U.S. patent application number 14/512644 was filed with the patent office on 2016-04-14 for low-e panels and methods for forming the same.
The applicant listed for this patent is Intermolecular Inc.. Invention is credited to Jeremy Cheng, Guowen Ding, Tong Ju, Minh Huu Le, Daniel Schweigert, Guizhen Zhang.
Application Number | 20160102013 14/512644 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55537373 |
Filed Date | 2016-04-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160102013 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Zhang; Guizhen ; et
al. |
April 14, 2016 |
Low-E Panels and Methods for Forming the Same
Abstract
Embodiments provided herein describe low-e panels and methods
for forming low-e panels. A transparent substrate is provided. A
reflective layer is formed above the transparent substrate. A metal
oxide layer is formed between the transparent substrate and the
reflective layer. A base layer is formed between transparent
substrate and the metal oxide layer. The base layer has a first
refractive index. A dielectric layer is formed between the base
layer and the metal oxide layer. The dielectric layer has a second
refractive index.
Inventors: |
Zhang; Guizhen; (Santa
Clara, CA) ; Cheng; Jeremy; (Cupertino, CA) ;
Ding; Guowen; (San Jose, CA) ; Ju; Tong;
(Santa Clara, CA) ; Le; Minh Huu; (San Jose,
CA) ; Schweigert; Daniel; (Fremont, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Intermolecular Inc. |
San Jose |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55537373 |
Appl. No.: |
14/512644 |
Filed: |
October 13, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
428/622 ;
204/192.22 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C03C 17/3411 20130101;
C03C 17/366 20130101; C03C 17/3618 20130101; G02B 1/10 20130101;
G02B 5/208 20130101; C03C 17/3644 20130101; C03C 17/3639 20130101;
C03C 17/36 20130101; C23C 14/185 20130101; C03C 17/3613 20130101;
C23C 14/083 20130101; G02B 5/282 20130101; C23C 14/086 20130101;
C23C 14/0036 20130101; C23C 14/3464 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C03C 17/34 20060101
C03C017/34; G02B 1/10 20060101 G02B001/10; G02B 5/28 20060101
G02B005/28; C23C 14/34 20060101 C23C014/34; C23C 14/18 20060101
C23C014/18; C23C 14/08 20060101 C23C014/08; C03C 17/36 20060101
C03C017/36; C23C 14/00 20060101 C23C014/00 |
Claims
1. A method for forming a low-e panel, the method comprising:
providing a transparent substrate; forming a first base layer above
the transparent substrate, wherein the first base layer comprises
zinc and tin; forming a first dielectric layer above the first base
layer, wherein the first dielectric layer comprises niobium;
forming a first seed layer above the first dielectric layer,
wherein the first seed layer comprises zinc; forming a first
reflective layer above the first seed layer; forming a first
barrier layer above the first reflective layer, wherein the first
barrier layer comprises nickel, titanium, and niobium; forming a
second base layer above the first barrier layer, wherein the second
base layer comprises zinc and tin; forming a second dielectric
layer above the second base layer, wherein the second dielectric
layer comprises niobium; forming a second seed layer above the
second dielectric layer, wherein the second seed layer comprises
zinc; forming a second reflective layer above the second seed
layer; forming a second barrier layer above the second reflective
layer, wherein the second barrier layer comprises nickel, titanium,
and niobium; forming a first over-coating layer above the second
barrier layer, wherein the first over-coating layer comprises zinc
and tin; forming a second over-coating layer above the first
over-coating layer, wherein the second over-coating layer comprises
zinc; and forming a capping layer above the second over-coating
layer, wherein the first dielectric layer has a refractive index
that is higher than a refractive index of the first base layer, and
the second dielectric layer has a refractive index that is higher
than a refractive index of the second base layer.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the refractive index of the first
dielectric layer is the same as the refractive index of the second
dielectric layer.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein the refractive index of the first
base layer is the same as the refractive index of the second base
layer.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein the refractive index of the first
base layer and the second base layer is about 2.0, and the
refractive index of the first dielectric layer and the second
dielectric layer is between about 2.3 and about 2.5.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first dielectric
layer and the second dielectric layer comprises niobium oxide.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the first dielectric
layer and the second dielectric layer has a thickness of between
about 100 Angstroms (.ANG.) and about 180 .ANG..
7. The method of claim 3, wherein each of the first base layer and
the second base layer comprises zinc-tin oxide.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first seed layer, the
second seed layer, and the second over-coating layer comprises zinc
oxide.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first reflective
layer and the second reflective layer comprises silver.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein the transparent substrate
comprises glass.
11. A method for forming a low-e panel, the method comprising:
providing a transparent substrate; forming a first base layer above
the transparent substrate, wherein the first base layer comprises
zinc and tin and has a refractive index of about 2.0; forming a
first dielectric layer above the first base layer, wherein the
first dielectric layer comprises niobium and has a refractive index
of between about 2.3 and about 2.5; forming a first seed layer
above the first dielectric layer, wherein the first seed layer
comprises zinc; forming a first reflective layer above the first
seed layer, wherein the first reflective layer comprises silver;
forming a first barrier layer above the first reflective layer,
wherein the first barrier layer comprises nickel, titanium, and
niobium; forming a second base layer above the first barrier layer,
wherein the second base layer comprises zinc and tin and has a
refractive index of about 2.0; forming a second dielectric layer
above the second base layer, wherein the second dielectric layer
comprises niobium and has a refractive index between about 2.3 and
about 2.5; forming a second seed layer above the second dielectric
layer, wherein the second seed layer comprises zinc; forming a
second reflective layer above the second seed layer, wherein the
second reflective layer comprises silver; forming a second barrier
layer above the second reflective layer, wherein the second barrier
layer comprises nickel, titanium, and niobium; forming a first
over-coating layer above the second barrier layer, wherein the
first over-coating layer comprises zinc and tin; forming a second
over-coating layer above the first over-coating layer, wherein the
second over-coating layer comprises zinc; and forming a capping
layer above the second over-coating layer.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein each of the first dielectric
layer and the second dielectric layer comprises niobium oxide.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein each of the first dielectric
layer and the second dielectric layer has a thickness of between
about 100 Angstroms (.ANG.) and about 180 .ANG..
14. The method of claim 13, wherein each of the first the base
layer and the second base layer comprises zinc-tin oxide.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein each of the first the seed
layer and the second seed layer comprises zinc oxide.
16. A low-e panel comprising: a transparent substrate; a first base
layer formed above the transparent substrate, wherein the first
base layer comprises zinc and tin; a first dielectric layer formed
above the first base layer, wherein the first dielectric layer
comprises niobium; a first seed layer formed above the first
dielectric layer, wherein the first seed layer comprises zinc; a
first reflective layer formed above the first seed layer; a first
barrier layer formed above the first reflective layer, wherein the
first barrier layer comprises nickel, titanium, and niobium; a
second base layer formed above the first barrier layer, wherein the
second base layer comprises zinc and tin; a second dielectric layer
formed above the second base layer, wherein the second dielectric
layer comprises niobium; a second seed layer formed above the
second dielectric layer, wherein the second seed layer comprises
zinc; a second reflective layer formed above the second seed layer;
a second barrier layer formed above the second reflective layer,
wherein the second barrier layer comprises nickel, titanium, and
niobium; a first over-coating layer formed above the second barrier
layer, wherein the first over-coating layer comprises zinc and tin;
a second over-coating layer formed above the first over-coating
layer, wherein the second over-coating layer comprises zinc; and a
capping layer formed above the second over-coating layer, wherein
the first dielectric layer has a refractive index that is higher
than a refractive index of the first base layer, and the second
dielectric layer has a refractive index that is higher than a
refractive index of the second base layer.
17. The low-e panel of claim 16, wherein the refractive index of
the first dielectric layer is the same as the refractive index of
the second dielectric layer, and the refractive index of the first
base layer is the same as the refractive index of the second base
layer.
18. The low-e panel of claim 17, wherein the refractive index of
the first base layer and the second base layer is about 2.0, and
the refractive index of the first dielectric layer and the second
dielectric layer is between about 2.3 and about 2.5.
19. The low-e panel of claim 18, wherein each of the first
dielectric layer and the second dielectric layer comprises niobium
oxide and has a thickness of between about 100 Angstroms (.ANG.)
and about 180 .ANG..
20. The low-e panel of claim 19, wherein each of the first base
layer, the second base layer, and the first over-coating layer
comprises zinc-tin oxide.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to low-e panels. More
particularly, this invention relates to low-e panels with novel
materials and methods for forming such low-e panels.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Low emissivity, or low-e, panels are often formed by
depositing a reflective layer (e.g., silver), along with various
other layers, onto a transparent (e.g., glass) substrate. The other
layers typically include various dielectric and metal oxide layers,
such as silicon nitride, tin oxide, and zinc oxide, to provide a
barrier between the stack and both the substrate and the
environment, as well as to act as optical fillers and improve the
optical characteristics of the panel.
[0003] When used in, for example, windows, and depending on the
particular environment (i.e., climate), it may be desirable for the
low-e panels to allow visible light to pass through the window
while blocking other types of solar radiation, such as infra-red.
Such panels are often referred to as having a high light-to-solar
gain (LSG) ratio.
[0004] Currently available low-e panels are able to achieve LSG
ratios of 1.8, or even higher, by using coating with more than one
reflective layer (i.e., "double silver" coatings, "triple silver"
coatings, etc.) However, these coatings typically exhibit changes
in, for example, optical performance (e.g., color) if they are
exposed to a heat treatment, such as that often performed to temper
the glass substrate. As a result, different coatings must be used
depending on whether or not a heat treatment will subsequently be
performed.
[0005] Some existing low-e panels, suitable for certain
applications, exhibit little or no change in performance due to the
heat treatment. However, these low-e panels typically only utilize
a single reflective layer, and thus have relatively low LSG ratios
(e.g., less than 1.5).
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0006] To facilitate understanding, identical reference numerals
have been used, where possible, to designate identical elements
that are common to the figures. The drawings are not to scale and
the relative dimensions of various elements in the drawings are
depicted schematically and not necessarily to scale.
[0007] The techniques of the present invention can readily be
understood by considering the following detailed description in
conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
[0008] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a low-e panel
according to some embodiments.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a low-e panel
according to some embodiments.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a graph depicting transmittance and reflectance
for low-e panels according to some embodiments.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a table of data related to various performance
characteristics for low-e panels according to some embodiments.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a simplified cross-sectional diagram illustrating
a physical vapor deposition (PVD) tool according to some
embodiments.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method for forming a
low-e panel according to some embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0014] A detailed description of one or more embodiments is
provided below along with accompanying figures. The detailed
description is provided in connection with such embodiments, but is
not limited to any particular example. The scope is limited only by
the claims, and numerous alternatives, modifications, and
equivalents are encompassed. Numerous specific details are set
forth in the following description in order to provide a thorough
understanding. These details are provided for the purpose of
example and the described techniques may be practiced according to
the claims without some or all of these specific details. For the
purpose of clarity, technical material that is known in the
technical fields related to the embodiments has not been described
in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring the description.
[0015] The term "horizontal" as used herein will be understood to
be defined as a plane parallel to the plane or surface of the
substrate, regardless of the orientation of the substrate. The term
"vertical" will refer to a direction perpendicular to the
horizontal as previously defined. Terms such as "above", "below",
"bottom", "top", "side" (e.g. sidewall), "higher", "lower",
"upper", "over", and "under", are defined with respect to the
horizontal plane. The term "on" means there is direct contact
between the elements. The term "above" will allow for intervening
elements.
[0016] Some embodiments provide low-e optical coatings (and/or
panels) capable of achieving high light-to-solar gain (LSG) ratios
(e.g., greater than 1.9), which do not experience significant
changes in performance (e.g., color, visible transmission, solar
heat gain coefficient (SHGC), etc.) from undergoing a heat
treatment, such as a tempering process. Such coatings may, for
example, be used in windows/low-e panels in warm climates in which
it is desirable to allow visible light to pass through, while
preventing heat from entering the interior of the building. In some
embodiments, the low-e stack includes a base layer and a dielectric
layer between the transparent substrate and the reflective layer
(e.g., silver). The refractive index of the base layer is different
than that of the dielectric layer (e.g., the refractive index of
the dielectric layer is higher). The dielectric layer may include
niobium. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer is made of
niobium oxide.
[0017] FIG. 1 illustrates a low-e panel 100 according to some
embodiments. The low-e panel 100 includes a transparent substrate
102 and a low-e stack 104 formed above the transparent substrate
102. The transparent substrate 102 in some embodiments is made of a
low emissivity glass, such as borosilicate glass. However, in some
embodiments, the transparent substrate 102 may be made of plastic
or a transparent polymer, such as polyethylene terephthalate (PET),
poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polycarbonate (PC), and polyimide
(PI). The transparent substrate 102 has a thickness of, for
example, between about 1 and about 10 millimeters (mm). In a
testing environment, the transparent substrate 102 may be round
with a diameter of, for example, about 200 or about 300 mm.
However, in a manufacturing environment, the transparent substrate
102 may be square or rectangular and significantly larger (e.g.,
about 0.5-about 6 meters (m) across).
[0018] The low-e stack 104 includes a base layer 106, a dielectric
layer 108, a seed layer 110, a reflective layer 112, a barrier
layer 114, a first over-coating layer 116, a second over-coating
layer 118, and a protective layer 120. Exemplary details as to the
functionality provided by each of the layers 106-120 are provided
below.
[0019] The various layers in the low-e stack 104 may be formed
sequentially (i.e., from bottom to top) above the transparent
substrate 102 using, for example, a physical vapor deposition (PVD)
and/or reactive sputtering processing tool. In some embodiments,
the low-e stack 104 is formed above the entire substrate 102.
However, in some embodiments, the low-e stack 104 may only be
formed above isolated portions of the transparent substrate 102.
Although the layers may be described as being formed "above" the
previous layer (or the substrate), it should be understood that in
some embodiments, each layer is formed directly on (and adjacent
to) the previously provided/formed component (e.g., layer). In some
embodiments, additional layers may be included between the layers,
and other processing steps may also be performed between the
formations of various layers.
[0020] The base layer 106 is formed above the transparent substrate
102. The base layer 106 may be made of a metal oxide and have a
thickness of, for example, between about 100 .ANG. and about 180
.ANG., such as about 150 .ANG.. In some embodiments, the base layer
106 has a refractive index of between about 1.7 and about 2.2, such
as about 2.0, and may include zinc, tin, or a combination thereof.
The base layer 106 may be made of zinc-tin oxide. Other suitable
materials are, for example, titanium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide,
and other metal alloy oxides, such as aluminum-tin oxide. The base
layer 106 may be used to tune the optical properties (e.g., color,
transmittance, etc.) of the low-e panel 100 as a whole, as well as
to enhance silver nucleation.
[0021] The dielectric layer 108 is formed above the base layer 106.
In some embodiments, the dielectric layer 108 has a refractive
index that is greater than the refractive index of the base layer
106. For example, the refractive index of the dielectric layer 108
may be between about 2.3 and about 2.5, such as about 2.4. The
dielectric layer 108 may include niobium. In some embodiments, the
dielectric layer 108 is made of niobium oxide. The dielectric layer
108 may have a thickness of, for example, between about 100 .ANG.
and about 180 .ANG., such as about 150 .ANG.. The dielectric layer
108 may be used to provide a separation between the base layer 106
and the seed layer 110.
[0022] The seed layer 110 is formed above the dielectric layer 108.
The seed layer 110 is made of a metal oxide and may have a
thickness of, for example, between about 30 .ANG. and about 120
.ANG., such as about 40 .ANG.. In some embodiments, the metal oxide
used in the seed layer 110 is zinc oxide. The seed layer 110 may be
used to enhance the deposition/growth of the reflective layer 112
in the low-e stack 104 (e.g., enhance the crystalline structure
and/or texturing of the reflective layer 112) and increase the
transmission of the stack 104 for anti-reflection purposes. In some
embodiments, the seed layer 110 may be made of tin oxide or may not
be included at all.
[0023] The reflective layer 112 is formed above the seed layer 110.
In some embodiments, the reflective layer 112 is made of silver and
has a thickness of, for example, between about 80 .ANG. and about
150 .ANG., such as about 100 .ANG.. As is commonly understood, the
reflective layer 112 is used to reflect infra-red electro-magnetic
radiation, thus reducing the amount of heat that may be transferred
through the low-e panel 100.
[0024] The barrier layer 114 is formed over the reflective layer
112. The barrier layer 114 may include, for example, nickel,
titanium, niobium, or a combination thereof. For example, in some
embodiments, the barrier layer is made of nickel-titanium-niobium
oxide. The barrier layer 114 may have a thickness of, for example,
between about 10 .ANG. and about 100 .ANG., such as about 30 .ANG..
The barrier layer 114 is used, for example, to protect the
reflective layer 112 from the processing steps used to form the
other, subsequent layers of the low-e stack 104 and to prevent any
interaction of the material of the reflective layer 112 with the
materials of the other layers of the low-e stack 104, which may
result in undesirable optical characteristics, such as poor color
performance, of the low-e panel 100.
[0025] Still referring to FIG. 1, the first over-coating layer 116
is formed above the barrier layer 114. The first over-coating layer
116 may be made of a metal oxide and have a thickness of, for
example, between about 150 .ANG. and about 400 .ANG., such as about
300 .ANG.. In some embodiments, the first over-coating layer 116 is
made of the same material as the base layer 108 (e.g., zinc-tin
oxide).
[0026] The second over-coating layer 118 is formed above the first
over-coating layer 116. The second over-coating layer 118 may be
made of a metal oxide and have a thickness of, for example, between
about 10 .ANG. and about 100 .ANG., such as about 30 .ANG.. In some
embodiments, the first over-coating layer 116 is made of the same
material as the seed layer 108 (e.g., zinc oxide).
[0027] The first and second over-coating layers 116 and 118 may be
used to further tune the optical properties of the low-e panel 100
as a whole. Additionally, in some embodiments, the first and second
over-coating layers 116 and 118 may enhance the LSG ratio of the
low-e panel 100.
[0028] Still referring to FIG. 1, the protective (or capping) layer
120 is formed above the second over-coating layer 118. The
protective layer 120 may be made of silicon nitride and have a
thickness of, for example, between about 200 .ANG. and about 300
.ANG., such as about 250 Angstroms (.ANG.). The protective layer
120 may be used to provide additional protection for the lower
layers of the stack 104 and further adjust the optical properties
of the low-e panel 100. The protective layer 120 may also be
considered to be an over-coating layer (i.e., a third over-coating
layer).
[0029] Additionally, although not shown in FIG. 1, it should be
understood that an additional protective layer may be formed
between the transparent substrate 102 and the base layer 106. This
additional (or lower) protective layer may be made of the same
material (e.g., silicon nitride) as the (upper) protective layer
120 and have a thickness of, for example, between about 100 .ANG.
and 250 .ANG.. This additional protective layer may protect the
other layers in the stack 104 from any elements which may otherwise
diffuse from the transparent substrate 102 and may be used to
further tune the optical properties (e.g., transmission) of the
low-e stack 104 and/or the low-e panel 100 as a whole.
[0030] One skilled in the art will appreciate that the embodiment
depicted in FIG. 1 is a "single silver" low-e panel (i.e., having
one reflective/silver layer). However, in some embodiments, the
low-e panel 100 (or the low-e stack 104) is formed as a "double
silver," or even a "triple silver," low-e panel (i.e., having two
or three reflective/silver layers). In such embodiments, other
layers in the low-e stack 104 may be replicated more than once
along with the reflective layer. For example, in a double silver
low-e panel, a set of additional layers, including an additional
dielectric layer, seed layer, reflective layer, barrier layer, and
first over-coating layer, similar to those described above, may be
sequentially formed between the first over-coating layer 116 and
the second over-coating layer 118.
[0031] An example of a "double silver" low-e panel 200 is shown in
FIG. 2. The low-e panel 200 includes a transparent substrate 202
and a low-e stack 204 formed above the transparent substrate 202.
The transparent substrate 202 may be similar to that described
above. The low-e stack 204 includes a first (or lower) base layer
206, a first dielectric layer 208, a first seed layer 210, a first
reflective layer 212, a first barrier layer 214, a second (or
upper) base layer 216, a second dielectric layer 218, a second seed
layer 220, a second reflective layer 222, a second barrier layer
224, a first over-coating layer 226, a second over-coating layer
228, and a protective layer 230. Each of the layers of the double
silver low-e panel 200 may have the same properties (e.g.,
material, thickness, etc.) as the similarly named layers of the
low-e panel 100 shown in FIG. 1 and described above.
[0032] It should be noted that depending on the materials used,
some of the layers of the low-e stack (e.g., low-e stack 104 and
low-e stack 204) may have some materials in common. For example, in
the embodiments described above, the base layer 106 and the first
over-coating layer 116 may be made of the same material (e.g.,
zinc-tin oxide). Similarly, the seed layer 108 and the second
over-coating layer 118 may be made of the same material (e.g., zinc
oxide). As a result, embodiments described herein may allow for a
relatively low number of different targets to be used for the
formation of the low-e stack 104.
[0033] It should also be understood that the low-e panel (e.g.,
low-e panel 100 and low-panel 200) may be a portion of (or
installed in) a larger, more complex device or system, such as a
low-e window. Such a window may include multiple glass substrates
(or panes), other coatings (or layers), such a thermochromic
coating formed on a different pane than the low-e stack, and
various barrier or spacer layers formed between adjacent panes.
[0034] Low-e panels formed in accordance with embodiments described
herein showed very little change in visible transmission (or
transmittance) and reflection (or reflectance) due to the heat
treatment (e.g., 73.3% as-coated and 73.9% after heat treatment).
FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the transmittance and reflectance,
both before and after heat treatment, for low-e panels in
accordance with some embodiments. In particular, line group 302
depicts transmittance, with the solid line in line group 302
depicting the transmittance before heat treatment (i.e., as-coated)
and the dashed line in line group 302 depicting the transmittance
after heat treatment. As shown, the transmittance for visible light
(i.e., 380-780 nm) is relative high, peaking at about 80%, both
before and after heat treatment (i.e., the heat treatment changed
transmittance very little).
[0035] Still referring to FIG. 3, line group 304 depicts
reflectance for electro-magnetic radiation passing through the
low-e panels from the side of the substrate with the low-e stack
(i.e., the coating side). The solid line in line group 304 depicts
this reflectance before heat treatment, and the dashed line depicts
this reflectance after heat treatment. As shown, the reflectance
for the coating side increases dramatically (to over 90%) for
electro-magnetic radiation with wavelengths longer than that of
visible light (i.e., greater than 780 nm) and is affected very
little by the heat treatment. Line group 306 depicts reflectance
for electro-magnetic radiation passing through the low-e panels
from the side of the substrate opposite the low-e stack (i.e., the
substrate (or glass) side). The solid line in line group 306
depicts this reflectance before heat treatment, and the dashed line
depicts this reflectance after heat treatment. As shown, the
reflectance for the substrate side, though not quite as high as the
coating side, increases dramatically for electro-magnetic radiation
with wavelengths longer than that of visible light and is affected
very little by the heat treatment.
[0036] Other characteristics of the low-e panels described herein
are shown in the table depicted in FIG. 4. "AC" indicates data for
the as-coated low-e panels, and "HT" indicates data for the low-e
panels after a high temperature treatment (e.g. tempering). Data
are presented for both monolithic low-e panels (e.g., Monolithic
Optics) and dual-pane low-e panels (e.g., IGU Optics). Due to the
distribution of cones in the eye, the color observance may depend
on the observer's field of view. Standard (colorimetric) observer
is used, which was taken to be the chromatic response of the
average human viewing through a 2 degree angle, due to the belief
that the color-sensitive cones reside within a 2 degree arc of the
field of view. Thus, the measurements are shown for the 2 degree
Standard Observer.
[0037] The various characteristics listed in FIG. 4 will be
understood and appreciated by one skilled in the art. For example,
intensity of reflected visible wavelength light, (e.g.,
"reflectance") is defined for glass side "g" or for film side "f".
Intensity from glass side reflectance, (e.g., R.sub.gY), shows
light intensity measured from the side of the glass substrate
opposite the side of the coated layers. Intensity from film side
reflectance, (e.g., R.sub.fY), shows light intensity measured from
the side of the glass substrate on which the coated layers are
formed. Transmittance, (e.g., TY), shows light intensity measured
for the transmitted light.
[0038] The color characteristics are measured and reported herein
using the CIE LAB a*, b* coordinates and scale (i.e. the CIE a*b*
diagram, Ill. CIE-C, 2 degree observer). In the CIE LAB color
system, the "L*" value indicates the lightness of the color, the
"a*" value indicates the position between magenta and green (more
negative values indicate stronger green and more positive values
indicate stronger magenta), and the "b*" value indicates the
position between yellow and blue (more negative values indicate
stronger blue and more positive values indicate stronger
yellow).
[0039] Emissivity (E) is a characteristic of both absorption and
reflectance of light at given wavelengths. It can usually
represented as a complement of the reflectance by the film side,
(e.g., E=1-R.sub.f). For architectural purposes, emissivity values
can be important in the far range of the infrared spectrum, (e.g.,
about 2,500-40,000 nm). Thus, the emissivity value reported here
includes normal emissivity (EN), as measured in the far range of
the infrared spectrum. Haze is a percentage of light that deviates
from the incident beam greater than 2.5 degrees on the average.
[0040] Data are also shown for the difference between heat treated
and as-coated low-e panels. The value .DELTA.E* (and .DELTA.a*,
.DELTA.b*, .DELTA.Y) are important in determining whether or not
upon heat treatment (HT) there is matchability, or substantial
matchability, of the coated panels. For purposes of example, the
term .DELTA.a*, for example, is indicative of how much color value
a* changes due to heat treatment. Also, .DELTA.E* is indicative of
the change in reflectance and/or transmittance (including color
appearance) in a coated panel after a heat treatment. .DELTA.E*
corresponds to the CIELAB Scale L*, a*, b*, and measures color
properties before heat treatment (L*.sub.0, a*.sub.0, b*.sub.0) and
color properties after heat treatment (L*.sub.1, a*.sub.1,
b*.sub.1):
.DELTA.E*= {square root over
((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}{square
root over
((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}{square
root over
((.DELTA.L*).sup.2+(.DELTA.a*).sup.2+(.DELTA.b*).sup.2)}
where .DELTA.L*=L*.sub.1-L*.sub.0, .DELTA.a*=a*.sub.1-a*.sub.0, and
.DELTA.b*=b*.sub.1-b*.sub.0.
[0041] The color change of glass side reflection can be calculated
as Rg.DELTA.E*. The color change of light transmission can be
calculated as T.DELTA.E*, T|.DELTA.a*| and T|.DELTA.b*|. The
luminance change of light transmission can be calculated as
T.DELTA.Y.
[0042] Low-e panels (and/or low-e windows) utilizing the low-e
stacks described above, particularly in a double (or triple) silver
configuration, may demonstrate a high LSG ratio (e.g., greater than
1.9). Additionally, these low-e panels may show very little or no
change in performance after undergoing a heat treatment. For
example, in some embodiments utilizing a double silver low-e stack,
the low-e panels exhibited very low emissivity (i.e, normal
emissivity (EN) both before (i.e., as-coated) and after heat
treatment (e.g., 0.024 as-coated and 0.016 after heat treatment).
The solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of the low-e panels was also
affected very little by the heat treatment (e.g., 37.1 as-coated
and 38.4 after heat treatment). Further, the low-e panels described
herein exhibit a low R.sub.g .DELTA.E* value (i.e. the color change
on the glass side) when comparing the as-coated and the heat
treated data (i.e., "HT-AC"). As shown, the low-e panels described
herein exhibit R.sub.g.DELTA.E* values of 2.32.
[0043] As an additional benefit, any additional manufacturing costs
may be minimized because many of the layers in the low-e stacks
described herein utilize materials used in the other layers (e.g.,
niobium, zinc, tin, etc). As a result, the total number of targets
that are required to form the low-e stacks may be minimized, which
reduces manufacturing costs.
[0044] FIG. 5 provides a simplified illustration of a physical
vapor deposition (PVD) tool (and/or system) 500 which may be used
to form the low-e panels and/or the low-e stacks described above,
in accordance with some embodiments. The PVD tool 500 shown in FIG.
5 includes a housing 502 that defines, or encloses, a processing
chamber 504, a substrate support 506, a first target assembly 508,
and a second target assembly 510.
[0045] The housing 502 includes a gas inlet 512 and a gas outlet
514 near a lower region thereof on opposing sides of the substrate
support 506. The substrate support 506 is positioned near the lower
region of the housing 502 and in configured to support a substrate
516. The substrate 516 may be a round glass (e.g., borosilicate
glass) substrate having a diameter of, for example, about 200 mm or
about 300 mm. In other embodiments (such as in a manufacturing
environment), the substrate 516 may have other shapes, such as
square or rectangular, and may be significantly larger (e.g., about
0.5-about 6 m across). The substrate support 506 includes a support
electrode 518 and is held at ground potential during processing, as
indicated.
[0046] The first and second target assemblies (or process heads)
508 and 510 are suspended from an upper region of the housing 502
within the processing chamber 504. The first target assembly 508
includes a first target 520 and a first target electrode 522, and
the second target assembly 510 includes a second target 524 and a
second target electrode 526. As shown, the first target 520 and the
second target 524 are oriented or directed towards the substrate
516. As is commonly understood, the first target 520 and the second
target 524 include one or more materials that are to be used to
deposit a layer of material 528 on the upper surface of the
substrate 516.
[0047] The materials used in the targets 520 and 524 may, for
example, include tin, zinc, tin, magnesium, aluminum, lanthanum,
yttrium, titanium, antimony, strontium, bismuth, silicon, silver,
nickel, chromium, niobium, or any combination thereof (i.e., a
single target may be made of an alloy of several metals).
Additionally, the materials used in the targets may include oxygen,
nitrogen, or a combination of oxygen and nitrogen in order to form
oxides, nitrides, and oxynitrides. Additionally, although only two
targets 520 and 524 are shown, additional targets may be used.
[0048] The PVD tool 500 also includes a first power supply 530
coupled to the first target electrode 522 and a second power supply
532 coupled to the second target electrode 524. As is commonly
understood, the power supplies 530 and 532 pulse direct current
(DC) power to the respective electrodes, causing material to be, at
least in some embodiments, simultaneously sputtered (i.e.,
co-sputtered) from the first and second targets 520 and 524.
[0049] During sputtering, inert gases, such as argon or krypton,
may be introduced into the processing chamber 504 through the gas
inlet 512, while a vacuum is applied to the gas outlet 514.
However, in embodiments in which reactive sputtering is used,
reactive gases may also be introduced, such as oxygen and/or
nitrogen, which interact with particles ejected from the targets
(i.e., to form oxides, nitrides, and/or oxynitrides).
[0050] Although not shown in FIG. 5, the PVD tool 500 may also
include a control system having, for example, a processor and a
memory, which is in operable communication with the other
components shown in FIG. 5 and configured to control the operation
thereof in order to perform the methods described herein.
[0051] Further, although the PVD tool 500 shown in FIG. 5 includes
a stationary substrate support 506, it should be understood that in
a manufacturing environment, the substrate 516 may be in motion
(e.g., an inline configuration) during the various layers described
herein.
[0052] FIG. 6 is a flow chart illustrating a method 600 for forming
a low-e panel according to some embodiments. The method 600 begins
at block 602 by providing a transparent substrate, such as the
examples described above (e.g., glass).
[0053] At block 604, a base layer is formed above the transparent
substrate. The base layer may have a refractive index of between
about 1.7 and about 2.2, such as 2.0. The base layer may include
zinc, tin, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the base
layer is made of zinc-tin oxide.
[0054] At block 606, a dielectric layer is formed above the base
layer. The dielectric layer may have a refractive index of between
about 2.3 about 2.5, such as 2.4. The dielectric layer may include
niobium. In some embodiments, the dielectric layer is made of
niobium oxide.
[0055] At block 608, a seed layer is formed above the dielectric
layer. The seed layer may include zinc. In some embodiments, the
seed layer is made of zinc oxide. At block 610, a reflective layer
is formed above the seed layer. In some embodiments, the reflective
layer is made of silver. Although not shown, block 610 (or the
method 600 as a whole) may also include the formation of other
layers above the reflective layer, such as the barrier layer, the
over-coating layers, and the protective layer described above. At
block 612, the method 608 ends.
[0056] Thus, in some embodiments, a method for forming a low-e
panel is provided. A transparent substrate is provided. A
reflective layer is formed above the transparent substrate. A metal
oxide layer is formed between the transparent substrate and the
reflective layer. A base layer is formed between transparent
substrate and the metal oxide layer. The base layer has a first
refractive index. A dielectric layer is formed between the base
layer and the metal oxide layer. The dielectric layer includes
niobium and has a second refractive index.
[0057] In some embodiments, a method for forming a low-e panel is
provided. A transparent substrate is provided. A reflective layer
is formed above the transparent substrate. The reflective layer
includes silver. A seed layer is formed between the transparent
substrate and the reflective layer. A base layer is formed between
the transparent substrate and the seed layer. A dielectric layer is
formed between the base layer and the seed layer. The dielectric
layer includes niobium oxide.
[0058] In some embodiments, a low-e panel is provided. The low-e
panel includes a transparent substrate, a reflective layer, and a
metal oxide layer, a base layer, and a dielectric layer. The
reflective layer is above the transparent substrate. The metal
oxide layer is between the transparent substrate and the reflective
layer. The base layer is between transparent substrate and the
metal oxide layer. The base layer has a first refractive index. The
dielectric layer is between the base layer and the metal oxide
layer. The dielectric layer has a second refractive index greater
than the first refractive index.
[0059] In some embodiments, methods for forming a low-e panel are
provided. A transparent substrate is provided. A first base layer
is formed above the transparent substrate. The first base layer
includes zinc and tin. A first dielectric layer is formed above the
first base layer. The first dielectric layer includes niobium. A
first seed layer is formed above the first dielectric layer. The
first seed layer includes zinc. A first reflective layer is formed
above the first seed layer. A first barrier layer is formed above
the first reflective layer. The first barrier layer includes
nickel, titanium, and niobium. A second base layer is formed above
the first barrier layer. The second base layer includes zinc and
tin. A second dielectric layer is formed above the second base
layer. The second dielectric layer includes niobium. A second seed
layer is formed above the second dielectric layer. The second seed
layer includes zinc. A second reflective layer is formed above the
second seed layer. A second barrier layer is formed above the
second reflective layer. The second barrier layer includes nickel,
titanium, and niobium. A first over-coating layer is formed above
the second barrier layer. The first over-coating layer includes
zinc and tin. A second over-coating layer is formed above the first
over-coating layer. The second over-coating layer includes zinc. A
capping layer is formed above the second over-coating layer. The
first dielectric layer has a refractive index that is higher than a
refractive index of the first base layer, and the second dielectric
layer has a refractive index that is higher than a refractive index
of the second base layer.
[0060] In some embodiments, methods for forming a low-e panel are
provided. A transparent substrate is provided. A first base layer
is formed above the transparent substrate. The first base layer
includes zinc and tin and has a refractive index of about 2.0. A
first dielectric layer is formed above the first base layer. The
first dielectric layer includes niobium and has a refractive index
of between about 2.3 and about 2.5. A first seed layer is formed
above the first dielectric layer. The first seed layer includes
zinc. A first reflective layer is formed above the first seed
layer. The first reflective layer includes silver. A first barrier
layer is formed above the first reflective layer. The first barrier
layer includes nickel, titanium, and niobium. A second base layer
is formed above the first barrier layer. The second base layer
includes zinc and tin and has a refractive index of about 2.0. A
second dielectric layer is formed above the second base layer. The
second dielectric layer includes niobium and has a refractive index
between about 2.3 and about 2.5. A second seed layer is formed
above the second dielectric layer. The second seed layer includes
zinc. A second reflective layer is formed above the second seed
layer. The second reflective layer includes silver. A second
barrier layer is formed above the second reflective layer. The
second barrier layer includes nickel, titanium, and niobium. A
first over-coating layer is formed above the second barrier layer.
The first over-coating layer includes zinc and tin. A second
over-coating layer is formed above the first over-coating layer.
The second over-coating layer includes zinc. A capping layer is
formed above the second over-coating layer.
[0061] In some embodiments, low-e panels are provided. The low-e
panels include a transparent substrate. A first base layer is
formed above the transparent substrate. The first base layer
includes zinc and tin. A first dielectric layer is formed above the
first base layer. The first dielectric layer includes niobium. A
first seed layer is formed above the first dielectric layer. The
first seed layer includes zinc. A first reflective layer is formed
above the first seed layer. A first barrier layer is formed above
the first reflective layer. The first barrier layer includes
nickel, titanium, and niobium. A second base layer is formed above
the first barrier layer. The second base layer includes zinc and
tin. A second dielectric layer is formed above the second base
layer. The second dielectric layer includes niobium. A second seed
layer is formed above the second dielectric layer. The second seed
layer includes zinc. A second reflective layer is formed above the
second seed layer. A second barrier layer is formed above the
second reflective layer. The second barrier layer includes nickel,
titanium, and niobium. A first over-coating layer is formed above
the second barrier layer. The first over-coating layer includes
zinc and tin. A second over-coating layer is formed above the first
over-coating layer. The second over-coating layer includes zinc. A
capping layer is formed above the second over-coating layer. The
first dielectric layer has a refractive index that is higher than a
refractive index of the first base layer, and the second dielectric
layer has a refractive index that is higher than a refractive index
of the second base layer.
[0062] Although the foregoing examples have been described in some
detail for purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is
not limited to the details provided. There are many alternative
ways of implementing the invention. The disclosed examples are
illustrative and not restrictive.
* * * * *