U.S. patent application number 14/894814 was filed with the patent office on 2016-04-21 for dynamic insulation.
The applicant listed for this patent is EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC. Invention is credited to Michael Keoni MANION, Benjamin William MILLAR, George Charles PEPPOU.
Application Number | 20160109174 14/894814 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 51989260 |
Filed Date | 2016-04-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160109174 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
MILLAR; Benjamin William ;
et al. |
April 21, 2016 |
DYNAMIC INSULATION
Abstract
Systems, devices and methods for providing temperature control
and/or regulation are provided. In some embodiments, the systems
and/or methods include at least one endothermic reactant, which can
be activated to control a local temperature. In some embodiments,
the systems and/or methods include at least one gas producing
material, which can allow for the production of gas, which can be
trapped for the provision of an insulating volume.
Inventors: |
MILLAR; Benjamin William;
(Rosebery, New South Wales, AU) ; MANION; Michael
Keoni; (Cronulla, New South Wales, AU) ; PEPPOU;
George Charles; (Hornsby Heights, New South Wales,
AU) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC |
Wilmington |
DE |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
51989260 |
Appl. No.: |
14/894814 |
Filed: |
May 31, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
May 31, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US13/43583 |
371 Date: |
November 30, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/56 ; 62/190;
62/4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F25D 29/001 20130101;
F25D 5/00 20130101; A61F 7/106 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F25D 29/00 20060101
F25D029/00; F25D 5/00 20060101 F25D005/00 |
Claims
1. An insulating system comprising: at least one solvent; and at
least one endothermic reactant, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant is separated from the at least one solvent in
a temperature dependent manner such that an increase in temperature
results in the at least one solvent solvating the endothermic
reactant.
2. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant is separated from the at least one solvent by
the at least one solvent being contained in a solid or gel
form.
3. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant is separated from the at least one solvent by
a solvent impermeable layer or seal.
4. The insulating system of claim 3, wherein the at least one
solvent impermeable layer is fracturable or rupturable upon
freezing of the at least one solvent such that subsequent thawing
of the at least one solvent allows the solvent to solvate the
endothermic reactant.
5. The insulating system of claim 4, wherein the at least one
solvent impermeable layer comprises a brittle polymer or a
rupturable mechanical seal.
6-8. (canceled)
9. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant is separated from the solvent by a temperature
dependent material that comprises at least one of a wax, a polymer
of desired transition point, or a shape memory polymer.
10. (canceled)
11. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant is separated from the solvent by a temperature
dependent material that encapsulates the at least one endothermic
reactant in a temperature dependent coating.
12. The insulating system of claim 11, wherein the temperature
dependent coating is suspended in the at least one solvent.
13. The insulating system of claim 12, wherein the at least one
solvent is in a liquid state.
14. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
solvent and the at least one endothermic reactant are contained
within a sealed chamber.
15. (canceled)
16. The insulating system of claim 14, wherein the chamber further
comprises a pressure valve configured to release gas from inside of
the chamber to an exterior volume of gas.
17. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein solvation of the
endothermic reactant produces at least one gas.
18. The insulating system of claim 17, further comprising an
expandable layer.
19. The insulating system of claim 18, wherein the expandable layer
is configured to expand by production of the at least one gas.
20. The insulating system of claim 1, further comprising a first
wall and a second wall, wherein the solvent and the at least one
endothermic reactant are positioned between the first wall and the
second wall.
21. The insulating system of claim 20, wherein the first wall faces
an internal volume configured to retain an object to be kept
cool.
22. The insulating system of claim 21, wherein the second wall
faces an external environment.
23. The insulating system of claim 22, wherein the second wall is
deformable by a gas that is generated by the solvation of the
endothermic reactant and the solvent.
24. The insulating system of claim 23, wherein the second wall is
curved.
25. The insulating system of claim 23, wherein a shape of the
second wall is defined by an outward pressure, wherein the outward
pressure is generated between the first wall and second wall.
26. The insulating system of claim 20, wherein the second wall is
not deformable under pressure generated by solvation of the at
least one endothermic reactant by the solvent.
27. (canceled)
28. The insulating system of claim 20, wherein the second wall is
made of a heat conducting material to allow heat to pass through it
to the at least one solvent and the at least one endothermic
reactant.
29. The insulating system of claim 20, wherein the first wall is
made of an insulating material.
30. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the insulating system
is part of a container, wherein the at least one endothermic
reactant and the at least one solvent are located between an outer
wall of the container and an inner wall of the container, and
wherein the inner wall defines at least part of an inner volume of
the container.
31. (canceled)
32. (canceled)
33. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the insulating system
is part of a cold pack, a film, or an insulating barrier layer.
34. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
endothermic reactant comprises at least one of carbonate, urea,
potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, potassium sulfate, ammonium
chloride, potassium chloride, sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate,
magnesium carbonate, or a bicarbonate.
35. (canceled)
36. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
solvent comprises at least one of: water, an acid, citric acid,
acetic acid, propanoic acid, succinic acid, formic acid, fumaric
acid, lactic acid or tartaric acid.
37. The insulating system of claim 1, wherein the at least one
solvent comprises water, and wherein the at least one endothermic
reactant comprises dry powered acid and dry powered carbonate.
38. The insulating system of claim 37, wherein the water is
frozen.
39. A gas retaining enclosure comprising: at least one solvent; and
at least one gas producing reactant, wherein the at least one gas
producing reactant is separated from the at least one solvent in a
temperature dependent manner, wherein an increase in temperature
results in the at least one solvent solvating the at least one gas
producing reactant.
40. (canceled)
41. The gas retaining enclosure of claim 39, wherein the
temperature dependent manner comprises a barrier that changes its
phase from solid to liquid at a desired temperature.
42. The gas retaining enclosure of claim 41, wherein the barrier
comprises a wax.
43. The gas retaining enclosure of claim 39, wherein the
temperature dependent manner comprises an arrangement in which the
at least one solvent is in a solid state below a temperature
threshold, and wherein the at least one solvent is in a liquid
state above the temperature threshold.
44. A method for regulating a temperature of a desired environment,
the method comprising: providing at least one solvent; providing at
least one endothermic reactant, wherein the at least one solvent is
separated from the at least one endothermic reactant; and solvating
the at least one endothermic reactant by changing a state of at
least one of: a) the at least one solvent, b) a barrier separating
the at least one solvent from the at least one endothermic
reactant, or c) both a) and b), to allow an endothermic reaction to
occur, wherein the change in state occurs in response to an
increase in temperature and thereby regulate a temperature of a
desired environment.
45. The method of claim 44, wherein the at least one solvent is
provided in a solid state, and wherein the at least one solvent at
least partially transitions to a liquid state to solvate the at
least one endothermic reactant.
46. The method of claim 44, wherein the barrier separates the at
least one solvent from the at least one endothermic reactant when
the barrier is in a solid state, and wherein the barrier at least
partially transitions to a liquid state to allow the at least one
solvent to solvate the at least one endothermic reactant.
47. (canceled)
48. The method of claim 46, wherein the barrier comprises a
wax.
49. The method of claim 44, further comprising providing a layer
between the at least one solvent and the at least one endothermic
reactant.
50. The method of claim 49, further comprising fracturing the layer
by freezing the at least one solvent to form a fractured layer.
51. (canceled)
52. The method of claim 44, further comprising forming a gas upon
solvation of the at least one endothermic reactant and trapping at
least some of the gas to inflate a flexible layer.
53. The method of claim 44, further comprising forming a gas upon
solvation of the at least one endothermic reactant and wherein the
gas forms a foam of a combination of the solvent and the at least
one endothermic reactant.
54-58. (canceled)
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Some embodiments provided herein generally relate to devices
and methods for regulating temperature.
BACKGROUND
[0002] A variety of devices and methods exist for controlling the
temperature of various items and/or environments. Many devices and
methods can be grouped as being either passive in nature (such as a
traditional ice chest) or dependent upon an external source of
energy (such as the requirement of many modern refrigerators on
electricity).
SUMMARY
[0003] In some embodiments, an insulating system is provided. The
insulating system can include at least one endothermic reactant
separated from at least one solvent in a temperature dependent
manner such that an increase in temperature results in the solvent
solvating the endothermic reactant.
[0004] In some embodiments, a gas retaining enclosure is provided.
The gas retaining enclosure can include at least one gas producing
reactant separated from at least one solvent in a temperature
dependent manner such that an increase in temperature results in
the solvent solvating the at least one gas producing reactant.
[0005] In some embodiments, a method for regulating the temperature
of a desired environment is provided. The method can include
providing at least one endothermic reactant and providing at least
one solvent separated from the at least one endothermic reactant.
The method can include solvating the at least one endothermic
reactant by changing a state of at least one of the solvent and/or
a barrier separating the solvent from the at least one endothermic
reactant to allow an endothermic reaction to occur. In some
embodiments, the change in state occurs in response to an increase
in temperature and thereby regulates a temperature of a desired
environment.
[0006] In some embodiments, a cooling device is provided. The
cooling device can include an exterior flexible layer, a dried
endothermic reactant, a storage space configured to support a
frozen liquid, and a liquid permeable layer separating the storage
space from the dried endothermic reactant.
[0007] In some embodiments, an insulating system is provided. The
insulating system can include at least one endothermic reactant
separated from at least one solvent at a first temperature.
However, at a second temperature the solvent and the at least one
endothermic reactant are combinable.
[0008] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not
intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative
aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further
aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by
reference to the drawings and the following detailed
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0009] FIG. 1 is a drawing depicting some embodiments of an
insulating system.
[0010] FIGS. 2A-2D are drawings depicting some embodiments of
arrangements for separating a reactant from a solvent in an
insulating system.
[0011] FIG. 3 is a flowchart depicting some embodiments of a method
for regulating the temperature of an environment.
[0012] FIG. 4 is a drawing depicting some embodiments of a
fractured barrier.
[0013] FIG. 5 is a drawing depicting some embodiments of a process
for producing a gas.
[0014] FIG. 6 is a drawing depicting some embodiments of a process
for cooling and/or insulating a desired environment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0015] In the following detailed description, reference is made to
the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the
drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components,
unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments
described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not
meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be used, and other
changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of
the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood
that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described
herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged,
substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of
different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated
herein.
[0016] Provided herein are devices and methods applicable for
regulating the temperature of an environment. In some embodiments,
the devices and methods include a solvent that is separated from a
reactant (such as an endothermic reactant) in a temperature
dependent manner. A change in temperature thereby allows the
solvent to interact with the reactant, which allows an endothermic
(or other type of) reaction to occur, resulting in a lowering (or,
if appropriate, an increase) of the local temperature. As noted
below, there are numerous options for applying these and related
concepts. In some embodiments, the temperature dependent manner of
separation can include, for example, a barrier (for example, a
separation wall or an encapsulation) between the solvent and the
endothermic reactant. In some embodiments, the temperature
dependent manner of separation can include, for example a state of
the solvent itself (for example, a transition of the solvent from a
solid or gel state to a liquid state). When the solvent contacts
the endothermic reactant, solvation of the endothermic reactant
(which can be a single reactant or a combination of two or more
reactants) produces an endothermic reaction for a cooling effect.
In some embodiments, the solvation reaction produces a gas and/or a
foam. For the sake of brevity, many of the embodiments described
herein employ the example of an endothermic reactant for reducing a
temperature; however, unless otherwise specified, all of these
embodiments can also be used in the reverse arrangement. In
particular, these embodiments can also be employed for the creation
of heat, via solvation of an exothermic reactant, in response to a
decrease in temperature (for example, a decrease in temperature
results in condensation of a solvent into a liquid form, which then
solvates the exothermic reactant). In some embodiments, the
formation of a gas and/or foam (or other expanded liquid or gel)
can be done as part of the endothermic (or exothermic) reaction.
Trapping of the gas can provide both a desired change in
temperature, as well as an increased buffer zone for heat
regulation. In other embodiments, the production of the gas is done
separately from the endothermic reaction or in a non-endothermic
manner. Thus, in some embodiments, the gas can be produced in
response to a change in temperature, but the reaction that produces
the gas, need not be used to raise or lower the temperature.
Instead, it can instead be used to inflate an insulation zone
around an environment whose temperature is to be maintained. In
some embodiments, these devices and methods can be used to keep a
local temperature relatively constant, for example, to keep a local
temperature relatively cool. In some embodiments, the methods and
devices can be used to lower and/or raise the local
temperature.
[0017] FIG. 1 depicts some embodiments of an insulating system. In
some embodiments, the insulating system 100 includes at least one
solvent 110 and at least one endothermic reactant 120 separated
from the solvent 110 in a temperature dependent manner such that an
increase in temperature results in the solvent solvating the
endothermic reactant.
[0018] As shown in FIG. 1, in some embodiments, the solvent 110 and
the endothermic reactant 120 are contained within a chamber 150 of
the insulating system 100. In some embodiments, the chamber 150
includes a first wall 160 and a second wall 170. In some
embodiments, the solvent and the endothermic reactant are
positioned between the first wall 160 and the second wall 170.
[0019] In some embodiments, the chamber 150 further includes a
flexible layer 180. In some embodiments, the flexible layer is the
same layer as the second wall 170 (and thus only one of the
structures need be present). In some embodiments, the flexible
layer can be on the outside of the device (and thus the position of
the flexible layer 180 and the second wall 170 can be swapped). In
some embodiments, there need not be a flexible layer 180. As
detailed herein, the optional flexible layer allows for the
accumulation of gas that can, optionally, be produced in the
reaction. The expansion of the flexible layer, by the accumulated
gas allows for the production of an insulating buffer, in those
embodiments in which it is desired.
[0020] In some embodiments, the chamber 150 includes a volume that
is configured to support a frozen liquid, such as a frozen solvent
110. As shown in FIG. 1, as long as the solvent 110 is frozen, any
interaction between the solvent and reactant 120 can be minimized.
In some embodiments, the two parts can further be separated by a
liquid permeable layer 155. In some embodiments, a single type of
reactant 120 is present. In some embodiments, the reactant includes
two or more reactants for the endothermic reaction. For example, in
some embodiments, two reactants, which would interact in solution
to create an endothermic reaction, can be in a solid form (such as
a crystallized form) and thereby only adequately mix with one
another once solvated. As the arrangement allows for solvation of
the two reactants together upon a change in temperature (for
example, the melting of the water or the breaching of a barrier),
the system allows for a dynamic method of regulating temperature,
via the temperature dependent initiation of these reactions.
[0021] In some embodiments, the first wall 160 faces an internal
volume 190 that is configured (and/or desired) to retain an object
to be kept cool (or heated as appropriate). Thus, in some
embodiments, an increase in temperature of the internal volume 190,
results in a melting of a frozen solvent 110, which liquid solvent
can then solvate the endothermic reactant 120, resulting in an
endothermic reaction. The endothermic reaction removes heat from
the environment, lowering the temperature of the internal volume
190 as appropriate. Thus, in some embodiments, FIG. 1 depicts a
cooling container, where items to be cooled can be placed in the
internal volume 190.
[0022] In some embodiments, the second wall 170 faces an external
environment. The first and second walls can be made of any number
of materials. In some embodiments, the external wall 170 can be
made from an insulating material to reduce heat penetration. In
some embodiments, the internal wall 160 can be made of an
insulating material to further reduce heat penetration. In some
embodiments, the external wall 170 can be made of a heat conducting
material, so that changes in an external environment have a larger
influence on the likelihood of the reaction proceeding. In some
embodiments, the internal wall 160 can be made of a heat conducting
material, so that changes in an internal environment have a larger
influence on the likelihood of the reaction proceeding. In some
embodiments, the internal wall 160 can be made of a heat conducting
material, so that the reaction will have a larger influence on the
internal volume 190.
[0023] In some embodiments, any heat conducting material can be
employed. The heat conducting material can include, for example,
metal, carbon and carbon derivatives (for example, carbon fibers,
nanotubes), ceramics, thermally conductive polymers (e.g. polymers
comprising metallic, carbon or mineral particles). Any insulating
material can also be used for the walls or surfaces, and includes,
without limitation, glass, ceramics, plastic, polymer composites,
elastomers (for example, rubber), foams, wood, and/or paper.
[0024] In some embodiments, at least one of the first wall 160 and
second wall 170 are made of an insulating material. In some
embodiments, the first wall 160 is made of an insulating material.
In some embodiments, the second wall 170 is made of an insulating
material. In some embodiments, the first and second walls are made
of substantially the same material. In some embodiments, the first
and second walls are made of different materials.
[0025] While FIG. 1 depicts some embodiments of how a solvent and
reactant can be arranged to allow for a temperature dependent
solvation of the reactant, other arrangements are also
contemplated. For example, the endothermic reactant 120 can be
separated from the solvent 110 by a barrier and/or a phase state of
the solvent, as shown in FIGS. 2A-D.
[0026] In some embodiments, the solvent need not be frozen and/or
undergo a phase transition. As depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, in some
embodiments a barrier 210 can be positioned between the solvent and
the reactant. In such embodiments, the presence or absence, or
integrity, of the barrier 210 can instead control whether or not
the reactant will be solvated by the solvent. Such an arrangement
can allow one to control the solvation (and thus reaction timing
and/or temperature range) by selecting a barrier that melts within
the desired temperature range.
[0027] In some embodiments, the barrier 210 can be positioned
vertically, as shown in FIG. 2A, so that localized changes along a
surface of a wall can result in a localized melting of the barrier
and localized cooling of that area.
[0028] In some embodiments, the barrier can be positioned
horizontally, as shown in FIG. 2B. Such an arrangement can allow
for a more binary result when adequate heating occurs. For example,
removal (for example by melting) of the barrier 210 can allow for
all of the solvent 110 to mix with all of the reactant 120,
resulting in a more complete reaction upon a breach in the barrier
210. Of course, in some embodiments, not all of the barrier 210
need be removed for the reaction to occur. For example, in some
embodiments, only the lower section of the barrier 210 in FIG. 2A
melts (or is meltable), so that the breach only occurs at the
bottom. Such a localized breach can allow for a localized cooling.
In some embodiments, such a localized breach can allow for a slower
or more controlled reaction. For example, a barrier that can only
be breach at its bottom (for FIG. 2A), will take more time to
solvate the reactants 120.
[0029] In some embodiments, the barrier need not separate various
chambers or subparts of a chamber. For example, in some
embodiments, the barrier 250 can encapsulate the endothermic
reactant 120 such that it separates the endothermic reactant from
the solvent 110, as shown in FIG. 2C. Such an arrangement can allow
for an even more prolonged and/or controlled reaction. For example,
such an arrangement allows for greater distribution of a barrier
along a surface of the walls of the chamber 150, so that localized
changes in temperature on either side of the chamber can influence
a barrier layer 250, and thus, if appropriate, melt the barrier
layer to allow for a localized reaction. Furthermore, such
localized reactions can be relatively localized, as they occur in
discrete units (as each encapsulated reactant is breached a
reaction can occur). Furthermore, by controlling the size of the
encapsulated reactants, one can control the amount of reactant that
is going to be solvated upon the breach of the barrier 250.
Furthermore, as numerous encapsulated reactants 120 can be used,
and as various barriers 250 can be used on each of the reactants,
these items (type of reactant and type of barrier) can be varied so
that the temperature sensitivity of the various barriers provides a
wide spectrum of melting properties, and/or the effectiveness of
the resulting endothermic reaction. Similarly, the thickness of the
barriers 250 can be varied within a population as well, so that
some barriers will be breached at lower temperatures and other
barriers will be breached at higher temperatures, providing a
greater range of options for controlling when and under what
conditions the reactants will react.
[0030] While FIGS. 2A-2C depict embodiments in which a barrier is
used and the breach of the barrier results in the onset of the
reaction (via the mixing of the solvent with a reactant), a barrier
is not required in all embodiments. In some embodiments, the
solvent is in a state such that it is effectively separated from
the endothermic reactant. For example, in some embodiments, the at
least one endothermic reactant is separated from the solvent by the
solvent 110 being contained as a solid or gel form, as shown in
FIG. 2D. Thus, no barrier is required in all embodiments. For
example, in some embodiments, the temperature dependent manner
comprises an arrangement in which the solvent is in a contained
state (such as a solid or gel state) below a temperature threshold,
and the solvent is in an uncontained state (such as a liquid) above
the temperature threshold. In some embodiments, the solvent is
separated from the endothermic reactant by being in contained state
in addition to a barrier.
[0031] In some embodiments, one or more of the embodiments shown in
FIGS. 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, and 2D can be combined for further control
and/or refinement of the temperature responsiveness of the system
or method. For example, a system can include a frozen solvent 110
with reactants 120, separated as shown in FIG. 2D, where the
solvent melts and mixes with the reactants at 5 degrees Centigrade,
and can further include a mixed population of encapsulated
reactants with the barrier 250, some of which melt at 20 degrees
and others of which melts at 30 degrees. The system can further
include, for example, an additional barrier 210, separating the
chamber from a final amount of reactant 120. This additional
barrier can have a transition point of 50 degrees. Thus, as the
system experiences heat, first the solvent will melt and mix with
the open reactant (as shown in 2D) to result in an endothermic
reaction and a lowering of the temperature. Then if the system then
experiences even more heat, the barriers 250 will melt at 20 and
then 30 degrees to provide a second and third round of cooling (as
shown in FIG. 2C). Finally, if the system then experiences yet
another round of heating (that exceeds 50 degrees), the barrier 210
can be breached and a final round of cooling, via the final amount
of reactant 120, can be provided.
[0032] As noted above, in some embodiments, the barrier is a
temperature dependent material. In particular, the state and/or
integrity of the barrier changes in response to a change in
temperature, such that the barrier can be effectively breached upon
a change in temperature. In some embodiment, the temperature
dependent material is in a first state (for example, solid) at a
first temperature and in a second state (for example liquid) at a
second temperature. The temperature dependent material can also be
in a contained state (such as a solid state) at a first temperature
and an uncontained state at a second temperature. In some
embodiments, the solvent itself is the item that is in a contained
versus uncontained state. In some embodiments, the temperature
dependent material is effectively impermeable to the solvent at a
first temperature, but effectively permeable to the solvent at a
second temperature. For example, in some embodiments, the
temperature dependent material is in a solid state at a first
temperature such that the solvent is separated from the endothermic
reactant. However, the temperature dependent material is not in a
solid state at a second temperature, thereby allowing the solvent
to permeate the barrier, and/or or pass through the area where the
barrier was, to then solvate the endothermic reactant. Thus, in
some embodiments, the temperature dependent material includes a
barrier that changes its phase from solid to liquid at a desired
and/or predetermined temperature. In some embodiments, the
temperature dependent barrier is in the form of a horizontal or
vertical wall between the solvent and the endothermic reactant
(see, for example, FIGS. 2A-2B). In some embodiments, the
temperature dependent barrier encapsulates the endothermic reactant
(see, for example, FIG. 2C). In some embodiments, the temperature
dependent material encapsulates the at least one endothermic
reactant in a temperature dependent coating. In some embodiments,
the temperature dependent coating is suspended in the solvent.
[0033] The barrier can have any thickness, which can depend upon
the desired properties of the system and/or method. In some
embodiments, the barrier has a thickness of about 0.000001 mm to
about 100 mm, for example, a thickness of about 0.000001, 0.00001,
0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 100 mm,
including any range between any two of the proceeding values. It
will be appreciated that in some embodiments the thickness of the
barrier can impact certain properties of the system. For example,
the thickness of the barrier can affect a rate of contact of the
solvent and the endothermic reactant and thus a rate of cooling. As
noted above, in some embodiments, the thickness of the barrier can
vary so that different sections and/or barriers are breached at
different times and/or temperatures.
[0034] In some embodiments, the temperature dependent material can
include any suitable material capable of changing states (or simply
being breakable) due to a change in temperature. In some
embodiments, the temperature dependent material includes at least
one of a wax, a polymer of desired transition point, or a shape
memory polymer. In some embodiments, the barrier includes a wax. In
some embodiments, the wax includes a paraffin wax. In some
embodiments, the barrier includes a polymer blend to set particular
transition points by altering molecular weight and distributions.
In some embodiments, any of the materials provided can have a
specific transition point modified through the use of additives of
by varying composition (for example with paraffin the composition
of long chain/short chain hydrocarbons dictates the melting
point).
[0035] Depending upon the application, the temperature dependent
material can have a transition point at any desired and/or
predetermined value and/or range. In some embodiments, the
temperature dependent material transitions and/or breaches in a
range between about -100.degree. C. to 500.degree. C., for example,
a temperature of about -100, -50, -10, -9, -8, -7, -6, -5, -4, -3,
-2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 50,
100, 200, 300, 400, or 500.degree. C., including any range between
any two of the proceeding values or any range above any one of the
preceding values. In some embodiments, the temperature dependent
material transitions and/or breaches in a range between about
0.degree. C. and about 20.degree. C. for example, a temperature of
about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, or 20.degree. C., including any range between any two of
the proceeding values, or any range above any one of the preceding
values.
[0036] As mentioned above, in some embodiments, one or more
barriers and/or parts of a single barrier can have different
transition points, so as to allow multiple rounds and/or
differential sensitivity to varying temperature fluctuations. Thus,
in some embodiments, a method and/or barrier, and/or system can
include 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or more different temperature
dependent materials (or additives to alter the transition point of
the barrier), including any range defined between any two of the
preceding values and any range above any one of the preceding
values. In some embodiments, the combination of temperature
dependent materials and/or barriers and/or thicknesses of the
barriers is selected so as to allow for a more effective range of
temperature control. Thus, in some embodiments, a first temperature
dependent material has a first transition point at a first
temperature, a second temperature dependent material has a second
transition point at a second temperature, and a third temperature
dependent material has a third transition point at a third
temperature, etc. In some embodiments, the various temperature
dependent materials have transition points at different, but
overlapping ranges, for example -10.degree. C. to 0.degree. C.,
-5.degree. C. to 10.degree. C., and 5.degree. C. to 20.degree. C.
In some embodiments, the various temperature dependent materials
have transition points at non-overlapping ranges, for example
-20.degree. C. to -10.degree. C., 0.degree. C. to 5.degree. C., and
10.degree. C. to 15.degree. C.
[0037] In some embodiments, the transition temperature of the
temperature dependent material can be adjusted to a desired
temperature by the use of additives to the material. For example,
in some embodiments the alkane molecular mass composition
distribution of the temperature dependent material can be altered.
For example, the greater the proportion of high molecular weight
alkanes, the higher the transition point.
[0038] As used herein, the "transition" point or temperature refers
to the temperature at which the barrier is breached due to a change
in temperature. This can include, for example, a full melting of
the barrier, or a localized softening of the barrier that results
in a breach of the barrier. Thus, a barrier will have a transition
point or temperature at the temperature at which a breach occurs.
As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, this can be
expressed as a range of temperatures. In addition, additional
environmental aspects can assist in determining the temperature at
which a breach will occur. For example, in an embodiment as
depicted in FIG. 2B, the weight of the solvent 110 can apply a
downward force to the barrier 210, such that a breach can occur in
the barrier 210 at a lower temperature than a breach for the
encapsulated particles in FIG. 2C.
[0039] In some embodiments, the barrier is fracturable or
rupturable. In some embodiments, the barrier is already fractured
or ruptured. In some embodiments, the barrier includes one or more
holes or pores. In some embodiments, the barrier need not be made
of a temperature dependent material, and can serve as a sieving
device or general separating barrier, that can allow fluid to pass
through but block or reduce the passage of, for example, a larger
body of frozen solvent. Thus, in some embodiments, the barrier can
be made of a temperature dependent material, but in other
embodiments the barrier need not be made of a temperature dependent
material. In some embodiments, a sieved barrier can be employed
(that is not made from a temperature dependent material). In some
embodiments, the sieved barrier is in the form of a horizontal or
vertical wall between the solvent and the endothermic reactant
(see, for example, FIG. 1). A sieved barrier includes a fracturable
or rupturable barrier, as well as such barriers that have already
been fractured or ruptured. An "intact" fracturable layer denotes
that the layer has not yet been fractured and can be impermeable to
solvents. A "fractured" or "breached" fracturable layer denotes
that the layer is now permeable to solvent. In some embodiments,
the fracturable barrier fractures or ruptures when the solvent
changes state from a first state to a second state. For example, in
some embodiments, the fracturable barrier ruptures when the solvent
changes from a liquid to a solid (upon the freezing of the
solvent). Thus, in some embodiments, one can start with a solvent
impermeable layer (that is fracturable upon freezing of the
solvent), freeze the solvent, and thereby produce an arrangement
such that subsequent thawing of the solvent allows the solvent to
pass through the fractured (and previously impermeable) layer and
solvate the endothermic reactant. Thus, in some embodiments, the
fracturable or rupturable layer is initially a solvent impermeable
layer or seal.
[0040] The fracturable layer can have any thickness. In some
embodiments, the thickness of the layer is determined by a desired
mechanical property. In some embodiments, the fracturable layer is
a thin film of relatively low strength and/or low flexibility (to
allow for ease of fracturing upon freezing or other physical
manipulation). In some embodiments, the wall has a thickness of
about 0.000001 mm to about 100 mm, for example, a thickness of
about 0.000001, 0.00001, 0.0001, 0.001, 0.01, 0.1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, 10, or 100 mm, including any range between any two of the
proceeding values.
[0041] In some embodiments, the fracturable layer can include any
suitable material capable of being fractured. In some embodiments,
the fracturable layer includes a brittle polymer and/or a
rupturable mechanical seal. In some embodiments, the fracturable
layer includes a brittle polymer or a rupturable mechanical seal.
In some embodiments, the brittle polymer includes at least one of
polystyrene (PS), Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), embrittled
phenolic resin. In some embodiments, the rupturable mechanical seal
includes at least one of a non-brittle polymer, polyethylene (PE),
polypropylene (PP), linear low-density polyethylene (LLPE),
cellophane, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or nylon. In some
embodiments, the brittle polymer includes at least one of
polystyrene, Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), embrittled phenolic
resin, and the rupturable mechanical seal includes at least one of
a non-brittle polymer, PE, PP, LLPE, cellophane, PET, or nylon.
[0042] In some embodiments, the barrier includes a material that is
different from a material that makes up the solvent. Thus, the
barrier is truly a separate structure from the solvent (be the
solvent in liquid, gel, or solid form). In some embodiments, the
barrier aspect can be provided by the state of the solvent. For
example, the solvent can be frozen, and thus a barrier can be
effectively provided by a difference in state between the solid
solvent and a liquid solvent. In some embodiments, even when the
solvent is frozen, a separate barrier structure can be provided. In
some embodiments, the barrier can be made of metal, plastic, wood,
ceramic, and/or carbon-fiber.
[0043] In some embodiments, the chamber 150 is part of or is
positioned proximally to a storage space 190, in which one can
place an item whose temperature is to be regulated. In some
embodiments, one or more wall or internal surface of the storage
space can be defined by the barrier and the first wall or second
wall (see, for example, FIG. 1, 2A, 2B, 2C, or 2D). In some
embodiments, the storage space 190 is defined by the first wall
160, the second wall 170, and/or the layer 155 (see, for example,
FIG. 1). In some embodiments, the storage space is defined by the
first wall and the second wall (see, for example, FIG. 2D). In some
embodiments, the whole chamber 150 serves as a wall or surface of
the storage space. In some embodiments, the chamber 150 is placed
as a standalone structure, separate from the walls of the storage
space, but positioned within the storage space. In some
embodiments, the chamber 150 can be an internal surface of the
storage space, such that it is immediately adjacent to the item to
be stored. In other embodiments, the chamber 150 can be placed on
an external surface of the storage space, such that any heat from
an external environment must first pass through the chamber 150,
before impacting the structure of the storage space.
[0044] As noted above, in some embodiments, the second wall 170 is
flexible or deformable (and thus, can be the same structure as the
flexible layer 180 (FIG. 1)). In some embodiments, the second wall
170 is deformable by a gas that is generated by the solvation of
the endothermic reactant and the solvent. Such an arrangement
allows for the generated gas to inflate the deformable layer and
provide an additional volume of air between one side of the chamber
150 and the other. In some embodiments, the second wall is
flexible, but there is still a separate flexible layer 180. Such an
arrangement allows for one type of material to be used to capture
the gas, while another type of material can be used to provide
structure or protection to the chamber 150.
[0045] In some embodiments, the second wall 170 is rigid. In some
embodiments, the second wall 170 is not flexible or deformable. For
example, in some embodiments, the second wall 170 is not deformable
under pressure generated by solvation of the at least one
endothermic reactant by the solvent. In some embodiments, any gas
produced can still be trapped, but will not result in deformation
of the walls. In some embodiments, any gas produced can be released
through a valve. In some embodiments, the second wall 170 can be
rigid, even when a flexible layer 180 is used. In such an
embodiment, the flexible layer may only inflate into any space
between the flexible layer 180 and the second wall 170.
[0046] The second wall 170 can have any desired shape. In some
embodiments, the second wall 170 is curved. In embodiments where
the second wall is deformable, the shape of the second wall 170 can
be defined by a pressure, such as an outward pressure, generated by
the solvation of the reactant and the solvent. For example, in some
embodiments, the shape of the second wall 170 is defined by an
outward pressure generated between the first wall 160 and second
wall 170.
[0047] In some embodiments, a cooling device is provided. In some
embodiments, the cooling device includes an exterior flexible
layer, a dried endothermic reactant, a section of a chamber
configured to support a frozen liquid, and a liquid permeable layer
separating the section of the chamber from the dried endothermic
reactant.
[0048] In some embodiments, the solvent solvates the endothermic
reactant to elicit an endothermic effect or reaction. In some
embodiments, the endothermic reaction absorbs energy from its
surroundings in the form of heat. In some embodiments, the heat
absorbed during the chemical reaction results in a decrease in
temperature (or cooling) of the surroundings.
[0049] It will be appreciated that at low temperatures endothermic
reactions proceed at a limited rate and the rate of the endothermic
reaction can increase substantially with increasing temperature. In
some embodiments, the cooling effect of the endothermic reaction
effectively ceases the endothermic reaction with time. Accordingly,
in some embodiments, the insulating system can be self-limiting or
self-regulating. In some embodiments, the endothermic reaction
consumes the available endothermic reactants (for example, the
endothermic reactants that can interact with the solvent) as
required by the reaction resulting in a lowered temperature of the
surroundings. In some embodiments, the lowered temperature of the
surroundings solidifies the solvent and/or the temperature
dependent barrier thereby ceasing the endothermic reaction. For
example, in some embodiments, the lowered temperature of the
surroundings lowers the temperature of the solvent such that the
solvent freezes, refreezes, or solidifies thereby separating the
solvent from interacting with the endothermic reactants. In some
embodiments, the lowered temperature of the surroundings
re-solidifies the temperature dependent material thereby
re-separating the solvent from interacting with the endothermic
reactants. In some embodiments, the decrease in temperature simply
reduces the rate of any further endothermic reaction, as the
barriers and/or frozen solvent do not continue to melt (or melt as
quickly).
[0050] In some embodiments, a gas producing insulating system is
provided. In some embodiments, the gas produced by the reaction
enhances the insulating and/or cooling properties of the systems
described herein.
[0051] In some embodiments, a gas retaining enclosure is provided.
The gas retaining enclosure includes at least one gas producing
reactant separated from at least one solvent in a temperature
dependent manner, such that an increase in temperature results in
the solvent solvating the at least one gas producing reactant. In
such embodiments, even though the production of the gas can occur
in response to a change in temperature, the production of the gas
itself need not change the temperature. Instead, the gas produced
can be used to inflate a flexible layer so as to further buffer one
area from an external source of heat (or cold). Thus, in some
embodiments, the methods or systems provide insulating aspects,
rather than having to also supply heating or cooling responses. Of
course, in some embodiments, both aspects can be provided (for
example, both insulating and cooling).
[0052] As noted above, in some embodiments, the insulating system
100 is configured to produce at least one gas by the solvation of
the endothermic reactant. Thus, any of the embodiments described
herein can include an expandable layer 180. In some embodiments,
the expandable layer 180 is configured to expand by production of
the at least one gas. In some embodiments, the expandable layer 180
is a flexible wall. In some embodiments, the flexible wall expands
upon the solvent solvating the at least one gas producing reactant.
In some embodiments, the flexible layer can include a polymer, such
as LDPE, polypropylene, PVC, nylons, and/or polyesters.
[0053] In some embodiments, the chamber 150 is sealed. For example,
in some embodiments, the chamber is sealed such that the solvent,
the endothermic reactant, and the solvated endothermic reactant are
confined to the insulating system; however, the seal need not be
gas tight. In some embodiments, the chamber is sealed such that the
gas is confined to the insulating system, and thus, the chamber can
be gas tight.
[0054] In some embodiments, the chamber 150 further includes at
least one pressure valve (not shown) configured to release gas from
inside of the chamber 150 to an exterior volume of gas. In some
embodiments, the valve is embedded within the second or exterior
wall. Any suitable pressure valve can be used. For example, the
pressure valve can be any valve that regulates, directs, or
controls the flow of any fluid from the insulation system by
opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. In
some embodiments, the pressure valve is a one way pressure valve.
In some embodiments, the pressure valve is a relief valve.
[0055] In some embodiments, the gas produced can be at least
partially or substantially vented or released from the gas
producing insulating system. For example, in some embodiments, the
pressure valve can release gas at any pressure above atmospheric
thereby substantially venting the gas from the system. In some
embodiments, the pressure valve can release gas at a set pressure
(for example, higher than atmospheric to allow the retention of a
portion of insulating gas) as desired.
[0056] In some embodiments, the gas produced can be at least
partially or substantially vented or released from the gas
producing insulating system by use of distending porosity. For
example, in some embodiments, the flexible layer can include
perforations. The flexible layer including perforations can be
largely impermeable to gas under low internal pressure and expanded
under pressure from produced gas. In some embodiments, as the
flexible layer expands, the flexible layer becomes increasingly
porous and/or permeable.
[0057] In some embodiments, rather than a gas being produced to add
volume around a space to be cooled, in some embodiments a
suspension and/or foam can be produced, thereby providing an
insulating system that is responsive to a change in temperature. In
some embodiments, any of the gas producing reactants provided
herein can be used to form a suspension. Like the gas embodiments
provided herein, the suspension can create added volume around a
storage area, and thereby further isolate the storage area from an
external environment. The mixture of the solvent and the reactant
can be controlled in any of the temperature dependent manners
provided herein. Thus, for example, a barrier can be melted by an
increase in temperature, or a solvent can be melted by an increase
in temperature. This allows the gas producing reactant to mix with
the solvent and produce an emulsion involving the solvent, the
reactant, and optionally, any other desired materials. In some
embodiments, the emulsion can include the melted temperature
dependent. In some embodiments, the gas producing reactant can be
an endothermic reactant which can react with the solvent in an
endothermic reaction to chemically remove heat from the
surroundings and produce gas. The gas from the reaction causes the
emulsion to expand as the endothermic reaction continues. In some
embodiments, as the endothermic reaction cools the surroundings,
the expanded temperature dependent material transitions back to a
first state (such as a solid or gel state). Thus, rather than
merely having a pillow of air for added insulation, when a
suspension embodiment is employed, one can be left with an inflated
(or even uninflated) framework of the solidified emulsification
product. Thus, in some embodiments, the transition temperature of
the temperature dependent material can be set so that the
temperature dependent material will re-solidify as soon as the
temperature begins to decrease (in the case of an endothermic
reactant). For example, in some embodiments, the suspension exists
as a rigid solid-solid suspension if below 0.degree. C. and as a
gel-like suspension if above 0.degree. C.
[0058] In some embodiments, the suspension can sequester heat
chemically and/or physically at a selected temperature. For
example, in some embodiments, the suspension is a high viscosity
suspension that sequesters a large volume of heat. In some
embodiments, the natural reaction rate provides a scaled thermal
response.
[0059] As evident from the disclosure herein, any suspension
producing embodiment described herein can be used in combination
with any gas producing embodiment described herein. For example, in
some embodiments, the suspension producing insulating system
includes one or more gas venting systems as described herein, such
as a pressure valve and/or a perforation system.
[0060] In some embodiments, the at least one endothermic reactant
120 can include any reactant capable of reacting with the at least
one solvent 110 to elicit an endothermic effect. In some
embodiments, the endothermic reactant is a gas producing reactant.
In some embodiments, the gas can be produced via an endothermic
reaction. In some embodiments, the gas producing reaction need not
be endothermic. Unless otherwise specified, the term "reactant"
encompasses both a single reactant, which results in an appropriate
reaction when solvated, as well as a combination of two or more
reactants, both of which are required for the reaction to occur.
The term "component reactant" denotes that at least two reactants
are required for the relevant reaction, there being a first
"component reactant" that reacts with at least a second "component
reactant".
[0061] In some embodiments, the endothermic reactant includes at
least one of carbonate, urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate,
potassium sulfate, ammonium chloride, potassium chloride, sodium
carbonate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, or a
bicarbonate. In embodiments in which gas production is not desired,
urea, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, potassium sulphate,
ammonium chloride, and/or potassium chloride can be employed (by
way of example).
[0062] The endothermic reactant can be in any desired state. In
some embodiments, the endothermic reactant is a dried endothermic
reactant. In some embodiments, two or more endothermic reactant
components are provided as the endothermic reactant, which when
solvated, result in an endothermic reaction. For example, there can
be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 or more components which when
combined and/or are solvated, result in an endothermic reaction
(or, if desired, an exothermic reaction). In some embodiments, the
endothermic reactant can be a powder. In some embodiments, the
endothermic reactant can be crystalline. In some embodiments, the
endothermic reactant can be a liquid. In some embodiments, the
endothermic reactant can be frozen. In some embodiments, the
endothermic reactant can be a gel. In some embodiments, endothermic
reactant components are each separated from one another. Thus, when
two or more components are used, each component can be separated
from one another. The components can be separated in any number of
ways, for example, spatially (whereby they come together upon the
presence of, for example, a solvent in the area). The components
can be separated by a barrier as well. Thus, for example, as shown
in FIG. 2C, the barrier 250 can surround the reactant 120, but the
various circular particles depicted can contain different component
reactants, which when combined, provide an appropriate reaction
(for example, an endothermic, an exothermic, and/or a gas producing
reaction).
[0063] In some embodiments, the endothermic reaction can be a
carboxylic acid-carbonate reaction. Such embodiments are
endothermic, can absorb large quantities of heat, and/or can
produce gas. In some embodiments, the reaction (and/or reactant)
includes at least one of bicarbonate, citric acid, acetic acid,
propanoic acid, tartaric acid with at least one of sodium carbonate
or calcium carbonate. In some embodiments, stronger acids can be
used. In some embodiments, bicarbonates can be used.
[0064] In some embodiments, the system and/or method further
includes a surfactant. In some embodiments, the surfactant can be
incorporated into or around the temperature dependent barrier. For
example, in some embodiments, the surfactant can be incorporated
into or around the barrier encapsulating the endothermic reactant.
The surfactant can reduce hydrophobicity within the encapsulated
endothermic reactant thereby encouraging the release of the
endothermic reactant when released. The particular surfactant can
be selected based upon the particular reactants used.
[0065] In some embodiments, for example where an exothermic
reaction is desired, one can employ the appropriate exothermic
reactants. This can include, for example, an exothermic hydration
of reagent (for example, water and calcium oxide), an exothermic
solvation, an acid-base neutralization, a corrosion (for example,
Fe.fwdarw.Fe (III)), and/or a metal redox reactions (for example,
magnesium and water).
[0066] A variety of solvents can be employed. In some embodiments,
the solvent reacts directly with the reactant (and/or the solvent
is part of the reactant). Thus, in some embodiments, the at least
one solvent 110 can include any solvent capable of reacting with
the at least one endothermic reactant 120 to elicit an endothermic
effect (or, if appropriate, an exothermic effect and/or gas
production). In some embodiments, this can be achieved by having
part of the reaction already solvated in the solvent. In other
embodiments, the solvent can simply allow for the combination of
two or more components in the reaction. For example, in some
embodiments, the reactant includes two components, but when the
components are in a solid form, they are relatively inert, thus,
the solvent serves to convert the inert solid form to a more
reactive solvated form. In some embodiments, the solvent allows for
the two or more components of the reactant to be brought together.
For example, as shown in FIG. 2C, individual barriers 250 can
surround two or more components of the endothermic reactants 120.
By being in a solvent, once the barrier 250 is breached, the
endothermic reactants 120 will be solvated, and the endothermic
reactant components more effectively mixed with one another. In
some embodiments, the solvent allows for the production of gas when
combined with the reactant. As noted above, the solvent can either
be part of the reaction itself, or simply act as a carrier for
combing the gas producing reactants.
[0067] In some embodiments, the solvent includes any suitable
material that can transition to and/or from a substantially solid
form, such as frozen or gel form to a liquid. In some embodiments,
the solvent includes any material that can transition from a solid
state to a liquid state at a predetermined and/or selected
temperature. In some embodiments, the solvent is in a liquid state
at room temperature. In some embodiments, the solvent is in a solid
state at room temperature. In some embodiments, the solvent is in a
slurry state. In some embodiments, the solvent is solid at a
temperature of less than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10,
0, -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, -90, or -100 degrees
Centigrade. In some embodiments, the solvent is liquid at a
temperature of more than 100, 90, 80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10,
0, -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -60, -70, -80, -90, or -100 degrees
Centigrade.
[0068] In some embodiments, the solvent includes at least one of
water, or an acid, such as citric acid, acetic acid, propanoic
acid, succinic acid, formic acid, fumaric acid, lactic acid or
tartaric acid. As noted herein, in some embodiments, the solvent
can be converted from a gas to a liquid, such as by condensation,
to allow for embodiments in which exothermic reactions can be used
to maintain an elevated temperature.
[0069] In some embodiments, the solvent includes a dissolved first
reactant (such as a first reactant component) which is separated
from a second reactant (such as a second reactant component) in a
temperature dependent manner. For example, in some embodiments, the
first reactant is a carbonate and the second reactant is a dry
acid. In some embodiments, the reactant can also be dissolved in
the solvent for reaction with a dry acid upon the thawing and/or
barrier being breached.
[0070] In some embodiments, the solvent includes water and the
endothermic reactant includes dry powered acid and dry powered
carbonate.
[0071] In some embodiments, solvation of the endothermic reactant
produces at least one gas.
[0072] In some embodiments, the insulating systems provided herein
can be employed in and/or as part of a container. For example, in
some embodiments, the insulating system is part of a container,
wherein the at least one endothermic reactant and the solvent are
located between an outer wall of the container and an inner wall of
the container, and wherein the inner wall defines at least part of
an inner volume of the container. In some embodiments, any of the
embodiments provided herein can be part of and/or included in a
container so that the effectiveness of the endothermic reaction,
gas producing reaction, and/or exothermic reaction can be
associated and/or directed to a specific volume and/or item. The
volume can be defined by the container itself (for example, the
interior of an ice chest).
[0073] In some embodiments, the container further includes a lid
configured to reversibly seal the inner volume of the
container.
[0074] In some embodiments, the embodiments provided herein are
part of a cold pack, a film, or an insulating barrier layer. In
some embodiments, the container is a thermos, an ice chest, a drink
sleeve, a shipping carton, a pharmaceutical container, food
packaging, a rigid container, a bag, a sleeve, a wrapping, and/or
an envelope. In some embodiments, the chamber 150, as depicted in
any one or more of FIGS. 1-2D, can be positioned within a wall of
the container. In some embodiments, the chamber 150 can be separate
from the wall of the container (for example, a protrusion from the
inside of the chamber). In some embodiments, the chamber 150 can be
an independent structure, which can be placed into or around the
container.
[0075] In some embodiments, any of the containers or other systems
or devices that include a chamber and/or temperature sensitive
barrier or other arrangement provided herein can include multiple
such arrangements. Thus, a device can include several discrete
systems along one surface. Thus, in some embodiments, one or more
of the systems can effectively be arranged in parallel. In some
embodiments, one or more of the systems can be arranged in series.
Thus, going outward from an inner chamber, there can be a first,
second, third, fourth, etc., system, such that each one can, react,
serially to a change in temperature. In such embodiments, repeated
cycles of heating and/or cooling can thereby still be blunted by
the system. For example, once the outer most system has been
expended, the inner most system can still have its temperature
sensitive barriers intact and still respond to changes in
temperature.
[0076] In some embodiments, a liquid impermeable layer separates
the storage space of the container from the endothermic reactant
120. In some embodiments, the reactants and/or solvent can be
placed within the storage volume of the container itself. In such
embodiments, the reaction may be more efficient in absorbing heat
from the contents of the container; however, an additional barrier
between the solvent and the item to be stored can be desired. Thus,
in some embodiments, the barrier encased reactant can be added to
any container, along with, for example, ice, and the melting of the
ice, along with the melting of breaching of the barrier, can allow
for the endothermic reaction (or other reaction) to occur in a
temperature dependent manner.
[0077] FIG. 3 depicts some embodiments of a method for regulating a
temperature of a desired environment (300).
[0078] Any of the various devices and components provided herein
can be employed for a variety of methods. As outlined in FIG. 3, in
some embodiments, the method for regulating a temperature of a
desired environment includes providing at least one solvent (block
310) and providing at least one endothermic reactant (block 320).
In some embodiments, the solvent is separated from the endothermic
reactant. In some embodiments, the method can then include
solvating the endothermic reactant (block 330). In some
embodiments, this is achieved by a change in state of at least one
of the solvent and/or a breaching of a barrier (if present) that is
separating the solvent from the endothermic reactant in response to
an increase in temperature. In some embodiments, the change in
state of the solvent and/or integrity of the barrier allows an
endothermic reaction to occur thereby regulating a temperature of a
desired environment.
[0079] One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and
other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions
performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in
differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are
only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may
be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded
into additional steps and operations without detracting from the
essence of the disclosed embodiments.
[0080] In some embodiments, the method further (or alternatively)
includes a process for producing a gas using a gas producing
reactant (which can be endothermic or exothermic). As noted above
the method for regulating a temperature of a desired environment
can include providing at least one solvent and providing at least
one gas producing reactant (which produces a gas when solvated
and/or solvated with another reactant). In some embodiments, the
solvent is separated from the reactant initially, but upon
solvation, a gas is produced. As described herein, the gas can be
captured and used to inflate a volume of space, which can serve as
further insulation. In some embodiments, solvation is achieved by a
change in state of at least one of the solvent and/or a breaching
of a barrier (if present) that is separating the solvent from the
reactant in response to an increase in temperature.
[0081] In some embodiments, the method further (or alternatively)
includes a process for increasing a local temperature in response
to a decrease in temperature. As noted above the method for
regulating a temperature of a desired environment can include
providing at least one solvent and providing at least one
exothermic reactant (which releases heat when solvated and/or
solvated with another reactant). In some embodiments, the solvent
is separated from the reactant initially, but upon solvation, an
exothermic reaction is achieved, thereby raising the local
temperature. In some embodiments, this can be achieved by providing
two dried reactants, which when combined and solvated, result in an
exothermic reaction. Temperature dependent salvation can occur in
any number of ways, for example, by having a high humidity volume
of gas, which will condense upon a surface when the surface is
cooled beneath a desired point. The droplets of condensation can
then solvate the reactants and allow for an exothermic reaction.
The resulting increase in temperature can raise the temperature of
the surface, thereby removing the condensation and stopping the
reaction.
[0082] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a
layer between the solvent (whether it be in liquid or frozen form)
and the at least one endothermic reactant. In some embodiments, the
layer is a barrier as described herein. In some embodiments, the
barrier can be liquid permeable. In some embodiments, the barrier
is solvent impermeable. In some embodiments, the barrier is a
temperature dependent barrier, which can be breached (sufficiently
to allow a solvent to pass through) upon a change in
temperature.
[0083] In some embodiments, the barrier separates the solvent from
the at least one endothermic reactant when the barrier is in a
solid or unbreached state. In some embodiments, the barrier can
start off within the device or system in a solvent impermeable
state and then be changed to a fractured state. In some
embodiments, the barrier starts off as a solvent impermeable
barrier but transitions to a liquid state to allow the solvent to
solvate the endothermic reactant.
[0084] In some embodiments, the method includes a process where a
temperature dependent barrier transitions due to a change in
temperature to allow the solvent to solvate the endothermic
reactant. For example, in some embodiments, the temperature
dependent barrier at least partially transitions to a liquid state
to allow the solvent to solvate the at least one endothermic
reactant. In some embodiments, the temperature dependent barrier
completely transitions to a liquid state to allow the solvent to
solvate the at least one endothermic reactant. In some embodiments,
the method only involves a breach of the barrier, sufficient to
allow the solvent to enter and the reaction to proceed, or the
reactant to leave and be solvated by the solvent. In some
embodiment, less than 100 percent of the barrier melts or
transitions from the solid state, for example, less than about 90,
80, 70, 60, 50, 40, 30, 20, 10, 5, 1, 0.1, 0.01, 0.001 percent, or
less of the barrier transitions from the solid state. As noted
herein, in some embodiments, a temperature dependent barrier need
not be employed.
[0085] In some embodiments, the at least one endothermic reactant
is separated from the at least one solvent at a first temperature,
but at a second temperature the solvent and the at least one
endothermic reactant are combined or are combinable. In some
embodiments, the first temperature is lower than the second
temperature. In some embodiments, the at least one solvent does
significantly not solvate the endothermic reactant at the first
temperature. In some embodiments, the at least one solvent does
significantly solvate the endothermic reactant at the second
temperature.
[0086] As will be appreciated by one of skill in the art, there are
a number of ways of making and/or combining the various systems
and/or devices provided herein. In some embodiments, the method
includes maintaining a suspension of the various ingredients at a
temperature below the transition temperature of the temperature
dependent material (or encapsulating cover) during manufacturing.
Thus, any arrangement that allows for one to keep the barrier
intact, where commencement of the reaction occurs upon breach of
the barrier, can be employed.
[0087] In some embodiments, a liquid permeable layer 155 can be
employed. In some embodiments, these arrangements can be created by
combining the parts in any order (where the solvent is kept from
solvating the reactants, for example by keeping the solvent frozen,
or otherwise separated from the reactants). However, in some
embodiments, the creation of the liquid permeable layer can be
achieved via the manufacture of the system itself. As shown in FIG.
4, in some embodiments, the process for creating a liquid permeable
layer occurs via the freezing of a solvent 110. In some
embodiments, the process includes providing a barrier 210 (though
it need not be temperature dependent, merely solvent impermeable)
between the solvent 110 and the at least one endothermic reactant
120 (left hand side of FIG. 4). This arrangement can then be
chilled to freezing, resulting in (for the case of water) the
fracturing the layer by freezing the solvent to form a fractured
layer or liquid permeable layer 155. Thus, in some embodiments, the
process uses an ice pressure ruptured wall to separate reaction
initiating water from dry powdered acid and carbonate reactants. In
such embodiments, the system will result in an endothermic reaction
upon the thawing of the frozen solvent. Thus, in some embodiments,
the system should be kept at a temperature below the melting point
of the solvent (for example, 0.degree. C.). In some embodiments,
the fracturable barrier (separating wall) takes the form of a thin
film of low strength, low flexibility polymer (for example,
polystyrene) which is intact and water impermeable during the
manufacture of the packaging (containing water is in the liquid
phase), but is ruptured by pressure from volume expansion of ice
formation during freezing once in use. It will be appreciated that
water expands between 8 and 11% on freezing, producing substantial
pressure, which is sufficient to rupture a fragile barrier layer
when the barrier (internal wall) is rigid. In some embodiments, the
freezing of the device is a process in manufacture of the
device.
[0088] In some embodiments, when the frozen device is removed from
refrigeration and begins to thaw, the frozen solvent (for example,
ice) contained within the device melts and mixes with the
endothermic reactants through the now permeable layer 155, allowing
the endothermic reaction to commence, providing a substantial
compensatory cooling effect at a rate appropriate to external
conditions.
[0089] In some embodiments, the assembly of the system is performed
at a temperature beneath that of the transition point of the
barrier and/or the melting of the solvent. In some embodiments, the
reactants are spray coated with a solution and/or melted form of
the barrier, and allowed to cool. In some embodiments, the
reactants are dipped into a solution and/or melted form of the
barrier and allowed to cool.
[0090] FIG. 5 is a schematic depicting some embodiments of a
process for producing a gas in the insulating system. In some
embodiments, the process includes providing a gas producing
endothermic reactant. In some embodiments, the process includes
forming a gas upon solvation of the at least one endothermic
reactant. For example, in some embodiments, a substantial volume of
CO.sub.2 is produced when an acid-carbonate reaction is used.
[0091] As shown in FIG. 5, some gas producing systems 500 include a
solvent 110, a reactant 120, an optional barrier 210 (which can be
a temperature dependent barrier or a permeable layer), an optional
gas permeable layer 560 and a flexible layer (such as a flexible
polymer layer) 580. The flexible layer 580 is positioned in fluid
communication with the solvent, the reactant, or both the solvent
and reactant. As shown in FIG. 5, the flexible layer 580 can be
positioned as the outer wall. In other embodiments, it can be in
addition to an outer wall, and/or as an inner wall or positioned
elsewhere as provided herein. The gas producing reaction can occur
by any of the embodiments provided herein (for example, the
arrangements in any one of FIGS. 1-2D). In some embodiments, as the
reaction proceeds the gas produced 530 can permeate the gas
permeable layer 580 and create an additional insulating volume 540
by expanding outward on the flexible layer 580. In some
embodiments, the containment of this gas, and more importantly, the
additional volume 540, serves as an additional insulating layer. In
some embodiments, the gas produced can be vented or at least a
portion of the gas can be contained in the system. In some
embodiments, the gas can be contained between the gas permeable
layer 560 and the flexible layer 580. In some embodiments, there is
no gas permeable layer 560. In some embodiments, the gas permeable
layer is permeable to gas, but not to liquid; thus, the solvent can
be kept separate from the volume 540, if desired. As provided
herein, the flexible layer 580 can also be part of a different
section of the system. In some embodiments, the reactant is an
endothermic reactant.
[0092] In some embodiments, rather than a relatively pure gas
inflating the volume, an additional volume can be created (and thus
an added insulating aspect provided) via the generation of a foam
and/suspension. Thus, the volume can be a filled volume in some
embodiments. FIG. 6 is a schematic depicting some embodiments of a
process for producing such a suspension using some of the
embodiments provided herein.
[0093] In some embodiments, the process for producing a suspension
includes providing a gas producing reactant 120. While any of the
embodiments described herein can be used (for example, FIGS. 1-2D),
in some embodiments, the gas producing reactant 120 is encapsulated
in a temperature dependent barrier (or covering layer) 610. In some
embodiments, an increase in temperature causes the temperature
dependent barrier 610 to become breached, allowing the solvent 110
to solvate the gas producing reactant 120, producing a gas (second
and third panels of FIG. 6). However, in some embodiments, rather
than a gas bubbling off, the gas can produce a foam or suspension
of smaller bubbles. This results in a foam or aerated solution that
includes the partially melted temperature dependent barrier 610,
and the solvent 120, in a larger volume (third panel of FIG. 6). In
some embodiments, a cooling of the system then allows for the
resolidification of the temperature dependent barrier (not back to
its original conformation, but from wherever it randomly drops out
of solution), which assists in forming a framework to support the
additional insulating volume 640. In such an embodiment, the gas
can be allowed to leave the system, once the system has cooled, as
the solidified foam or suspension provides the increased insulating
volume 640, with or without the presence of the generated gas. As
noted above, the system can include a flexible layer 680 to allow
for the expansion. However, any arrangement that allows for an
expansion in volume can also be employed. In some embodiments, the
reactant is an endothermic reactant, and thus, both an insulating
volume and a temperature reduction is supplied.
[0094] In some embodiments, the emulsion gassing aspect can be one
used in the expansion of industrial emulsion explosives for
sensitization. In some embodiments, a gas producing chemical agent
is employed with a high viscosity, gel-like water in oil emulsion
(as the solvent). The reaction then produces a substantial increase
in volume.
[0095] In some embodiments, no gas need be produced, although an
endothermic reaction can still be employed. In some embodiments, a
suitable reactant such as urea is encapsulated in wax (or other
barrier) and dissolves on melting of the barrier.
[0096] In some embodiments, using the gas produced by the reaction
provides a large gain in insulating properties only when required
(for example, when exposed to warm external temperatures), allowing
more rapid cooling when desired and reducing the bulk of insulation
to be shipped and stocked.
[0097] In some embodiments, goods contained in a package featuring
embodiments provided herein can maintain low temperature outside of
refrigeration more reliably than allowed by standard insulative
packaging. The temperature triggered response and thermally
increased reaction rate at higher temperature provide the measured
response to allow this.
[0098] In some embodiments, this technology is included in the
primary packaging of food and pharmaceuticals or larger shipping
cartons.
[0099] In some embodiments, the system can be part of a backup
system in a freezer or fridge. In embodiments in which this is part
of a backup system in a freezer, the solvent for the system can be
a solvent that is frozen in the freezer, and thus when it starts to
melt, it provides additional cooling benefits to the freezer.
[0100] In some embodiments, the system and/or method can provide
active compensatory cooling in conjunction with dynamic insulation.
In some embodiments, active cooling is provided by multiple
methods, increasing heat sequestration density. In some
embodiments, cooling and insulating effects are provided at a
definable critical temperature. In some embodiments, temperature is
maintained at a steady level effectively. In some embodiments, the
rate of the cooling and insulating response is directly related to
increasing temperature, responding appropriately to fluctuations.
In some embodiments, reactions and reactants used can be very food
safe and very well known.
[0101] In some embodiments a carbonate can be dissolved in the
solvent for reaction with dry acid on thawing and/or breach of the
barrier.
[0102] In some embodiments, the barrier need not melt for a breach.
For example, in some dry ice and similar compositions can be used
to create the insulating volume in a temperature dependent manner.
For example, a sample of dry ice, or other gas producing material,
can be used to drive gas production (even without a solvent) upon
an increase in temperature. Typically, such an application could be
applied for lower temperature regulation, such as for cryogenic
temperatures in cryogenic storage.
[0103] In some embodiments, the acids can be dissolved in a solvent
before the solvent is frozen. Thus, while in some embodiments, one
or more reactants can be present in a solid form (or at least
separated from the solvent), in some embodiments, one or more of
the reactants can also start as being solvated within the solvent.
Such an arrangement allows the system to be ready for reaction upon
thawing with a reactant, such as a dry carbonate.
Example 1
An Insulating System with a Solvent Phase Separation
[0104] The present example outlines an insulating system with a
temperature dependent separation including a frozen solvent.
[0105] A frozen solvent (water) is provided in the system. The
frozen solvent can be provided by providing a liquid solvent in the
chamber of the system and then lowering the temperature of the
system to freeze the solvent. An endothermic reactant (urea), is
then be added to the chamber of the system. Because the solvent is
frozen it is unavailable to react with the endothermic reactant
when the combination is made.
[0106] As the temperature of the system increases (due to an
increase in external temperatures) the frozen solvent transitions
to a liquid state. The liquid solvent then reacts with the
endothermic reactant to produce a cooling effect in the insulation
system.
Example 2
An Insulating System with a Fracturable Wall Separation
[0107] The present example outlines an insulating system with
temperature dependent separation including a fracturable separation
wall.
[0108] A thin film of polystyrene is provided in the chamber of the
system as a horizontal separation wall between the endothermic
reactant (potassium nitrate) and the solvent (water). The
temperature of the system and packaging is lowered to a temperature
at or below freezing. The polystyrene wall is fractured as the
volume of the solvent expands as it freezes. The ruptured wall is
then permeable to the solvent and reactant.
[0109] Alternatively, the polystyrene wall can be a horizontal
separation wall.
[0110] As the temperature of the system increases (due to higher
external temperatures) the frozen solvent melts and dissolved the
potassium nitrate, resulting in an endothermic reaction that cools
the insulating system.
Example 3
An Insulating System with a Temperature Dependent Barrier
Separation
[0111] The present example outlines an insulating system with a
temperature dependent barrier (as depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B).
[0112] A paraffin wax layer is provided as a horizontal separation
barrier in the chamber of the system between the endothermic
reactant (citric acid) and the solvent (water with sodium
carbonate). As the temperature of the system increases (due to
higher external temperatures) the paraffin wax wall at least
partially melts, allowing the solvent to mix with the endothermic
reactant on the other side of the wall. This allows an endothermic
reaction to proceed.
[0113] Alternatively, the paraffin wax wall can be a horizontal
separation barrier.
Example 4
An Insulating System with Temperature Dependent Reactant
Encapsulation
[0114] The present example outlines an insulating system with a
temperature dependent barrier including a reactant encapsulated in
a temperature dependent barrier (as depicted in FIG. 2C).
[0115] A paraffin wax is provided as a barrier around one part
citric acid and, as a separate barrier, one part calcium carbonate.
The two encapsulated components are suspended within a water
solvent As the temperature of the system increases due to the
placement of a hot item close to the system, the paraffin wax
barriers around both the citric acid and the calcium carbonate at
least partially melt. The at least partially melted encapsulating
layers are then permeable to the water.
[0116] As the water is made available to solvate both the citric
acid and the calcium carbonate, an endothermic reaction occurs to
produce a cooling effect on the local environment.
Example 5
A Gas Producing Insulation System
[0117] The present example outlines an insulating system including
a gas producing endothermic reactant (as outlined in FIG. 5).
[0118] The physical arrangement of the system of anyone of Examples
1-4 can be used. A gas producing endothermic reactant, citric acid
with sodium carbonate is provided. The use of 100 g of combined
reactant consumes 16 kJ of heat, and produces 9.5 L of CO.sub.2 at
standard temperature and pressure. This is sufficient energy intake
to cool 375 ml of water by 10 degrees, and provide excess gas for
further insulation. Absorbed energy is approximately 800 J/g of
reactants at a stoichiometric ratio.
[0119] The gas produced can be at least partially vented with a
pressure valve or contained in the system as described in Example
6.
Example 6
A Gas Retaining Enclosure with Expandable Wall
[0120] The present example outlines an insulating system with a gas
retaining enclosure including an expandable wall.
[0121] The system of Example 5 further includes a gas permeable
wall and flexible layer. The CO.sub.2 produced in the reaction
permeates the gas permeable wall but is kept from escaping by the
presence of the flexible layer. Under the pressure of the created
gas, the flexible layer expands, creating an insulating layer (of
relatively cold gas), which provides further insulating benefits to
the insulating system.
Example 7
A Suspension Producing Insulation System
[0122] The present example outlines an insulating system that
includes a suspension, for example as shows in FIG. 6.
[0123] A carbonate encapsulated in a paraffin wax barrier is
dispersed in an aqueous organic acid solution. As the temperature
of the system increases (due to higher external temperatures) the
paraffin wax barrier partially melts. A surfactant is present in
the solvent and aids in the release of the carbonate as the
paraffin wax encapsulating barrier partially melts. The partially
melted encapsulating layer is then permeable to the organic acid
solution and gas producing reactant.
[0124] The carbonate and acid react endothermically and remove heat
from the local environment. The now melted wax forms an oil and
water emulsion and during the reaction, CO.sub.2 gas is produced,
causing expansion of the gel-like emulsion. The temperature drop
caused by the endothermic reaction causes the re-solidification of
the now redistributed wax, which reforms in an expanded, skeletal
like framework as the wax is brought back below its transition
point.
[0125] The gas produced can be at least partially vented with a
pressure valve or contained in the system using an expandable
wall.
Example 8
Cooling Container and Method for Regulating Temperature
[0126] The present example outlines how to regulate the temperature
of an environment using the systems of any of Examples 1-7.
[0127] A container that includes any of the systems of Examples 1-7
can be used as a packaging that encloses a desired storage volume
whose temperature is to be regulated. An item to be preserved is
placed within the container. When the temperature rises above
freezing, the endothermic reactant is solvated by the solvent as
outlined in the examples above, thereby producing a cooling effect
on the desired storage volume.
[0128] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the
particular embodiments described in this application, which are
intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications
and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and
scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of
the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be
apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing
descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to
fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present
disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended
claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such
claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is
not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds,
compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It
is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for
the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not
intended to be limiting.
[0129] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or
singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate
from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the
plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The
various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth
herein for sake of clarity.
[0130] It will be understood by those within the art that, in
general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims
(e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as
"open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as
"including but not limited to," the term "having" should be
interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be
interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be
further understood by those within the art that if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an
intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence
of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an
aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain
usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more"
to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases
should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim
recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any
particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to
embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same
claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least
one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or
"an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or
more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used
to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited,
those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should
be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare
recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at
least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in
those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A,
B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended
in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the
convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C"
would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C
together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances
where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc."
is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense
one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g.,
"a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not
be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B
together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C
together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the
art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting
two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims,
or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities
of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms.
For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the
possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."
[0131] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are
described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will
recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of
any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush
group.
[0132] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and
all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description,
all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible
subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range
can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling
the same range being broken down into at least equal halves,
thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example,
each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower
third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be
understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to,"
"at least," and the like include the number recited and refer to
ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as
discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in
the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for
example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or
3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups
having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
[0133] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various
embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein
for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be
made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present
disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein
are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit
being indicated by the following claims.
* * * * *