U.S. patent application number 14/911016 was filed with the patent office on 2016-07-14 for improvements for a non-rotating wind energy generator.
The applicant listed for this patent is NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY. Invention is credited to Nicolas D. ALLIEN, Thomas Richard OLSEN, Jeremy J.M. PAPADOPOULOS, Jesse C. PHILLIPS, David ST. JEAN.
Application Number | 20160201646 14/911016 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50973789 |
Filed Date | 2016-07-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160201646 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
OLSEN; Thomas Richard ; et
al. |
July 14, 2016 |
IMPROVEMENTS FOR A NON-ROTATING WIND ENERGY GENERATOR
Abstract
Aspects of the invention relate to a control system for a
non-rotating wind energy generator. The control system can comprise
a sensor that senses at least one of: an amplitude of oscillation
of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power
output of a linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind
energy generator, a voltage output of the linear alternator system
of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of
the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy
generator. Additionally, the control system can comprise a damper
that applies a damping force to the bluff body based in part on at
least one of the amplitude, the voltage output, the current output,
and the power output.
Inventors: |
OLSEN; Thomas Richard;
(Millis, MA) ; PHILLIPS; Jesse C.; (Boston,
MA) ; PAPADOPOULOS; Jeremy J.M.; (Malden, MA)
; ALLIEN; Nicolas D.; (Woburn, MA) ; ST. JEAN;
David; (Chepachet, RI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NORTHEASTERN UNIVERSITY |
Boston |
MA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50973789 |
Appl. No.: |
14/911016 |
Filed: |
July 31, 2014 |
PCT Filed: |
July 31, 2014 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US14/49317 |
371 Date: |
February 8, 2016 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14054820 |
Oct 15, 2013 |
9222465 |
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14911016 |
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61863900 |
Aug 8, 2013 |
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61863602 |
Aug 8, 2013 |
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61863571 |
Aug 8, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
290/44 ;
290/55 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02E 10/70 20130101;
F03D 5/00 20130101; H02K 1/34 20130101; F03D 7/00 20130101; F03D
9/25 20160501; H02K 7/1876 20130101; F03D 5/06 20130101; Y02E 10/72
20130101 |
International
Class: |
F03D 7/00 20060101
F03D007/00; F03D 9/00 20060101 F03D009/00; F03D 5/06 20060101
F03D005/06 |
Claims
1. A control system for a non-rotating wind energy generator,
comprising: a sensor that senses at least one of: an amplitude of
oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy
generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear
alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a
current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating
wind energy generator; and a damper that applies a damping force to
the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the
voltage output, the current output, and the power output.
2. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper increases the
damping force based at least in part on a first sensor input.
3. The control system of claim 2, wherein the damper decreases the
damping force based at least in part on a second sensor input.
4. The control system of claim 1, wherein: the damper increases the
damping force when the amplitude is above a first threshold; and
the damper decreases the damping force when the amplitude is below
a second threshold.
5. The control system of claim 1, wherein: the damper applies a
maximum damping force when the amplitude is above a maximum
threshold until the amplitude is below a minimum threshold.
6. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper waits a
predetermined time before changing the damping force.
7. The control system of claim 1, wherein applying the damping
force comprises applying a load to the linear alternator
system.
8. The control system of claim 1, comprising a controller that
receives an input from the sensor and sends a control instruction
to the damper, wherein the damping force is based in part on the
control instruction.
9. The control system of claim 1, comprising: a battery charge
controller that controls charging of a battery, wherein the sensor
determines a charge level of the battery.
10. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises at
least one of a variable resistor and a transistor that applies a
variable resistance to the linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator to control the damping
force.
11. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper comprises a
transistor and a variable resistor that each apply a variable
resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind
energy generator to control the damping force.
12. The control system of claim 1, wherein the damper controls the
damping force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.
13. The control system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises at
least one optical sensor.
14. The control system of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises: a
first at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is
above a first threshold; and a second at least one sensor that
determines whether the amplitude is above a second threshold.
15. A method of controlling a non-rotating wind energy generator,
the method comprising: determining at least one of: an amplitude of
oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy
generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the linear
alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator, and a
current output of the linear alternator system of the non-rotating
wind energy generator; and applying a damping force to the bluff
body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the voltage
output, the current output, and the power output.
16. The method of claim 15, comprising increasing the damping force
based at least in part on a first sensor measurement.
17. The control system of claim 16, comprising decreasing the
damping force based at least in part on a second sensor
measurement.
18. The method of claim 15, comprising at least one of: increasing
a damping force when an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of
the non-rotating wind energy generator is above a first threshold;
and decreasing a damping force when the amplitude is below a second
threshold.
19. The method of claim 15, comprising waiting a predetermined time
before changing the damping force.
20. The method of claim 15, comprising: charging a battery using
the non-rotating wind energy generator; controlling a charging rate
of the battery; and determining a charge level of the battery.
21. The method of claim 15, comprising controlling the damping
force based in part on varying a resistance of a variable
resistor.
22. The method of claim 15, comprising controlling the damping
force based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.
23. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a
flat spring bluff body assembly operable to initiate and sustain
oscillatory motion in response to wind energy, wherein the flat
spring bluff body assembly comprises one or more pairs of parallel
flat springs; and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body.
24. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 23,
wherein the flat spring bluff body assembly comprises: a frame
movably supporting at least one beam; wherein the one or more flat
springs attach the beam to the frame; wherein the linear alternator
system comprises: at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one
of the beam or the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of
the frame or the beam; and wherein motion of the beam when exposed
to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil to pass the at
least one magnet.
25. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 23,
comprising: one or more additional beams; one or more additional
flat springs; wherein the one or more additional flat springs
attach the one or more additional beams to the frame.
26. A non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus, comprising: a
suspended bluff body operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory
motion in response to wind energy, wherein the suspended bluff body
has at least one of the following cross-sectional profiles: an
ellipse with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a
rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than 0 and less than
1; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in an opposing
direction to a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of
each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a multiple D-shape with a first
beam oriented in a same direction as a second beam, wherein the
depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a
biconvex shape with a depth to height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16;
a diamond shape with a depth to height ratio between 4/10 and 7/10;
and a rounded rectangle with a depth to height ratio greater than
1/2 and less than 1; and a linear alternator system operable to
generate electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff
body.
27. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 26,
wherein the suspended bluff body comprises: a frame movably
supporting at least one beam; one or more first springs; one or
more second springs; wherein the one or more first springs attach a
first portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the
one or more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to
a second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended
between the first and second portions of the frame; and wherein the
linear alternator system comprises: at least one electromagnetic
coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame;
at least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the
frame or the beam; wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind
causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass at least one
magnet.
28. The non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of claim 26,
further comprising a voltage multiplier circuit that generates a DC
voltage from an AC voltage output by the linear alternator system,
wherein the DC voltage is higher than the AC voltage.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 61/863,571, filed on Aug. 8,
2013 entitled "Electrical Power Monitor and Control System for a
Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator," the content of which is hereby
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Additionally, the
present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/863,602, filed on Aug. 8, 2013 entitled "Flat
Spring Bluff Body Oscillator for Wind Energy Harvesting," the
content of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its
entirety. Additionally, the present application claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/863,900, filed on
Aug. 8, 2013 entitled "Novel Magnet And Coil Inductor
Configurations For A Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator," which is
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety. Additionally, the
present application claims the benefit of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 14/054,820, filed on Oct. 15, 2013 entitled "Non-Rotating
Wind Energy Generator," which is herein incorporated by reference
in its entirety.
FIELD
[0002] This invention relates to generating electrical power from
airflow.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The ever-increasing demand for sustainable,
environmentally-friendly power generation from wind is currently
met with devices such as the wind turbine. Although wind turbines
are the most commonly used method of generating electrical power
from wind, they have several inherent drawbacks. These devices are
costly, difficult to construct, install, and maintain, highly
visible, noisy, large, susceptible to damage, and relatively
difficult to transport and assemble. Their tall stature makes them
susceptible to damage from flying debris, birds, and even low
flying planes. The U.S. Military has also voiced concerns claiming
the placement of wind turbines in a radar system's line of sight
may adversely impact the unit's ability to detect threats. Rotating
wind turbines are also not suitable for military applications that
require quiet, inconspicuous power generation in remote locations.
Additionally, when facing high wind speeds, a mechanical brake must
be applied, creating losses and inefficiencies. Therefore, there is
a need for portable, non-rotating devices that can generate useful
amounts of electrical power in a quiet, inconspicuous manner and
for improvements thereto.
[0004] A system created by Vortex Hydro Energy uses the principle
of vortex-induced vibration in water to harness wave energy. The
company has developed a device called the Vortex Induced Vibration
Aquatic Clean Energy (VIVACE). This product uses vortex-induced
vibration as a primary means of creating mechanical motion from
fluid flow. The system is designed to operate underwater in ocean
currents. This system uses an electrically variable spring constant
system that dynamically changes the natural frequency to allow for
optimization at different flow speeds. This system is
unsatisfactory for wind power generation due to the large
difference between the fluid flow properties of air. The frequency
of vortex shedding in air is much faster that the shedding
frequency in water. Therefore, matching the system's natural
frequency with the shedding frequency would result in an extremely
large spring constant. A spring this size would require a great
deal of force to move. The lift characteristics of this application
do not provide enough lift to overcome this spring constant, and no
vibrations will occur.
[0005] Additionally, wind speeds can vary, so there is a need for a
system that can function at a variety of wind speeds, as well as
while wind speeds are varying.
[0006] Therefore, a need exists for portable, non-rotating devices
that can generate useful amounts of electrical power from wind in a
quiet, inconspicuous manner and for improvements thereto, such as a
control system for such devices.
SUMMARY
[0007] Aspects of the invention relate to a control system for a
non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments, the
control system comprises a sensor that senses at least one of: an
amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind
energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system of
the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator,
and a current output of the linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments, the
control system comprises a damper that applies a damping force to
the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the
voltage output, the current output, and the power output.
[0008] In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper
increases the damping force based at least in part on a first
sensor input. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the
damper decreases the damping force based at least in part on a
second sensor input. In one or more of the preceding embodiments,
the damper increases the damping force when the amplitude is above
a first threshold and the damper decreases the damping force when
the amplitude is below a second threshold. In one or more of the
preceding embodiments, the damper applies a maximum damping force
when the amplitude is above a maximum threshold until the amplitude
is below a minimum threshold. In one or more of the preceding
embodiments, the damper waits a predetermined time before changing
the damping force. In one or more of the preceding embodiments,
applying the damping force comprises applying a load to the linear
alternator system. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the
system comprises a controller that receives an input from the
sensor and sends a control instruction to the damper, wherein the
damping force is based in part on the control instruction. In one
or more of the preceding embodiments, the system comprises a
battery charge controller that controls charging of a battery,
wherein the sensor determines a charge level of the battery. In one
or more of the preceding embodiments, the damper comprises at least
one of a variable resistor and a transistor that applies a variable
resistance to the linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind
energy generator to control the damping force. In one or more of
the preceding embodiments, the damper comprises a transistor and a
variable resistor that each apply a variable resistance to the
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator
to control the damping force. In one or more of the preceding
embodiments, the damper controls the damping force based in part on
a pulse-width modulation signal. In one or more of the preceding
embodiments, the sensor comprises at least one optical sensor. In
one or more of the preceding embodiments, the sensor comprises: a
first at least one sensor that determines whether the amplitude is
above a first threshold; and a second at least one sensor that
determines whether the amplitude is above a second threshold.
[0009] Aspects of the invention relate to a method of controlling a
non-rotating wind energy generator, the method comprising. In one
or more embodiments, the method comprises determining at least one
of: an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body of the non-rotating
wind energy generator, a power output of a linear alternator system
of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a voltage output of the
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator,
and a current output of the linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator; and applying a damping force to
the bluff body based in part on at least one of the amplitude, the
voltage output, the current output, and the power output.
[0010] In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method
comprises increasing the damping force based at least in part on a
first sensor measurement. In one or more of the preceding
embodiments, the method comprises decreasing the damping force
based at least in part on a second sensor measurement. In one or
more of the preceding embodiments, the method comprises at least
one of: increasing a damping force when an amplitude of oscillation
of a bluff body of the non-rotating wind energy generator is above
a first threshold; and decreasing a damping force when the
amplitude is below a second threshold. In one or more of the
preceding embodiments, the method comprises waiting a predetermined
time before changing the damping force. In one or more of the
preceding embodiments, the method comprises charging a battery
using the non-rotating wind energy generator; controlling a
charging rate of the battery; and determining a charge level of the
battery. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the method
comprises controlling the damping force based in part on varying a
resistance of a variable resistor. In one or more of the preceding
embodiments, the method comprises controlling the damping force
based in part on a pulse-width modulation signal.
[0011] Aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus, comprising: a flat spring bluff body
assembly operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in
response to wind energy, wherein the flat spring bluff body
assembly comprises one or more pairs of parallel flat springs; and
a linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy
via the motion of the suspended bluff body.
[0012] In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the flat spring
bluff body assembly comprises: a frame movably supporting at least
one beam; the one or more flat springs attach the beam to the
frame; the linear alternator system comprises: at least one
electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or the frame; at
least one magnet attached to one of the frame or the beam; and the
beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic
coil to pass the at least one magnet. In one or more of the
preceding embodiments, the apparatus comprises one or more
additional beams; one or more additional flat springs; wherein the
one or more additional flat springs attach the one or more
additional beams to the frame.
[0013] Aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus, comprising: a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy, wherein the suspended bluff body has at least one of
the following cross-sectional profiles: an ellipse with a depth to
height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a rectangle with a depth to
height ratio greater than 0 and less than 1; a multiple D-shape
with a first beam oriented in an opposing direction to a second
beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of each beam is between 1/4
and 3/4; a multiple D-shape with a first beam oriented in a same
direction as a second beam, wherein the depth to height ratio of
each beam is between 1/4 and 3/4; a biconvex shape with a depth to
height ratio between 8/16 and 14/16; a diamond shape with a depth
to height ratio between 4/10 and 7/10; and a rounded rectangle with
a depth to height ratio greater than 1/2 and less than 1; and a
linear alternator system operable to generate electrical energy via
the motion of the suspended bluff body.
[0014] In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the suspended
bluff body comprises a frame movably supporting at least one beam;
one or more first springs; one or more second springs; wherein the
one or more first springs attach a first portion of the frame to a
first portion of the beam and the one or more second springs attach
a second portion of the frame to a second portion of the beam such
that the beam is suspended between the first and second portions of
the frame; and linear alternator system comprises: at least one
electromagnetic coil attached to one of the beam or a third portion
of the frame; at least one magnet attached to one of the third
portion of the frame or the beam; wherein motion of the beam when
exposed to wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass at
least one magnet. In one or more of the preceding embodiments, the
first, second, and/or third portions of the frame can be the same
portions of the frame. In one or more of the preceding embodiments,
the apparatus comprises a voltage multiplier circuit that generates
a DC voltage from an AC voltage output by the linear alternator
system, wherein the DC voltage is higher than the AC voltage.
[0015] These and other aspects and embodiments of the disclosure
are illustrated and described below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0016] The foregoing and other objects, features and advantages of
the invention will be apparent from the following description of
embodiments of the invention, as illustrated in the accompanying
drawings.
[0017] FIG. 1 shows perspective views of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0018] FIGS. 2A and 2B show a control system for a non-rotating
wind energy generator according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0019] FIG. 3 shows optical sensors according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
[0020] FIGS. 4A through 4E show a flow chart for a non-rotating
wind energy generator control method according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0021] FIG. 5 shows pseudocode for a charge controller according to
an embodiment of the invention.
[0022] FIGS. 6A through 6D show an embodiment of a non-rotating
wind energy generator with one or more flat springs according to
one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0023] FIGS. 7A and 7B show a non-rotating wind energy generator
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0024] FIGS. 8A through 8G show beam shape cross sections for
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0025] FIGS. 9A, 9B, and 9C show internally illuminated beams,
externally illuminated beams, and wind powered LED illumination,
respectively, according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0026] FIG. 10 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator with one
horizontal member according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0027] FIG. 11 shows a frame mounted protective screen according to
one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0028] FIGS. 12A and 12B show collapsible generator frame designs
for a non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
[0029] FIG. 13 shows frame precipitation shield according to one or
more embodiments of the invention.
[0030] FIG. 14 shows a multiple system array according to one or
more embodiments of the invention.
[0031] FIGS. 15A and 15B show beam bumper motion dampers according
to one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0032] FIG. 16 shows a short circuit electromagnetic coil damper
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0033] FIG. 17 shows an extension spring array according to one or
more embodiments of the invention.
[0034] FIG. 18 shows springs mounted close to a central horizontal
axis of a beam according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0035] FIG. 19 shows an extension spring configuration according to
one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0036] FIGS. 20A and 20B show multiple magnet mounting
configurations according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0037] FIGS. 21A through 21G show axially aligned magnet and coil
configurations according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0038] FIG. 22 shows a hybrid wind and solar generator system
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0039] FIG. 23 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to
one or more embodiments.
[0040] FIG. 24 is a perspective illustration of a beam according to
one or more embodiments.
[0041] FIG. 25 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0042] FIG. 26 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0043] FIG. 27 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0044] FIG. 28 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0045] FIG. 29 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0046] FIG. 30 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0047] FIG. 31 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0048] FIG. 32 provides a perspective view of a non-rotating wind
energy generator according to an embodiment of the invention.
[0049] FIG. 33 shows magnets according to an embodiment of the
invention.
[0050] FIG. 34 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment
of the invention.
[0051] FIGS. 35A, 35B, and 35C show magnets and coils according to
an embodiment of the invention.
[0052] FIGS. 36A and 36B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0053] FIGS. 37A and 37B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0054] FIGS. 38A and 38B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0055] FIGS. 39A and 39B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention.
[0056] FIGS. 40A, 40B, and 40C show electricity transmission
according to an embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0057] Aspects of this invention relate to improvements to a
non-rotating wind energy generator. In one aspect, a device is
provided to generate electricity from non-rotational motion caused
by wind flow. Wind is typically characterized as unsteady flow;
therefore the device is capable of operation in unsteady flow
characteristics. Aspects and embodiments of non-rotating wind
energy generators are described in further detail in related
application Ser. No. 14/054,820, filed Oct. 15, 2013 entitled
"Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator," the content of which is
hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator
[0058] Non-rotating wind energy generation is provided by first
establishing non-rotating motion from wind flow, and then using
that motion to generate electricity. In one aspect, a device does
not use rotational motion similar to wind turbines currently on the
market, but instead, the device uses self-excited oscillation
caused, for example, by the fluid flow principle of vortex
shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, to
generate oscillatory, linear motion of a beam.
[0059] In one or more embodiments, the beam design is selected to
provide self-excited vibrations when exposed to wind. Self-excited
vibration is a phenomenon in which the motion of a system causes it
to oscillate at its natural frequency with continually growing
amplitude. In one or more embodiments of the invention, vortex
shedding will initiate self-excited vibration of a beam. In one or
more embodiments, a beam will continue to oscillate at the system's
natural frequency when exposed to a wind flow. In one or more
embodiments, the system controls the amplitude of oscillation using
springs. In further more embodiments, the system utilizes stops to
limit the amplitude of oscillation.
[0060] In one aspect, a beam is slidably mounted in a frame to
provide oscillatory motion of the beam due to vortex shedding,
transverse galloping, or a combination thereof, that is
substantially perpendicular to the wind direction, or which has a
component that is substantially perpendicular. The beam can be
equipped with at least a pair of springs positioned above and below
the beam to provide restorative force to the beam subjected to
vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof.
This provides oscillatory motion of the beam while in wind contact.
The springs can be secured to the frame using conventional methods
such as latches, hooks, welds, bonds and the like. Due to the high
stress experienced by the spring or other joining device, the
securing method desirably provides high material strength and low
fatigue over its life under cyclic loading. To maintain a constant
spring rate, coil diameter and/or number of coils can be increased
as wire diameter increases. Linear alternators can be located near
both ends of the beam; however, they can also be located anywhere
in any number. They generate electrical power when the beam is in
motion. A damping system can be provided to further control the
amplitude of the oscillations.
[0061] A non-rotating wind energy generating device can use the
interaction of the beam with wind to induce vortex shedding,
transverse galloping, and linear motion, which is then converted to
electrical power with electromagnetic inductors, also referred to
as linear alternators. In one or more embodiments, the linear
alternators incorporate magnets that are concentric with the wire
coil. Other embodiments may use multiple pairs of parallel,
stationary magnets and electromagnetic coils, such as
electromagnetic coils with a circular or square shape, that are
fixed to a beam that passes between the magnets during operation.
The use of a parallel magnet/coil configuration has been
experimentally proven to be superior to a concentric magnet/coil
configuration in at least one embodiment. This configuration
permits a larger clearance between the magnets and coils. This
helps prevent damping caused by rubbing during beam motion. The use
of parallel stationary magnets increases the strength of the
magnetic field in the linear inductors, also referred to as linear
alternators. Magnetic field strength is a contributing factor of
electrical power generation in magnetic inductors using
electromagnetic induction. Other embodiments may involve individual
magnets and coils configured such that one pole surface of the
magnet passes in close proximity to the flat surface of the coil
during motion of either component respective to the other. The
configuration of the components results in the coil being exposed
to a changing magnetic field during oscillatory motion of the
beam.
[0062] Some of the potential applications for a non-rotating wind
energy generating device include: powering electronic devices using
energy harvested from airflow in HVAC ducts; supplying primary or
supplemental power to wireless sensors; generation of usable
electrical energy from naturally occurring airflow (e.g. window
draft) in and out of residential or commercial buildings due to
wind or changes/differences in temperature or pressure; directly
powering LED lighting, radios, other electronic devices; ability to
recharge batteries used in electronic devices; directly powering
LCD or LED based signage.
[0063] FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy
generator. In this embodiment, there are magnets 101, inductor
assemblies, also referred to as linear alternator assemblies, 102,
a beam 103, springs 104, a frame 105, guiderails 106, and
adjustable L-brackets 108. In this embodiment, the beam 103 and the
frame 105 each have four connection points consisting of J-hooks
107. The frame height is adjusted by moving the top member up or
down to pre-drilled hole locations. The frame is constructed of
wood, metal, plastic or any other material that provides sufficient
support for the beam during oscillation. For example, the frame
should not distort or bend under operational forces. In this
embodiment, four springs 104 attach the beam 103 to the frame 105
via the J-hooks 107. In this embodiment, there is clearance space
between the beam 103 and the adjustable L-brackets 108 and between
the beam 103 and the wind guards 106. Wind guards reduce the
lateral pressure of the wind against the beam in the motion guides
and keep the beam oscillating in the correct direction while
reducing the amount of friction.
[0064] In an embodiment, wind energy is used to induce self-excited
oscillations of the suspended beam 103. The fluid flow phenomena of
vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a combination thereof,
are harnessed to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion of one or
more beams 103. This reciprocating motion is used to generate
electricity via electromagnetic induction using the linear
alternator assemblies 102 comprising coils and magnets 101. In some
embodiments, magnets are stationary and electromagnetic coils, such
as wire coils, move relative to the magnets. In further
embodiments, electromagnetic coils, such as wire coils, are
stationary and magnets move relative to the electromagnetic coils.
In still further embodiments, both magnets and electromagnetic
coils, such as wire coils, may move.
[0065] When vortex shedding and transverse galloping occur in the
system, such as when the vortex shedding frequency matches the
natural frequency of the system, extremely large amplitude of
motion will be achieved. In some embodiments, the spring system
controls and maintains oscillatory behavior. The springs may have
the same spring tension in order to keep the beam suspended. In
some embodiments, the number, size, and stiffness of the springs
may be varied. Oscillatory movement may not be solely caused by
vortex shedding. A phenomenon called transverse galloping, which
can result in self-excited oscillations, may also be responsible
for continuous motion. In some embodiments, after vortex shedding
induces a small displacement input, the motion of the system itself
due to transverse galloping causes it to oscillate at its natural
frequency while in a wind flow. In some embodiments, springs 404
range in constants from 0.01 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in, and more
particularly from 0.1 lbs/in up to 3 lbs/in.
[0066] In some embodiments, a second beam (or more) may be mounted
in parallel to the first beam for a two degree (or more) of freedom
system.
[0067] In an embodiment, the beam is hollow on the inside and has a
D-shape, and inductor assemblies are attached to each end of the
beam. In an embodiment, the D-shaped beam has a length of 24 inches
(exclusive of the inductor assemblies), a diameter of 2 inches,
wall thickness of 1/8 inch, and a weight of 0.5 pounds. In an
embodiment, an equivalent spring stiffness of 0.5 lbs/in may be
used with a 0.5 lb beam.
[0068] In other embodiments, other beam shapes may be used. For
example, the beam may be a square, a rectangle, a cylinder, a
reversed D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the flat
portion of the beam rather than the round portion), and an
equilateral wedge in either a "greater than" or "less than"
orientation relative to the incident wind. Additionally, in some
embodiments, the surface of the beam may be smooth, and in further
embodiments, the surface may be rough, uniformly or at selected
locations. In some embodiments, the beam may be fitted with weights
for optimal mass to adjust the frequency and amplitude.
[0069] One or more beams can be used in a non-rotating wind energy
device. In some embodiments, the plurality of beams can include a
rigid spacer between beams and the multi-beam system can be secured
to the frame by springs attached to the upper and lower beams. In
other embodiments, the plurality of beams can be joined by springs
to one another and to the frame.
[0070] Linear electromagnetic induction is provided for generating
usable amounts of electrical power. Faraday's Law states that
voltage is equal to the rate of change of magnetic flux. Faraday's
Law and magnetic flux are shown in the equations below. A permanent
magnet forms the magnetic field and the energy is captured via a
loop of wire moving through that field.
= .PHI. B t ##EQU00001## .PHI. B = BA cos ( .theta. )
##EQU00001.2##
.epsilon. is the induced voltage, .phi..sub.B is the magnetic flux,
B is the magnetic field strength, A is the cross sectional area of
the loop, and .theta. is the angle that the magnetic field makes
with a vector normal to the area of the loop.
Electrical Power Monitor and Control System
[0071] In one or more embodiments of a non-rotating wind energy
generator, wind can cause beam oscillations to grow to and
potentially exceed a maximum amplitude allowed by the springs. In
other cases, wind may result in smaller oscillations than desired,
which can lead to inefficient energy generation. Further, in many
cases, wind speeds may vary, potentially causing both large and
small oscillations. To address these and other problems, one or
more embodiments comprise a control system to modulate the
amplitude of oscillation for a non-rotating wind energy
generator.
[0072] FIG. 2A shows a block diagram of a control system 200 for a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments of the invention. As shown in FIG. 2A, the control
system can include an input 201, a sensor 202, a damper 203, and a
controller 204. The sensor 202 can be operatively connected to the
controller 204. The input 201 can be operatively connected to the
controller 204 and to the damper 203. The damper can be operatively
connected to the input 201 and to the controller 204. In one or
more embodiments, some or all of these blocks may be included. In
one or more embodiments, other connections between the blocks are
possible. For example, sensor 202 can be operatively connected to
the input 201. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, other
blocks such as a battery and a rectifier can be included.
[0073] FIG. 2B shows a block diagram of a control system 200 for a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments of the invention. FIG. 2B additionally shows a
potential circuit implementation of various blocks in control
system 200 according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
As shown in FIG. 2B, the control system 200 can include an input
201, a sensor 202, a damper 203, and a controller 204. The control
system 200 can additionally include an AC to DC voltage rectifier
and filter 205, a voltage sensor 206, and a pulse width modulation
(PWM) to voltage converter 207. In one or more embodiments, some or
all of these blocks may be included. In one or more embodiments,
other connections between the blocks are possible. Additionally, in
one or more embodiments, other blocks such as a battery and a
rectifier can be included. In one or more embodiments of the
invention, some or all of the blocks may be implemented with other
circuit configurations. In one or more embodiments, software,
hardware, or a combination of both can be used to implement control
system 200.
[0074] In one or more embodiments of the invention, sensor 202
senses at least one of an amplitude of oscillation of a bluff body
of the non-rotating wind energy generator, a power output of a
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator,
a voltage output of the linear alternator system of the
non-rotating wind energy generator, and a current output of the
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator.
In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 applies a
damping force to the bluff body based in part on at least one of
the amplitude, the voltage, the current, and the power determined
by the sensor.
[0075] FIG. 3 shows optical sensors according to one or more
embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, sensor
202 can include one or more first optical sensors 301 that
determine whether the amplitude of a beam 305 of a non-rotating
wind energy generator is above a first threshold; one or more a
second optical sensors 302 that determine whether the amplitude is
above a second threshold; one or more third optical sensors 303
that determine whether the amplitude is above a third threshold;
and one or more fourth optical sensors that determine whether the
amplitude is above a fourth threshold. The sensor 200 can also
include one or more sensors 300 that determine whether the
amplitude is at or near zero. Sensors at other positions to detect
other beam locations are also contemplated. As the beam 305
oscillates, the sensors can detect the beam 305 to determine the
amplitude of oscillation of the beam 305. For example, if optical
sensor 301 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the
oscillation of the beam 305 exceeds a first threshold. If optical
sensor 302 detects the beam 305, then it can determine that the
beam 305 exceeds a second threshold. If optical sensor 303 detects
the beam 305, then it can determine that the oscillation exceeds a
third threshold, and if optical sensor 304 detects the beam 305,
then it can determine that the oscillation of the beam 305 exceeds
the fourth threshold. The configuration shown in FIG. 3 is
exemplary. In one or more embodiments, other numbers and
configurations of sensors can be used to determine parameters such
as the amplitude of oscillation, the position of the beam, the
speed of the beam, among others. Further, in one or more
embodiments of the invention, other types of sensors such as
magnetic sensors and motion sensors can be used.
[0076] Returning to FIGS. 2A and 2B, in one or more embodiments,
sensor 202 can include a current sensor, a voltage sensor, and a
power sensor that measure the current, voltage, and power of the
non-rotating wind energy generator based on a current that the
control system receives from the non-rotating wind energy generator
at input 201. In one or more embodiments, a current sensor, a
voltage sensor, and a power sensor can be separate from sensor 202.
For example, as shown in FIG. 2B, in one or more embodiments,
control system 200 can include voltage sensor 206 that measures a
voltage of the non-rotating wind energy generator across a load of
damper 203.
[0077] In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 can
increase the damping force when the amplitude is between a first
threshold and a second threshold and can decreases the damping
force when the amplitude is between a third threshold and a fourth
threshold. Additionally, in one or more embodiments of the
invention, damper 203 can apply a maximum damping force when the
amplitude is above a fourth threshold. Additionally, the damper can
continue to apply the maximum damping until the amplitude is below
the first threshold. In one or more embodiments, more or fewer
thresholds can be used to control the damping. For example, the
damper 203 could use a different number of thresholds and could
increase the damping force between certain thresholds and could
decrease the damping force between others. In one or more
embodiments of the invention, the damper 203 can apply a damping
force by applying a load to the linear alternator system of a
non-rotating wind energy generator. In one or more embodiments,
increasing the load can increase the damping force by drawing
current more rapidly from the non-rotating wind energy generator
and decreasing the load can reduce the damping force by drawing
current more slowly from the non-rotating wind energy generator. In
one or more embodiments of the invention, the concepts of eddy
currents, Lenz's Law, or a combination of both can be utilized to
apply a damping force on the beam. Magnetic flux from magnets
located on the beam can create eddy currents in electrically
conductive materials (e.g. copper and aluminum). These eddy
currents can cause a damping force on the beam, which can cause the
beam to slow and reach desired maximum amplitude.
[0078] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the damper 203
can comprise at least one of at least one variable resistor and at
least one transistor that applies a variable resistance to the
linear alternator system of the non-rotating wind energy generator
to control the damping force. The resistors and transistors can be
arranged serially, in parallel, or in a combination of both to
provide a variety of loads to a current path from the non-rotating
wind energy generator via input 201. In one or more embodiments, a
transistor can be used to provide a fine adjustment to the load and
variable resistors can be used to provide course adjustment to the
load. In an exemplary embodiment, a transistor providing fine load
adjustment can be placed in series with a variable resistor
providing course load adjustment. The variable resistor can
comprise fixed resistors placed in parallel that can be selectively
included in the current path to vary the resistance of the variable
resistor. In other embodiments, other combinations are possible.
For example, transistors can also be used for course adjustment and
variable resistors can also be used for fine adjustment. Damper 203
in FIG. 2B shows an example of a potential embodiment with a
transistor Q1 providing fine adjustments to the load in series with
a variable resistor comprising parallel resistors R11, R12, and R13
which provide a course adjustment to the load. In one or more
embodiments of the invention, decreasing the resistance can
increase the load and the damping force and increasing the
resistance can decrease the load and the damping force.
[0079] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the damper 203
can vary the load based on a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal.
For example, the damper 203 can apply a load when the PWM signal is
high and apply a minimal load or on load when the PWM signal is
low, or vice versa. Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the
damper can apply one load when the PWM signal is high and another
load when the PWM signal is low. The PWM signal can be based on one
or more of an input from the sensor 202, a voltage, current, or
power input from input 201, a battery level, and other parameters
of the system. In still further embodiments of the invention, the
load can be varied with other signals besides PWM signals. For
example, variable resistance values could be signaled by an
amplitude modulated signal, a phase modulated signal, a frequency
modulated signal, and through other types of signals and
communication methods.
[0080] In one or more embodiments of the invention, damper 203 can
wait a predetermined time, e.g., a delay is implemented, before
changing the damping force. In one or more embodiments, the damper
203 can also wait a variable amount of time before changing the
damping force. Additionally, a waiting time can be used to delay
the sensor such that the sensor 202 waits to take additional
measurements during the delay. The delay can be specified in any
units. For example, it can be specified in seconds or oscillations.
In one or more embodiments, a delay can be used, for example, to
prevent the system from reacting too quickly to a change in
oscillations. By delaying adjustments to the damping, the control
system can allow the oscillating beam to reach a new oscillating
amplitude before making further adjustments to the damping force.
In one or more embodiments, the delay can be in the range of 1-10
oscillation cycles. In one or more embodiments, other delays or no
delay can be utilized.
[0081] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the control
system 200 can include a battery, supercapacitor, and/or other
storage device (not shown). The control system 200 can charge the
battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage device using power,
voltage, and/or current from a non-rotating wind energy generator.
The control system 200 can additionally include a battery,
supercapacitor, and/or other storage device charge controller that
controls a charging of the battery, supercapacitor, and/or other
storage device. Further, in one or more embodiments, sensor 202 can
include one or more battery, supercapacitor, and/or other storage
device charge level sensors that determine a charge level of the
battery. In one or more embodiments, control system 200 can include
one or more separate battery charge, supercapacitor, and/or other
storage level sensors. In one or more embodiments, a control system
can use an input from a battery charge monitor to control or halt
beam oscillations to prevent overcharging a battery,
supercapacitor, or other storage device. This can protect the
storage device from damage associated from overcharging. Halting
beam oscillations when the storage device is fully charged or no
electricity generation is desired can prevent wear on the
mechanical components of the non-rotating wind energy
generator.
[0082] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the control
system 200 can include an AC to DC voltage rectifier and filter
(not shown) to convert an AC signal from a non-rotating wind energy
generator to a DC signal. Additionally, in one or more embodiments
of the invention, the control system 200 can include a sensor to
determine a resistance applied by the damper 203, which can be part
of sensor 202 or can be a separate sensor (not shown).
[0083] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the controller
204 can receive a sensor signal from sensor 202 representing a
sensor value such as the amplitude, position, and/or speed of a
non-rotating wind energy generator beam. The controller 204 can
also receive a voltage, current, and/or power signal from sensor
202 measured for a voltage, current, and/or power from input 201
representing a voltage, current, and/or power value for a
non-rotating wind energy generator. The controller 204 can further
receive a signal from the damper 203 and/or from another sensor
representing the load applied by the damper 203. In one or more
embodiments of the invention, the controller 204 can receive other
inputs such as a charge measurement for one or more batteries.
Additionally, in one or more embodiments, the controller 204 can
receive additional sensor inputs from one or more sensors such as
voltage sensor 206.
[0084] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the controller
204 can output a control signal to control the damper 203, in
response to the various input data. The control signal can be a PWM
signal, as well as signals such as amplitude, frequency, or phase
modulated signals. In one or more embodiments, the control system
200 can include a PWM to voltage converter (not shown). The PWM to
voltage converter can convert a PWM signal from the controller 204
to a voltage signal. The voltage signal can be send from the PWM to
voltage converter to the damper 203. In one or more embodiments,
the control system 200 can include a voltage to load converter. The
voltage to load converter can convert a voltage from the PWM to
voltage to a load. In one or more embodiments, the voltage to load
converter can be part of damper 203 or can be separate (not shown)
from damper 203.
[0085] FIGS. 4A through 4E show a flow chart for a non-rotating
wind energy generator control method according to an embodiment of
the invention. In one or more embodiments, other control methods
can also be used. In FIG. 4A, at step 401, the method begins at
Level_0 with a beam of a non-rotating wind energy generator having
little or no oscillations. At step 402 the load variable is set to
a predetermined value LOAD_MIN and the duty_cycle variable is set
to a predetermined value DUTY_MIN. In this embodiment, the load
variable specifies a load applied by a variable resistor and the
duty_cycle variable specifies a load provided by a transistor in
series with the variable resistor. In other embodiments, these or
other variables can be used to specify the desired load. At box
403, the control system checks whether a first sensor has detected
that the beam is oscillating above a first threshold. If it is,
then the method proceeds to step 404 and if it does not, it remains
at step 403. At step 404, the settle_time is set to a predetermined
value LEVEL1_SETTLE, the count is reset to 0, the last_voltage is
set to the measured voltage value, and the duty_cycle is set to a
preset value LEVEL1_STEP. The method then proceeds to step 405.
[0086] In FIG. 4B, the method moves from step 405 to step 406,
where the control system checks whether a second sensor has
detected the beam and determined the beam is oscillating above a
second threshold. If it is, the method proceeds to step 407, where
the settle_time variable is set to a preset value LEVEL2_SETTLE,
the count variable is set to 0, the last_voltage is set to the
measured voltage value, and the duty_cycle is set to a preset value
LEVEL1_STEP, and the method proceeds to step 408. If the level 2
sensor at step 406 does not detect the beam, the system checks
whether the level 1 sensor is still detecting the beam at step 409.
If it is not, the system returns to level 0 and step 401. If the
level 1 sensor is still detecting the beam, the system increases
the count variable by 1 at step 410, and then checks whether the
count is greater than or equal to the settle_time at step 411. If
it is not, the system returns to step 405. If it is, the system
proceeds to step 412, where it checks whether the voltage variable
is less than the last_voltage minus a present value LEVEL1_HYST. If
it is, the system proceeds to step 413, where it decreases the
duty_cycle variable by LEVEL1_STEP, and then proceeds to step 414,
where the count is reset to 0 and the last_voltage is updated with
the measured voltage value, and then the system returns to step
405. At step 412, if the measured voltage was not less than the
last_voltage minus a present value LEVEL1_HYST, then the method
proceeds to step 415. At step 415, it checks whether the voltage is
greater than last_voltage plus a present value LEVEL1_HYST. If it
is not, the method proceeds to step 414, and if it is, the method
increases the duty_cycle by LEVEL1_STEP at step 416, and then
proceeds to step 414.
[0087] FIGS. 4C and 4D show the method steps beginning from level 2
and beginning from level 3, which proceed in a similar manner to
the steps described for FIG. 4B, as shown in the figures
themselves. Additionally, as shown in the figures, in this
embodiment, the method varies the load to try to keep the
oscillation between the second and third thresholds.
[0088] In FIG. 4E, from step 418, the method proceeds to step 419,
where it checks whether any of the sensors other than the level 0
sensor are still detecting the beam. If any are still detecting the
beam, the system continues to apply the maximum load to dampen the
beam (which was set in step 417 as shown in FIG. 4D). In this
manner, if the oscillation exceeds a fourth threshold, the system
begins a fail-safe procedure of applying a maximum load until the
beam falls below the first threshold, and then the method restarts
at step 401.
[0089] FIG. 5 shows pseudocode for a charge controller according to
an embodiment of the invention. As shown in the figure, the
controller checks the battery voltage and applies a multiplier
based on the battery voltage. The charge controller also receives
sensors inputs corresponding to information about the beam, such as
its amplitude of oscillation. Based on the voltage of the battery
and the sensor data from the beam, the charge controller can set a
pulse value to control the damping force applied by a damper.
Flat Spring Bluff Body Oscillator
[0090] FIGS. 6A through 6D show an embodiment of a non-rotating
wind energy generator with one or more flat springs according to
one or more embodiments of the invention. FIG. 6A shows an
embodiment of a non-rotating wind energy generator that comprises
one or more flat springs 601 attached to a bluff body 602
oscillating due to vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or a
combination of both. The flat springs 601 are also attached to a
fixed mounting surface 603. In one or more embodiments, two or more
flat springs 601 can be used to allow oscillatory motion of a bluff
body, e.g., vertical motion, while maintaining a constant or
relatively constant angle of attack between the air flow and the
surface of the bluff body 602. For example, in one or more
embodiments, by including a pair of parallel flat springs
comprising an upper flat spring above a lower flat spring, a
constant or relatively constant angle of attack between the air
flow and the surface of the bluff body 602 can be maintained. The
use of multiple flat springs within a non-rotating wind energy
generator system can also permit oscillatory motion of a bluff
body, e.g., vertical motion, while preventing unconstrained motion,
e.g., lateral motion, when the bluff body is exposed to wind flow.
For example, in one or more embodiments, by including one or more
flat springs in the same or substantially the same horizontal
plane, oscillatory motion of a bluff body, e.g., vertical motion,
can be allowed, while preventing unconstrained motion, e.g.,
lateral motion. Further, in one or more embodiments, flat springs
601 can be used instead of or in addition to the springs 104 of
FIG. 1.
[0091] Additionally, in one or more embodiments, a non-rotating
wind energy generator can include one or more flat springs 601, one
or more beams 602, one or more flat spring mounting surfaces 603,
one or more electromagnetic coils 604, one or more magnets 605, and
one or more frames 606, as shown in FIG. 6B. In one or more
embodiments, the frame 606 can include the mounting surface 603, as
shown in FIG. 6B. Also, these features can be separate. In one or
more embodiments, one or more electromagnetic coils 604 can be
mounted to the beam and one or more magnets 605 can be mounted to
the frame, as shown in FIG. 6B. Additionally, one or more magnets
can be mounted to the frame and one or more coils can be mounted to
the beam. Further, a combination of the proceeding magnet/coil
configurations can be used. As the beam 602 oscillates, the coils
604 and the magnets 605 can generate electrical power via
electromagnetic induction.
[0092] Furthermore, FIG. 6B shows an embodiment with upper flat
springs 601a and 601c and lower flat springs 601b and 601d. In one
or more embodiments, a pair of flat springs such as upper flat
spring 601a and lower flat spring 601b can be parallel or
substantially parallel in a vertical direction, as illustrated in
FIG. 6B. Additionally, a pair of flat springs such as 601a and 601c
can be parallel or substantially parallel in a horizontal
direction, as illustrated in FIG. 6B.
[0093] FIG. 6C shows a top-view of an embodiment of a non-rotating
wind energy generator as described with respect to FIG. 6B. As
shown in FIG. 6C, the coil 604 can be mounted on extended "U-shape"
mounting brackets 607. Additionally, the magnets 605 can be
arranged in parallel and the coil 604 can pass through one or more
sets of parallel magnets 605. FIG. 6D shows a close-up view of a
portion of an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator
described with respect to FIGS. 6B and 6C.
[0094] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat
springs constrain the motion of the bluff body to an arc path
determined in part by the geometry and material properties of each
flat spring. These properties include the length, thickness, width,
modulus of elasticity, and tensile strength, among others.
[0095] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat
springs can be attached to the bluff body such that, as the bluff
body oscillates, the leading surface exposed to wind flow remains
mostly perpendicular to a plane parallel to the flat springs when
they are in a flat, unflexed position. In one or more embodiments
of the invention, the flat springs and bluff body can operate
effectively when the longitudinal axis of the beam is parallel,
perpendicular, or on an angle relative to the earth's surface with
the leading surface of the bluff body largely perpendicular to wind
flow.
[0096] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the flat
springs deform in an `S`-shape as they flex during oscillatory
bluff body motion. In one or more embodiments of the invention, the
oscillatory motion of a bluff body attached to one or more flat
springs can sweep an arc around an axis parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the beam.
[0097] In one or more embodiments of the invention, kinetic energy
of oscillating flat springs and a bluff body can be converted to
usable electrical energy via methods such as a use of a
piezoelectric element, an electromagnetic inductor, and/or an
electrostatic element.
Fluid Flow Tracking Pivoting Frame (Yaw Control)
[0098] FIGS. 7A and 7B each show a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to one or more embodiments of the invention of
the invention. In FIG. 7A, the generator frame 704 can incorporate
a pivot/turntable/yaw bearing 702 and a fixed support surface 701,
which allows the upper portion of the frame 704 to rotate up to
360.degree. on the vertical axis. In the figure, the pivoting base
permits the upper portion of the frame 704 (to which the beam 703
is elastically mounted) to rotate until the front face of the beam
is perpendicular to the incident flow. This permits maximum flow
velocity exposure and will yield greater electrical power
generation. The upper portion of the frame 704 can rotate into the
wind through passive or active means. Flat vertical plates used as
vertical members of the frame may act as fins on which fluid flow
will exert a force--causing the desired pivoting motion until the
plates are parallel with the flow direction. Additional fins or
tail mounted yaw vane can be added to aid passive yaw control in
low velocity flow.
[0099] In FIG. 7B, the pivot/yaw bearing may be tensioned cables
705 mounted above and below the frame 704. Cables with sufficient
freedom to twist can provide the desired yaw motion without the
need for low friction bearings and can reduce cost and
manufacturing complexity.
Cross Sectional Profiles
[0100] In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more
beam shapes can be used. The beams can be hollow/thin-walled,
solid/foam, or partially filled (matrix/lattice). The beams can
have a symmetrical design which can permit response to flow
incident on either side of the beam and/or can have non-symmetrical
designs. The following provides non-limiting examples of possible
beam shapes in one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0101] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
an ellipse shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to
height (d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.6875
(11/16). Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited
to): e=1.203'', d=1.75''. FIG. 8A shows an example of this beam
shape with exemplary dimensions according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
[0102] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a rectangular cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to
height (d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.25.
Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to):
e=0.4075'', d=1.75''. FIG. 8B shows an example of this beam shape
with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of
the invention.
[0103] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a Multiple D-Shape or multi-Semicircular cross-sectional profile.
The multiple D-shape beam can comprise two or more rigidly
connected semicircular sections. The beams can be oriented in
opposing directions, which can provide the benefit of symmetry or
in the same direction which can provide greater lift force from
flow approaching the flat side of the beam. Effective depth (e) to
height (d) ratios of each semicircular section include (but are not
limited to): e/d=0.5. Effective profile dimensions of each
semicircular section include (but are not limited to): e=0.625'',
d=1.25''. FIGS. 8C and 8D show examples of these beam shapes with
exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0104] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a biconvex cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to height
(d) ratios include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.6875 (11/16).
Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to):
e=1.203'', d=1.75''. FIG. 8E shows an example of this beam shape
with exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of
the invention.
[0105] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a diamond shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth (e) to
height (d) ratio include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.577.
Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to):
e=1.5'', d=2.6''. FIG. 8F shows an example of this beam shape with
exemplary dimensions according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0106] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a rounded rectangle shaped cross-sectional profile. Effective depth
(e) to height (d) ratio include (but are not limited to): e/d=0.75.
Effective profile dimensions include (but are not limited to):
e=1.5'', d=2.0'', with a 0.5'' flat portion. FIG. 8G shows an
example of this beam shape with exemplary dimensions according to
one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0107] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a beam can have
a beam with multiple cross sections. A beam with multiple segments
with various cross sectional profiles can allow the system to
benefit from the differing oscillatory responses of each. For
example, different beam profiles can perform better under different
wind conditions (e.g. low wind speed range vs. high wind speed
range, laminar vs. turbulent flow). A beam with multiple profile
segments can offer an overall improved oscillatory response to
variable flow conditions.
Precipitation Repellant Beam Material/Coating Selection
[0108] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the surfaces of
the beam exposed to the environment are of a material or coating
known to repel the adherence of precipitation (e.g. rain, snow,
ice) and other forms of debris (e.g. dirt, animal droppings). A low
friction and/or hydrophobic material (e.g. Teflon, HIREC) helps
prevent the buildup of material on the beam which could interfere
with the fluid flow phenomena involved with beam oscillations.
Transparent Beam
[0109] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the beam's
design and material of construction results in the beam appearing
partially or completely transparent. The purpose of this
transparency is to allow the system to blend in with its
surroundings and make the beam more inconspicuous. It also permits
lighting from within the beam to be visible on the outside.
Materials conducive to this transparent appearance include
acrylic.
Externally or Internally Illuminated Beam
[0110] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the beam is
fully or partially transparent and is internally illuminated by
LED's located within the beam. The LED's can receive electrical
power for operation via the extension springs used to support the
beam. The metal springs can act as electrical leads and permit the
flow of electricity from the stationary frame to the movable beam.
FIGS. 9A and 9B show internally and externally illuminated beams,
respectively, according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0111] In one or more embodiments of the invention, LED's affixed
to any surface on the stationary frame can shine their light upon
the beam.
Wind Powered LED Illumination
[0112] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the LED's
affixed to any part of the generator may shine in any direction and
upon any other surface to provide illumination. This may serve the
function of a lantern, signal, signage, or some other purpose. FIG.
9C shows wind powered LED illumination according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
Transparent Frame
[0113] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the generator's
frame design and material of construction results in the frame
appearing largely transparent. This transparency allows the system
to blend in with its surroundings and makes the system more
inconspicuous. Materials conducive to this transparent appearance
include acrylic.
Horizontal Member
[0114] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the generator's
frame can have a horizontal member, which may be optionally located
above or below the movable beam. The springs may be attached to a
cantilevered horizontal section. Using one horizontal member (as
opposed to two) can permit improved, unimpeded fluid flow towards
the beam. It can also reduce manufacturing costs. FIG. 10 shows a
non-rotating wind energy generator with one horizontal member
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
Frame Mounted Protective Screen
[0115] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a screen can be
mounted to the frame that permits fluid flow through the holes in
the screen towards the beam within while also providing protection
against debris, impact, precipitation, etc. FIG. 11 shows a frame
mounted protective screen according to one or more embodiments of
the invention.
Collapsible Generator Frame
[0116] In one or more embodiments of the invention, a collapsible
generator frame design can be used to reduce the overall size or
footprint of a non-rotating wind energy generator. A collapsible
frame can optionally fold, slide, and/or disassemble to reduce
overall size or footprint.
[0117] FIG. 12A shows collapsible generator frame designs for a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, one or
more vertical members 1201 can rotate at one or more pivot points
1202 allowing the frame to expand and collapse, as shown in FIG.
12A. In one or more embodiments, the collapsible generator can
include one or more beams 1203, one or more coil holders 1204, one
or more horizontal members 1205, one or more magnets 1206, as well
as other features described in the specification, such as one or
more springs (not shown).
[0118] FIG. 12B shows collapsible generator frame designs for a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to one or more
embodiments of the invention. In one or more embodiments, one or
more vertical members 1201 slide in and out of one or more slide
holes 1207 in one or more coil holders 1204 allowing the frame to
expand and collapse. In one or more embodiments, the collapsible
generator can include one or more beams 1203, one or more coil
holders 1204, one or more horizontal members 1205, one or more
magnets 1206, as well as other features described in the
specification, such as one or more springs (not shown).
Frame Precipitation Shield
[0119] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the top surface
of the frame is curved and sufficiently covers the beam and other
system components in order to shield them from precipitation and
falling debris. FIG. 13 shows frame precipitation shield according
to one or more embodiments of the invention.
Multiple System Array
[0120] In one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple
generator systems can be stacked vertically or horizontally and
held together by brackets, magnetic attraction, or other means to
form an array. The flow of electricity from one individual
generator system to another or to single outlet can be facilitated
by the use of electrical plugs and jacks or electrically conductive
magnetic surface contact. A modular system of generators allows for
greater overall power output to be achieved.
Beam Bumper Motion Damper
[0121] In one or more embodiments of the invention, bumpers can be
mounted to the frame to reduce or stop over-amplification of the
oscillatory motion of the beam. The location and size of the bumper
can be selected to permit the largest amplitude possible before the
individual coils of the extension springs suspending the beam are
compressed far enough to touch each other. Preventing the springs
from reaching their fully unstretched state helps minimize
undesired impact stresses on the springs and also eliminates
associated impact noise. The use of low-density foam, rubber,
compression springs, fabric, rubber bands, or other material or
method of impact dampening can be utilized. Such material or method
can have satisfactory cyclic fatigue life and be unaffected by
environmental conditions. FIG. 15A shows beam bumper motion dampers
in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.
[0122] In one or more embodiments of the invention, opposing
magnets can be utilized to apply the necessary damping force. One
set of magnets can be mounted to a horizontal member of the frame
and another can be mounted to the top or bottom face of the beam
(across from the stationary set). Sides of the magnets with the
same polarity can face each other and apply a repulsive force when
the magnet proximity is close. FIG. 15B shows a beam bumper motion
dampers in accordance with one or more embodiments of the
invention.
Short Circuit Electromagnetic Coil Damper
[0123] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the concepts of
eddy currents, Lenz's Law, or a combination of both can be utilized
to apply a damping force on the beam. Magnetic flux from magnets
located on the beam can create eddy currents in electrically
conductive materials (e.g. copper and aluminum). These eddy
currents can cause a damping force on the beam, which can cause the
beam to slow and not exceed the desired maximum amplitude. One or
more electromagnetic coils can be located at or near the desired
maximum amplitude of beam motion. The ends of the coil can be
joined together to create a short circuit that can apply a maximum
damping force on the beam. Additionally, a segment of copper or
aluminum block or sheet metal can be used to induce a damping
effect. FIG. 16 shows a short circuit electromagnetic coil damper
in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention.
Extension Spring Array
[0124] In one or more embodiments of the invention, an array of
more than two extension springs can be mounted along the top and
bottom of beam. The use of multiple springs has the benefit of
reducing the cyclic stresses encountered by each spring, thus
improving their overall fatigue life. Multiple springs can also
serve to add extra stability to beam motion. Mixing springs of
differing stiffness can result in greater variability of overall
effective spring stiffness for the system. This can allow better
tuning of this variable to meet specific design requirements. FIG.
17 shows an extension spring array according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
Springs Mounted Close to Central Horizontal Axis of Beam
[0125] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the mounting
locations of the ends of the extension springs are located in close
proximity to the central horizontal axis of the beam. Mounting at
this location on the beam can allow the beam to oscillate at the
highest amplitude within a frame of shortest vertical height for a
given spring. Increasing the amplitude of oscillations can result
in faster relative velocity of the magnets and coils, and thus
higher electrical power generation. FIG. 18 shows springs mounted
close to a central horizontal axis of a beam according to one or
more embodiments of the invention.
Extension Spring Configuration
[0126] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the springs are
stretched and mounted to the top and bottom horizontal support
members of the frame. The beam can be secured onto the extension
springs by attaching to the coils in the middle of the stretched
spring directly (as opposed to the hooks located at the ends of
most extension springs). The use of this arrangement and mounting
method can have the benefit of reducing the unstretched spring
length that factors into the overall height of the frame by half
[Overall Frame Height=(2.times.unstretched spring length)+(distance
between spring mounting location on beam)+(desired peak to peak
beam oscillation amplitude)]. This reduction can allow for a
smaller frame height or higher beam amplitude within a given frame
size (whichever is desired). Additional benefits of this embodiment
can include cost savings due to the use of fewer springs and
improvements in lateral motion stability of the beam (in the
direction perpendicular to the beam oscillation and perpendicular
to the front face of the beam). Mounting to the coils of the spring
as opposed to the hooks can improve spring fatigue life due to
reduced tensile stress on the wire near the hook locations. FIG. 19
shows an extension spring configuration according to one or more
embodiments of the invention.
Beam/Spring Mounting
[0127] In one or more embodiments of the invention, extension
springs can be secured to the generator's frame and movable beam by
a bracket that engages with one or more coil turns of the helical
spiral. Eliminating spring hooks can reduce overall system height
and increase maximum amplitude of beam oscillation and reduce
manufacturing cost and complexity. FIGS. 20A and 20B show
beam/spring mounting according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
Protective Spring Coating
[0128] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the springs
used to elastically mount the movable beam are coated in a layer of
plastic, rubber, or other material to protect and minimize the
effect of precipitation and debris--thus reducing corrosion and
improving lifespan.
Magnet/Coil Configurations
[0129] In one or more embodiments of the invention, multiple
permanent magnets can be mounted to beams in a location where their
magnetic field lines intersect electromagnetic coils in close
proximity, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 20A and 20B. The
permanent magnets can be arranged in a pattern whereby the polarity
of each magnet is opposite of the magnet(s) located above and/or
below it (in the same direction as the beam's oscillatory motion).
The magnets in close proximity can also have the same relative
polarity facing the same direction. The purpose of mounting
multiple magnets to the oscillating beam is to cause more rapid
changes in magnetic flux through the electromagnetic coils--thus
increasing the electrical energy generated by the system.
Axially Aligned Magnet and Coil Configuration
[0130] In one or more embodiments of the invention, one or more
magnets and electromagnetic coils can be axially aligned such that
the magnet passes in and out of a cylindrical opening in the center
of the coil as the beam oscillates. One or more permanent magnets
can be fixed to the elastically mounted beam while the
electromagnetic coils are fixed stationary to some portion of the
frame. One or more electromagnetic coils can also be fixed to the
elastically mounted beam while one or more permanent magnets are
fixed stationary to some portion of the frame. Additionally, one or
more coils having a cylindrical opening can be mounted to the beam
and one or more magnets can be mounted to the frame such that the
magnet passes in and out of a cylindrical opening in the center of
the coil as the beam oscillates. The relative motion of the magnets
and coils causes a change in magnetic flux through the coils that
results in electricity generation. FIGS. 21A through 21G show
examples of such axially aligned magnet and coil configurations
according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
Multifunction Rectifier and Voltage Multiplier Circuit
[0131] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical
energy output of the wind generator system can be conditioned by an
electrical circuit known as the Cockcroft-Walton (CW) multiplier
(also referred to as the Greinacher multiplier, voltage multiplier,
or voltage doubler/tripler). This circuit is capable of generating
high DC voltage from a low voltage AC input. In the application of
non-rotating wind energy generators, this circuit can serve
multiple purposes including AC to DC rectification, voltage output
multiplication/boosting, suppression of electrical load damping
effect that hampers beam oscillations. The overall benefit of the
use of this circuit can include boosting low voltage AC output to a
higher voltage DC output, high rectification and boosting
efficiency, improved beam motion performance in low fluid flow
velocities due to decreased damping effects, and decreased circuit
cost due to simple, widely available, inexpensive components and
construction.
[0132] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the input
voltage to output voltage can be doubled, tripled, quadrupled, and
further multiplied by incorporating additional diode and capacitor
components in stages to achieve the desired electrical
characteristics.
[0133] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the input
voltage to the voltage multiplier circuit can be AC generated by
one or more magnets passing by one or more electromagnetic coils.
Multiple coils can be wired in series. Additionally, the coils can
be wired in parallel.
Electricity Storage
[0134] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical
energy generated and conditioned by the voltage multiplier circuit
can be stored in a rechargeable battery. Rechargeable battery types
include but are not limited to Nickel-metal hydide (NiMH),
Nickel-cadmium (NiCd), and Lithium-ion polymer (LiPo).
[0135] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the electrical
energy generated and conditioned by the voltage multiplier circuit
can be stored in a supercapacitor (also known as an
ultracapacitor).
LED Driver Circuit
[0136] In one or more embodiments of the invention, the wind
generator can be used to provide electricity to one or more LED's
to provide illumination, signals, or signage. In the event that the
voltage of the energy storage device (e.g. a single 1.2V
rechargeable NiMH battery) is insufficient to directly illuminate
an LED (which can use between 1.6-4.0V, depending on color and
type), a DC-DC boost converter (step-up converter) circuit can be
used to boost the output voltage to the required level for LED
operation. In light load/low power applications, an integrated
circuit LED driver chip or a boost converter circuit known as a
blocking oscillator or "Joule Thief" can be used as an LED driver.
Such embodiments can also include dark activated switches to detect
darkness and activate the LED when light levels are low.
Hybrid Wind and Solar Generator System
[0137] In one or more embodiments of the invention, solar panels
can be affixed to the non-rotating wind energy generator system to
form a hybrid energy harvesting system. This hybrid system permits
the harvesting of multiple sources of ambient energy and aids in
maintaining some minimum level of electrical energy generation for
use by a given application. The wind subsystem can continue to
provide energy generation during periods of low light and the solar
subsystem can continue to provide energy generation during periods
of low wind if those sources of ambient energy are available. The
solar panels are optionally affixed to the top, front, back, and
side faces of the frame. The panels can be mounted on pivots to
allow for adjustability of the angle of the panel relative to the
sun for maximum light exposure. The energy from the solar and wind
generator subsystems can be collected and stored in a common
storage device (e.g. rechargeable battery or supercapacitor) before
use or in separate storage devices. FIG. 22 shows a hybrid wind and
solar generator system according to one or more embodiments of the
invention.
[0138] It will be appreciated that while a particular sequence of
steps has been shown and described for purposes of explanation, the
sequence may be varied in certain respects, or the steps may be
combined, while still obtaining the desired configuration.
Additionally, modifications to the disclosed embodiment and the
invention as claimed are possible and within the scope of this
disclosed invention.
Additional Non-Rotating Wind Energy Generator Embodiments
[0139] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy, using self-excited oscillation caused by vortex
shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and an
inductor system, also referred to as a linear alternator system,
operable to generate electrical energy via the motion of the
suspended bluff body.
[0140] In a further aspect of the present invention, exposing the
non-rotating wind energy generating apparatus of any of the
proceeding embodiments to wind generates oscillatory motion in
response to wind energy using self-excited oscillation caused by
vortex shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof,
and generates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.
[0141] Aspects of this invention relate to a novel approach to
harnessing wind power. In an embodiment of the invention, the
device uses the fluid flow principle of vortex shedding and
transverse galloping to generate oscillatory, linear motion of a
beam. In an embodiment of the invention, linear alternators
optionally located near both ends of the beam generate electrical
power when the beam is in motion.
[0142] In an aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind energy
generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body operable to
initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to wind energy
and a linear alternator system operable to generate energy via the
motion of the suspended bluff body. In one or more embodiments, the
suspended bluff body may comprise a frame movably supporting at
least one beam, one or more first springs, one or more second
springs, wherein the one or more first springs attach a first
portion of the frame to a first portion of the beam and the one or
more second springs attach a second portion of the frame to a
second portion of the beam such that the beam is suspended between
the first and second portions of the frame, and wherein the linear
alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil
attached to one of the beam or a third portion of the frame, at
least one magnet attached to one of the third portion of the frame
or the beam, wherein motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes
the first inductor to pass the at least one magnet. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam may have a D-shape. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam may be hollow. Any of the
proceeding embodiments may further comprise one or more motion
guides. Any of the proceeding embodiments may further comprise one
or more additional beams, one or more additional upper springs, one
or more additional lower springs, wherein the one or more
additional upper springs attach a first portion of the additional
beam to a third portion of the beam and the one or more additional
lower springs attach a second portion of the additional beam to a
fourth portion of the beam such that the one or more additional
beams are suspended between the first and second portions of the
frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the first portion of
the frame may be an upper portion, the first portion of the beam
may be an upper portion, the second portion of the frame may be a
lower portion, and the second portion of the beam may be a lower
portion. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the third portion of
the frame may be a side portion. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the beam may be suspended substantially horizontally.
In any of the proceeding embodiments, the motion of the beam may be
substantially vertical. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a
surface of the beam may be uniformly smooth. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam may be partially
smooth. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a surface of the beam
may be uniformly rough. In any of the proceeding embodiments, a
surface of the beam may be partially rough. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil or the at
least one magnet may be attached to a first end of the beam. In any
of the proceeding embodiments, the spring stiffness may be selected
to promote self-oscillatory motion. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the beam may have a cross-sectional geometry selected
from the group consisting of a square, a cylinder, a reversed
D-Beam (where the wind is primarily incident on the round portion
of the beam rather than the flat portion), and an equilateral wedge
in either a "greater than" or "less than" orientation relative to
the incident wind. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the
springs may be stretched in a resting state. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, the beam mass may be selected to promote
self-oscillatory motion. In a further aspect of the present
invention, exposing the non-rotating wind energy generating
apparatus of any of the proceeding embodiments to wind generates
oscillatory motion in response to wind energy using vortex
shedding, transverse galloping, or some combination thereof, and
generates electrical energy via motion of the non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus using electromagnetic induction.
[0143] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses where a central axis of the at least
one electromagnetic coil is substantially parallel to a
longitudinal axis of the beam. In an embodiment of the invention,
the at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one
electromagnetic coil such that the beam when exposed to wind causes
an electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one magnet generating
electrical power.
[0144] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam, the linear alternator
system comprises at least one electromagnetic coil and at least one
magnet, a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil is
substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam, and the
at least one magnet is positioned relative to the at least one
electromagnetic coil such that motion of the beam when exposed to
wind causes the first electromagnetic coil to pass the at least one
magnet. In one or more embodiments, the at least one
electromagnetic coil is attached to one of the beam or a third
portion of the frame and the at least one magnet is attached to one
of the third portion of the frame or the beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be
spaced apart from the at least one beam by a mounting bracket. In
any of the proceeding embodiments, the mounting bracket can
position a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic coil
along the same longitudinal axis as the central axis of the at
least one beam. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the at least
one magnet can be positioned in a space provided between the at
least one electromagnetic coil and the beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can
extend beyond a face of the at least one beam. In any of the
proceeding embodiments, at least one electromagnetic coil can be
attached to the at least one beam and the at least one magnet can
be attached to the frame. In any of the proceeding embodiments, at
least one electromagnetic coil can be attached to the frame and the
at least one magnet can be attached to the at least one beam.
[0145] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses where a linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the
beam or the frame and two or more pairs of magnets. In an
embodiment of the invention, an electromagnetic coil passes through
magnetic fields generated by the pairs of magnets generating
electricity.
[0146] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body, and
the linear alternator system comprises at least one electromagnetic
coil attached to one of the beam or the frame and two or more pairs
of magnets. Additionally, in a further aspect of the invention, the
two or more pairs of magnets are attached to one of the frame or
the beam, and the at least one electromagnetic coil passes through
magnetic fields generated by the two or more pairs of magnets. In
one or more embodiments of the invention, a first side of a first
magnet of a first pair of magnets faces a first side of a second
magnet of the first pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the
first magnet of the first pair of magnets has a polarity of North
or South and the first side of the second magnet of the first pair
of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity
of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets
differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of
the first pair of magnets, and wherein a first side of a first
magnet of a second pair of magnets faces a first side of a second
magnet of the second pair of magnets, wherein the first side of the
first magnet of the second pair of magnets has a polarity of North
or South and the first side of the second magnet of the second pair
of magnets has a polarity of North or South, wherein the polarity
of the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets
differs from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet of
the second pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments,
the polarity of the first side of the first magnet of the first
pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of the first side of
the first magnet of the second pair of magnets and the polarity of
the first side of the second magnet of the second pair of magnets
can differ from the polarity of the first side of the second magnet
of the first pair of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments,
a first side of a first magnet of a third pair of magnets can face
a first side of a second magnet of the third pair of magnets,
wherein the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of
magnets can have a polarity of North or South and the first side of
the second magnet of the third pair of magnets can have a polarity
of North or South, wherein the polarity of the first side of the
first magnet of the third pair of magnets can differ from the
polarity of the first side of the second magnet of the third pair
of magnets. In any of the proceeding embodiments, the polarity of
at least one of the first side of the first magnet of the first
pair of magnets, the first side of the first magnet of the second
pair of magnets, and the first side of the first magnet of the
third pair of magnets can differ from the polarity of at least one
of the first side of the first magnet of the first pair of magnets,
the first side of the first magnet of the second pair of magnets,
and the first side of the first magnet of the third pair of
magnets.
[0147] Further aspects of the invention relate to non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatuses wherein the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of a
beam or a frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame
or the beam. In an embodiment of the invention, motion of the beam
when exposed to wind causes the at least one electromagnetic coil
to pass at least one magnet generating energy.
[0148] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy generating apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a
further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil inset into one of the
beam or the frame and at least one magnet inset in one of the frame
or the beam, and a central axis of the at least one electromagnetic
coil is substantially parallel to a longitudinal axis of the beam
and motion of the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one
electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet. In one or more
embodiments of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil
is inset in the at least one beam and the at least one magnets is
inset in the third portion of the frame. In one or more embodiments
of the invention, the at least one electromagnetic coil is inset in
the third portion of the frame and the at least one magnets is
inset in the at least one beam.
[0149] Further aspects of the invention relate to a non-rotating
wind energy transmission apparatus and method. In an embodiment of
the invention, each of the two wire leads from each of the
electromagnetic coils connect to a spring for electricity
transmission and separate wire leads connect to each of the springs
at the location of contact between the springs and the frame to
continue the transmission of electricity from the springs to a
preferred point of use.
[0150] In a further aspect of the invention, a non-rotating wind
energy transmission apparatus comprises a suspended bluff body
operable to initiate and sustain oscillatory motion in response to
wind energy and a linear alternator system operable to generate
electrical energy via the motion of the suspended bluff body. In a
further aspect of the invention, the suspended bluff body comprises
a frame movably supporting at least one beam. Additionally, in a
further aspect of the invention, the linear alternator system
comprises at least one electromagnetic coil attached to one of the
beam the frame and at least one magnet attached to one of the frame
or the beam. Also, in a further aspect of the invention, motion of
the beam when exposed to wind causes the at least one
electromagnetic coil to pass at least one magnet and a first wire
lead from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to at
least one of the one or more first springs and a second wire lead
from the at least one electromagnetic coil is connected to the
other of the at least one of the one or more second springs. In one
or more embodiments of the invention, a third wire lead from at
least one of the one or more first springs can be connected to the
first portion of the frame and a fourth wire lead from the other of
the at least one of the one or more second springs can be connected
to the second portion of the frame. In any of the proceeding
embodiments, the first and second portions of the frame are
configured for transmission of electricity from the first and
second springs to one or more points of use.
[0151] Further aspects of the invention relate to a method for
electricity transmission comprising generating electricity using an
apparatus according to any of the embodiments described above and
transmitting electricity from one or more wire leads of the one or
more springs to the frame.
[0152] Embodiments of the invention convert kinetic energy of an
oscillating bluff body (e.g., a beam driven by fluid flow
phenomena) into electrical energy via electromagnetic inductor.
[0153] In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire are located
at the ends of an oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam) and the flat
face of the wire coils is parallel to the front flat face of the
beam. The central axis of the coil can be perpendicular to the
central axis of the beam.
[0154] FIG. 23 exemplifies a further embodiment of a beam, where
the flat face of the coil of wire is parallel to the front flat
face of the beam. FIG. 23 shows the beam 1401 according to an
embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment the coils of wire
1402 are attached to each end of the beam 1403. The coils of wire
1402 can be located at the ends of the moving beam such that the
flat face of the coil of wire 1402 is parallel to the front flat
face of the beam 1403. The central axis of the coil can be
perpendicular to the central axis of the beam. FIG. 35C depicts a
similar embodiment to FIG. 23 and provides a view of the coils of
wire 2602.
[0155] In embodiments of the invention, coils of wire attached to
an oscillating bluff body can pass through a single pair of magnets
that have poles (North, South) that face each other.
[0156] FIG. 25 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an embodiment of the present invention where the beam of FIG. 23
is used. In this embodiment, there are magnets 1601, coil of wire
1602, a beam 1603, springs 1604, and a frame 1605. In this
embodiment, the beam 1603 and the frame 1605 each have four
connection points 1607. Coil of wire 1602 located at the ends of
the moving beam 1603 pass through a single pair of parallel magnets
1601 on each end of the system frame 1605.
[0157] In embodiments of the invention, multiple pairs of magnets
can be positioned in specific arrangements. Such embodiments can
have improved kinetic energy to electrical energy conversion. For
example, multiple pairs of magnets can be positioned above and
below other pairs of magnets such that as the bluff body (e.g., a
beam) carrying the coils travels up and down, the coils pass
through several magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets.
In an embodiment of the invention, the relative polarity of each
stacked magnet pair is reversed (North, South, North, South, etc.).
In at least one embodiment of the invention, the change in magnetic
flux direction that the coil of wire experiences as the bluff body
(e.g., beam) oscillates has a significant improvement in electrical
energy conversion/generator power output. A gap of any distance
between adjacent pairs of magnets may or may not be present.
[0158] FIG. 26 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an embodiment of the present invention in which there are
multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each other and
in which the polarities can be switched. In this embodiment, there
are magnets 1701, coils of wire 1702, a beam 1703, springs 1704,
and a frame 1705. In this embodiment, the beam 1703 and the frame
1605 each have four connection points 1707. In this embodiment,
there are multiple pairs of magnets 1701, comprising first magnets
1701a and second magnets 1701b, that are stacked on top of each
other. As the beam 1703 carrying the coils of wire 1702 travels up
and down, the coils of wire 1702 pass through several magnetic
fields generated by the parallel magnets 1701. In embodiments of
the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 can be
switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further embodiments
of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets 1701 is not
switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also include a
combination of stacked magnets 1701 where the polarity is switched
and stacked magnets 1701 that are not switched. In at least one
embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets 1701 where
the polarity is switched can improve power output.
[0159] FIG. 32 shows a non-rotating wind energy generator according
to an additional embodiment of the present invention in which there
are multiple pairs of magnets that are stacked on top of each
other. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2301, coils of wire
2302, a beam 2303, springs 2304, and a frame 2305. In this
embodiment, the beam 2303 and the frame 2305 each have four
connection points 2307. In this embodiment, there are multiple
pairs of magnets 2301 that are stacked on top of each other. As the
beam 2303 carrying the coils of wire 2302 travels up and down, the
coils of wire 2302 pass through several magnetic fields generated
by the parallel magnets 2301.
[0160] FIGS. 33-35 further illustrate the use of multiple pairs of
magnets that are stacked on top of each other and in which the
polarities can be switched according to an aspect of the
invention.
[0161] FIG. 33 shows magnets according an embodiment of the
invention. In these embodiments, there can be multiple pairs of
magnets 2401.
[0162] FIG. 34 shows magnets and a coil according to an embodiment
of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire 2502
attached to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) can pass through
multiple sets of magnets 2501.
[0163] FIGS. 35A, 35B, and 35C show magnets and coils according to
an embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, as shown in
FIG. 35A, the coils of wire 2602 attached to a moving bluff body
(e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple sets of magnets 2601.
FIG. 35B shows a further view where the coils of wire 2602 attached
to a moving bluff body (e.g., beam) 2603 can pass through multiple
sets of magnets 2601 and where the magnetic polarity of the magnets
2601 are indicated with the notation |Magnet Polarity Orientation|
(e.g., "|North|South|" or "|South|North|"). FIG. 35C shows a
further view of bluff body 2603 and the coils of wire 2602.
[0164] In alternate embodiments of the invention, the coil of wire
can be located at the ends of oscillating bluff body (e.g., beam)
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam.
The central axis of the coil can be parallel to the central axis of
the beam. In at least one such embodiment, lateral motion of the
bluff body caused by excessive wind forces acting on the front face
of the beam will not cause the beam to come in contact with the
magnet holders, guide plate, or any other surface. In an embodiment
of the invention, the coils can be mounted on extended "U-shape"
mounting brackets to permit them to pass through one or several
sets of parallel magnets. The "U-shape" mounting bracket can
position the center of mass of the coils of wire in the same plane
as the center of mass of the beam. In certain embodiments, this can
provide improved stability.
[0165] FIG. 24 shows the beam 1501 in an alternate embodiment of
the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face
perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the
coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam. In this
embodiment the coil of wire 1502 are attached to each end of the
beam 1503. The coil of wire 1502 can be located at the ends of the
moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of
the beam 1503. The central axis of the coil of wire 1502 can be
parallel to the central axis of the beam 1503. The coil of wire
1502 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets 1504.
The coil of wire 1502 can pass through one or more sets of parallel
magnets.
[0166] FIGS. 29-31 provide further views of alternate embodiments
of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat face
perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the central axis of the
coil of wire is parallel to the central axis of the beam.
[0167] FIG. 29 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an alternate
embodiment of the invention. In this embodiment, the coil of wire
2002 is attached to each end of the beam 2003. The coils of wire
2002 can be located at the ends of the moving beam with their flat
face perpendicular to the front face of the beam 2003. The central
axis of the coil of wire 2002 can be parallel to the central axis
of the beam 2003. The coils of wire 2002 can be mounted on extended
"U-shape" mounting brackets 2004. The coil of wire 2002 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 2005.
[0168] FIG. 30 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In
this embodiment, the coil of wire 2102 is attached to each end of
the beam 2103. The coils of wire 2102 can be located at the ends of
the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front
face of the beam 2103. The central axis of the coil of wire 2102
can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2103. The coil of
wire 2102 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets
2104. The coil of wire 2102 can pass through one or more sets of
parallel magnets 2105.
[0169] FIG. 31 provides a view of a non-rotating wind energy
generator according to an alternate embodiment of the invention. In
this embodiment, the coils of wire 2202 are attached to each end of
the beam 2203. The coil of wire 2202 can be located at the ends of
the moving beam with their flat face perpendicular to the front
face of the beam 2203. The central axis of the coil of wire 2202
can be parallel to the central axis of the beam 2203. The coil of
wire 2202 can be mounted on extended "U-shape" mounting brackets
2204. The coil of wire 2202 can pass through one or more sets of
parallel magnets 2205.
[0170] In further alternate embodiments, the coils can be extended
beyond the front face of the bluff body (e.g., beam). In these
further alternate embodiments, the center of mass of the coils is
not in the same plane as the center of mass of the beam.
[0171] FIG. 27 provides a cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate
embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat
face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend
beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a
coil of wire 1802 and a beam 1803. The coil of wire 1802 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1805.
[0172] FIG. 28 provides an additional cross-sectional top-view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to a further alternate
embodiment of the invention in which the coil of wire has a flat
face perpendicular to a front face of a beam and the coils extend
beyond the front face of the beam. In this embodiment, there is a
coil of wire 1902 and a beam 1903. The coil of wire 1902 can pass
through one or more sets of parallel magnets 1905.
[0173] FIGS. 36-39 depict additional alternate embodiments of the
invention in which the magnets and coils of wire can be inset in
the frame and the beam. In these embodiments, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam can avoid causing
frictional contact with any surface, or alternatively, can reduce
frictional contact with the surface.
[0174] FIGS. 36A and 36B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2701, coils of
wire 2702, a beam 2703, springs 2704, and a frame 2705. In this
embodiment the coils of wire 2702 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2705. The coils of wire 2702 can be located
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of a beam
2703. In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2701 are mounted to
the beam 2703. In this embodiment, the magnets 2701 are positioned
close to the flat face of the coils of wire 2702 such that the
magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire
2702 as the beam 2703 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam
motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2703 can avoid
causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 2703 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0175] FIGS. 37A and 37B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2801, coil of
wire 2802, a beam 2803, springs 2804, and a frame 2805. In this
embodiment multiple coils of wire 2802 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2806. The coils of wire 2802 can be located
with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the beam.
In this embodiment, the permanent magnets 2801 are mounted to beam
2803. The magnet 2801 is positioned close to the flat face of the
coils of wire 2802 such that the magnetic field lines periodically
pass through each of the coils of wire 2802 as the beam oscillates.
In this embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat
face of the beam 2803 can avoid causing frictional contact with any
surface. Alternatively, in this embodiment, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2803 can reduce
frictional contact with a surface.
[0176] FIGS. 38A and 38B provide perspective views of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 2901, coils of
wire 2902, a beam 2903, springs 2904, and a frame 2905. In this
embodiment the permanent magnets 2901 are attached to stationary
members of the frame 2905. The permanent magnets 2901 can be
located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face of the
beam 2903. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 2902 are mounted
to beam 2903. In this embodiment, the magnet 2901 is positioned
close to the flat face of the coil of wire 2902 such that the
magnetic field lines periodically pass through the coils of wire
2902 as the beam 2902 oscillates. In this embodiment, lateral beam
motion perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 2903 can avoid
causing frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 2903 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0177] FIGS. 39A and 39B provide perspectives view of a
non-rotating wind energy generator according to an embodiment of
the invention. In this embodiment, there are magnets 3001, coils of
wire 3002, a beam 3003, springs 3004, and a frame 3005. In this
embodiment multiple permanent magnets 3001 are attached to
stationary members of the frame 3005. The permanent magnets 3001
can be located with their flat face perpendicular to the front face
of the beam 3003. In this embodiment, the coils of wire 3002 are
mounted to beam 3003. The magnets 3001 are positioned close to the
flat face of the coil of wire 3002 such that the magnetic field
lines periodically pass through the coils of wire 3002 as the beam
3003 oscillates. In one embodiment the stacked magnets have the
same relative polarity (e.g., N-N-N or S-S-S). In another
embodiment the stacked magnets have reversing relative polarities
(e.g., N-S-N or S-N-S). In this embodiment, lateral beam motion
perpendicular to the flat face of the beam 3003 can avoid causing
frictional contact with any surface. Alternatively, in this
embodiment, lateral beam motion perpendicular to the flat face of
the beam 3003 can reduce frictional contact with a surface.
[0178] In a further aspect of the invention, electricity is
transmitted from a generation source located onboard a moving bluff
body (e.g., a beam) to a terminal statically located elsewhere on a
non-rotating wind energy generator (NRWEG). In certain embodiments
of the invention, the embodiment may advantageously permit the
transmission of electricity from the generation source located on a
moving bluff body (e.g., a beam) to a static terminal location
without the need for additional wire leads or points of contact. In
certain embodiments of the invention, the springs used to suspend
the bluff body (e.g., a beam) may advantageously act as wire leads
that conduct electricity from the electromagnetic coils that are
mounted onboard the moving bluff body (e.g., beam).
[0179] By using springs as leads for electricity transmission, the
need for additional wires or points of contact can be reduced or
eliminated. This can reduce the drag force on a beam due to
mechanical friction from rubbing contact or periodic flexing of
separate wire leads. The use of spring wire leads can also be more
cost effective, reliable, and less susceptible to failure.
[0180] Aspects of the invention related to electricity transmission
have significant economic potential when paired with aspects of the
invention related to non-rotating wind energy generator systems.
For most or all commercial applications of embodiments of
non-rotating wind energy generator systems, aspects of the
invention related to electricity transmission could be used for
efficient operation/power generation.
[0181] In an embodiment of the non-rotating wind energy generator
(NRWEG) apparatus, electromagnetic coils are mounted to a bluff
body (e.g., a beam) that is suspended by springs. In this
embodiment, during operation, airflow passes over the bluff body
and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the bluff body oscillates in
this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils pass through magnetic
fields formed by permanent magnets statically mounted to the NRWEG
frame. When this occurs, electricity can be generated in the
electromagnetic coils. To effectively use this electricity, it can
be transmitted from the electromagnetic coils to a statically
mounted terminal location. An effective method for electricity
transmission can include using the springs as electrical leads. To
do this, each of the two wire leads from the electromagnetic coil
can be connected (e.g., via solder, clip, screw, etc.) to one of
the springs that is used to suspend the bluff body. The other end
of the spring can be mounted to some portion (e.g., the top and
bottom horizontal members) of an NRWEG frame. A separate wire lead
can be connected to each of the springs (at the location of contact
between the spring and frame) to continue the transmission of
electricity from the springs to the preferred point of use (e.g.,
terminal box, power conditioning circuitry, etc.).
[0182] FIGS. 40A, 40B, and 40C show electricity transmission
according to an embodiment of the invention where a method for
electricity transmission can include using each of the two wire
leads from each of the electromagnetic coils connected to a spring
for electricity transmission, and further using separate wire leads
connected to each of the springs at the location of contact between
the springs and the frame to continue the transmission of
electricity from the springs to a preferred point of use. In this
embodiment, there are magnets 3101, electromagnetic coils 3102, a
beam 3103, springs 3104, and a frame 3105. In this embodiment,
electromagnetic coils 3102 are mounted to beam 3103 that is
suspended by springs 3104. In this embodiment, the beam 3103 and
the frame 3105 each have four connection points 3107. In this
embodiment, there are multiple pairs of magnets 3101 that are
stacked on top of each other. As the beam 3103 carrying the coil
3102 travels up and down, the coil 3102 pass through several
magnetic fields generated by the parallel magnets 3101. In
embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets
3101 can be switched (e.g., North, South, North, etc.). In further
embodiments of the invention, the polarity of the stacked magnets
3101 is not switched. Further embodiments of the invention can also
include a combination of stacked magnets 3101 where the polarity is
switched and stacked magnets 3101 that are not switched. In at
least one embodiment of the invention, utilizing stacked magnets
3101 where the polarity is switched can improve power output. In
FIG. 40A, the magnets 3101 are depicted as opaque, whereas in FIG.
40B, the magnets 3101 are depicted transparently so that the coil
3102 can be seen. In this embodiment, during operation, airflow can
pass over beam 3103 and causes it to oscillate rapidly. As the beam
3103 oscillates in this embodiment, the electromagnetic coils 3102
pass through magnetic fields formed by magnets 3101 statically
mounted to the frame 3105. When this occurs, electricity can be
generated in the electromagnetic coils 3102. To effectively use
this electricity, it can be transmitted from the electromagnetic
coils 3102 to a statically mounted terminal location (not shown),
along electricity transmission paths 3108, as illustrated in FIG.
31C. In FIG. 40C, the positive and negative terminals of the
terminal location (not shown) are represented with "+" and "-,"
respectively. A method for electricity transmission according to
this embodiment can include using the springs 3104 as electrical
leads. To do this, each of the two wire leads from each of the
electromagnetic coils 3102 can be connected (e.g., via solder,
clip, screw, etc.) to one of a spring 3104 that is used to suspend
the beam 3103. The other end of the spring 3104 can be mounted to
some portion (e.g., the top and bottom horizontal members) of the
frame 3105. A separate wire lead can be connected to each of the
springs 3104 at the location of contact between the spring 3104 and
frame 3105 to continue the transmission of electricity from the
springs 3104 to the preferred point of use (e.g., terminal box,
power conditioning circuitry, etc.).
* * * * *