U.S. patent application number 14/887172 was filed with the patent office on 2016-04-28 for methods and apparatus for guard interval indication in wireless communication networks.
The applicant listed for this patent is QUALCOMM Incorporated. Invention is credited to Youhan Kim, Rahul Tandra, Bin Tian, Tao Tian, Sameer Vermani, Lin Yang.
Application Number | 20160119453 14/887172 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 54477271 |
Filed Date | 2016-04-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160119453 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Tian; Tao ; et al. |
April 28, 2016 |
METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR GUARD INTERVAL INDICATION IN WIRELESS
COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
Abstract
A method of wirelessly communicating a packet includes
generating, at a wireless device, a first packet. The first packet
includes a first preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and a
second preamble decodable by only a subset of the plurality of
devices. The first preamble includes a first signal field, and the
second preamble includes a second signal field. The method further
includes setting a length indication of the first signal field to
carry non-length signal information. The method further includes
transmitting the first packet.
Inventors: |
Tian; Tao; (San Diego,
CA) ; Yang; Lin; (San Diego, CA) ; Vermani;
Sameer; (San Diego, CA) ; Tian; Bin; (San
Diego, CA) ; Tandra; Rahul; (San Diego, CA) ;
Kim; Youhan; (Fremont, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
QUALCOMM Incorporated |
San Diego |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
54477271 |
Appl. No.: |
14/887172 |
Filed: |
October 19, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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62073854 |
Oct 31, 2014 |
|
|
|
62067316 |
Oct 22, 2014 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/338 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 5/04 20130101; H04W
84/12 20130101; H04W 28/06 20130101; H04L 69/22 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04L 29/06 20060101
H04L029/06; H04W 84/12 20060101 H04W084/12; H04L 5/04 20060101
H04L005/04 |
Claims
1. A method of wireless communication, comprising: generating, at a
wireless device, a first packet comprising a first preamble
decodable by a plurality of devices and a second preamble decodable
by only a subset of the plurality of devices, the first preamble
comprising a first signal field, and the second preamble comprising
a second signal field; setting a length indication of the first
signal field to carry non-length signal information; and
transmitting the first packet.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein said setting the length
indication of the first signal field is based at least on one or
more of: a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols,
a compression mode of a first training field, a repetition of a
subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one or
more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding schemes
for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein: setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 indicates a first guard interval length, setting the
length indication, modulo 3, to 2 indicates a second guard interval
length, and the first guard interval length is shorter than the
second guard interval length.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein: setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 indicates a first guard interval length, setting the
length indication, modulo 3, to 1 indicates a second guard interval
length, and the first guard interval length is shorter than the
second guard interval length.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the length indication indicates a
guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols beginning
at the second signal field.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein: the first packet further
comprises repeated version of the first signal field, the second
preamble further comprises a third signal field, and the length
indication indicates the guard interval length beginning at the
third signal field.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the length indication indicates
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the second preamble further
comprises the first training field and a second training field, the
first training field being longer than the second training
field.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication comprises setting the
polarity of the first signal field.
10. The method of claim 3, wherein setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 0 indicates a third guard interval length.
11. An apparatus configured to perform wireless communication,
comprising: a processor configured to: generate a first packet
comprising a first preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and
a second preamble decodable by only a subset of the plurality of
devices, the first preamble comprising a first signal field, and
the second preamble comprising a second signal field; and set a
length indication of the first signal field to carry non-length
signal information; and a transmitter configured to transmit the
first packet.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the processor is configured
to set the length indication of the first signal field is based at
least on one or more of: a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols, a compression mode of a first training field, a
repetition of a subsequent field, a number of guard interval
options for one or more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation
and coding schemes for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein: setting the length
indication, modulo 3, to 1 indicates a first guard interval length,
setting the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 indicates a second
guard interval length, and the first guard interval length is
shorter than the second guard interval length.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein: setting the length
indication, modulo 3, to 2 indicates a first guard interval length,
setting the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 indicates a second
guard interval length, and the first guard interval length is
shorter than the second guard interval length.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the length indication
indicates a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols
beginning at the second signal field.
16. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein: the first packet further
comprises repeated version of the first signal field, the second
preamble further comprises a third signal field, and the length
indication indicates the guard interval length beginning at the
third signal field.
17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the length indication
indicates the guard interval length beginning a preset number of
symbols after the first signal field.
18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the second preamble further
comprises the first training field and a second training field, the
first training field being longer than the second training
field.
19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication comprises setting the
polarity of the first signal field.
20. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein setting the length
indication, modulo 3, to 0 indicates a third guard interval
length.
21. An apparatus for wireless communication, comprising: means for
generating a first packet comprising a first preamble decodable by
a plurality of devices and a second preamble decodable by only a
subset of the plurality of devices, the first preamble comprising a
first signal field, and the second preamble comprising a second
signal field; means for setting a length indication of the first
signal field to carry non-length signal information; and means for
transmitting the first packet.
22. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein said setting the length
indication of the first signal field is based at least on one or
more of: a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols,
a compression mode of a first training field, a repetition of a
subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one or
more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding schemes
for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein: setting the length
indication, modulo 3, to 1 indicates a first guard interval length,
setting the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 indicates a second
guard interval length, and the first guard interval length is
shorter than the second guard interval length.
24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein: setting the length
indication, modulo 3, to 2 indicates a first guard interval length,
setting the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 indicates a second
guard interval length, and the first guard interval length is
shorter than the second guard interval length.
25. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the length indication
indicates a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols
beginning at the second signal field.
26. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein: the first packet further
comprises repeated version of the first signal field, the second
preamble further comprises a third signal field, and the length
indication indicates the guard interval length beginning at the
third signal field.
27. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the length indication
indicates the guard interval length beginning a preset number of
symbols after the first signal field.
28. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the second preamble further
comprises the first training field and a second training field, the
first training field being longer than the second training
field.
29. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication comprises setting the
polarity of the first signal field.
30. A non-transitory computer-readable medium comprising code that,
when executed, causes an apparatus to: generate a first packet
comprising a first preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and
a second preamble decodable by only a subset of the plurality of
devices, the first preamble comprising a first signal field, and
the second preamble comprising a second signal field; set a length
indication of the first signal field to carry non-length signal
information; a guard interval length of one or more subsequent
symbols, a compression mode of a first training field, a repetition
of a subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one
or more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding
schemes for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols; and transmit the first packet.
Description
PRIORITY CLAIM
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/067,316, filed Oct. 22, 2014, and U.S.
Provisional Application No. 62/073,854, filed Oct. 31, 2014, each
of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
FIELD
[0002] Certain aspects of the present disclosure generally relate
to wireless communications, and more particularly, to methods and
apparatus for indicating a guard interval for communication in a
wireless network.
BACKGROUND
[0003] In many telecommunication systems, communications networks
are used to exchange messages among several interacting
spatially-separated devices. Networks can be classified according
to geographic scope, which could be, for example, a metropolitan
area, a local area, or a personal area. Such networks can be
designated respectively as a wide area network (WAN), metropolitan
area network (MAN), local area network (LAN), or personal area
network (PAN). Networks also differ according to the
switching/routing technique used to interconnect the various
network nodes and devices (e.g., circuit switching vs. packet
switching), the type of physical media employed for transmission
(e.g., wired vs. wireless), and the set of communication protocols
used (e.g., Internet protocol suite, SONET (Synchronous Optical
Networking), Ethernet, etc.).
[0004] Wireless networks are often preferred when the network
elements are mobile and thus have dynamic connectivity needs, or if
the network architecture is formed in an ad hoc, rather than fixed,
topology. Wireless networks employ intangible physical media in an
unguided propagation mode using electromagnetic waves in the radio,
microwave, infra-red, optical, etc. frequency bands. Wireless
networks advantageously facilitate user mobility and rapid field
deployment when compared to fixed wired networks.
[0005] As the volume and complexity of information communicated
wirelessly between multiple devices continues to increase, overhead
bandwidth required for physical layer control signals continues to
increase at least linearly. The number of bits utilized to convey
physical layer control information has become a significant portion
of required overhead. Thus, with limited communication resources,
it is desirable to reduce the number of bits required to convey
this physical layer control information, especially as multiple
types of traffic are concurrently sent from an access point to
multiple terminals. For example, when a wireless device sends
low-rate uplink communications to an access point, it is desirable
to minimize the number of bits used for signaling and packet
acquisition while maintaining backwards compatibility. Thus, there
is a need for an improved protocol for mixed-rate
transmissions.
SUMMARY
[0006] Various implementations of systems, methods and devices
within the scope of the appended claims each have several aspects,
no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable
attributes described herein. Without limiting the scope of the
appended claims, some prominent features are described herein.
[0007] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter
described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying
drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and
advantages can become apparent from the description, the drawings,
and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following
figures may not be drawn to scale.
[0008] One aspect of the present disclosure provides a method of
wireless communication. The method includes generating, at a
wireless device, a first packet. The first packet includes a first
preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and a second preamble
decodable by only a subset of the plurality of devices. The first
preamble includes a first signal field, and the second preamble
includes a second signal field. The method further includes setting
a length indication of the first signal field to carry non-length
signal information. The method further includes transmitting the
first packet.
[0009] In various embodiments, said setting the length indication
of the first signal field can be based at least on one or more of:
a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols, a
compression mode of a first training field, a repetition of a
subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one or
more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding schemes
for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
[0010] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0011] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0012] In various embodiments, the first packet can further include
repeated version of the first signal field. The second preamble can
further include a third signal field. The length indication can
indicate the guard interval length beginning at the third signal
field.
[0013] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field. In various embodiments, the second
preamble can further include the first training field and a second
training field, the first training field being longer than the
second training field. In various embodiments, the length
indication can indicate a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols beginning at the second signal field.
[0014] In various embodiments, the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication can include setting the
polarity of the first signal field. In various embodiments, setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 0 can indicate a third guard
interval length.
[0015] Another aspect provides an apparatus configured to perform
wireless communication. The apparatus includes a processor
configured to generate a first packet. The packet includes a first
preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and a second preamble
decodable by only a subset of the plurality of devices. The first
preamble includes a first signal field, and the second preamble
includes a second signal field. The processor is further configured
to set a length indication of the first signal field to carry
non-length signal information. The apparatus further includes a
transmitter configured to transmit the first packet.
[0016] In various embodiments, the processor can be configured to
set the length indication of the first signal field can be based at
least on one or more of: a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols, a compression mode of a first training field, a
repetition of a subsequent field, a number of guard interval
options for one or more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation
and coding schemes for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
[0017] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0018] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0019] In various embodiments, the first packet can further include
repeated version of the first signal field. The second preamble can
further include a third signal field. The length indication can
indicate the guard interval length beginning at the third signal
field.
[0020] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field. In various embodiments, the second
preamble can further include the first training field and a second
training field, the first training field being longer than the
second training field. In various embodiments, the length
indication can indicate a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols beginning at the second signal field.
[0021] In various embodiments, the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication can include setting the
polarity of the first signal field. In various embodiments, setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 0 can indicate a third guard
interval length.
[0022] Another aspect provides another apparatus for wireless
communication. The apparatus includes means for generating a first
packet. The first packet includes a first preamble decodable by a
plurality of devices and a second preamble decodable by only a
subset of the plurality of devices. The first preamble includes a
first signal field, and the second preamble includes a second
signal field. The apparatus further includes means for setting a
length indication of the first signal field to carry non-length
signal information. The apparatus further includes means for
transmitting the first packet.
[0023] In various embodiments, said setting the length indication
of the first signal field can be based at least on one or more of:
a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols, a
compression mode of a first training field, a repetition of a
subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one or
more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding schemes
for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
[0024] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0025] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0026] In various embodiments, the first packet can further include
repeated version of the first signal field. The second preamble can
further include a third signal field. The length indication can
indicate the guard interval length beginning at the third signal
field.
[0027] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field. In various embodiments, the second
preamble can further include the first training field and a second
training field, the first training field being longer than the
second training field. In various embodiments, the length
indication can indicate a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols beginning at the second signal field.
[0028] Another aspect provides a non-transitory computer-readable
medium. The medium includes code that, when executed, causes an
apparatus to generate a first packet. The packet includes a first
preamble decodable by a plurality of devices and a second preamble
decodable by only a subset of the plurality of devices. The first
preamble includes a first signal field, and the second preamble
includes a second signal field. The medium further includes code
that, when executed, causes the apparatus to set a length
indication of the first signal field to carry non-length signal
information. The medium further includes code that, when executed,
causes the apparatus to transmit the first packet.
[0029] In various embodiments, said setting the length indication
of the first signal field can be based at least on one or more of:
a guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols, a
compression mode of a first training field, a repetition of a
subsequent field, a number of guard interval options for one or
more subsequent symbols, a number of modulation and coding schemes
for one or more subsequent symbols, or a
signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or more
subsequent symbols.
[0030] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0031] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length.
[0032] In various embodiments, the first packet can further include
repeated version of the first signal field. The second preamble can
further include a third signal field. The length indication can
indicate the guard interval length beginning at the third signal
field.
[0033] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field. In various embodiments, the second
preamble can further include the first training field and a second
training field, the first training field being longer than the
second training field. In various embodiments, the length
indication can indicate a guard interval length of one or more
subsequent symbols beginning at the second signal field.
[0034] In various embodiments, the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication can include setting the
polarity of the first signal field. In various embodiments, setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 0 can indicate a third guard
interval length.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0035] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication
system in which aspects of the present disclosure can be
employed.
[0036] FIG. 2 illustrates various components that can be utilized
in a wireless device that can be employed within the wireless
communication system of FIG. 1.
[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates a channel allocation for channels
available for 802.11 systems.
[0038] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate data packet formats for several
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11
standards.
[0039] FIG. 6 illustrates a frame format for the IEEE 802.11ac
standard.
[0040] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary structure of a
physical-layer packet which can be used to enable
backward-compatible multiple access wireless communications.
[0041] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary structure of an uplink or
downlink physical-layer packet which can be used to enable wireless
communications.
[0042] FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary structure of an uplink
physical-layer packet which can be used to enable wireless
communications.
[0043] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart for an exemplary method of
wireless communication that can be employed within the wireless
communication system of FIG. 1.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0044] Various aspects of the novel systems, apparatuses, and
methods are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the
accompanying drawings. The teachings disclosed can, however, be
embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as
limited to any specific structure or function presented throughout
this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this
disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the
scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the
teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the
scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the
novel systems, apparatuses, and methods disclosed herein, whether
implemented independently of or combined with any other aspect of
the invention. For example, an apparatus can be implemented or a
method can be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth
herein. In addition, the scope of the invention is intended to
cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other
structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in
addition to or other than the various aspects of the invention set
forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect disclosed
herein can be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0045] Although particular aspects are described herein, many
variations and permutations of these aspects fall within the scope
of the disclosure. Although some benefits and advantages of the
preferred aspects are mentioned, the scope of the disclosure is not
intended to be limited to particular benefits, uses, or objectives.
Rather, aspects of the disclosure are intended to be broadly
applicable to different wireless technologies, system
configurations, networks, and transmission protocols, some of which
are illustrated by way of example in the figures and in the
following description of the preferred aspects. The detailed
description and drawings are merely illustrative of the disclosure
rather than limiting, the scope of the disclosure being defined by
the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
[0046] Wireless network technologies can include various types of
wireless local area networks (WLANs). A WLAN can be used to
interconnect nearby devices together, employing widely used
networking protocols. The various aspects described herein can
apply to any communication standard, such as WiFi or, more
generally, any member of the IEEE 802.11 family of wireless
protocols. For example, the various aspects described herein can be
used as part of an IEEE 802.11 protocol, such as an 802.11 protocol
which supports orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
(OFDMA) communications.
[0047] It can be beneficial to allow multiple devices, such as
stations (STAs), to communicate with an access point (AP) at the
same time. For example, this can allow multiple STAs to receive a
response from the AP in less time, and to be able to transmit and
receive data from the AP with less delay. This can also allow an AP
to communicate with a larger number of devices overall, and can
also make bandwidth usage more efficient. By using multiple access
communications, the AP can be able to multiplex orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols to, for example,
four devices at once over an 80 MHz bandwidth, where each device
utilizes 20 MHz bandwidth. Thus, multiple access can be beneficial
in some aspects, as it can allow the AP to make more efficient use
of the spectrum available to it.
[0048] It has been proposed to implement such multiple access
protocols in an OFDM system such as the 802.11 family by assigning
different subcarriers (or tones) of symbols transmitted between the
AP and the STAs to different STAs. In this way, an AP could
communicate with multiple STAs with a single transmitted OFDM
symbol, where different tones of the symbol were decoded and
processed by different STAs, thus allowing simultaneous data
transfer to multiple STAs. These systems are sometimes referred to
as OFDMA systems.
[0049] Such a tone allocation scheme is referred to herein as a
"high-efficiency" (HE) system, and data packets transmitted in such
a multiple tone allocation system can be referred to as
high-efficiency (HE) packets. Various structures of such packets,
including backward compatible preamble fields are described in
detail below.
[0050] Various aspects of the novel systems, apparatuses, and
methods are described more fully hereinafter with reference to the
accompanying drawings. This disclosure can, however, be embodied in
many different forms and should not be construed as limited to any
specific structure or function presented throughout this
disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this
disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the
scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. Based on the
teachings herein one skilled in the art should appreciate that the
scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the
novel systems, apparatuses, and methods disclosed herein, whether
implemented independently of, or combined with, any other aspect of
the invention. For example, an apparatus can be implemented or a
method can be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth
herein. In addition, the scope of the invention is intended to
cover such an apparatus or method which is practiced using other
structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in
addition to or other than the various aspects of the invention set
forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect disclosed
herein can be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0051] Although particular aspects are described herein, many
variations and permutations of these aspects fall within the scope
of the disclosure. Although some benefits and advantages of the
preferred aspects are mentioned, the scope of the disclosure is not
intended to be limited to particular benefits, uses, or objectives.
Rather, aspects of the disclosure are intended to be broadly
applicable to different wireless technologies, system
configurations, networks, and transmission protocols, some of which
are illustrated by way of example in the figures and in the
following description of the preferred aspects. The detailed
description and drawings are merely illustrative of the disclosure
rather than limiting, the scope of the disclosure being defined by
the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
[0052] Popular wireless network technologies can include various
types of wireless local area networks (WLANs). A WLAN can be used
to interconnect nearby devices together, employing widely used
networking protocols. The various aspects described herein can
apply to any communication standard, such as a wireless
protocol.
[0053] In some aspects, wireless signals can be transmitted
according to an 802.11 protocol. In some implementations, a WLAN
includes various devices which are the components that access the
wireless network. For example, there can be two types of devices:
access points (APs) and clients (also referred to as stations, or
STAs). In general, an AP can serve as a hub or base station for the
WLAN and an STA serves as a user of the WLAN. For example, an STA
can be a laptop computer, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a
mobile phone, etc. In an example, an STA connects to an AP via a
WiFi compliant wireless link to obtain general connectivity to the
Internet or to other wide area networks. In some implementations an
STA can also be used as an AP.
[0054] An access point (AP) can also include, be implemented as, or
known as a base station, wireless access point, access node or
similar terminology.
[0055] A station "STA" can also include, be implemented as, or
known as an access terminal (AT), a subscriber station, a
subscriber unit, a mobile station, a remote station, a remote
terminal, a user terminal, a user agent, a user device, user
equipment, or some other terminology. Accordingly, one or more
aspects taught herein can be incorporated into a phone (e.g., a
cellular phone or smartphone), a computer (e.g., a laptop), a
portable communication device, a headset, a portable computing
device (e.g., a personal data assistant), an entertainment device
(e.g., a music or video device, or a satellite radio), a gaming
device or system, a global positioning system device, or any other
suitable device that is configured for network communication via a
wireless medium.
[0056] As discussed above, certain of the devices described herein
can implement an 802.11 standard, for example. Such devices,
whether used as an STA or AP or other device, can be used for smart
metering or in a smart grid network. Such devices can provide
sensor applications or be used in home automation. The devices can
instead or in addition be used in a healthcare context, for example
for personal healthcare. They can also be used for surveillance, to
enable extended-range Internet connectivity (e.g., for use with
hotspots), or to implement machine-to-machine communications.
[0057] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communication
system 100 in which aspects of the present disclosure can be
employed. The wireless communication system 100 can operate
pursuant to a wireless standard, for example at least one of the
802.11ah, 802.11ac, 802.11n, 802.11g and 802.11b standards. The
wireless communication system 100 can operate pursuant to a
high-efficiency wireless standard, for example the 802.11 ax
standard. The wireless communication system 100 can include an AP
104, which communicates with STAs 106A-106D (which can be
generically referred to herein as STA(s) 106).
[0058] A variety of processes and methods can be used for
transmissions in the wireless communication system 100 between the
AP 104 and the STAs 106A-106D. For example, signals can be sent and
received between the AP 104 and the STAs 106A-106D in accordance
with OFDM/OFDMA techniques. If this is the case, the wireless
communication system 100 can be referred to as an OFDM/OFDMA
system. Alternatively, signals can be sent and received between the
AP 104 and the STAs 106A-106D in accordance with code division
multiple access (CDMA) techniques. If this is the case, the
wireless communication system 100 can be referred to as a CDMA
system.
[0059] A communication link that facilitates transmission from the
AP 104 to one or more of the STAs 106A-106D can be referred to as a
downlink (DL) 108, and a communication link that facilitates
transmission from one or more of the STAs 106A-106D to the AP 104
can be referred to as an uplink (UL) 110. Alternatively, a downlink
108 can be referred to as a forward link or a forward channel, and
an uplink 110 can be referred to as a reverse link or a reverse
channel.
[0060] The AP 104 can act as a base station and provide wireless
communication coverage in a basic service area (BSA) 102. The AP
104 along with the STAs 106A-106D associated with the AP 104 and
that use the AP 104 for communication can be referred to as a basic
service set (BSS). It can be noted that the wireless communication
system 100 may not have a central AP 104, but rather can function
as a peer-to-peer network between the STAs 106A-106D. Accordingly,
the functions of the AP 104 described herein can alternatively be
performed by one or more of the STAs 106A-106D.
[0061] In some aspects, a STA 106 can be required to associate with
the AP 104 in order to send communications to and/or receive
communications from the AP 104. In one aspect, information for
associating is included in a broadcast by the AP 104. To receive
such a broadcast, the STA 106 can, for example, perform a broad
coverage search over a coverage region. A search can also be
performed by the STA 106 by sweeping a coverage region in a
lighthouse fashion, for example. After receiving the information
for associating, the STA 106 can transmit a reference signal, such
as an association probe or request, to the AP 104. In some aspects,
the AP 104 can use backhaul services, for example, to communicate
with a larger network, such as the Internet or a public switched
telephone network (PSTN).
[0062] In an embodiment, the AP 104 includes an AP high efficiency
wireless controller (HEW) 154. The AP HEW 154 can perform some or
all of the operations described herein to enable communications
between the AP 104 and the STAs 106A-106D using the 802.11
protocol. The functionality of the AP HEW 154 is described in
greater detail below with respect to FIGS. 4-20.
[0063] Alternatively or in addition, the STAs 106A-106D can include
a STA HEW 156. The STA HEW 156 can perform some or all of the
operations described herein to enable communications between the
STAs 106A-106D and the AP 104 using the 802.11 protocol. The
functionality of the STA HEW 156 is described in greater detail
below with respect to FIGS. 2-11.
[0064] FIG. 2 illustrates various components that can be utilized
in a wireless device 202 that can be employed within the wireless
communication system 100 of FIG. 1. The wireless device 202 is an
example of a device that can be configured to implement the various
methods described herein. For example, the wireless device 202 can
include the AP 104 or one of the STAs 106A-106D.
[0065] The wireless device 202 can include a processor 204 which
controls operation of the wireless device 202. The processor 204
can also be referred to as a central processing unit (CPU) or
hardware processor. Memory 206, which can include both read-only
memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), provides instructions
and data to the processor 204. A portion of the memory 206 can also
include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM). The processor
204 typically performs logical and arithmetic operations based on
program instructions stored within the memory 206. The instructions
in the memory 206 can be executable to implement the methods
described herein.
[0066] The processor 204 can include or be a component of a
processing system implemented with one or more processors. The one
or more processors can be implemented with any combination of
general-purpose microprocessors, microcontrollers, digital signal
processors (DSPs), field programmable gate array (FPGAs),
programmable logic devices (PLDs), controllers, state machines,
gated logic, discrete hardware components, dedicated hardware
finite state machines, or any other suitable entities that can
perform calculations or other manipulations of information. The
processor 204 or the processor 204 and the memory 206 can
correspond to the packet generator 124 of FIG. 1, which can be
utilized to generate a packet including a value in a packet type
field and to allocate a plurality of bits of the packet to each of
a plurality of subsequent fields based at least in part on the
value in the packet type field, as can be described in more detail
below.
[0067] The processing system can also include non-transitory
machine-readable media for storing software. Software shall be
construed broadly to mean any type of instructions, whether
referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware
description language, or otherwise. Instructions can include code
(e.g., in source code format, binary code format, executable code
format, or any other suitable format of code). The instructions,
when executed by the one or more processors, cause the processing
system to perform the various functions described herein.
[0068] The wireless device 202 can also include a housing 208 that
can include a transmitter 210 and a receiver 212 to allow
transmission and reception of data between the wireless device 202
and a remote location. The transmitter 210 and receiver 212 can be
combined into a transceiver 214. An antenna 216 can be attached to
the housing 208 and electrically coupled to the transceiver 214.
The wireless device 202 can also include (not shown) multiple
transmitters, multiple receivers, multiple transceivers, and/or
multiple antennas, which can be utilized during multiple-input
multiple-output (MIMO) communications, for example.
[0069] The wireless device 202 can also include a signal detector
218 that can be used in an effort to detect and quantify the level
of signals received by the transceiver 214. The signal detector 218
can detect such signals as total energy, energy per subcarrier per
symbol, power spectral density and other signals. The wireless
device 202 can also include a digital signal processor (DSP) 220
for use in processing signals. The DSP 220 can be configured to
generate a data unit for transmission. In some aspects, the data
unit can include a physical layer data unit (PPDU). In some
aspects, the PPDU is referred to as a packet.
[0070] The wireless device 202 can further include a user interface
222 in some aspects. The user interface 222 can include a keypad, a
microphone, a speaker, and/or a display. The user interface 222 can
include any element or component that conveys information to a user
of the wireless device 202 and/or receives input from the user.
[0071] The various components of the wireless device 202 can be
coupled together by a bus system 226. The bus system 226 can
include a data bus, for example, as well as a power bus, a control
signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to the data bus.
Those of skill in the art can appreciate the components of the
wireless device 202 can be coupled together or accept or provide
inputs to each other using some other mechanism.
[0072] Although a number of separate components are illustrated in
FIG. 2, those of skill in the art can recognize that one or more of
the components can be combined or commonly implemented. For
example, the processor 204 can be used to implement not only the
functionality described above with respect to the processor 204,
but also to implement the functionality described above with
respect to the signal detector 218 and/or the DSP 220. Further,
each of the components illustrated in FIG. 2 can be implemented
using a plurality of separate elements.
[0073] As discussed above, the wireless device 202 can include the
AP 104 or one of the STAs 106A-106D, and can be used to transmit
and/or receive communications. The communications exchanged between
devices in a wireless network can include data units which can
include packets or frames. In some aspects, the data units can
include data frames, control frames, and/or management frames. Data
frames can be used for transmitting data from an AP and/or a STA to
other APs and/or STAs. Control frames can be used together with
data frames for performing various operations and for reliably
delivering data (e.g., acknowledging receipt of data, polling of
APs, area-clearing operations, channel acquisition, carrier-sensing
maintenance functions, etc.). Management frames can be used for
various supervisory functions (e.g., for joining and departing from
wireless networks, etc.).
[0074] FIG. 3 illustrates a channel allocation for channels
available for 802.11 systems. Various IEEE 802.11 systems support a
number of different sizes of channels, such as 5, 10, 20, 40, 80,
and 160 MHz channels. For example, and 802.11ac device can support
20, 40, and 80 MHz channel bandwidth reception and transmission. A
larger channel can include two adjacent smaller channels. For
example, an 80 MHz channel can include two adjacent 40 MHz
channels. In the currently implemented IEEE 802.11 systems, a 20
MHz channel contains 64 subcarriers, separated from each other by
312.5 kHz. Of these subcarriers, a smaller number can be used for
carrying data. For example, a 20 MHz channel can contain
transmitting subcarriers numbered -1 to -28 and 1 to 28, or 56
subcarriers. Some of these carriers can also be used to transmit
pilot signals.
[0075] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate data packet formats for several
IEEE 802.11 standards. Turning first to FIG. 4, a packet format for
IEEE 802.11a, 11b, and 11g is illustrated. This frame includes a
short training field 422, a long training field 424, and a signal
field 426. The training fields do not transmit data, but they allow
synchronization between the AP and the receiving STAs for decoding
the data in the data field 428.
[0076] The signal field 426 delivers information from the AP to the
STAs about the nature of the packet being delivered. In IEEE
802.11a/b/g devices, this signal field has a length of 24 bits, and
is transmitted as a single OFDM symbol at a 6 Mb/s rate using
binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) modulation and a code rate of 1/2.
The information in the signal (SIG) field 426 includes 4 bits
describing the modulation scheme of the data in the packet (e.g.,
BPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, etc.), and 12 bits for the packet length. This
information is used by a STA to decode the data in the packet when
the packet is intended for the STA. When a packet is not intended
for a particular STA, the STA can defer any communication attempts
during the time period defined in the length field of the SIG
symbol 426, and can, to save power, enter a sleep mode during the
packet period of up to about 5.5 msec.
[0077] As features have been added to IEEE 802.11, changes to the
format of the SIG fields in data packets were developed to provide
additional information to STAs. FIG. 5 shows the packet structure
for the IEEE 802.11n packet. The 11 n addition to the IEEE 802.11
standard added MIMO functionality to IEEE 802.11 compatible
devices. To provide backward compatibility for systems containing
both IEEE 802.11a/b/g devices and IEEE 802.11n devices, the data
packet for IEEE 802.11n systems also includes the STF, LTF, and SIG
fields of these earlier systems, noted as L-STF 422, L-LTF 424, and
L-SIG 426 with a prefix L to denote that they are "legacy" fields.
To provide the needed information to STAs in an IEEE 802.11n
environment, two additional signal symbols 440 and 442 were added
to the IEEE 802.11n data packet. In contrast with the SIG field and
L-SIG field 426, however, these signal fields used rotated BPSK
modulation (also referred to as QBPSK modulation). When a legacy
device configured to operate with IEEE 802.11a/b/g receives such a
packet, it can receive and decode the L-SIG field 426 as a normal
11/b/g packet. However, as the device continued decoding additional
bits, they may not be decoded successfully because the format of
the data packet after the L-SIG field 426 is different from the
format of an 11/b/g packet, and the a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)
check performed by the device during this process can fail. This
causes these legacy devices to stop processing the packet, but
still defer any further operations until a time period has passed
defined by the length field in the initially decoded L-SIG. In
contrast, new devices compatible with IEEE 802.11n would sense the
rotated modulation in the HT-SIG fields, and process the packet as
an 802.11n packet. Furthermore, an 11n device can tell that a
packet is intended for an 11/b/g device because if it senses any
modulation other than QBPSK in the symbol following the L-SIG 426,
it can ignore it as an 11/b/g packet. After the HT-SIG1 and SIG2
symbols, additional training fields suitable for MIMO communication
are provided, followed by the data 428.
[0078] FIG. 6 illustrates a frame format for the IEEE 802.11ac
standard, which added multi-user MIMO functionality to the IEEE
802.11 family. Similar to IEEE 802.11n, an 802.11ac frame contains
the same legacy short training field (L-STF) 422 and long training
field (L-LTF) 424. An 802.11 ac frame also contains a legacy signal
field L-SIG 426 as described above.
[0079] Next, an 802.11ac frame includes a Very High Throughput
Signal (VHT-SIG-A1 450 and A2 452) field two symbols in length.
This signal field provides additional configuration information
related to 11 ac features that are not present in 11/b/g and 11n
devices. The first OFDM symbol 450 of the VHT-SIG-A can be
modulated using BPSK, so that any 802.11n device listening to the
packet can believe the packet to be an 802.11a packet, and can
defer to the packet for the duration of the packet length as
defined in the length field of the L-SIG 426. Devices configured
according to 11/g can be expecting a service field and media access
control (MAC) header following the L-SIG 426 field. When they
attempt to decode this, a CRC failure can occur in a manner similar
to the procedure when an 11n packet is received by an 11a/b/g
device, and the 11/b/g devices can also defer for the period
defined in the L-SIG field 426. The second symbol 452 of the
VHT-SIG-A is modulated with a 90-degree rotated BPSK. This rotated
second symbol allows an 802.11ac device to identify the packet as
an 802.11ac packet. The VHT-SIGA1 450 and A2 452 fields contain
information on a bandwidth mode, modulation and coding scheme (MCS)
for the single user case, number of space time streams (NSTS), and
other information. The VHT-SIGA1 450 and A2 452 can also contain a
number of reserved bits that are set to "1." The legacy fields and
the VHT-SIGA1 and A2 fields can be duplicated over each 20 MHz of
the available bandwidth. Although duplication may be constructed to
mean making or being an exact copy, certain differences may exist
when fields, etc. are duplicated as described herein.
[0080] After the VHT-SIG-A, an 802.11ac packet can contain a
VHT-STF, which is configured to improve automatic gain control
estimation in a multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO)
transmission. The next 1 to 8 fields of an 802.11ac packet can be
VHT-LTFs. These can be used for estimating the MIMO channel and
then equalizing the received signal. The number of VHT-LTFs sent
can be greater than or equal to the number of spatial streams per
user. Finally, the last field in the preamble before the data field
is the VHT-SIG-B 454. This field is BPSK modulated, and provides
information on the length of the useful data in the packet and, in
the case of a multiple user (MU) MIMO packet, provides the MCS. In
a single user (SU) case, this MCS information is instead contained
in the VHT-SIGA2. Following the VHT-SIG-B, the data symbols are
transmitted
[0081] Although 802.11ac introduced a variety of new features to
the 802.11 family, and included a data packet with preamble design
that was backward compatible with 11/g/n devices and also provided
information necessary for implementing the new features of 11ac,
configuration information for OFDMA tone allocation for multiple
access is not provided by the 11 ac data packet design. New
preamble configurations are desired to implement such features in
any future version of IEEE 802.11 or any other wireless network
protocol using OFDM subcarriers.
[0082] FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary structure of a
physical-layer packet which can be used to enable
backward-compatible multiple access wireless communications. In
this example physical-layer packet, a legacy preamble including the
L-STF 422, L-LTF 426, and L-SIG 426 are included. In various
embodiments, each of the L-STF 422, L-LTF 426, and L-SIG 426 can be
transmitted using 20 MHz, and multiple copies can be transmitted
for each 20 MHz of spectrum that the AP 104 (FIG. 1) uses. A person
having ordinary skill in the art can appreciate that the
illustrated physical-layer packet can include additional fields,
fields can be rearranged, removed, and/or resized, and the contents
of the fields varied. This packet also contains an HE-SIG0 symbol
455, and one or more HE-SIG1A symbols 457 (which can be variable in
length), and an optional HE-SIG1B symbol 459 (which can be
analogous to the VHT-SIG1B field 454 of FIG. 4). In various
embodiments, the structure of these fields can be backward
compatible with IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac devices, and can also signal
OFDMA HE devices that the packet is an HE packet. To be backward
compatible with IEEE 802.11a/b/g/n/ac devices, appropriate
modulation can be used on each of these symbols. In some
implementations, the HE-SIG0 field 455 can be modulated with BPSK
modulation. This can have the same effect on 802.11a/b/g/n devices
as is currently the case with 802.11ac packets that also have their
first SIG symbol BPSK modulated. For these devices, it does not
matter what the modulation is on the subsequent HE-SIG symbols 457.
In various embodiments, the HE-SIG0 field 455 can be modulated and
repeated across multiple channels.
[0083] In various embodiments, the HE-SIG1A field 457 can be BPSK
or QBPSK modulated. If BPSK modulated, an 11ac device can assume
the packet is an 802.11a/b/g packet, and can stop processing the
packet, and can defer for the time defined by the length field of
L-SIG 426. If QBPSK modulated, an 802.11ac device can produce a CRC
error during preamble processing, and can also stop processing the
packet, and can defer for the time defined by the length field of
L-SIG. To signal HE devices that this is an HE packet, at least the
first symbol of HE-SIG1A 457 can be QBPSK modulated.
[0084] The information necessary to establish an OFDMA multiple
access communication can be placed in the HE-SIG fields 455, 457,
and 459 in a variety of positions. In various embodiments, the
HE-SIG0 455 can include one or more of: a duration indication, a
bandwidth indication (which can be, for example, 2 bits), a BSS
color ID (which can be, for example, 3 bits), an UL/DL indication
(which can be, for example, a 1-bit flag), CRC (which can be, for
example, 4 bits), and a clear channel assessment (CCA) indication
(which can be, for example, 2 bits).
[0085] In various embodiments, the HE-SIG1 field 457 can include a
tone allocation information for OFDMA operation. The example of
FIG. 7 can allow four different users to be each assigned a
specific sub-band of tones and a specific number of MIMO space time
streams. In various embodiments, 12 bits of space time stream
information allows three bits for each of four users such that 1-8
streams can be assigned to each one. 16 bits of modulation type
data allows four bits for each of four users, allowing assignment
of any one of 16 different modulation schemes (16QAM, 64QAM, etc.)
to each of four users. 12 bits of tone allocation data allows
specific sub-bands to be assigned to each of four users.
[0086] One example SIG field scheme for sub-band (also referred to
herein as sub-channel) allocation includes a 6-bit Group ID field
as well as 10 bits of information to allocate sub-band tones to
each of four users. The bandwidth used to deliver a packet can be
allocated to STAs in multiples of some number of MHz. For example,
the bandwidth can be allocated to STAs in multiples of B MHz. The
value of B can be a value such as 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz. The
values of B can be provided by a two bit allocation granularity
field. For example, the HE-SIG1A 457 can contain one two-bit field,
which allows for four possible values of B. For example, the values
of B can be 5, 10, 15, or 20 MHz, corresponding to values of 0-3 in
the allocation granularity field. In some aspects, a field of k
bits can be used to signal the value of B, defining a number from 0
to N, where 0 represents the least flexible option (largest
granularity), and a high value of N represents the most flexible
option (smallest granularity). Each B MHz portion can be referred
to as a sub-band.
[0087] The HE-SIG1A 457 can further use 2 bits per user to indicate
the number of sub-bands allocated to each STA. This can allow 0-3
sub-bands to be allocated to each user. The group-id (G_ID) can be
used in order to identify the STAs, which can receive data in an
OFDMA packet. This 6-bit G_ID can identify up to four STAs, in a
particular order, in this example.
[0088] The training fields and data which are sent after the HE-SIG
symbols can be delivered by the AP according to the allocated tones
to each STA. This information can potentially be beamformed.
Beamforming this information can have certain advantages, such as
allowing for more accurate decoding and/or providing more range
than non-beamformed transmissions.
[0089] Depending on the space time streams assigned to each user,
different users can use a different number of HE-LTFs 465. Each STA
can use a number of HE-LTFs 465 that allows channel estimation for
each spatial stream associated with that STA, which can be
generally equal to or more than the number of spatial streams. LTFs
can also be used for frequency offset estimation and time
synchronization. Because different STAs can receive a different
number of HE-LTFs, symbols can be transmitted from the AP 104 (FIG.
1) that contain HE-LTF information on some tones and data on other
tones.
[0090] In some aspects, sending both HE-LTF information and data on
the same OFDM symbol can be problematic. For example, this can
increase the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) to too high a
level. Thus, it can be beneficial to instead to transmit HE-LTFs
465 on all tones of the transmitted symbols until each STA has
received at least the required number of HE-LTFs 465. For example,
each STA can need to receive one HE-LTF 465 per spatial stream
associated with the STA. Thus, the AP can be configured to transmit
a number of HE-LTFs 465 to each STA equal to the largest number of
spatial streams assigned to any STA. For example, if three STAs are
assigned a single spatial stream, but the fourth STA is assigned
three spatial streams, in this aspect, the AP can be configured to
transmit four symbols of HE-LTF information to each of the four
STAs before transmitting symbols containing payload data.
[0091] It is not necessary that the tones assigned to any given STA
be adjacent. For example, in some implementations, the sub-bands of
the different receiving STAs can be interleaved. For example, if
each of user-1 and user-2 receive three sub-bands, while user-4
receives two sub-bands, these sub-bands can be interleaved across
the entire AP bandwidth. For example, these sub-bands can be
interleaved in an order such as 1,2,4,1,2,4,1,2. In some aspects,
other methods of interleaving the sub-bands can also be used. In
some aspects, interleaving the sub-bands can reduce the negative
effects of interferences or the effect of poor reception from a
particular device on a particular sub-band. In some aspects, the AP
can transmit to STAs on the sub-bands that the STA prefers. For
example, certain STAs can have better reception in some sub-bands
than in others. The AP can thus transmit to the STAs based at least
in part on which sub-bands the STA can have better reception. In
some aspects, the sub-bands can also not be interleaved. For
example, the sub-bands can instead be transmitted as
1,1,1,2,2,2,4,4. In some aspects, it can be pre-defined whether or
not the sub-bands are interleaved.
[0092] In the example of FIG. 7, HE-SIG0 455 symbol modulation can
be used to signal HE devices that the packet is an HE packet. Other
methods of signaling HE devices that the packet is an HE packet can
also be used. In the example of FIG. 7, the L-SIG 426 can contain
information that instructs HE devices that an HE preamble can
follow the legacy preamble. For example, the L-SIG 426 can contain
a low-energy, 1-bit code on the Q-rail which indicates the presence
of a subsequent HE preamble to HE devices sensitive to the Q signal
during the L-SIG 426. A very low amplitude Q signal can be used
because the single bit signal can be spread across all the tones
used by the AP to transmit the packet. This code can be used by
high efficiency devices to detect the presence of an
HE-preamble/packet. The L-SIG 426 detection sensitivity of legacy
devices need not be significantly impacted by this low-energy code
on the Q-rail. Thus, these devices can be able to read the L-SIG
426, and not notice the presence of the code, while HE devices can
be able to detect the presence of the code. In this implementation,
all of the HE-SIG fields can be BPSK modulated if desired, and any
of the techniques described herein related to legacy compatibility
can be used in conjunction with this L-SIG signaling.
[0093] In various embodiments, any HE-SIG field 455-459 can contain
bits defining user-specific modulation type for each multiplexed
user. For example, the optional HE-SIG1B 459 field can contain bits
defining user-specific modulation type for each multiplexed
user.
[0094] In some aspects, wireless signals can be transmitted in a
low-rate (LR) mode, for example according the 802.11ax protocol.
Particularly, in some embodiments, the AP 104 can have a greater
transmit power capability compared to the STAs 106. In some
embodiments, for example, the STAs 106 can transmit at several dB
lower than the AP 104. Thus, DL communications from the AP 104 to
the STAs 106 can have a higher range than UL communications from
the STAs 106 to the AP 104. In order to close the link budget, the
LR mode can be used. In some embodiments, the LR mode can be used
in both DL and UL communications. In other embodiments, the LR mode
is only used for UL communications.
[0095] In some embodiments, the HEW STAs 106 can communicate using
a symbol duration four times that of a legacy STA. Accordingly,
each symbol which is transmitted may be four times as long in
duration. When using a longer symbol duration, each of the
individual tones may only require one-quarter as much bandwidth to
be transmitted. For example, in various embodiments, a 1.times.
symbol duration can be 4 ms and a 4.times. symbol duration can be
16 ms. Thus, in various embodiments, 1.times. symbols can be
referred to herein as legacy symbols and 4.times. symbols can be
referred to as HEW symbols. In other embodiments, different
durations are possible.
[0096] In some embodiments, legacy devices can be constrained to an
L-SIG field having a length field evenly divisible by 3. For
example, referring back to FIG. 6, the L-SIG 426 can include a
length field evenly divisible by 3, which can also be described as
a multiple of three, or wherein length modulo 3 is equal to 0. In
some embodiments, HEW devices can use an L-SIG field having a
length not evenly divisible by 3 to indicate a HEW packet. For
example, the length indication, modulo 3, can be equal to 1 or 2.
In various embodiments, the modulus of an L-SIG length indication
can indicate one or more of: a guard interval (GI) mode for one or
more later symbols, or an HE-LTF compression mode.
[0097] FIG. 8 illustrates an exemplary structure of an uplink or
downlink physical-layer packet 800 which can be used to enable
wireless communications. In the illustrated embodiment, the
physical-layer packet 800 includes a legacy preamble including the
L-STF 422, L-LTF 426, and an L-SIG 805, and an HE preamble 810
including an HE-SIG0 815 and an HE-SIG1 820, and a payload 830. A
person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the
illustrated physical-layer packet 800 can include additional
fields, fields can be rearranged, removed, and/or resized, and the
contents of the fields varied. For example, in various embodiments,
the HE preamble 810 can further include one or more of: an HE-STF,
an HE-LTF, one or more additional HE-SIG1 fields, one or more
repeated fields, etc.
[0098] Certain aspects of the present disclosure support mixing
MU-MIMO and OFDMA techniques in the frequency domain in a same
PPDU. In some embodiments, a first portion of the PPDU bandwidth
can be transmitted as a one of at least a MU-MIMO transmission and
an OFDMA transmission. A second portion of the PPDU bandwidth can
be transmitted as one of at least a MU-MIMO transmission and an
OFDMA transmission. In various embodiments, each portion can be
referred to as a "zone." Thus, in various embodiments, the first
and second portions can include any combination such as
MU-MIMO/OFDMA, MU-MIMO/MU-MIMO, OFDMA/OFDMA, and OFDMA/OFDMA.
[0099] In some embodiments, the PPDU bandwidth can include more
than two portions or zones. In some embodiments, the PPDU bandwidth
can be limited to a single zone or a maximum of two zones. In these
embodiments, MU-MIMO or OFDMA transmissions can be sent
simultaneously from an AP to multiple STAs and can create
efficiencies in wireless communication.
[0100] In various embodiments, each of the L-STF 422, L-LTF 426,
and L-SIG 426 can be transmitted using 20 MHz, and multiple copies
can be transmitted for each 20 MHz of spectrum that the AP 104
(FIG. 1) uses. Any combination of the HE-SIG0 815, the HE-STF 820,
the HE-STF, the HE-LTF, the HE-SIG1 820, and the payload 830 can be
transmitted for each of one or more OFDMA users. For example, two
users can share the illustrated 40 MHz bandwidth, and a portion of
the 40 MHz bandwidth can be unassigned.
[0101] Although the packet 800 is referred to herein as a single
packet, in various embodiments the transmissions associated with
each zone, or alternatively with each user, can be referred to as a
separate packet. Although the packet 800 can be used for UL and DL
transmissions, UL transmissions will be discussed in greater detail
herein. A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate
that discussion related to UL transmissions from the STAs 106 to
the AP 104 can also be applied to DL transmissions from the AP 104
to the STAs 106.
[0102] In the illustrated embodiment, the packet 800 uses a
1.times. symbol duration. In other embodiments, the 4.times. symbol
duration can be used for at least a portion of the packet 800 such
as, for example, any portion of the HE preamble 810 and/or the
payload 830. In the illustrated embodiment, the L-STF 422 is 8
.mu.s (i.e., two 1.times. symbols) long, the L-LTF 424 is 8 .mu.s
(i.e., two 1.times. symbols) long, the L-SIG 426 is 4 .mu.s (i.e.,
one 1.times. symbol) long, the HE-SIG0 815 is 4 .mu.s (i.e., one
1.times. symbol) long, and the HE-SIG1 820 is 4 .mu.s (i.e., one
1.times. symbol) long. In various embodiments, the HE-STF can be
from 4 .mu.s (i.e., one 1.times. symbol) long to 8 .mu.s (i.e., two
1.times. symbols) long, and the HE-LTF can be a variable length,
which can be dependent on the number of spatial streams (NSS) used
for transmission of the payload 830.
L-SIG Length Field
[0103] In some embodiments, the L-SIG field 805 can include a
length indication. As discussed above, HEW devices can set the
L-SIG 805 length indication to a value not evenly divisible by 3 in
order to indicate that the packet 800 is a HEW packet. For example,
the L-SIG 805 length indication can be set such that the length,
modulo 3 (referred to herein as "LM3"), is equal to 1 or 2. In some
embodiments, the HEW device, such as the STA 106 or the AP 104, can
pad the packet 800, or otherwise adjust the length of the packet,
to match the L-SIG 805 length indication.
[0104] In one embodiment, the value of the L-SIG 805 length
indication, modulo 3, can indicate a guard interval (GI) mode for
one or more later symbols. For example, in one embodiment, the AP
104 can set the LM3 to 1 in order to indicate that subsequent
symbols will use a regular guard interval (for example, 0.8 .mu.s).
The AP 104 can set the LM3 to 2 in order to indicate that
subsequent symbols will use a long guard interval (for example, 1.6
.mu.s).
[0105] In other embodiments, the opposite can be true. Thus, the AP
104 can set the LM3 to 2 in order to indicate that subsequent
symbols will use a regular guard interval (for example, 0.8 .mu.s).
The AP 104 can set the LM3 to 1 in order to indicate that
subsequent symbols will use a long guard interval (for example, 1.6
.mu.s).
[0106] In other embodiments, the LM3 can indicate one of three
different guard intervals, for example short, medium, and long
guard intervals (wherein short guard intervals are shorter than
regular guard intervals, which in turn are shorter than long guard
intervals). The short, medium, and/or long guard interval
indication can correspond to preset or dynamically determined guard
interval lengths. As an example, LM3=0 can indicate the short guard
interval length (e.g., 0.4 .mu.s), LM3=1 can indicate the regular
guard interval length (e.g., 0.8 .mu.s), and LM3=2 can indicate the
long guard interval length (e.g., 1.6 .mu.s). Such example is
merely illustrative, however, and any mapping from LM3 to guard
interval indication can be used.
[0107] In various embodiments, the GI mode indicated via the LM3
can begin immediately after the L-SIG 805. For example, the GI mode
indicated via the LM3 can begin at the HE-SIG0 field 815. In some
embodiments, the GI mode indicated via the LM3 can begin a preset
number of symbols after the L-SIG 805 such as, for example, 1
symbol after the L-SIG 805. Setting the GI mode, for example, 1
symbol after the L-SIG 805 can allow a hardware butterfly to adapt
to a new GI mode. Thus, in some embodiments, the GI mode indicated
via the LM3 can begin at the HE-SIG1 field 820.
[0108] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent fields can be
repeated in time or in frequency subcarriers (tones) such as, for
example, the HE-SIG0 field 815 or the HE-SIG1 field 820. The LM3
can indicate whether or not a specific subsequent field is repeated
in the packet 800. For example, LM3=1 can indicate that the HE-SIG0
field 815 is not repeated and LM3=2 can indicate that the HE-SIG0
field 815 is repeated (or, in other embodiments, vice versa). The
LM3 can indicate one of three repetition options. For example,
LM3=0 can indicate that no subsequent fields are repeated, LM3=1
can indicate that the HE-SIG0 field 815 is repeated, and LM3=2 can
indicate that the HE-SIG1 field 820 is repeated.
[0109] In some embodiments, the LM3 can indicate a specific MCS for
the HE-SIG0 815 and/or the HE-SIG1 820. For example, LM3=1 can
indicate that one or more subsequent symbols use MCS 0 and LM3=2
can indicate subsequent symbols use MCS 1 (or, in other
embodiments, vice versa). The LM3 can indicate one of three MCS
options. For example, LM3=0 can indicate that subsequent fields use
MCS 0, LM3=1 can indicate that some subsequent symbols use MCS 1,
and LM3=2 can indicate that some subsequent fields use MCS 2.
Although the above examples are illustrative, different LM3 values
can correspond to any specific preset or dynamically determined
MCS.
[0110] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent symbols can
optionally support a lower signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
(SINR). The lower SINR can be lower than a SINR of other symbols in
the packet 800. The LM3 can indicate whether or not some subsequent
symbols support the lower SINR. For example, LM3=1 can indicate
that one or more subsequent symbols support the lower SINR and
LM3=2 can indicate subsequent symbols do not support the lower SINR
(or, in other embodiments, vice versa). The LM3 can indicate one of
three SINR support options. For example, LM3=0 can indicate that
subsequent fields do not support the lower SINR, LM3=1 can indicate
that some subsequent fields support the lower SINR, and LM3=2 can
indicate that some subsequent fields support more than two SINR
options.
[0111] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent fields can
optionally support multiple compression modes. The LM3 can indicate
whether or not some subsequent symbols support the lower SINR. For
example, LM3=1 can indicate that one or more subsequent fields
support multiple compression modes and LM3=2 can indicate
subsequent fields do not support multiple compression modes (or, in
other embodiments, vice versa). The LM3 can indicate a compression
mode for a specific field such as, for example, an HE-LTF field.
For example, LM3=1 can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses a first
compression mode and LM3=2 can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses
a first compression mode (or, in other embodiments, vice versa).
The LM3 can indicate one of three compression mode options. For
example, LM3=0 can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses a first
compression mode, LM3=1 can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses a
second compression mode, and LM3=2 can indicate that the HE-LTF
field uses a third compression mode.
[0112] FIG. 9 illustrates another exemplary structure of an uplink
or downlink physical-layer packet 900 which can be used to enable
wireless communications. In the illustrated embodiment, the
physical-layer packet 900 includes a legacy preamble 805 including
the L-STF 422, L-LTF 426, and an L-SIG 805, a repeated L-SIG 910,
and an HE preamble 810 including an HE-SIG0 815 and an HE-SIG1 820,
and a payload 830. A person having ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate that the illustrated physical-layer packet 900 can
include additional fields, fields can be rearranged, removed,
and/or resized, and the contents of the fields varied. For example,
in various embodiments, the HE preamble 810 can further include one
or more of: an HE-STF, an HE-LTF, one or more additional HE-SIG1
fields, one or more repeated fields, etc.
[0113] Certain aspects of the present disclosure support mixing
MU-MIMO and OFDMA techniques in the frequency domain in a same
PPDU. In some embodiments, a first portion of the PPDU bandwidth
can be transmitted as a one of at least a MU-MIMO transmission and
an OFDMA transmission. A second portion of the PPDU bandwidth can
be transmitted as one of at least a MU-MIMO transmission and an
OFDMA transmission. In various embodiments, each portion can be
referred to as a "zone." Thus, in various embodiments, the first
and second portions can include any combination such as
MU-MIMO/OFDMA, MU-MIMO/MU-MIMO, OFDMA/OFDMA, and OFDMA/OFDMA.
[0114] In some embodiments, the PPDU bandwidth can include more
than two portions or zones. In some embodiments, the PPDU bandwidth
can be limited to a single zone or a maximum of two zones. In these
embodiments, MU-MIMO or OFDMA transmissions can be sent
simultaneously from an AP to multiple STAs and can create
efficiencies in wireless communication.
[0115] In various embodiments, each of the L-STF 422, L-LTF 426,
and L-SIG 426 can be transmitted using 20 MHz, and multiple copies
can be transmitted for each 20 MHz of spectrum that the AP 104
(FIG. 1) uses. Any combination of the HE-SIG0 815, the HE-STF 820,
the HE-STF, the HE-LTF, the HE-SIG1 820, and the payload 830 can be
transmitted for each of one or more OFDMA users. For example, two
users can share the illustrated 40 MHz bandwidth, and a portion of
the 40 MHz bandwidth can be unassigned.
[0116] Although the packet 900 is referred to herein as a single
packet, in various embodiments the transmissions associated with
each zone, or alternatively with each user, can be referred to as a
separate packet. Although the packet 900 can be used for UL and DL
transmissions, UL transmissions will be discussed in greater detail
herein. A person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate
that discussion related to UL transmissions from the STAs 106 to
the AP 104 can also be applied to DL transmissions from the AP 104
to the STAs 106.
[0117] In the illustrated embodiment, the packet 900 uses a
1.times. symbol duration. In other embodiments, the 4.times. symbol
duration can be used for at least a portion of the packet 900 such
as, for example, any portion of the HE preamble 810 and/or the
payload 830. In the illustrated embodiment, the L-STF 422 is 8
.mu.s (i.e., two 1.times. symbols) long, the L-LTF 424 is 8 .mu.s
(i.e., two 1.times. symbols) long, the L-SIG 426 is 4 .mu.s (i.e.,
one 1.times. symbol) long, the HE-SIG0 815 is 4 .mu.s (i.e., one
1.times. symbol) long, and the HE-SIG1 820 is 4 .mu.s (i.e., one
1.times. symbol) long. In various embodiments, the HE-STF can be
from 4 .mu.s (i.e., one 1.times. symbol) long to 8 .mu.s (i.e., two
1.times. symbols) long, and the HE-LTF can be a variable length,
which can be dependent on the number of spatial streams (NSS) used
for transmission of the payload 830.
[0118] As shown in FIG. 9, the L-SIG field 805 is repeated as the
repeated L-SIG field 910 (RL-SIG). In various embodiments, the
L-SIG field 805 can be repeated in time or in frequency subcarriers
(tones). The repeated L-SIG field 910 can include the same length
indication of the L-SIG field 805. Thus, as discussed above, HEW
devices can set the repeated L-SIG 910 length indication to a value
not evenly divisible by 3 in order to indicate that the packet 800
is a HEW packet.
[0119] In various embodiments, the GI mode indicated via the LM3
can begin immediately after the L-SIG 805. For example, the GI mode
indicated via the LM3 can begin at the repeated L-SIG 910. In some
embodiments, the GI mode indicated via the LM3 can begin a preset
number of symbols after the L-SIG 805 such as, for example, 1
symbol after the L-SIG 805. Setting the GI mode, for example, 1
symbol after the L-SIG 805 can allow a hardware buffer to adapt to
a new GI mode. Thus, in some embodiments, the GI mode indicated via
the LM3 can begin at the HE-SIG0 field 815. In other embodiments,
the GI mode indicated via the LM3 can begin immediately after the
repeated L-SIG 910, or a preset number of symbols after the
repeated L-SIG 910 (for example, 1 symbol).
[0120] In the illustrated embodiment, the RL-SIG 910 includes total
or partial repetition of the L-SIG field 805. For example, in an
embodiment, the RL-SIG 910 can include a repetition of even tones
of the L-SIG field 805. In an embodiment, the RL-SIG 910 can
include a repetition of odd tones of the L-SIG field 805. In an
embodiment, the RL-SIG 910 can include a repetition of every X
tones of the L-SIG field 805, where X is the ratio of symbol
duration for the L-SIG field 805 to symbol duration for the RL-SIG
910. In an embodiment, the HE-SIG0 815 is 4 .mu.s, plus a guard
interval (GI).
[0121] In various embodiments, the STA 106 can encode HE-SIG or
other information in a polarity of repeated symbols. For example,
to encode a 1, the STA 106 can multiply the repeated bits in the
L-SIG field 805 by -1, to encode a 0, the STA 106 can multiply the
repeated bits in the L-SIG field 805 by 1, and so on. In various
embodiments, positive and negative repetition polarities can
represent 0 and 1, respectively. In other embodiments, different
encodings are possible. Note that information bit [0, 1] become
modulation bit [1, -1] in one embodiment. Changing the polarity of
a symbol means multiply it with +-1 instead of [0, 1].
[0122] In one embodiment, the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can
indicate a guard interval (GI) mode for one or more later symbols.
For example, in one embodiment, the AP 104 can set the polarity of
the RL-SIG 910 to positive in order to indicate that subsequent
symbols will use a regular guard interval (for example, 0.8 .mu.s).
The AP 104 can set the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 to negative in
order to indicate that subsequent symbols will use a long guard
interval (for example, 1.6 .mu.s).
[0123] In other embodiments, the opposite can be true. Thus, the AP
104 can set the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 to negative in order to
indicate that subsequent symbols will use a regular guard interval
(for example, 0.8 .mu.s). The AP 104 can set the polarity of the
RL-SIG 910 to positive in order to indicate that subsequent symbols
will use a long guard interval (for example, 1.6 .mu.s).
[0124] In various embodiments, the GI mode indicated via the
polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can begin immediately after the RL-SIG
910. For example, the GI mode indicated via the polarity of the
RL-SIG 910 can begin at the HE-SIG0 field 815. In some embodiments,
the GI mode indicated via the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can begin
a preset number of symbols after the RL-SIG 910 such as, for
example, 1 symbol after the RL-SIG 910. Setting the GI mode, for
example, 1 symbol after the RL-SIG 910 can allow a hardware
butterfly to adapt to a new GI mode. Thus, in some embodiments, the
GI mode indicated via the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can begin at
the HE-SIG1 field 820.
[0125] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent fields can be
repeated in time or in frequency subcarriers (tones) such as, for
example, the HE-SIG0 field 815 or the HE-SIG1 field 820. The
polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate whether or not a specific
subsequent field is repeated in the packet 800. For example,
positive polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate that the HE-SIG0
field 815 is not repeated and negative polarity of the RL-SIG 910
can indicate that the HE-SIG0 field 815 is repeated (or, in other
embodiments, vice versa).
[0126] In some embodiments, the polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can
indicate a specific MCS for the HE-SIG0 815 and/or the HE-SIG1 820.
For example, positive polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate that
one or more subsequent symbols use MCS 0 and negative polarity of
the RL-SIG 910 can indicate subsequent symbols use MCS 1 (or, in
other embodiments, vice versa). Although the above examples are
illustrative, different polarity of the RL-SIG 910 values can
correspond to any specific preset or dynamically determined
MCS.
[0127] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent symbols can
optionally support a lower signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio
(SINR). The lower SINR can be lower than a SINR of other symbols in
the packet 800. The polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate whether
or not some subsequent symbols support the lower SINR. For example,
positive polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate that one or more
subsequent symbols support the lower SINR and negative polarity of
the RL-SIG 910 can indicate subsequent symbols do not support the
lower SINR (or, in other embodiments, vice versa).
[0128] In some embodiments, one or more subsequent fields can
optionally support multiple compression modes. The polarity of the
RL-SIG 910 can indicate whether or not some subsequent symbols
support the lower SINR. For example, positive polarity of the
RL-SIG 910 can indicate that one or more subsequent fields support
multiple compression modes and negative polarity of the RL-SIG 910
can indicate subsequent fields do not support multiple compression
modes (or, in other embodiments, vice versa). The polarity of the
RL-SIG 910 can indicate a compression mode for a specific field
such as, for example, an HE-LTF field. For example, positive
polarity of the RL-SIG 910 can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses
a first compression mode and negative polarity of the RL-SIG 910
can indicate that the HE-LTF field uses a first compression mode
(or, in other embodiments, vice versa).
[0129] FIG. 10 shows a flowchart 1000 for an exemplary method of
wireless communication that can be employed within the wireless
communication system 100 of FIG. 1. The method can be implemented
in whole or in part by the devices described herein, such as the
wireless device 202 shown in FIG. 2. Although the illustrated
method is described herein with reference to the wireless
communication system 100 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1 and
the packets 800 and 900 discussed above with respect to FIGS. 8-9,
a person having ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the
illustrated method can be implemented by another device described
herein, or any other suitable device (such as the STA 106 and/or
the AP 104). Although the illustrated method is described herein
with reference to a particular order, in various embodiments,
blocks herein can be performed in a different order, or omitted,
and additional blocks can be added.
[0130] First, at block 1010, a wireless device generates a first
packet. For example, the AP 104 can generate the packet 800. The
first packet includes a first preamble decodable by a plurality of
devices and a second preamble decodable by only a subset of the
plurality of devices. For example, the first preamble can include
the legacy preamble 805 decodable by both legacy and HEW devices,
and the second preamble can include the HE preamble 810 not
decodable by legacy devices. The first preamble includes a first
signal field, and the second preamble includes a second signal
field. For example, the first signal field can include the L-SIG
805 and the second signal field can include the HE-SIG0 815.
[0131] Next, at block 1020, the wireless device sets a length
indication of the first signal field to carry non-length signal
information such as, for example, a guard interval length of one or
more subsequent symbols, a compression mode of a first training
field, a repetition of a subsequent field, a number of guard
interval options for one or more subsequent symbols, a number of
modulation and coding schemes for one or more subsequent symbols,
or a signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio support for one or
more subsequent symbols. As used herein, non-length signal
information can include any information regarding packet signaling
or subsequent symbols beyond the length of the packet alone. In
some embodiments, however, the length indication of the first
signal field can nonetheless accurately convey the length of the
packet in addition to conveying the non-length information (for
example, where the length indication is set to a value conveying
the non-length information and the packet is padded so that the
length indication also accurately conveys the length of the
packet).
[0132] For example the length indication can indicate a guard
interval length starting at the HE-SIG0 815 and/or HE-SIG1 820. As
another example, the length indication can indicate a compression
mode of an HE-LTF. As another example, the length indication can
indicate whether the second signal field is repeated. As another
example, the length indication can indicate whether some symbols
following the length field have more than one GI option. As another
example, the length indication can indicate whether some symbols
following the length field have more than one MCS option. As
another example, the length indication can indicate whether some
symbols following the length field have more than one SINR
option.
[0133] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length. For example, an LM3 of 1 can
indicate a short GI for one or more subsequent symbols, and an LM3
of 2 can indicate a long GI for one or more subsequent symbols.
[0134] In various embodiments, setting the length indication,
modulo 3, to 2 can indicate a first guard interval length. Setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 1 can indicate a second guard
interval length. The first guard interval length can be shorter
than the second guard interval length. For example, an LM3 of 2 can
indicate a short GI for one or more subsequent symbols, and an LM3
of 1 can indicate a long GI for one or more subsequent symbols.
[0135] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate a
guard interval length of one or more subsequent symbols beginning
at the second signal field. For example, the length indication can
indicate the GI mode beginning at the HE-SIG0 field 815.
[0136] In various embodiments, the first packet can further include
repeated version of the first signal field. For example, the packet
can include the packet 900, and the repeated version of the first
signal field can include the repeated L-SIG 910. The second
preamble can further include a third signal field. For example, the
third signal field can include the HE-SIG1 820 field. The length
indication can indicate the guard interval length beginning at the
third signal field. For example, the length indication can indicate
the GI mode beginning at the HE-SIG1 field 820.
[0137] In various embodiments, the length indication can indicate
the guard interval length beginning a preset number of symbols
after the first signal field. For example, the length indication
can indicate the guard interval length beginning 1, 2, 3, or more
symbols after the L-SIG 805 or the L-SIG 910, in various
embodiments. In various embodiments, the second preamble can
further include the first training field and a second training
field, the first training field being longer than the second
training field. For example, the HE-preamble 810 can further
include an HE-LTF and an HE-STF.
[0138] In various embodiments, the first signal field is a
repetition of a third signal field, having positive or negative
polarity, and setting the length indication can include setting the
polarity of the first signal field. In various embodiments, setting
the length indication, modulo 3, to 0 can indicate a third guard
interval length.
[0139] Then, at block 1030, the wireless device transmits the first
packet. For example, the AP 104 can transmit the packet 800 via the
transmitter 210.
[0140] In an embodiment, the method shown in FIG. 10 can be
implemented in a wireless device that can include a generating
circuit, a setting circuit, and a transmitting circuit. Those
skilled in the art will appreciate that a wireless device can have
more components than the simplified wireless device described
herein. The wireless device described herein includes only those
components useful for describing some prominent features of
implementations within the scope of the claims.
[0141] The generating circuit can be configured to generate the
packet. In some embodiments, the generating circuit can be
configured to perform at least block 1010 of FIG. 10. The
generating circuit can include one or more of the processor 204
(FIG. 2), the memory 206 (FIG. 2), and the DSP 220 (FIG. 2). In
some implementations, means for generating can include the
generating circuit.
[0142] The setting circuit can be configured to set the length
indication. In some embodiments, the setting circuit can be
configured to perform at least block 1020 of FIG. 10. The setting
circuit can include one or more of the processor 204 (FIG. 2), the
memory 206 (FIG. 2), and the DSP 220 (FIG. 2). In some
implementations, means for setting can include the setting
circuit.
[0143] The transmitting circuit can be configured to transmit the
packet. In some embodiments, the transmitting circuit can be
configured to perform at least block 1030 of FIG. 10. The
transmitting circuit can include one or more of the transmitter 210
(FIG. 2), the antenna 216 (FIG. 2), and the transceiver 214 (FIG.
2). In some implementations, means for transmitting can include the
transmitting circuit.
[0144] A person/one having ordinary skill in the art would
understand that information and signals can be represented using
any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For
example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits,
symbols, and chips that can be referenced throughout the above
description can be represented by voltages, currents,
electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields
or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0145] Various modifications to the implementations described in
this disclosure can be readily apparent to those skilled in the
art, and the generic principles defined herein can be applied to
other implementations without departing from the spirit or scope of
this disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not intended to be limited
to the implementations shown herein, but is to be accorded the
widest scope consistent with the claims, the principles and the
novel features disclosed herein. The word "exemplary" is used
exclusively herein to mean "serving as an example, instance, or
illustration." Any implementation described herein as "exemplary"
is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous
over other implementations.
[0146] Certain features that are described in this specification in
the context of separate implementations also can be implemented in
combination in a single implementation. Conversely, various
features that are described in the context of a single
implementation also can be implemented in multiple implementations
separately or in any suitable sub-combination. Moreover, although
features can be described above as acting in certain combinations
and even initially claimed as such, one or more features from a
claimed combination can in some cases be excised from the
combination, and the claimed combination can be directed to a
sub-combination or variation of a sub-combination.
[0147] The various operations of methods described above can be
performed by any suitable means capable of performing the
operations, such as various hardware and/or software component(s),
circuits, and/or module(s). Generally, any operations illustrated
in the Figures can be performed by corresponding functional means
capable of performing the operations.
[0148] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and
circuits described in connection with the present disclosure can be
implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a
digital signal processor (DSP), an application specific integrated
circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array signal (FPGA) or
other programmable logic device (PLD), discrete gate or transistor
logic, discrete hardware components or any combination thereof
designed to perform the functions described herein. A general
purpose processor can be a microprocessor, but in the alternative,
the processor can be any commercially available processor,
controller, microcontroller or state machine. A processor can also
be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0149] In one or more aspects, the functions described can be
implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination
thereof. If implemented in software, the functions can be stored on
or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a
computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both
computer storage media and communication media including any medium
that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to
another. A storage media can be any available media that can be
accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such
computer-readable media can include RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or
other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic
storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or
store desired program code in the form of instructions or data
structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any
connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For
example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or
other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable,
twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless
technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the
coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless
technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in
the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes
compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc
(DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce
data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with
lasers. Thus, in some aspects computer readable medium can include
non-transitory computer readable medium (e.g., tangible media). In
addition, in some aspects computer readable medium can include
transitory computer readable medium (e.g., a signal). Combinations
of the above can also be included within the scope of
computer-readable media.
[0150] The methods disclosed herein include one or more steps or
actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or
actions can be interchanged with one another without departing from
the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of
steps or actions is specified, the order and/or use of specific
steps and/or actions can be modified without departing from the
scope of the claims.
[0151] Further, it can be appreciated that modules and/or other
appropriate means for performing the methods and techniques
described herein can be downloaded and/or otherwise obtained by a
user terminal and/or base station as applicable. For example, such
a device can be coupled to a server to facilitate the transfer of
means for performing the methods described herein. Alternatively,
various methods described herein can be provided via storage means
(e.g., RAM, ROM, a physical storage medium such as a compact disc
(CD) or floppy disk, etc.), such that a user terminal and/or base
station can obtain the various methods upon coupling or providing
the storage means to the device. Moreover, any other suitable
technique for providing the methods and techniques described herein
to a device can be utilized.
[0152] While the foregoing is directed to aspects of the present
disclosure, other and further aspects of the disclosure can be
devised without departing from the basic scope thereof, and the
scope thereof is determined by the claims that follow.
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