted in real time. This
information is collected by the system proprietor and entered into
a system data processor database 110.
[0066] Online market data is then transferred to a data filter and
enhancer module 115, which clarifies and articulates the continuous
incoming market data for use, e.g., by data accumulators and
vendors 120. One aspect of the data enhancer operation is
conversion of online trading information into digital form for
transmission to a classification processor 130. Classification
processor 130 creates a data set in an appropriate format for
further manipulation, which includes generation of a coordination
array of data in matrix format.
[0067] Once appropriately formatted, the online market data is then
transmitted to a qualification processor 140 for determination of a
real time command selection. The qualification processor also
provides both Participant validation and credit limit approval with
Participant and security type linkages among Participant
relationships and security identifiers. The information is unloaded
into a security database 150, and then passed to a distribution
processor 160.
[0068] The foregoing operation results in real time distribution
among Participant workstations via communication lines and screen
displays for decision execution and for select distribution within
the fixed income investment community. In one embodiment of the
invention, three segments of this community are provided with the
data. At options/cash 180 and futures/cash 170, system proprietors
involved in automated options and futures processing are provided
the cash market data for quantifying and evaluating specific
options and futures positions pursuant to the trading of option and
futures contracts on specifically identified securities, including
indices and notional securities derived therefrom. In a similar
manner, the securities data is provided to system proprietors
regarding options and futures contracts to permit proper
transactions in the trading of options and futures contracts based
on the identified securities data.
[0069] In the present context, data relating to the auctioning of
cash market securities is used to support trading in their
derivative markets. Likewise, if the context were the auctioning of
derivative securities, distribution flow would be to support
trading in the underlying security.
[0070] The third channel of distribution for the securities is to
data accumulators and vendors 190. This is followed by the
continual distribution of securities data to Participants within
the investment and trading community 200, to auction processing 210
in support of automated trading, and finally to clearing 220 in
support of declaring and reporting functions associated with such
trading, including clearance operators among others.
[0071] Trading activity is highly fluid and fast paced.
Accordingly, efficient input systems enable Participants to quickly
enter one of typically several trading choices available. Input
systems can be enhanced by a highly specialized keypad that permits
higher trading efficiency. Accordingly, another aspect of the
invention are the unique keypads shown in FIGS. 3A-B.
[0072] During processing, various "states" exist depending on the
type of inputs received by the system. The core Bid-Offer state
reflects the open status of the market. In this state, Participants
are referred to as "Makers" and "contra-makers;" during other
states, Participants are considered "Traders" and "contra-traders."
Traders and Makers are Participants who issue a trading command,
while contra-makers and contra-traders are those who receive a
trading command. Some Participants, e.g., a first buyer or first
seller, in the Workup State are known as "current workers" and are
vested with the authority under system logic to control a Trade for
a predetermined amount of time. Depending on the fixed income
security or instrument, this amount of time may be zero. Important
character distinctions among Participants at various stages of
trade processing are displayed on screen by reverse highlight or
similar display attribute.
[0073] The interrelationship of these five system states is shown
in FIG. 4. Initial trading is always predicated on Bid-Offer State
400, with sequence process 420 assessing system inputs to determine
state changes. As inputs are entered, a state change is triggered
and processing shifts to paradigms associated with each of the five
states. As each state is entered, the protocols are shifted and new
trading rules apply.
[0074] Information about Participants and trading progress are
provided at each workstation in the form of a selectively
configured screen display. In particular, the system provides for
screen display in the form of a trading quadrant or "quad" wherein
key trading indicators are displayed. A sample QUAD is shown
below:
TABLE-US-00002 QUAD 1 100.01 2 100.03 15 CUST BID BOT CUST OFFER
SOLD 2001 1 0 2007 5 0 2002 1 0 2006 10 0 TOTAL 2 0 15 0
[0075] In QUAD 1, the current bid price is "100.01" (100 plus
1/32nd). Continuing across on the same line, the current Offer
price is "100.03"--indicating a Spread of 0.02 ( 2/32nds). When a
Trade is in progress--as initiated by a Hit or Take from the
Bid-Offer State, the Participant's attention is directed mainly to
the conditional prompt showing the total size being bid or offered
and that can be acted upon by the Participants. This number is
displayed at the intersection of the TOTALs line and one of the
Bid-Offer columns (i.e., the 2 or 15). This total is further
defined in the quad into individual prequantities, indicating the
Participant sizes in their respective rows (e.g., CUST 2006's size
of 10). Other QUADS or arrangements can be under Participant or
logic control to display trading state information.
[0076] Above the BOT and SOLD captions in QUAD 1, a second totals
counter provides the Makers total size. In the Bid-Offer State,
this total is the same as the conditional prompt because no Trades
have been executed. This changes after the first transaction when a
"Traders list" is created--and the conditional prompt tracks the
Traders' total, while the Makers' total keeps track of quantity
left in the Makers' list.
[0077] Data selected for display on the QUAD is processed in
accordance with logic shown in FIG. 5 according to the invention.
The system enters a new Participant CUST(ID) (e.g., "2001") at 520
and stores this in memory with associated trade data/command
TRD(ID) at 530. The trading command is confirmed at a system level,
wherein system errors are rejected via alarm 550. Once confirmed,
the new data/command TRD(ID) is distributed at 560 to screen
buffers for display of the associated work status. This is repeated
for each new entry at 570.
[0078] The following discussion now focuses on the Bid-Offer state,
wherein market Makers are inputting various Bids and Offers into
the system while waiting for an execution as the market matures.
The best first bidders and offerors receive trading priorities
during clearing and Exclusive Time. These pending commitments may
be acted upon via Hit or Take commands by Makers currently showing
or by a third party without showing its position prior to the Hit
(or Take). As new Bids and Offers are made, the associated prices
determine the placement in the queue, with equally priced Offers
(or Bids) placed in time order. Accordingly, as the market tightens
with better Bids and Offers (reducing the Spread), these new
positions are moved to the top of the displayed queue.
[0079] In addition to price, Bids, and Offers, a size component is
included, which is used to express the dollar volume of the pending
Bid (or Offer). For a Participant to increase the size of the Bid
or Offer, a new entry is made and placed in the queue separately,
because the system preferably does not increment the size
component--unless the entry was made adjacent in time to an
existing Bid/Offer already in the queue. Alternatively, the sizes
could be combined as follows: as Bids and Offers are entered during
the Bid-Offer state, they are displayed in relation to their
respective size, with the total Bid-Offer count (aggregate size)
displayed at the noted conditional prompt. As such, the conditional
prompt serves as the main impetus for a transaction because of its
measure of apparent market capacity at a given price.
[0080] A Bid/Offer is typically (but not always) entered as
"uncleared" during the Bid-Offer state--indicating that the Bid or
Offer is only available to the first best market Participant (shown
at the top of the first queue). Accordingly, uncleared
presentations can be acted on by only this Participant for a
system-set time interval--that is, only this Participant can Hit or
Take these uncleared entries. After the preset time interval has
run (tracked by a system internal clock), the uncleared
Bids/Offers--if still extant--become available beyond the best
price Participant. Also, for certain securities, the preset time
interval may be zero. More often, a known interval is established.
There is a business purpose for this arrangement. By giving
Participants with active Bids/Offers the first chance for the new
entry, these Participants are rewarded for showing the market on
their side. Thus, the initial bidders/offerors are invited to
become Aggressors--and the system preset interval provides these
bidders/offerors with time to make their decision by preventing new
buyers and sellers from entering the Trade (i.e., hitting or
taking) for this discrete time interval.
[0081] System logic associated with the Bid-Offer state is shown in
FIG. 6. Logic begins at 600 with a new data/command entry. A state
selector qualifies the state as Bid-Offer at 620. At 630, a CUST X
profile is taken from the new entry and all associated data is
passed into a parameter string which is entered at 640.
[0082] The system compares the new price entry, PRC(I) entered into
the system at test 650, with pending Bids (or Offers if PRC(I) is
associated with an Offer). Test 650 results in one of three
outcomes: first, if the new entry PRC(I) is better than the current
market, logic branches to 655 and the previous top tier queue, Q1,
is demoted (moved) to Q2. The new entry then forms the first line
in the new top queue, Q1_TOP, at 660. This allows the system to
create multiple queues at select price points for each side of the
market. The multi-queue environment permits "Price Improvement"
trading, described in detail below.
[0083] The second outcome of test 650 occurs if the new entry is
out of the market (i.e., "worse" than the best current Bid/Offer).
Logic then branches to 685 and a new queue, Q(N), is created. The
new queue, having a price point worse than the market leaders, is
displayed below the top queue. At 690, the new entry is placed at
the top of the new queue, Q(N)_TOP.
[0084] As more entries are input, the system assesses each and
places them in the multiple queues in accordance with price, and
within each queue in accordance with time priority. This results in
several price defined queues for each side of the market and allows
for Price Improvement trading if and when a new Aggressor
Takes/Hits all showing volume for one and up to all shown
contra-queues.
[0085] The third outcome of test 650 is a qualified price, which
leads to 680. This entry is placed at the bottom of Q1 because of
time priority.
[0086] At test 700, the system checks for a new Hit/Take; if none,
logic continues at 710 to the next entry. A positive response to
test 700 shifts processing to the next state at 720.
[0087] The screen display changes according to the various entries
into the bidding process. In QUAD 2 below, Participant CUSTs
3001-3003 on the BID side reflect a market of 27 million (see
conditional prompt "27" on the TOTALs line). This includes a first
bid by Participant CUST 3001 of 5.0 million, followed a little
later by a second bid of 20 million. In this example, Participant
CUST 3007 (e.g., a bank or other institutional Participant) enters
the picture with an uncleared Offer of 10 million (the asterisk
indicates the Offer is uncleared); this is the 10 million shown on
the conditional prompt line on the Offer side. As such, controlling
logic gives the original Makers the first chance at the new Offer
by CUST 3007. After the preset interval, the market is again opened
and the asterisk is removed.
TABLE-US-00003 QUAD 2 >7.625.225 TZ 108.04 27 *108.04 10 CUST
BID BOT CUST OFFER SOLD 3001 5 0 3007 10 0 3002 1 0 3003 1 0 3001
20 0 TOTAL 27 0 10 0
[0088] The When State is triggered by a trading command against an
uncleared Bid/Offer by an Aggressor who is not the first best
original Maker. However, system control does not allow this trading
command by the new Aggressor to be instantaneously executed. In
accordance with system logic, the trading processor creates a time
interval or delay, and thus provides the first best original Maker
with time to assess the new situation created by the Aggressor and
then respond, if desired, to the uncleared entry on the Passive
Side.
[0089] In particular, as noted above, the uncleared status exists
for a defined interval--controlled by a computer driven timer. Only
during this time interval does a When State occur, which then only
lasts until resolved either by action on the part of the first best
original Maker on the Active Side or by expiration of the interval
timer.
[0090] During When State processing, the system displays the
original Makers--existing with Bid/Offers outstanding prior to the
entry of the new Aggressor--and the new Traders, who enter via Hit
or Take commands on the pending uncleared Bid/Offer. These Makers
and Traders are clearly separated on the screen (see QUAD 3B
below). Importantly, these original Makers are given the
opportunity to trade at the new price point established by the
Aggressor; multiple Makers from the original list will each have an
opportunity to take the new price in the order of their priority in
the queue. The system increments through each Maker. If one issues
a buy/sell order at their size, they become the Aggressor. When
this occurs, the logic departs the When State and can either enter
the Workup State or Workdown State depending on whether the new
Aggressor takes the entire volume indicated at the conditional
prompt.
[0091] Once When State processing has been initiated, no trade
entries from the Passive Side are permitted. Furthermore,
Participants are blocked from entering on the Active Side.
Specifically, entries on the uncleared (active) side will come from
new Traders, extant Traders, or the original Makers. If, for
example, a Trader has 10 offered and 5 are traded, the Trader
preferably can cancel the amount which is not yet committed during
the When State.
[0092] However, if the second interval timer expires without any
intercession by the original Makers, the When entries (one or
several) will automatically trade--and the original Makers will not
take part in this Trade. During the time-controlled interval, WTAK
flashes on screen to the Makers showing a Trade on the uncleared
Offer. WHIT will flash for a Hit on an uncleared Bid. During this
interval, the size entries for pending Makers are all initialized
to zero and are no longer presented at the conditional prompt.
[0093] When State processing is shown in FIG. 7 and is triggered by
an entered trading command CMD(I) 810. Test 820 confirms whether
the new trading command (Hit or Lift) is from a new Aggressor; if
not, logic continues to 880 and then to either the Workup or
Workdown State.
[0094] When the new trading command is from a new Aggressor, logic
branches from test 820 to 830, where the market is blocked for a
preset time interval. At 840, all current Active Side Makers are
reset to zero. At test 850, the system determines whether these
Makers intercept the Aggressor before the time interval expires. If
yes, the intercepting maker becomes the Aggressor at 860, with full
control over the succeeding trade sequence. If not, the new
Aggressor is set at 870, and logic continues to the next State at
880.
[0095] Referring to QUADS 3A and 3B below, the following sequence
illustrates the foregoing system logic. In QUAD 3A, the Bid-Offer
State has two Participants, CUSTs 3002 and 3003 each showing bids
at 10 million. Participant CUST 3007 has just placed an uncleared
Offer for 1 million. Participant CUST 3001 would like to take the
new Offer by Participant CUST 3007--but cannot do so automatically.
In QUAD 3B, Participant CUST 3001 attempts to take the Offer by
Participant CUST 3007, forcing the system into the When State and
creating an uncleared list for the Active Side (i.e., Bid).
However, the prequantity of the first two bidders is reduced to
zero--because the system logic prevents these bids from being
enforced at the new price point (108.04+). In this example, the
second interval timer provides both original Makers CUST 3002 and
CUST 3003 priority over Participant CUST 3001, with CUST 3002
retaining overall priority via placement in the queue.
TABLE-US-00004 QUAD 3A >7.625.225 TZ 108.04 20 *108.04+ 1 CUST
BID BOT CUST OFFER SOLD 3002 10 0 3007 1 0 3003 10 0 TOTAL 20 0 1
0
TABLE-US-00005 QUAD 3B >7.625.225 TZ 108.04 20 108.04+ WTAK 1
CUST BID BOT CUST OFFER SOLD 3002 0 0 3007 1 0 3003 0 0 3001 1 0
TOTAL 1 0 1 0
[0096] Transactions forming a Trade take place in accordance with
the invention during one of two trading states, known as the Workup
and Workdown States. The Workup State occurs pursuant to Hits or
Lifts by an Aggressor taking the entire volume shown on the Passive
Side. Once established, the Workup State gives exclusive rights to
the Trade to the initial Traders--who the system recognizes as the
current workers. On screen, current workers are highlighted in a
defined manner known to other Participants. Current workers control
the Trade and can submit additional transaction volume to their
contra-traders; this is to the exclusion of outside Participants.
Current workers on the Active Side of the Trade will include the
Aggressor, and possibly other Traders below the Aggressor with
transactions that move the Trade into the "Workup" State by filling
residual volume that needs "Workdown." For the Passive Side, an
Aggressor that takes the entire size limits current worker status
to himself and his counterparty.
[0097] The status of current worker dissipates upon entry of "done"
by a Participant or the lapse of the trading inactivity interval.
Again, this interval is a preset system parameter triggered via
system logic. Absent such termination, current workers can trade
almost indefinitely, as long as they continue to respond to their
contra-party's size offerings.
[0098] Workup State logic is shown in FIG. 8 and is tied to size
and new order data. The Aggressor size is entered at 910 and the
size of the Passive Side is determined at 920 prior to trade entry.
At test 930, the system determines whether the Aggressor has taken
the entire market offering at the time of the Trade; if not, logic
continues to "select state" 990 and ultimately to the Workdown
State (FIG. 9).
[0099] If the Aggressor has taken the entire market offering, test
930 passes logic to 940 and 950, where the current workers are
assigned and new Trades are entered by those current workers to the
exclusion of other Participants. Under these conditions, and if
more than one price queue exists on the Passive Side, the system
provides for Price Improvement trading. That is, the Aggressor has
taken Trades at multiple price points, indicating a willingness to
trade at prices worse than the best Offers/Bids. The system
measures the Spread between the best and worst price shown for each
contra-trader. A mathematically determined value is set at 955
bridging the two price points (e.g., the average of the two
prices), with the new price difference variable, Delta (ID), set
for that Trader. Given this new price point (a "Price Improvement"
from both parties' viewpoint), new Trades may be entered at test
960 and executed at 970. This continues until the current workers
are done or the preset interval expires as determined at test 980.
The system then tests (at 965) and executes (at 975) any new
transactions entered (via Hit or Take commands) by new
Participants.
[0100] The above logic may be better understood with examples. A
system without the Price Improvement feature is shown in QUAD 4A
below, with a typical opening Bid-Offer displayed.
TABLE-US-00006 QUAD 4A >7.625.225 TZ 108.04 16 108.05+ 45 CUST
BID BOT CUST OFFER SOLD 3001 5 0 3007 25 0 3002 5 0 3006 10 0 3003
1 0 3005 10 0 3001 5 0 TOTAL 16 0 45 0
[0101] Assume that the Bid is Hit by Participant CUST 3005 selling
the entire size (16 million) to the Passive Side. This results in
Participant CUST 3005 (as the Aggressor) and the contra-trader
(Participant CUST 3001) as the current workers. The Workup State
now exists as the Aggressor has taken all of the initial size from
the Passive Side. Those with priority, the Aggressor and first best
bidder, are highlighted by a video attribute (shown in QUAD 4B as,
for example, rectangular boxes).
TABLE-US-00007 QUAD 4B >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 16
108.05+ 36 CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD 3001 0 10 3005 0 16 3002 0 5
3003 0 1 TOTAL 0 16 0 16
[0102] Participant CUST 3002, wishing to continue, adds an
additional 5 million size (adding to Participant CUST 3002's
original 5 million), which is displayed as 5 under BUY and 5 under
BOT (see QUAD 4C). A new Participant CUST 3004 now enters a sell
order (Hit) for 50 million.
TABLE-US-00008 QUAD 4C >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 16
108.05+ 36 CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD 3001 0 10 3005 0 16 3002 5 5
3004 50 0 3003 0 1 TOTAL 5 16 50 16
[0103] New Participant CUST 3004 waits until the current workers
are done (via keyboard entry or timer controlled system interval).
After this, the system executes for Participant CUST 3004 the sale
of the additional 5 million to Participant CUST 3002, leaving 45
million remaining to be sold.
[0104] QUAD 4D shows the display after Participant CUST 3004 has
traded with Participant CUST 3002. The asterisks next to the
entries for CUSTs 3001 and 3005 indicate that these initial Traders
are done or have timed-out. As shown in QUAD 4D, no one can control
the Trade to the exclusion of others because there is no longer a
current worker.
TABLE-US-00009 QUAD 4D >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 21
108.05+ 36 CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD *3001 0 10 *3005 0 16 3003 0
1 3004 45 5 3002 0 10 TOTAL 0 21 45 21
[0105] Market moves by Participants are often fast paced and can
occasionally result in almost simultaneous position changes. For
example, a first Participant can hit a second Participant's bid of
a particular size via the "buy/sell all" key an instant after the
second Participant significantly increases the bid size (e.g., from
5 to 20 million). The Aggressor has now inadvertently taken much
more than planned.
[0106] System logic addresses this problem by creating a
supplemental state, known as "Second Look" State. When the size of
the Passive Side increases just prior to a Hit or Lift command, the
system distinguishes the very recent increase in volume from
earlier entries via an "age" timer (i.e., a system interval). The
age timer tracks the pendency of all Bids and Offers and creates a
Second Look State whenever a Hit/Lift (via a buy/sell all key)
command entry occurs while a Bid/Offer is less than, for example,
two seconds old.
[0107] The Second Look State, however, is limited. The Aggressor
completes the transaction excluding the new "unaged" Bid/Offer.
This new size is left untraded and others may add more Bids/Offers
on it, the Passive Side, but these Bids/Offers stay "below the
line." Even though the Aggressor did not fill the entire size
displayed, the Aggressor assumes current worker status and has the
right to: [0108] 1. take the new size, entering the Workup State
with the contra-trader; [0109] 2. refuse the new size (via the
"done" command), sending the Trade into the Workdown State; and
[0110] 3. Take/Hit a "partial" amount and then lose priority,
causing the system to enter the Workdown State.
[0111] Second Look State logic is shown in FIG. 9, where trading
commands are entered time-stamped at 1020 and extant passive Maker
entries are entered at 1030. Test 1040 determines whether the
Passive Side entries, PASS(ID), are "aged" (i.e., not just recently
entered). If they are aged, logic branches to test 1090 to
determine whether PASS(ID) is the last entry, PASS_END. If not, a
pass counter is incremented at 1100 and logic returns to sequence
start 1010.
[0112] If the Passive Side entries are not aged, test 1040 shifts
logic to 1050 where the new entry is parsed; the Aggressor is then
given the opportunity to take the new additional size within the
Trade at test 1060. The system maintains the commitment of the
Aggressor to the original size of the Take or Hit. If accepted,
logic branches at 1080 to the Workup State. If not accepted, logic
branches at 1070 to the Workdown State.
[0113] These principles of the invention are illustrated in the
following sequence of screen displays shown in QUADs 5A-C below.
Participant CUSTs 3001, 3002, and 3003 show 5 million, 1 million,
and 1 million, respectively, as having been bought. Just prior to
the sell order by Participant CUST 3007 (via, e.g., a "HIT ALL"
key), CUST 3004 enters with a 1 million size. All size transacts,
except this late 1 million because it has not "aged" sufficiently
as measured by the system interval timer. This amount remains
untraded, and the system enters the Second Look State.
TABLE-US-00010 QUAD 5A >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 7
CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD 3001 0 5 3007 0 7 3002 0 1 3003 0 1
3004 1 0 TOTAL 1 7 0 7
[0114] If Participant CUST 3007 decides to fill this outstanding 1
million size, the state moves out of Second Look and into the
Workup State with CUST 3007 and CUST 3001 as current workers. As
shown QUAD 5B, CUST 3007 has also entered a sell order for a volume
of 2 million. The priority box blinks or is highlighted in some way
to indicate that the Aggressor is in the Second Look State.
TABLE-US-00011 QUAD 5B >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 8 0
CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD 3001 0 5 3007 2 8 3002 0 1 3003 0 1
3004 0 1 TOTAL 0 8 2 8
[0115] If, however, CUST 3007 passes, the Trade goes to the
Workdown State (see QUAD 5C). New Participant CUST 3005 now enters
and is positioned below the line and can only trade after CUST 3001
is done and CUST 3004 trades.
TABLE-US-00012 QUAD 5C >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68119 108.04 Hit 7 0
CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD 3001 0 5 3007 0 7 3002 0 1 3003 0 1
3004 1 0 3005 1 0 TOTAL 1 7 0 7
[0116] Another state for trading logic is the Workdown State. It
occurs when the original Aggressor takes less than all of the size
showing on the Passive Side. The remaining size must be "worked
down" to complete the Trade. This rewards those Participants that
show Bids/Offers (i.e., their intent to buy/sell), thus providing
liquidity to the market. If the original Aggressor returns for the
remaining size from the Passive Side, the Workup State is
initiated. Another Trader from the Active Side may work down the
remaining Passive Side quantity, putting the Trade in the Workup
State--with this new Trader as the current worker--which includes
obtaining Exclusive Time if all the remaining size from the
original Bid-Offer State is taken.
[0117] The Workdown State allows new Aggressors to complete the
remaining unit Bids on the Passive Side. Workdown State logic is
shown in FIG. 10. Trading command CMD(I) is entered at 1210. At
test 1220, the system checks whether the Trade is for less than the
total Passive Side, TOTL. If not, logic branches at 1280 to the
Workup State.
[0118] If the Trade is for less than the total Passive Side, test
1220 passes logic to 1230 where the system opens trading to new
Aggressors in order to complete the pending Passive Side volume.
However, no new Passive Side entries are entitled to Exclusive Time
and are thus blocked at 1240 for the trade duration. Test 1250
determines whether the last Trade occurred and test 1260 determines
whether the timer has lapsed. If either has occurred, Workdown is
terminated and the process returns at 1270 to the Bid-Offer
State.
[0119] Importantly, new Traders presenting on the Passive Side wait
until all of the remaining original size is worked down--and their
positions are held below the line. This is shown in QUADS
6A-6C.
TABLE-US-00013 QUAD 6A >7.625.225 TZ 108.04 15 *108.04+ 25 CUST
BID BOT CUST OFFER SOLD 3001 5 0 3007 25 0 3002 10 0 TOTAL 15 0 25
0
[0120] QUAD 6A shows the Bid-Offer State with Participant OUST 3001
showing a bid of 5 million and Participant CUST 3002 showing a bid
of 10 million. As the Aggressor, OUST 3001 Takes an Offer from CUST
3007, but for only 5 million of CUST 3007's showing of 25 million,
leaving 20 million on the Passive Side (see QUAD 6B).
TABLE-US-00014 QUAD 6B >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68118 108.04 11
108.04+ TAK CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD *3001 0 5 3007 20 5 TOTAL 0
5 20 5
[0121] At this point, if Participant OUST 3006 enters a 10 million
Offer, CUST 3006 waits until the original Passive Side clears; CUST
3006 is thus kept below the line as the remaining size is worked
down (see QUAD 6C).
TABLE-US-00015 QUAD 6C >7.625.225 TZ Refno 68118 108.04 11
108.04+ TAK 5 CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL SOLD *3001 0 5 3007 20 5 3006
10 0 TOTAL 0 5 30 5
[0122] A Trade is cleared by either a system controlled timer or
directly by a Participant when that price point attracts no further
buyers or sellers. The clearing function resurrects a new Bid-Offer
State, retaining original Makers from the Active Side (unless
superceded) and the remaining untraded size from the Passive
Side.
[0123] As discussed above, the system can provide enhanced
performance allowing Price Improvement processing. Price
Improvement provides a modified interactive Bid-Offer State and
transforms the auction process into a multiple price auction
process, where buy or sell orders are executed at one or more
prices.
[0124] For Price Improvement, the Bid-Offer State reveals
Participants willing to trade at prices above or below the current
best market prices, particularly at sizes that may be significantly
larger than the current sizes shown to the marketplace at the best
Bid-Offer. All rules of the Bid-Offer State apply to each
individual price stack or tier under Price Improvement. Priority is
retained only in the top tier and by the best price, first
bidder/offeror.
[0125] If an Aggressor acts on only one level, then the Workup or
Workdown State (as previously described) is initiated and limited
to that queue's price level. Even in this single level environment,
a Trade may be "price improved" by system logic. This can occur,
for example, if an Aggressor enters the Workup State. Price
Improvement will be triggered by a passive Trader entering a better
priced buy/sell. If the initial "best" passive Trader matches this
new better price, the Trade will be consummated, but at a price
determined by the system that is between the new better price and
the original trade price, thus improving the price for both sides
of this Trade. This is an example of Price Improvement initiated by
the Passive Side via When State processing. The same system
determined price would occur if the initial best passive Trader
declined to match the new better price, turning the Trade over to
the new Passive Side Trader.
[0126] This demonstrates that by becoming an Aggressor in a Price
Improvement Trade, the Aggressor creates the possibility that a buy
or sell order may be executed at a better price than is revealed by
the current state of Bids and Offers displayed on the system. By
doing so, the Aggressor initiates a modified Workup State
(discussed below with respect to FIG. 8).
[0127] QUAD 7A shows three levels of Bids and Offers. The number of
levels shown is a system parameter and is typically tied to the
number of price increments on the Bid and Offer sides, that is, a
cardinal arrangement (e.g., 1132 increments). An alternative tier
arrangement includes an ordinal arrangement (e.g., "top five
tiers"). In this example, all Participants are shown four bids
totaling 67 million (CUSTs 2001 and 2002 showing a total of 2, CUST
2005 showing 20, and CUST 2012 showing 45). These bids range from
100.01 down to 100.00. QUAD 7A also shows five offers totaling 85
million (CUSTs 2007 and 2006 showing a total of 15, CUST 2008
showing 10, and CUSTs 2007 and 2011 showing a total of 60), ranging
from 100.02 up to 100.03+. This contrasts with a single queue
Bid-Offer State where only two Bids totaling 2 million at 100.01
and two Offers totaling 15 million at 100.02 would be shown.
[0128] An alternative arrangement (not shown) may not disclose all
prices and sizes to all Participants. In this case, system logic
controls the secondary tiers and buy and sell allocations.
TABLE-US-00016 QUAD 7A 100.01 CUST BID 2 BOT 100.02 CUST 15 OFFER
SOLD 2001 1 0 2007 5 0 2002 1 0 2006 10 0 TOTAL 2 0 15 0 100.00+ 20
100.03 10 2005 20 2008 10 0 TOTAL 20 10 0 100.00 45 100.03+ 60 2012
45 2007 20 2011 40 TOTAL 45 60 0 100 .45x.00 20 x .00+ 2x 2x .01 X
15x .02 10x.03 60x .03+
[0129] The logic of the Workup State with Price Improvement
encourages Participants to reveal their trading intentions even
away from the best price shown by allowing them to participate in a
Price Improvement Trade if one is initiated. For example, Price
Improvement will attach to a Participant who becomes an Aggressor
away from the best market prices of 100.01 and 100.02 (of QUAD 7A).
By revealing such intentions, the Aggressor gains first priority
for potential price improvement during execution of the volume
associated with the price surplus. Priority rankings provide the
opportunity for purchases and sales at better prices than the best
market of 100.01 and 100.02 by allowing the Buyers or Sellers'
Surplus created upon the initiation of a Price Improvement Trade to
be allocated among the Participants (i.e., allow the system to set
a price-improvement price).
[0130] The Aggressor who initiates the Price Improvement Trade is
granted protection by allowing contra-traders to buy or sell more
at the higher or lower prices shown. This is accomplished by system
logic that measures the surplus and allocates any available surplus
among the Trader and contra-traders. By allowing one or both sides
of the Trade to execute Trades at better prices than their
respective revealed intentions, aggressive and/or passive Traders
benefit. The system benefits the market by creating greater
liquidity, improving revealed intentions of bidders and offerors,
increasing depth of markets, allowing multiple price Trades, and
forming the foundation for alternative commission fees.
[0131] Once trading commences, state sequencing follows the logic
of a single price Trade. For example, in the Price Improvement
Bid-Offer State shown in QUAD 7A, a new seller becomes the
Aggressor with a command to sell 90 million down to 99.31 (i.e.,
99+ 31/32nds). In order to improve the seller's ability to sell at
the "best price" available, the first best bidder whose priority is
ranked on a price and time basis (or by a metric comprised
therefrom or including size as well) is given the opportunity to
buy additional volumes at an improved price after the 67 million
has been Hit (i.e., 2 million sold at 100.01, 20 million sold at
100.00+, and 45 million sold at 100.00). By offering to sell a
total of 90 million down to 99.31, the seller sells the first 67
million and has "intent" to sell 23 million more. The first best
bidder can now execute more at an improved price. The level of
improvement is allocated between the bid price of 100.01 (i.e.,
100+ 1/32nd) and the 99.31 reservation price. Thus, if buyer CUST
2001 trades the remaining 23 million with the 99.31 seller, then a
Price Improvement Trade of 23 Hit at 100.00 is consummated. Here,
buyer CUST 2001 maintains priority by committing to buy 23 million
more at the bid level of 100.01. However, the actual trade price
is, for example, 100.00, providing the buyer with 0.01 ( 1/32)
price improvement and the seller with a like 0.01 price improvement
over the reservation sale price of 99.31.
[0132] System logic has apportioned the Trader Surplus between the
aggressive and passive sides of the Trade, benefitting both
parties. System logic could also allocate the surplus alternatively
(e.g., providing the Aggressor with 2/3, all, or none of the
surplus). The allocation mechanism could also dynamically change
depending on the size of the Trade or other customer or trade
characteristics. The system flashes the sequence of three Trades, 2
@ 100.01, 20 @ 100.00+, 68 (45+23) @ 100.00, preferably with
highlighting to indicate that the sequence is a set of Price
Improvement Trades. Alternatively, the total Trade at the average
price could be displayed. At the end of the Trade, system logic
returns to the Bid-Offer State.
[0133] Under Price Improvement processing, separate mechanisms
present and display multiple Bid-Offers at different price levels.
A first option is to remove all out of market Bid-Offers (i.e., all
inferior offerings are not displayed). A second option provides the
bidder with a choice as to whether the bidder's inferior bid is
left on the display or removed when topped with a better price. A
third option is to display all bids on screen even when topped.
This forms a "good till cancel" offering. Another option allows
Participants to customize their Bids and Offers under system
controlled parameters.
[0134] Price Improvement processing also permits priority preserved
trading, which occurs in a When State. The When State occurs when a
non-priority Participant initiates or responds to a trading
command. System logic triggers the When State allowing the priority
bidder (e.g., the one with the first best price on the passive
market side) to intercede and assume control of the Trade. During
the When State, a timer controls a period of time during which the
priority bidder can decide whether to intercede. The original buyer
(whose trading command initiated the When State) is placed right
behind the priority bidder, and other non-priority buyers are
placed in sequence behind the first Aggressor. If the priority
bidder does not intercede, logic turns the Trade over to the ranked
list of buyers and the Trade moves to the Workup or Workdown State
for completion. By interceding, the first best bidder maintains
priority by matching the best price among the When Take Trades.
[0135] By initiating a Price Improvement here, the Hit, highlighted
by video attribute, is for more size than is shown on the number of
tiers of Bids or Offers available for Price Improvement.
[0136] In order to provide a greater and more diverse opportunity
for Price Improvement and to protect the Price Improvement
Aggressor, all buy and sell orders received during Exclusive Time
are ranked and matched to provide the greatest amount of price
protection to the Price Improvement Aggressor. Because of
multi-levels of Bids and Offers, the first best bidder/offeror
maintains priority only if that bidder/offeror responds at the
Aggressor's price, or, if necessary, matches the best When Take/Hit
price.
[0137] Referring to QUAD 7B, Participant CUST 2008 becomes the
Aggressor by initiating a Price Improvement Trade by committing to
sell 90 million down to a price of, for example, 99.31. During
Exclusive Time, Participant CUST 2001 commits to buy 5 million more
at 100.01, Participant CUST 2009 commits to buying 20 million at
100.01+, and Participant CUST 2002 commits to buying 5 million more
at 100.01. Customer 2001 does not then match the buy price of
100.01+.
TABLE-US-00017 QUAD 7B 100.01 to .00 HIT 67 CUST BUY BOT CUST SELL
SOLD 100.01+ 2009 20 100.01 2001 5 1 2008 23 67 2002 5 1 TOTAL 2
100.00+ 2005 0 20 TOTAL 20 100.00 2012 0 45 TOTAL 67
[0138] CUST 2001 has a priority over CUSTs 2002 and 2009 by having
been the original best bidder and commits to buying more at CUST
2001's original price. At the end of Exclusive Time, 20 of the 23
million to be sold are matched with the best buys shown, thus 20
million are sold to 2009. The remaining 3 million are sold to CUST
2001. By not matching the 100.01+price, CUST 2001 only obtains the
3 million. By maintaining price and time priority, price
improvement is obtained and the Aggressor is protected. The Trades
are shown in QUAD 7C.
TABLE-US-00018 QUAD 7C 100.00 X 45 .00 + X23 .01X22HIT CUST BUY BOT
CUST SELL SOLD 100.01 2001 1 2008 22 2002 1 2009 20 TOTAL 22 22
100.00+ 2005 20 2008 23 2001 3 TOTAL 23 100.00 2012 45 2008 45
TOTAL 45 45 TOTAL 90 90
[0139] Participants interact with system logic during Price
Improvement trading via an input device. Various input devices can
be used as exemplified by the specialized keyboard shown in FIG.
12. The keyboard includes special LCD keys, whose function and
display is directly tied to the state of the trading processor. The
keyboard has two vertical rows of 5 LCD keys each and a horizontal
row of 7 LCD keys. The horizontal row of LCD keys dynamically
displays the three different price levels available on both the Bid
and Offer sides. This row is called the "Price Row." This display
updates in real time as prices change in the trading processor. The
center key in this row shows a price incrementor value. The most
appropriate incrementor value is determined by the trading
processor based on the range of the Spread between the best and
worst markets. This incrementor value is also updated in real time
as prices change. The bid prices travel to the left of the keyboard
from the center key in order of best to worst. Similarly, the Offer
prices travel to the right. As different price levels appear in the
Price Improvement Bid-Offer State, they are displayed in the Price
Row. To facilitate data entry and quick reaction to the market, a
Participant simply presses one of the LCD keys to chose which price
level at which to trade. After selecting the price, the Participant
chooses one of the action keys represented by the vertical row of
the LCD keys. If the Participant wants to trade below or above the
current shown prices in the market, the Participant can use the
incrementor key to indicate how far above or below the prices to
go.
[0140] The capabilities of the foregoing keyboard arrangement can
be realized in several alternative embodiments. For example, the
input commands can be arranged on a touch screen or touch pad
transducer (e.g., a "mouse"). Other vehicles for inputting commands
include voice command, voice activated navigation, and other
"location" devices known in the art. The use of the term "key" is
meant to include a command or data entry trigger (i.e., a device or
switch) that when activated accomplishes a particular task.
[0141] The logic associated with the five states discussed herein
is summarized in tabular form in FIG. 11. Features of the foregoing
system have resulted in a dramatic increase in efficiency and in a
reduction of trading order errors.
[0142] The often frenetic environment of bidding, offering, and
trading, and the entry of commands on the preferred dedicated
keypads shown in FIGS. 3A-B and 12, and the likelihood of
Participants changing their minds, all contribute to the
possibility that an erroneous Trade may be made. More particularly,
errors can arise because of an incorrect entry in the system, a
miscommunication, and the like. These errors can often force a
"principal" Participant into an unintended position during a
Trade.
[0143] The invention preferably provides ways for a Participant to
effectively "undo" a Trade, either by canceling a pending order, or
rolling back executions during a trade State. As shown in FIGS.
3A-B and 12, keypads preferably provide cancel (CXL), DONE, and
UNDO keys to facilitate this process. The function of these keys
while the system is in a particular state is described below. Note
that the names of these keys are arbitrary and any input means can
be used to effect the desired actions.
[0144] In the Bid-Offer State, the CXL command removes a Maker's
existing markets from one or more instruments.
[0145] In the When State, CXL removes a Maker's markets only if
there are no pending active BUY or SELL orders against it. Also,
DONE removes from trading lists a potential Aggressor, as well as
trade Participants, before orders are matched.
[0146] During the Workdown State, CXL removes any remaining passive
Maker's markets. DONE performs the same function as CXL and also
allows the Passive trading Participants in the Workdown State to
remove themselves from trading lists, thus effectively removing
their committed sizes before the system has had a chance to execute
them. The UNDO function "unrolls" the Trade and reduces the size
shown to Participants when executed during a predefined time period
after the initial Trade. Additionally, the UNDO function
proportionately reduces the amount traded by all passive Makers.
The restriction of a predefined time period discourages a Trader
from taking unfair advantage of this correction facility.
Analogously, if no more than one Trader participated in the Trade,
the UNDO function causes the Trader to join the contra-side for the
size desired to be undone. The UNDO function can be invoked at any
time by any Participant on the Active Side or the Passive Side;
system logic preferably maintains the fairness of this trading
protocol.
[0147] During the Workup State, the DONE function can remove a
Participant from the Active Side, Passive Side, or both
simultaneously, regardless of the size traded or solicited. In sum,
the DONE function removes the Participant from the Trade. The UNDO
function can also roll back the Trade provided that the first
active Trader has executed this function within a predefined time
period following the Trade. If the UNDO function is not invoked
during this predefined period, or the Trader is not the first
active Trader, then the Trader is entered immediately in the queue
to buy or sell on the contra-side. Preferably, the Trader is placed
at the top of the list such that the UNDO function can be
effectively invoked immediately, provided there is a contra-trader.
Most preferably, the rights of the first Active and Passive Traders
are maintained to assure fairness.
[0148] Thus it is seen that automated price improvement protocol
systems and methods are presented. One skilled in the art will
appreciate that the invention can be practiced by other than the
described embodiments, which are presented for purposes of
illustration and not of limitation, and the invention is limited
only by the claims which follow.
* * * * *