U.S. patent application number 14/738918 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-31 for systems and methods for posture and vital sign monitoring.
The applicant listed for this patent is Darma Inc.. Invention is credited to Junhao Hu.
Application Number | 20160089059 14/738918 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55583230 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-31 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160089059 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hu; Junhao |
March 31, 2016 |
SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR POSTURE AND VITAL SIGN MONITORING
Abstract
Systems and methods of monitoring posture and vital signs are
disclosed. In some embodiments, the system includes a cushion on
which a user can sit. The cushion includes a first optical fiber
sensor, a second sensor, and a first computing device. The system
may further include a second computing device communicatively
coupled to the first computing device and configured to receive
sensor data from the first computing device. One or both of the
first and second computing devices may operate to combine a signal
indicative of the movement of the user with a signal indicative of
the direction of movement of the user to determine a posture of the
user. The system may provide feedback based on the user's posture
and recommend actions to improve posture. The system may further
monitor the user's heart rate, respiration rate, or other vital
signs.
Inventors: |
Hu; Junhao; (Singapore,
SG) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Darma Inc. |
Palo Alto |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55583230 |
Appl. No.: |
14/738918 |
Filed: |
June 14, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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62057237 |
Sep 30, 2014 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
600/301 ;
600/595 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 5/02405 20130101;
A61B 5/0082 20130101; A61B 5/024 20130101; G16H 40/67 20180101;
Y02A 90/10 20180101; A61B 5/7207 20130101; A61B 5/1123 20130101;
A61B 5/0205 20130101; A61B 5/1102 20130101; G01L 1/245 20130101;
A61B 5/6891 20130101; A61B 5/7257 20130101; A61B 5/6892 20130101;
A61B 5/1116 20130101; Y02A 90/26 20180101; A61B 5/4812 20130101;
A61B 5/725 20130101; A61B 5/746 20130101; A61B 5/0022 20130101;
A61B 5/0476 20130101; A61B 5/021 20130101; A61B 2562/0233 20130101;
A61B 5/0816 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61B 5/11 20060101
A61B005/11; A61B 5/00 20060101 A61B005/00; A61B 5/0205 20060101
A61B005/0205 |
Claims
1. A system for posture monitoring, comprising: a cushion
comprising: a first optical fiber sensor configured to produce a
first signal indicative of a movement of a user, a second sensor
configured to produce a second signal indicative of a direction of
the movement of the user, and a first computing device comprising a
first processor and memory having a first set of instructions
stored thereon; and a second computing device, wherein the second
computing device is communicatively coupled to the first computing
device, and wherein the second computing device comprises a second
processor and memory having a second set of instructions stored
thereon, wherein execution of the first and second set of
instructions causes a method to be performed comprising:
transmitting data from the first computing device to the second
computing device, combining the first signal indicative of the
movement of the user with the second signal indicative of the
direction of the movement of the user to determine a posture of the
user, determining if a change to the posture of the user is
recommended, and if change to the posture of the user is
recommended, recommending an action to the user via the second
computing device.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second sensor is a second
optical fiber sensor.
3. The system of claim 1, wherein the second sensor is a pressure
sensor.
4. The system of claim 1, wherein the first optical fiber sensor or
the second sensor is further configured to produce a third signal
indicative of a vital sign of the user.
5. The system of claim 4, wherein the vital sign is one or more of
a respiratory waveform and a cardiac waveform.
6. The system of claim 1, wherein the action comprises one or more
of standing, walking, correcting posture, and stretching.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the cushion is portable.
8. The system of claim 1, wherein the cushion forms a portion of a
chair, seat, sleeping pod, or couch.
9. The system of claim 1, wherein the first computing device and
the second computing device communicate wirelessly.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the second computing device
comprises a smartphone, wearable computing device, tablet, laptop,
other portable computing device, or a remote server.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the first optical fiber sensor
comprises a one-layer deformer structure.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the cushion further comprises a
memory foam layer.
13. A computerized method for posture monitoring, comprising:
receiving a first signal indicative of a movement of a user,
wherein the first signal is produced by a first optical fiber
sensor in a cushion; receiving a second signal indicative of a
direction of the movement of the user, wherein the second signal is
produced by a second sensor in the cushion; combining the first
signal indicative of the movement of the user with the second
signal indicative of the direction of the movement of the user to
determine a posture of the user; determining if a change to the
posture of the user is recommended; and if change to the posture of
the user is recommended, recommending an action to the user to
change the posture.
14. The computerized method of claim 13, wherein the action
includes one or more of standing, walking, stretching, and
correcting posture.
15. The computerized method of claim 13, further comprising
identifying if the user is leaning forward, leaning backward,
leaning left, leaning right, sitting upright, or slouching.
16. The computerized method of claim 15, further comprising
generating an alert on the first or second computing device if
change to the posture of the user is recommended.
17. The computerized method of claim 13, further comprising
receiving a third signal indicative of a vital sign of the user,
wherein the third signal is produced by the first optical fiber
sensor or the second sensor.
18. The computerized method of claim 17, wherein the vital sign is
one or more of a respiratory waveform and a cardiac waveform of the
user.
19. The computerized method of claim 18, further comprising
determining a stress level of the user based, at least in part, on
a change in a variability of the cardiac waveform.
20. The computerized method of claim 17, further comprising
monitoring a sleep cycle of the user based on one or more of the
first signal, second signal, and third signal.
21. The computerized method of claim 20, further comprising
generating a signal to stimulate a vibrator within the cushion,
wherein the signal is generated during an appropriate sleep cycle
stage of the user.
22. The computerized method of claim 17, further comprising:
determining if a change to the vital sign is recommended; and if
change to the vital sign of the user is recommended, recommending a
second action to the user to change the vital sign.
23. The computerized method of claim 18, wherein the second action
includes one or more of standing, walking, stretching, and
breathing coaching.
24. The computerized method of claim 18, further comprising
generating an alert on the first or second computing device if
change to the vital sign is recommended.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Appl. No. 62/057,237 entitled
"Vital Signs Fiber Optic Sensor", filed Sep. 30, 2014, the contents
of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0002] All publications and patent applications mentioned in this
specification are herein incorporated by reference in their
entirety, as if each individual publication or patent application
was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This invention relates generally to the fields of health and
wellness, and more specifically to new and useful systems and
methods for posture and vital sign monitoring.
BACKGROUND
[0004] The average American sits eleven hours per day. Further,
roughly 23.5% of adults in the United States do not engage in
physical activity. Physical inactivity accounts for approximately
$24 billion in direct medical spending. Increases in sedentary
lifestyles are at least partially due to increased availability of
desk jobs, videogame and television entertainment, and modern
conveniences (e.g., elevators, motorized transportation, home or
internet-based shopping, etc.). Leading a sedentary lifestyle is
linked to increased morbidity as well as poor posture and increased
stress, neck strain, heart disease, colon cancer, joint pain, and
varicose veins, among other health issues.
[0005] Furthermore, inactivity and poor posture can lead to lower
back pain and other back problems. Back pain can be debilitating
for an individual and exacts a substantial economic cost on
society--back pain is the most common cause of job-related
disability and a leading contributor to missed work days. For many,
back pain may be avoided or reduced by maintaining good posture,
particularly during prolonged periods of sitting. While many people
know the importance of good posture, it can be very difficult to
remain mindful of resisting the pull of gravity on the spine when
sitting for any extended period of time.
[0006] Currently, some portable devices, such as wireless heart
rate monitors and other wearable devices, measure one or more vital
signs. Other portable devices count steps or otherwise monitor an
indicator of activity level. However, with existing consumer
devices, it is difficult to monitor posture, to accurately measure
vital signs, to remember to perform one or more physical
activities, to know when it is appropriate or necessary to perform
these activities, and to gauge individual progress. Thus, there is
a need for new and useful systems and methods for posture and vital
sign monitoring. This invention provides such new and useful
systems and methods.
SUMMARY
[0007] Described herein are systems and methods for posture and
vital sign monitoring. One aspect of the disclosure is directed to
a system for posture monitoring, and optionally, vital sign
monitoring. In general, the system for posture and vital sign
monitoring includes a cushion. In some embodiments, the cushion is
portable. In some embodiments, the cushion forms a portion of a
chair, seat, sleeping pod, or couch. In some embodiments, the
cushion further includes a memory foam layer.
[0008] In various embodiments, the cushion includes: a first
optical fiber sensor configured to produce a first signal
indicative of a movement of a user, a second sensor configured to
produce a second signal indicative of a direction of the movement
of the user, and a first computing device including a first
processor and memory having a first set of instructions stored
thereon.
[0009] In some embodiments, the first optical fiber sensor includes
a one-layer deformer structure. In some embodiments, the second
sensor is a second optical fiber sensor. In some embodiments, the
second sensor is a pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the first
optical fiber sensor or the second sensor is further configured to
produce an additional signal indicative of a vital sign of the
user. In some embodiments, the vital sign is a respiratory waveform
and/or a cardiac waveform.
[0010] Optionally, in some embodiments, a system for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes a second computing device. In some
embodiments, the second computing device includes a smartphone,
wearable computing device, tablet, laptop, other portable computing
device, or a remote server.
[0011] In some embodiments, the second computing device is
communicatively coupled to the first computing device. In some
embodiments, the first computing device and the second computing
device communicate wirelessly. In some embodiments, the second
computing device includes a second processor and memory having a
second set of instructions stored thereon. In some embodiments,
execution of the first and second set of instructions causes a
method to be performed including: transmitting data from the first
computing device to the second computing device; combining the
first signal indicative of the movement of the user with the second
signal indicative of the direction of the movement of the user to
determine a posture of the user; determining if a change to the
posture of the user is recommended; and if change to the posture of
the user is recommended, recommending an action to the user via the
second computing device. In some embodiments, an action recommended
to a user includes standing, walking, correcting posture, and/or
stretching.
[0012] Another aspect of the disclosure is directed to a method for
posture monitoring, and optionally, vital sign monitoring. In
various embodiments, the computerized method for posture and vital
sign monitoring includes: receiving a first signal indicative of a
movement of a user; receiving a second signal indicative of a
direction of the movement of the user; combining the first signal
indicative of the movement of the user with the second signal
indicative of the direction of the movement of the user to
determine a posture of the user; determining if a change to the
posture of the user is recommended; and if change to the posture of
the user is recommended, recommending an action to the user to
change the posture.
[0013] In some embodiments, the first signal is produced by a first
optical fiber sensor in a cushion. In some embodiments, the second
signal is produced by a second sensor in the cushion. The second
sensor may be another optical fiber sensor, a pressure sensor, or
other suitable sensor. In some embodiments, the action recommended
to the user includes standing, walking, stretching, and/or
correcting posture.
[0014] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes identifying if the user is sitting
upright with a neutral spine position or if the user is leaning
forward, leaning backward, leaning left, leaning right, slouching,
and/or otherwise sitting in a position other than the neutral spine
position.
[0015] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes generating an alert on the first or
second computing device if change to the posture of the user is
recommended.
[0016] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes receiving an additional signal
indicative of a vital sign of the user. In some embodiments, the
additional signal is produced by the first optical fiber sensor or
the second sensor. In some embodiments, the vital sign is a
respiratory waveform and/or a cardiac waveform of the user. In some
embodiments, a computerized method for posture and vital sign
monitoring includes determining a stress level of the user based,
at least in part, on a change in a variability of the cardiac
waveform. In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture
and vital sign monitoring includes determining if a change to the
vital sign is recommended; and if change to the vital sign of the
user is recommended, recommending an action to the user to change
the vital sign. In some embodiments, the action recommended to the
user includes standing, walking, stretching, and/or
controlled/deliberate breathing. In some embodiments, a
computerized method for posture and vital sign monitoring includes
generating an alert on the first or second computing device if
change to the vital sign is recommended.
[0017] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes monitoring a sleep cycle of the user
based on the first signal, the second signal, and/or the additional
signal. In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes generating a stimulation signal to
stimulate a vibrator within the cushion. In some embodiments, the
stimulation signal is generated during an appropriate sleep cycle
stage of the user and is generated, for example, to awaken the
user.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of one embodiment of
a system for posture and vital sign monitoring;
[0019] FIG. 2 illustrates a perspective view of one embodiment of a
cushion for posture and vital sign monitoring positioned on an
office chair;
[0020] FIG. 3A illustrates a top perspective view of an exterior
surface of one embodiment of a cushion for posture and vital sign
monitoring;
[0021] FIG. 3B illustrates a left side view of an exterior surface
of the cushion embodiment of FIG. 3A;
[0022] FIG. 3C illustrates a schematic right side view of an
interior of the cushion embodiment of FIG. 3A;
[0023] FIGS. 3D and 3E illustrate a schematic top and bottom view,
respectively, of an interior of the cushion embodiment of FIG.
3A;
[0024] FIG. 3F illustrates an exploded view of the internal layers
of the cushion of FIG. 3A;
[0025] FIG. 4 illustrates a partial cross-sectional view of one
embodiment of a cushion for posture and vital sign monitoring;
[0026] FIG. 5 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a
first or cushion computing device for posture and vital sign
monitoring;
[0027] FIG. 6 illustrates a block diagram of one embodiment of a
second or portable computing device for posture and vital sign
monitoring;
[0028] FIGS. 7A and 7B illustrate various example views of one
embodiment of a graphical user interface for monitoring and
correcting posture;
[0029] FIGS. 8A-8J illustrate various example views of one
embodiment of a graphical user interface for physical activity and
vital sign monitoring;
[0030] FIG. 9 illustrates one embodiment of a graphical user
interface for stress level monitoring and coaching;
[0031] FIG. 10 illustrates a flow chart of one embodiment of a
method for posture monitoring and vital sign monitoring;
[0032] FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart of one embodiment of a
computer-implemented method for determining a posture of a user;
and
[0033] FIG. 12 illustrates a flow chart of one embodiment of a
method for influencing a user's nap based on one or more monitored
vital signs.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] The following description of certain embodiments of the
invention is not intended to limit the invention to these
embodiments, but rather to enable any person skilled in the art to
make and use this invention. Disclosed herein are systems and
methods for posture and vital sign monitoring.
[0035] In general, a system for posture and vital sign monitoring
is used by a person (i.e., a user) at home, in an office (e.g.,
while working, waiting for or during an appointment, etc.), in a
motorized vehicle, at a sporting event (e.g., an arena, field,
coliseum, park, gym, range, rink, stadium, velodrome, etc.) or in
any other location.
[0036] In some embodiments, a vital sign includes one or more of a
heart rate, respiration rate, temperature, and blood pressure of a
user. In some embodiments, the vital sign includes a cardiac
waveform and/or respiration waveform.
[0037] In some embodiments, posture includes one or more of a
position, a movement, and a direction of movement of a user. For
example, a posture of a user may include a hunchback (i.e.
kyphosis), a scoliotic spine, rounded shoulders, flatback, swayback
(i.e. lordosis), leaning forward, leaning backward, leaning left,
leaning right, sitting upright, twisting, slouching, or any other
deviation from a healthy, neutral spine position. The neutral spine
position is characterized in a healthy spine as an optimal position
of three natural curves of the spine: a cervical (i.e., neck)
region involving cervical vertebrae C1-C7, a thoracic (i.e.,
mid-back) region involving thoracic vertebrae T1-T12, and a lumbar
(i.e., lower back) region involving lumber vertebrae L1-L5. In a
healthy back, the ideal position of: the cervical region is
anteriorly convex, the thoracic region is posteriorly convex, and
the lumbar region is anteriorly convex.
[0038] In some embodiments, a system for posture and vital sign
monitoring includes monitoring a physical attribute of the user,
for example, a total weight, weight distribution, or body mass
index (BMI) of the user. In some embodiments, a system for posture
and vital sign monitoring includes determining and monitoring a
stress level, heart rate variability, and/or respiration rate
variability of the user.
[0039] In some embodiments, an average, minimum, maximum, healthy,
and/or unhealthy vital sign and/or posture is determined by the
system monitoring the user over time. For example, the system may
calibrate to the user by monitoring the user for a time period
(e.g., hour, day, week, etc.) to determine the normal variability
in the user's cardiac and respiration waveforms and posture and to
detect deviations from the normal variability. Alternatively or
additionally, the system may compare a user's posture and cardiac
and respiration waveforms to individuals in the user's same age
group, sex group, ethnic group, social class, work environment,
location, and/or any other comparable group to identify deviations
from normal or healthy values.
Systems and Devices
[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates one embodiment of a system 2 for posture
and vital sign monitoring. The system 2 includes a cushion 4
including a first optical fiber sensor and a second sensor, a first
computing device in the cushion 4, and a second computing device 6
communicatively coupled (e.g., via Bluetooth, low-energy Bluetooth,
other radiofrequency, etc.) to the first computing device. In some
embodiments, there is two-way communication between the first
computing device in the cushion and the second computing device.
The system 2 functions to measure a posture and/or vital sign of
the user and helps or enables the user to adjust the posture and/or
vital sign. In some embodiments, a system 2 for posture and vital
sign monitoring further includes a remote computing device 7 (e.g.,
server). The first and/or second computing device has two-way
communication capability (e.g., via Wi-Fi, CDMA, other cellular
protocol, other radiofrequency, other wireless protocol) with the
remote server. The remote server may receive, store, and/or analyze
one or more signals acquired by the first and/or second computing
device from the optical fiber sensor and/or the second sensor.
[0041] Various embodiments of a system 2 for posture and vital sign
monitoring includes a cushion 4. The cushion 4 functions to house:
two or more sensors for measuring posture and/or one or more vital
signs of the user, and a first computing device. In some
embodiments, the cushion forms a portion of a chair, seat, sleeping
pod, mattress, and/or couch. In some embodiments, such as the
embodiment of a cushion shown in FIG. 2, the cushion is a portable
seat cushion configured for placement on chairs (e.g., in an
office, at home, etc.), bleachers, car seats, airplane seats,
and/or other existing seat structures. In other embodiments, the
cushion is integrated into an office chair, armchair, sofa, car
seat, airplane seat, sleeping pod, mattress, or other structure. In
some embodiments, the system includes multiple cushions, for
example, two or more of: a backrest, two armrests, a seat, and a
leg rest (e.g., ottoman, recliner, etc.).
[0042] In some embodiments, as shown, for example, in FIGS. 1 and
2, the cushion includes one or more user input elements 31, for
example, on an exterior surface of the cushion. For example, the
cushion may include one or more buttons, sliders, or toggle
switches to turn on/off power to the computing device within the
cushion or to adjust the settings to a wireless communication
module 30, a vibration module, and/or any other feature or module
of the system. In some embodiments, a user input element may
include a button, slider, or toggle switch for resetting the
system, for example to manufacturing settings or to a previous user
setting.
[0043] In some embodiments, for example, the cushion embodiments of
FIG. 2 and FIGS. 3A-3F, the cushion 4 is shaped, contoured, or
grooved for increasing comfort of a user sitting on or using the
cushion. For example, the cushion may include a posterior thickness
T.sub.1 and an anterior thickness T.sub.2. In one embodiment,
T.sub.1 is greater than T.sub.2. In another embodiment, T.sub.2 is
greater than T.sub.1. In still another embodiment, T.sub.1 equals
T.sub.2. In some embodiments, as shown, for example, in FIG. 3A,
the posterior portion 8a of the cushion 4 includes substantially
squared edges, while the anterior portion 8b of the cushion 4
includes substantially rounded edges. Alternatively, in some
embodiments, both the posterior 8a and anterior 8b portions of the
cushion 4 may include substantially squared edges; both the
posterior 8a and anterior 8b portions of the cushion 4 may include
substantially rounded edges; or the posterior portion 8a may be
rounded while the anterior portion 8b is squared.
[0044] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3A, an anterior
portion 8b of the cushion 4 includes one or more dimpled regions 5.
In one embodiment, an anterior portion 8b of the cushion 4 includes
two dimpled regions 5. In some embodiments, a center region 9
between two or more dimpled regions is raised, so that an upper leg
region or a buttock cheek of a user is positioned or situated in
each dimpled region 5 of the cushion 4, for example, to improve
comfort and/or proper positioning of the user while the user is
seated on the cushion 4.
[0045] In some embodiments, the cushion 4 includes material on an
exterior surface of the cushion. The material may include cotton,
linen, polyester, rayon, denim, velvet, corduroy, silk, wool,
leather, polyvinyl chloride (i.e., vinyl), artificial leather
(e.g., poromeric imitation leather, Corfam, Koskin, Leatherette,
etc.), suede or microsuede, or any other material. In some
embodiments, the material is washable, stain-resistant,
fire-resistant (i.e. flame retardant), weather-resistant (e.g.,
sun-resistant), wrinkle-resistant, and/or water-resistant. In some
embodiments, the material is breathable to permit airflow into the
cushion such that one or more sensors, electronics, and/or
computing devices disposed in the cushion do not overheat.
[0046] In some embodiments, the cushion includes multiple internal
layers, for example, as visible in FIGS. 3C-3F. In some such
embodiments, the top and/or bottoms layers 11 of the cushion
include memory foam (i.e. visco-elastic polyurethane foam), natural
latex foam, wool, cotton, or any other material that provides a
deformable, squishy, spongy, soft, and/or supportive structure to
the cushion, for example for comfort and support of the user. In
some embodiments, the one or more comfort and/or supportive layers
are configured to propagate forces exerted on the cushion to enable
the measuring of pressure applied to the cushion surface using one
or more sensors disposed in the cushion. Further, in some such
embodiments, a second layer 13 includes one or more sensors, for
example pressure sensors 12, and a third layer 15 includes one or
more sensors, for example optical fiber sensors 10. In some
embodiments, the second layer 13 includes one or more optical fiber
sensors 10 and the third layer 15 includes one or more pressure
sensors 12. In other embodiments, two or more layers of optical
fiber sensors are provided. In other embodiments, one or more
pressure sensors and one or more optical fiber sensors are disposed
together on or in a single layer.
[0047] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 3D-3F, the cushion 4
includes multiple sensors (e.g., two, three, four, five, six,
seven, eight, nine, ten, etc.) for measuring one or more vital
signs and a posture of the user. In one embodiment, the cushion
includes two sensors. In some embodiments, the one or more sensors
are electromagnetic sensors, piezoelectric sensors, gyroscopic
sensors, linear encoders, photoelectric sensors, pressure sensors,
optical fiber sensors, any other type of sensor, or any combination
of the aforementioned sensors.
[0048] In some embodiments, one or more first sensors 10 are
optical fiber sensors and one or more second sensors 12 are
pressure sensors. Alternatively, in one such embodiment, the first
and second sensors are both optical fiber sensors. In some
embodiments, the first optical fiber sensor is configured to
produce a first signal indicative of a change in force (i.e.,
movement) of a user and the second sensor (e.g., pressure sensor,
optical fiber sensor, etc.) is configured to produce a second
signal indicative of a direction of the movement of the user, such
that the first and second signals, when combined, indicate a
posture of the user.
[0049] Posture is determined, in part, by pelvic tilt. Tilt or
rotation in an individual's pelvis may cause changes to the
curvatures of the lumbar, thoracic, and/or cervical regions of the
spine. Similarly, changes to the curvature of the lumbar, thoracic,
and/or cervical regions may lead to rotation of the pelvis. For
example, rotating a pelvis in a forward tilting position (i.e., an
anteverted position) causes an increase in the lumbar curvature.
Anterior rotation of the pelvis can result in a swayback posture
(i.e., lordosis). Slouching leads the pelvis to rotate towards a
backward tilting position (i.e., a retroverted position). When an
individual is sitting on a surface, changes in rotation or tilt of
the pelvis result in changes in pressure and force distribution on
the surface. Thus, in some embodiments, posture is determined by
using a combination of fiber optics sensors and/or pressure sensors
to detect applied pressures, forces, and/or changes in applied
pressures or forces on the cushion.
[0050] Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments, the
first optical fiber sensor is sufficiently sensitive to detect both
macro- and micro-movements of the user (i.e., relatively large and
small changes in force) such that the signal generated by the first
optical fiber sensor may additionally be indicative of breathing, a
beating heart, and/or one or more other vital functions of the
user.
[0051] In some embodiments that include at least one optical fiber
sensor 10, for example, as shown in FIG. 3F, the optical fiber
sensor 10 is formed of an optical fiber. The optical fiber has a
first end coupled to a light source (e.g., LED, OLED, incandescent,
etc.) and a second end coupled to an optical signal receiver. In
some embodiments, the light source and optical signal receiver are
coupled to or integrated with the printed circuit board and/or
cushion computing device 14, as shown in FIG. 3F. The light source
is configured to emit a light wave into the optical fiber. The
optical fiber sensor 10 is positioned such that an application of
force on a surface of the cushion causes the optical fiber to
deform or microbend, which in turn influences propagation of the
light wave through the optical fiber. The optical signal receiver
is configured to detect changes in light wave propagation. The
changes in light wave propagation are processed and analyzed by the
first and/or second computing device to determine a position and/or
vital sign of the user. For example, in the presence of an external
force generated by body weight, heartbeat, respiration, and/or body
movement, the force is distributed on the optical fiber and
deformer. These forces will microbend the optical fiber causing
significant light loss with some residual light propagating through
the optical fiber due to the microbending effect. The optical
signal receiver receives the residual light. The residual light is
processed to identify a change in force and thereby determine a
body weight, heartbeat/respiration, and/or body movement/position
of the user.
[0052] In some embodiments, the optical fiber sensor includes a
single or double deformer structure. An embodiment of a cushion
having an optical fiber sensor with a single layer deformer
structure is shown in FIG. 4. A single layer deformer 18 may be
configured to achieve the highest vital sign and posture detection
sensitivity under absolute light loss caused by body weight, while
a double deformer may be configured to achieve the highest light
loss for a given applied force. The single deformer layer 18
balances the absolute force caused, for example, by body weight
with the relatively small force changes caused, for example, by
heart beats, respiration, and small shifts in posture. Use of a
single deformer 18 enables extraction of faint ballistography
signals and respiration waveforms from the high noise background
caused by body movements. The deformer 18 may be formed of mesh
(e.g., interwoven monofilaments, wires, threads, ribbons, or the
like). The single layer deformer 18 functions to achieve micro
bending of the optical fiber 20 and increased sensitivity of
detection of cardiac and respiration waveforms and body movement.
As shown in FIG. 4, when an outside force, indicated by the arrows
22 (e.g., body weight, heart rate, respiration rate, movement,
etc.), is applied to the cushion and the cushion's internal optical
fiber 20, the force 22 is distributed throughout the upper cover 24
and the optical fiber 20 and is not concentrated on the center of
the fiber. In one embodiment, a polymeric open mesh fabric is used
as the single layer deformer and a plain fabric is applied on top
of a multimode optical fiber to uniformly distribute any force
applied on the sensor. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the
optical fiber sensor does not include a deformer 18.
[0053] In some embodiments, a system for posture and/or vital sign
monitoring includes one or more second sensors 12, for example, one
or more pressure sensors. The second sensor functions, in
combination with the optical fiber sensor 10, to determine a
posture of the user. As shown in FIGS. 3D-3F, a plurality of second
sensors, for example, six pressure sensors, are provided. In some
embodiments, less than six pressure sensors (e.g., five, four,
three, two, one) or more than six pressure sensors (e.g., seven,
eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, etc.) are provided for measuring
a direction of movement of the user. In some embodiments, the
pressure sensor 12 is an absolute pressure sensor, a gauge pressure
sensor, a vacuum pressure sensor, a differential pressure sensor,
or a sealed pressure sensor. In some embodiments, the pressure
sensor includes a force-sensing resistor. In some embodiments, the
pressure sensor is responsive in the 20 Kg to 150 Kg range or any
subrange therebetween. For example, in some embodiments, the
pressure sensor is responsive between 20-30 Kg, 30-40 Kg, 40-50 Kg,
50-60 Kg, 60-70 Kg, 70-80 Kg, 80-90 Kg, 90-100 Kg, 100-110 Kg,
110-120 Kg, 120-130 Kg, 130-140 Kg, or 140-150 Kg. In one
embodiment, the pressure sensor is responsive between 40 Kg and 100
Kg.
[0054] In some embodiments, one or more pressure sensors are
arranged in a pattern on an interior layer of the cushion 4. In one
embodiment, the pattern includes a substantially hexagonal pattern,
for example, as shown in FIGS. 3D-3F. In another embodiment, the
pattern includes a square or rectangular pattern. For example, in
one such embodiment, a first set of three pressure sensors are
substantially parallel to a second set of three pressure sensors,
which are substantially parallel to a third set of three pressure
sensors. Alternatively, one or more pressure sensors may be
positioned on a perimeter of an interior layer of the cushion in a
square or rectangular pattern. In another embodiment, the pattern
includes a substantially circular pattern, for example defining a
circumference of a circle.
[0055] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1, a system 2 for
posture and/or vital sign monitoring includes, at least, first and
second computing devices. The first computing device is disposed
within the cushion 4 and is referred to herein as the cushion
computing device. (See, for example, the cushion computing device
14 visible in FIGS. 3D-3F.) The second computing device 6, referred
to herein as the portable computing device, may include a
smartphone, wearable computing device (e.g., watch, bracelet,
headband, necklace, etc.), tablet, laptop, or other portable
computing device. In some embodiments, although referred to as a
portable computing device, the second computing device 6 may be a
remote server. In other embodiments, the system also includes a
third computing device 7. In such embodiments, the third computing
device, referred to herein as a remote computing device, may be a
web server, an application server, a database server, and/or any
other suitable computing device.
[0056] In various embodiments, there is one-way or two-way
communication between the cushion computing device and the portable
computing device, the cushion computing device and the remote
computing device, and/or the portable computing device and the
remote computing device. Two or more computing devices of the
system may communicate wirelessly using Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, CDMA,
other cellular protocol, other radiofrequency, or another wireless
protocol.
[0057] In some embodiments, the cushion computing device (in the
cushion 4), portable computing device 6, and remote computing
device 7 each include a processor, for example a microcontroller,
and memory having instructions stored thereon. The processor
functions to execute the operating instructions of the system. The
operating instructions of the system may include instructions for
receiving one or more signals from one or more sensors, processing
the signals, and determining a posture and/or vital sign of the
user from the processed signals.
[0058] In some embodiments, a cushion computing device and a
portable computing device each include a processor, which is
embedded on a printed circuit board (PCB) and communicatively
coupled (e.g., via a hardwired connection) to one or more system
components (e.g., power module, user input elements, light module,
vibration module, optical fiber sensor, second sensor, etc.). In
some embodiments, the processor is a low-energy
microcontroller.
[0059] FIG. 5 provides one example of a cushion computing device 28
that may be found within the cushion 4 of FIG. 1. FIG. 6 provides
one example of a portable computing device 29. One skilled in the
art will appreciate that the illustrated components are functional
components, and the various functional components may be embodied
within one or more structural elements. For example, the functional
components of the cushion computing device 28 are embodied within
the PCB/computing device unit 14, the power module 21, and the
vibration module 19 within the cushion 4 of FIGS. 3D-3F.
[0060] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the cushion
computing device 28 and the portable computing device 29 each
include or are coupled to a power module. The power module
functions to provide electricity to one or more system components
to enable operation of the one or more system components. In some
embodiments, the power module includes an internal power source,
for example, a battery (e.g., non-rechargeable, rechargeable,
etc.), an inductive power source, a kinetic charger, and/or one or
more solar panels. In some such embodiments, the cushion computing
device 28 may be powered by an external power source or the
internal power source may be recharged, for example, by ultraviolet
light, movement of a user, or an electromagnetic field. In some
embodiments, the cushion 28 and/or portable 29 computing device may
be recharged by coupling the power module to an external power
source, for example, using a power cord (e.g., IEEE 1394, universal
serial bus (USB), Thunderbolt, Lightning, Ethernet, etc.) removably
insertable into a port on the power module. In some embodiments, as
shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, the cushion computing device 28 and the
portable computing device 29 each include an antenna for
transmitting and receiving data wirelessly. The antenna, may
include, for example, an antenna configured to transmit data to,
and receive data from, another computer via Wi-Fi, CDMA, other
cellular protocol, other radiofrequency, other wireless protocol).
In various embodiments, the antennas enable communication between
the cushion computing device 28, the portable computing device 29,
and optionally, a remote computing device.
[0061] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, the cushion
computing device 28 includes one or more user input elements. In
some embodiments, the one or more user input elements are
accessible on an exterior surface of the cushion or, alternatively,
disposed in the cushion and only accessible after accessing the
interior of the cushion or dismantling the cushion. For example,
the cushion computing device may include one or more buttons,
sliders, or toggle switches to turn on/off power to one or more
system components, wireless communication 30 (e.g., data
transmission via Bluetooth, low-energy Bluetooth, other
radiofrequency technology, etc.) to one or more system components,
a vibration module (e.g., to wake a user from a nap), and/or any
other feature or module of the system. In some embodiments, a user
input element may include a button, slider, or toggle switch for
resetting the system, for example to manufacturing settings or to a
previous user setting.
[0062] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, the portable
computing device 29 includes one or more user input elements. For
example, the portable computing device may include one or more
manual and/or virtual buttons, sliders, or toggle switches on an
exterior surface or on a graphical user interface (GUI) of the
portable computing device. The one or more user input elements may
turn on/off: power to one or more system components, wireless
communication (e.g., data transmission via Bluetooth, low-energy
Bluetooth, other radiofrequency technology, etc.) to one or more
system components, a vibration module (e.g., to wake a user from a
nap) of the cushion computing device, and/or any other feature or
module of the system. In some embodiments, a user input element may
include a button, slider, or toggle switch for resetting the
system, for example to manufacturing settings or to a previous user
setting. In some embodiments, a user input element is used to
toggle between different GUIs or to access different features of
the software on the portable computing device.
[0063] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, the cushion
computing device 28 includes a light module including one or more
lights (e.g., LED, OLED, incandescent, etc.) visible from an
exterior of the cushion, for example, to indicate a connectivity
and/or power status of the cushion computing device and/or other
electronics in the cushion. In some embodiments, a red, orange, or
yellow light indicates varying degrees of low battery/power; a
green light indicates good battery power and/or fully charged, and
a blue light indicates a wireless (e.g., Bluetooth, low-energy
Bluetooth, other radiofrequency, etc.) connection to one or more
other system components. In some embodiments, the user input
element 31 includes, is adjacent to, or is surrounded by, the light
module; in some such embodiments, a light indicator may be
illuminated in an "on" state, emitting, for example, emitting a
green glow. In some embodiments, in an "off" state, the light
indicator may not be illuminated or may emit a different color, for
example, red.
[0064] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 3A, the cushion
computing device 28 includes a vibration module. (The vibration
module may be remote from, but electrically coupled to the
remainder of the cushion computing device, for example, as is the
case for the vibration module 19 shown in FIGS. 3D and 3F.) The
vibration module may function to wake a user from a nap, for
example, during an appropriate phase of the sleep cycle (e.g., REM,
non-REM). Alternatively or additionally, the vibration module may
function to massage a user, for example, to relax a user when a
user's heart rate, respiration rate, or stress level reach a
pre-determined or pre-defined threshold. Further, in some
embodiments, the vibration module functions as a tactile alert to
remind a user, for example, to stand up or sit up straight when
slouching, prolonged durations of sitting, or changes in vital
signs indicative of stress are detected. In some embodiments, the
vibration module includes an eccentric rotating mass (ERM)
actuator. For example, a direct current (DC) motor drives a gear
including a weight positioned off-center on the gear. Driving
rotation of the gear including the weight using the DC motor
results in vibration. In some embodiments, the vibration module
includes a linear resonant actuator (LRA). For example, a magnetic
field is generated by a voice coil which interacts with a magnet
and a weight suspended on a spring. As the magnetic field varies
with the applied drive signal, the magnet and weight are
accelerated up and down as they interact with the spring resulting
in vibration.
[0065] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the cushion
computing device 28 and/or portable computing device 29 includes a
program port. The program port functions to receive one or more
programs for operating the system, for example through a port
(e.g., IEEE 1394, universal serial bus (USB), Thunderbolt,
Lightning, Mini Display, DVI, HDMI, Serial, Parallel, Ethernet,
Coaxial, VGA, or PS/2). In some embodiments, a program includes
instructions: for determining a vital sign and/or posture based on
one or more sensor signals; for creating an alert, including
instructions specifying alert frequency, types, and/or triggers
(e.g., to correct a vital sign and/or posture of the user); for
creating a recommendation, including instructions specifying
recommendation frequency, types, and/or triggers (e.g., to correct
a vital sign and/or posture of the user); or related to a power
level of the system, a vibration module status, a light module
status, or any other operational feature of the system.
[0066] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the cushion
computing device 28 and/or portable computing device 29 further
includes a low-dropout (LDO) regulator. An LDO regulator is a
direct current (DC) linear voltage regulator, which functions to
regulate the output voltage even when the supply voltage is very
close to the output voltage. Further, in some embodiments, the
system includes a different type of DC-to-DC regulator or an
alternating current (AC)-to-DC regulator.
[0067] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5, the cushion
computing device 28 includes one or more analog to digital
converters (ADC) to convert one or more analog signals acquired for
example from a sensor, to one or more digital signals to be
processed and analyzed by the cushion and/or portable computing
device.
[0068] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6, the portable
computing device 29 further includes an accelerometer. The
accelerometer in the portable computing device functions to
determine if a user is standing, walking, and/or moving. In some
embodiments, two or more accelerometers may be used in the portable
computing device to determine a step frequency or rate of the user,
for example while the user is walking. Alternatively, a mechanical
or electrical pedometer may be used to determine step frequency or
rate of the user. Alternatively, a gyroscope may be provided in the
portable computing device and function to detect user motion.
[0069] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 7A-9, the portable
computing device includes one or more graphical user interfaces
(GUIs). A GUI on the portable computing device functions to track
one or more vital signs and/or postures of a user at a defined time
and/or over a period of time (e.g., hour, day, week, month, year,
etc.), to provide a recommendation to the user (e.g., suggestion
for correcting posture or vital sign, etc.), and/or alert a user to
an unhealthy posture and/or vital sign (e.g., an increased heart
rate, an increased respiration rate, a changed variability in heart
rate, or a position in which the user is leaning forward, leaning
backward, leaning left, leaning right, slouching, etc.). In some
embodiments, one or more GUIs may include a menu bar, for example
for switching between one or more GUI screens or pages, adjusting
one or more user settings, altering one or more program settings,
adjusting types or timings of notifications delivered by the
system, and/or changing any other parameter of the system.
[0070] In one embodiment, as shown in FIGS. 7A-7B, a GUI of the
cushion and/or portable computing device includes a cartoon, icon,
or avatar 32 indicating a position, movement, and/or posture of the
user and a cartoon or icon of one or more sensors 34 positioned on
a cushion 33, the cartoon or icon is configured to indicate and
display a corresponding location of pressure on the physical
cushion 4. In various embodiments, the information displayed in the
GUI is in real-time or substantially real-time, such that the GUI
provides a digital representation of a user's current seated
position, as detected by the one or more sensors of the cushion 33.
In some embodiments, the GUI may encourage the user to apply
pressure evenly to all sensors 34 in the cushion 33, for example,
by displaying a notification when pressure is not applied evenly
and/or indicating which sensors are not receiving detectable
pressure and which sensors are receiving detectable pressure. In
some such embodiments, the GUI is configured to display an indictor
of a relative amount of force being exerted on each sensor. For
example, in some embodiments, the sensors on the GUI include a dark
color or hue when indicating significant pressure and a lighter
color or hue when indicating less pressure. In some embodiments,
the sensors on the GUI blink or flash when receiving too much or
too little pressure. In some embodiments, the GUI may be yellow,
orange, or red when the user has an incorrect or unhealthy posture
(e.g., is leaning forward, leaning backward, leaning left, leaning
right, twisting, slouching, etc.) and green when the user has a
good or adequate posture (e.g., is sitting upright in a neutral
position).
[0071] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 8A-8J, one or more
GUIs include an indication 36 of a heart rate, respiration rate,
stress level, and/or activity level of a user. As shown in FIG.
8A-8C, the GUI includes a heart rate, stress level, and respiration
rate for a user while sitting (FIG. 8A), standing (FIG. 8B), and/or
walking (FIG. 8C). Further, the GUI may include a cartoon, icon, or
avatar 38 indicating the activity being performed by the user
(e.g., sitting, standing, walking, etc.) and a progress indicator
40 (e.g., bar, circle, etc.) indicating a progression of time
and/or a length of time (e.g., seconds, minutes, hours, etc.)
elapsed while the user has been in a particular position or
activity. In some embodiments, the progress indicator 40 provides a
countdown of time remaining in an activity before the user is
recommended or permitted to switch activities. In some embodiments,
one or more GUIs further includes alert element 39. Alert element
39 indicates to the user a remaining amount of time before the
portable computing device suggests or recommends an activity change
(e.g., sitting to standing, standing to walking, walking to
sitting, etc.). For example, the portable computing device may
elicit an audible, tactile, or visual alert to the user indicating
that a change in activity is recommended. In some embodiments, the
application on the portable computing device is configured to push
alerts and other notifications to a user even when the user does
not have the GUI open on the portable computing device.
[0072] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 8D-8F, one or more
GUIs may display a total or an average duration 42 (e.g., seconds,
minutes, hours, etc.) of each activity (e.g., sitting (FIG. 8D),
standing (FIG. 8E), moving, walking (FIG. 8F), etc.) the user
performed in a defined time period (e.g., hour, day, week, etc.).
For example, an average duration of an activity may be depicted on
the GUI using shapes, such that the size, color, configuration
(e.g., circle, square, triangle, rectangle, diamond, etc.), or any
of other parameter of the shape indicates the relative duration of
an activity, as compared to the duration of other activities. For
example, a relatively large shape may indicate a substantial length
of time and a smaller shape may indicate a shorter length of time.
In some embodiments, each kind of tracked activity is depicted with
a different color of shape, for example, a red shape may indicate
sitting, orange may indicate moving, green may indicate standing,
and blue may indicate walking. In some embodiments, as shown in
FIGS. 8D-8F, the GUI includes a graphical representation 44 (e.g.,
line graph, pie chart, histogram, table, pictograph, bar graph,
etc.) of a user's activity. For example, the x-axis may indicate a
time of day (e.g., 9:00 AM, 12:00 PM, 3:00 PM, 5:00 PM, etc.) and
the y-axis may indicate a duration of an activity. Alternatively,
the x-axis may indicate a type of activity and the y-axis may
indicate a duration of the activity. Further, in some embodiments,
different activities are plotted on the same graphical
representation using different colors, shapes, line textures (e.g.,
dotted, segmented, solid, etc.), or any other distinguishing
feature.
[0073] In some embodiments, as shown in FIGS. 8G, 81, and 8J, one
or more GUIs display one or more cardiac and/or respiration
waveforms 46 of a user over a period of time (e.g., minutes, hours,
days, weeks, etc.). For example, as shown in FIGS. 5G, 6A, and 6B,
an average heartbeat or respiration rate 48 (e.g., hourly, daily,
weekly, etc. average) is determined and depicted based on the
cardiac or respiration waveform, respectively, for a defined time
period. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8G, one or more GUIs
includes a graphical representation 50 (e.g., line graph, pie
chart, histogram, table, pictograph, bar graph, etc.) of an average
heartbeat and/or respiration rate or a heartbeat and/or respiration
rate over time of a user derived from the cardiac and/or
respiration waveform, for example, to indicate fluctuations (e.g.,
maximum, minimum, variation over time, etc.) in the heart and/or
respiration rate of the user over a period of time or an average
heart and/or respiration rate of the user during a period of
time.
[0074] Further, in some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8H, one or
more GUIs include a goal view indicating a target or goal of a
user. For example, the GUI may indicate a desired amount 52 (e.g.,
time, frequency, number) of exercise of a user and the actual
amount 54 the user exercised. In some embodiments, the GUI
represents the information in a pie chart 56 or a timeline 58
indicating missed exercise times and/or total missed time periods
of exercise.
[0075] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, a GUI indicates a
stress level of a user and coaches the user towards a reduced
stress level. In some embodiments, the stress level is determined
by the heart rate and/or respiration rate of the user relative to a
user's minimum, average, and maximum observed/measured heart rate
and/or respiration rate. Alternatively, in some embodiments, a
stress level of a user is detected by an increase in variability in
a user's heart rate and/or respiration rate. A recommendation to
the user may be displayed on the GUI to encourage the user to
breathe slowly, take bigger/deeper breaths, meditate, contact a
massage service, attend a yoga or meditation class, or any other
recommendation to reduce the user's stress. In some embodiments,
the GUI indicates the progress of the user towards reducing his/her
stress, for example, using a progress indicator 60 and/or percent
stress relative to the initially observed/measured stress
level.
[0076] In some embodiments, a user may share his/her vital sign(s),
activity level, and/or posture information with one or more social
networks (e.g., Facebook.RTM., Twitter.RTM., LinkedIn.RTM.,
Instagram.RTM., etc.) or through email or messaging using the
cushion and/or portable computing device. A user may transmit
his/her average heart rate, respiration rate, posture, and/or
stress level; activity level or goal activity level for a period of
time; cardiac and/or respiration waveforms; one or more services
the user is using as recommended by the system (e.g., to decrease
stress, improve posture, etc.); or any other information the user
wishes to share.
Methods
[0077] As shown in FIG. 10, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring of one embodiment includes receiving a first
signal indicative of a movement of a user S100, receiving a second
signal indicative of a direction of the movement of the user S110,
combining the first signal indicative of the movement of the user
with the second signal indicative of the direction of the movement
of the user to determine a posture of the user S120, determining if
a change to the posture of the user is recommended S130, and if a
change to the posture of the user is recommended, recommending an
action to the user to change the posture S140. The method functions
to measure a posture of the user and enable a user to change
his/her posture based on a recommendation from the system.
[0078] As shown in FIG. 10, one embodiment of a computerized method
for posture and vital sign monitoring includes S100, which recites
receiving a first signal indicative of a movement of a user. S100
functions to collect movement data about a user, for example using
an optical fiber sensor. The optical fiber sensor is disposed in a
cushion, such as, for example, any cushion embodiment described
elsewhere herein. Deformation or bending of the optical fiber in
the cushion results in differential light wave propagation through
the optical fiber. The optical signal receiver coupled to the
optical fiber is configured to detect changes in the light wave
propagation. The optical signal receiver of various embodiments is
electrically coupled to, or forms a portion of, a cushion computing
device. In various embodiments, the cushion computing device
processor receives signals indicative of changes in light wave
propagation (e.g., signals indicative of a movement of a user) from
the optical signal receiver.
[0079] As shown in FIG. 10, one embodiment of a computerized method
for posture and vital sign monitoring includes S110, which recites
receiving a second signal indicative of a direction of the movement
of the user. S110 functions to collect data about a direction of
movement of a user, for example using a pressure sensor. One or
more pressure sensors are disposed in a cushion, and each measures
pressure exerted on an exterior surface of the cushion by the user.
The degree of deformation of a force collector (e.g., diaphragm,
piston, bourdon tube, bellows, etc.) in the pressure sensor induced
by the user is detected (e.g., optically, piezoelectrically,
electromagnetically, etc.). In various embodiments, each pressure
sensor is electrically coupled to the cushion computing device, and
the detected pressure signals are received by the cushion computing
device.
[0080] As shown in FIG. 10, one embodiment of a computerized method
for posture and vital sign monitoring includes S120, which recites
combining the first signal indicative of the movement of the user
with the second signal indicative of the direction of the movement
of the user to determine a posture of the user. S120 functions to
determine a posture of the user by combining signals indicative of
movement (i.e., movement data) and signals indicative of direction
(i.e., direction of movement data) to determine if there has been a
change to a user's weight distribution or pelvic tilt, and thus, to
determine if a user is in a neutral posture or is leaning forward,
leaning backward, leaning left, leaning right, slouching, or
otherwise deviating from the neutral posture.
[0081] For example, with reference to the sensor configuration
shown in FIG. 3E, if the user is leaning forward, more pressure
will be detected by the two anterior sensors 12a, 12d than by the
other sensors. Further, in one embodiment, if the user is leaning
backward, more pressure will be detected by the two posterior
sensors 12c, 12f than by the other sensors. In one embodiment, if
the user is leaning to the left, more pressure will be detected by
the three sensors 12a, 12b, 12c on the left than by the other
sensors. In one embodiment, if the user is leaning to the right,
more pressure will be detected by the three sensors 12d, 12e, 12f
on the right than by the other sensors. In one embodiment, if the
user is slouching, the user's pelvis will be rotated towards a
backward tilting position (i.e., a retroverted position) and an
increase in pressure will be detected by the posterior sensors 12c,
12f. In one embodiment, if the user is sitting upright, pressure
will be substantially evenly distributed between all six sensors
12a, 12b, 12c, 12d, 12e, 12f, 12g or distributed between all six
sensors in accordance with an acceptable ratio of pressure
distributions. In some embodiments, S120 is performed on and by the
cushion computing device; in other embodiments, it is performed on
and by the portable computing device or by a combination of the
cushion and portable computing device.
[0082] In some embodiments, S120 is performed by the cushion
computing device. In such embodiments, the raw optical sensor
signal and the raw pressure sensor signal are received, processed,
and combined by the cushion computing device. In other embodiments,
S120 is performed by the portable computing device. In such
embodiments, following receipt of the raw signals by the cushion
computing device, the signals are at least minimally processed by
the cushion computing device, for example, to convert from analog
to digital signals. Additional processing, such as filtering the
signals to remove noise and artifacts, may be performed by the
cushion computing device or the portable computing device. In such
embodiments, the partially or fully processed signals are
transmitted to the portable computing device for performance of
S120. The partially or fully processed signals may be transmitted
via a wired connection (e.g., a cable) or a wireless connection
(e.g., Bluetooth, low-energy Bluetooth, or other radiofrequency
protocol). In still other embodiments, S120 is performed by a
remote computing device. In such embodiments, the partially or
fully processed signals may be received by the portable computing
device, optionally processed further, and transmitted from the
portable computing device to the remote computing device for
performance of S120. The signals may be transmitted to the remote
computing device via a Wi-Fi, CDMA, other cellular, other
radiofrequency, or other wireless connection.
[0083] As shown in FIG. 10, one embodiment of a computerized method
for posture and vital sign monitoring includes S130, which recites
determining if a change to the posture of the user is recommended.
In some embodiments, determining if a change in posture is
recommended includes assessing whether the user is deviating from a
neutral spine position. As described above, the first and second
signals are received, processed, and analyzed by the cushion,
portable, and/or remote computing devices to determine a posture of
the user. In some embodiments, data indicative of the posture of
the user is compared to a database of acceptable and/or
unacceptable posture data to determine if the analyzed user data is
within an acceptable range and whether that posture needs
correction and/or improvement. In some embodiments, the database is
stored within the remote computing device. In other embodiments,
the database is stored directly on the portable computing device.
In some embodiments, the database of acceptable and/or unacceptable
posture data includes data collected from the user's past use
history. In other embodiments, the database of acceptable and/or
unacceptable posture data includes data collected from a plurality
of other users. In other embodiments, the database includes
medically recommended values or ranges of values.
[0084] As shown in FIG. 10, one embodiment of a computerized method
for posture and vital sign monitoring includes S140, which recites
if change to the posture of the user is recommended, recommending
an action to the user to change the posture. S140 functions to
provide recommendations, action items, and/or resources to the user
so that the user can correct and/or improve his/her posture. In
some embodiments, a recommendation or action item includes
suggesting that the user stand, walk, stretch, move, correct
posture (e.g., with coaching from system), or any other activity.
In some embodiments, the system recommends or suggests a resource,
for example, one or more media (e.g., book, website, podcast, etc.)
links for education on posture, healthy activities, and/or outcomes
of healthy or unhealthy posture. In some embodiments, the system
recommends or suggests a service to the user, for example, a
massage, chiropractor, exercise coach, yoga class, gym, spa, or any
other service. In various embodiments, recommendations are pulled
from a database, for example, a database stored within the remote
computing device or the portable computing device. In some
embodiments, each recommendation is linked within the database to a
particular detected posture or a necessary change in posture. In
some embodiments, the recommendations are additionally or
alternatively linked to a user's profile and/or demographic data.
For example, certain recommendations may be coupled to slouching,
such that when the system detects a slouching user, one or more
relevant recommendations are presented to the user. In some
embodiments, if the system detects that a user was responsive to a
particular recommendation, that particular recommendation may be
saved and recommended to the user in the future when slouching is
again detected.
[0085] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes S150, which recites receiving a
signal indicative of a vital sign of the user. For example, the
vital sign signal may be produced by the first optical fiber sensor
or a second sensor. In some embodiments, one or more of the
sensors, such as the optical fiber sensor, are sensitive enough to
detect micro-movements indicative of breathing, a beating heart, or
other vital function. In some embodiments, the vital sign includes
a respiratory waveform and/or a cardiac waveform of the user. From
these waveforms, a breathing rate and/or heart rate, respectively,
can be detected and tracked. Further, in some embodiments, a stress
level of the user is determined based, at least in part, on a
change in a variability of the cardiac waveform and/or respiration
waveform. For example, the system may calibrate to the user by
monitoring the user for a time period (e.g., hour, day, week, etc.)
to determine the variability in the user's cardiac and/or
respiration waveforms. Alternatively or additionally, the system
may compare a user's cardiac and/or respiration waveforms to
individuals in the user's same age group, sex group, ethnic group,
social class, work environment, location, or any other comparable
group. Based on this calibration and/or comparison, the system may
determine a stress level of the user. In some embodiments, after
determining a vital sign and/or stress level of the user, the
system performs S160, which recites determining if a change to the
vital sign is recommended, and if change to the vital sign of the
user is recommended, the system recommends an action to the user to
change the vital sign, as shown at S170. The recommendation
functions to provide suggestions, action items, and/or resources to
the user so that the user can correct and/or improve his/her stress
level and/or vital signs. In some embodiments, a recommendation or
action item includes suggesting that the user nap, wake-up, stand,
walk, stretch, move, breathe slowly and/or deeply (e.g., with
coaching from system), meditate, or any other activity. In some
embodiments, the system recommends or suggests a resource, for
example, one or more media (e.g., book, website, podcast, etc.)
links for education on stress, healthy activities, and/or outcomes
of healthy or unhealthy stress levels and/or vital signs. In some
embodiments, the system recommends or suggests a service to the
user, for example, a massage, chiropractor, exercise coach, yoga
class, gym, spa, meditation class, therapist, or any other
service.
[0086] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes generating an alert on the cushion
or portable computing device if change to the posture, stress
level, and/or vital sign of the user is recommended. An alert may
be generated to indicate to the user that he/she is experiencing
unhealthy posture, stress levels, and/or vital signs that require
adjustment, correction, and/or improvement. The system may alert
the user on the cushion and/or the portable computing device using
auditory, haptic/tactile, visual, and/or olfactory alerts. For
example, an auditory alert may include a voice command or alert or
a tonal alert (e.g., beep, ding, etc.) generated at the cushion or
portable computing device. A tactile or haptic alert may include:
vibration of the cushion computing device, portable computing
device, and/or cushion; and/or a warming sensation in the cushion
(e.g., by one or more heat emitters or heating elements in the
cushion). A visual alert may include a message (e.g., SMS, push
notification, badge notification, etc.) on a display screen of the
cushion and/or portable computing device; and/or a light indicator
(e.g., red, yellow, orange, green, etc.) generated by an LED or
other light emitter on or coupled to the cushion computing device
and/or portable computing device. An olfactory alert may include
emission of one or more aromatic compounds from the cushion.
Release of the aromatic compound may be induced by passing
electricity, and thereby heat, through conductive traces or heating
a set of electric coils, for example similar to a heating blanket,
in the cushion such that the heat causes the aromatic compound to
transition from a liquid state to a vapor/gaseous state that can be
perceived by the olfactory system of the user. Alternatively or
additionally, the cushion may include a compartment including an
aromatic perfume or compound such that the compound is released
(e.g. sprayed into the air) during set times, for example when a
user's stress level reaches an unhealthy level. In some
embodiments, to reduce stress levels and/or vital signs of the
user, the cushion may release lavender, jasmine, chamomile,
sandalwood, or mint scents. In some embodiments, to energize or
encourage a user, for example to wake-up, stand-up, walk, and/or
move, the cushion may release citrus or rosemary scents.
[0087] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 11, a
computer-implemented method for determining a posture of a user
includes one or more functions performed by the system to determine
and, if necessary, correct a posture of the user. In some
embodiments, an optical fiber sensor and second sensor are embedded
into a cushion and configured to acquire the vibration and movement
signals generated from a user's body. For example, a posture
recognition algorithm may be applied to the collected signals from
the optical fiber sensor and second sensor to classify the current
posture. Such an algorithm identifies data indicative of the
current posture and compares the data to pre-defined posture data
sets stored within the first, second, and/or third computing
device. In some embodiments, the posture recognition algorithm
matches scores between the current posture data and the pre-defined
posture data sets, identifying the pre-defined data set that most
closely matches the current posture data. In various embodiments,
each pre-defined posture data set correlates to a different form of
posture. In some embodiments, feedback is generated based on the
recognized and analyzed posture status of the user.
[0088] In one such embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, a
computer-implemented method for determining a posture of a user
includes analyzing and/or estimating a user's weight based on a
first signal collected with a first optical fiber sensor S200,
updating a set of posture recognition parameters based on the first
signal S210, detecting a posture change event based on an analysis
of a user's body movement using the first optical fiber sensor
S220, collecting a second signal using a second sensor and
categorizing the second signal based on the set of posture
recognition parameters to determine a new posture of the user S230,
and determining if the new posture warrants feedback to the user to
change the new posture S240.
[0089] For example, the signal collected by one or more optic fiber
sensors is indicative of an amount of deformation on the optic
fiber, which is itself indicative of an amount of force applied to
the cushion; thus, the signal can be analyzed to determine an
estimation of the user's weight. The estimate of the user's weight
informs a set of posture recognition parameters. Tge set of posture
recognition parameters may include, for example, posture classifier
coefficients, threshold values for each posture
category/classification, etc. As an example, once an estimate of a
user's weight is determined, the system may use the user's weight
and one or more posture recognition parameters and/or equations to
calculate an amount of pressure or force that would be exerted on
one or more second sensors if a user were seated in a healthy,
neutral posture. This calculated pressure or force is referred to
herein as the expected neutral pressure or force. In some
embodiments, the system executes a posture recognition algorithm in
which the actual pressure or force detected at one or more second
sensors is compared to the expected neutral pressure or force to
determine if a user is currently seated in a healthy, neutral
posture.
[0090] The optic fiber signal is additionally used in various
embodiments to detect a posture change event. A posture change
event may be detected when there is a change in the optic fiber
signal resulting from a change in the deformation of the optic
fiber. A change in the deformation of the optic fiber may result
any time there is a shift in a user's weight distribution. A
detected posture change event will trigger the new posture
recognition algorithm. In some embodiments, the new posture
recognition algorithm includes categorizing a second signal
collected by one or more second sensors. For example, the second
signal may be categorized by a pre-trained posture model and a
posture recognition algorithm controlled by the set of posture
recognition parameters.
[0091] In some embodiments, the posture model is pre-trained by
learning from a large set of training samples collected by the
cushion computing device. During the training phase, the training
samples are collected from multiple users sitting in defined
posture positions or categories during the data collection. The
collected training samples are then analyzed and a set of
normalized features is extracted from each training sample. With
the extracted feature set and the corresponding collected posture
category set, the posture model is refined by applying multiple
machine learning algorithms and/or techniques. In some embodiments,
the second signal is pre-processed and analyzed, at least in part,
using a posture recognition algorithm. A set of normalized features
is extracted from the second signal using the same method as that
during the training phase. The extracted feature set is then input
into the pre-trained model to determine the posture category of the
second signal. Posture recognition parameters include model
parameters, such as the weights of each feature, the classifier
coefficients, and the thresholds of each posture category, which
are set during a user weight estimation phase using the optical
fiber data. In some embodiments, a posture recommendation algorithm
generates feedback to the user when it is determined that the user
is not sitting in a neutral posture. The feedback may be generated
when a reminder and/or guidance is determined by the system to be
necessary to change the new posture of the user. In one such
embodiment, a set of continuous (or frequently acquired) posture
statuses are stored in a data structure (e.g., circular buffer,
cyclic buffer, or ring buffer) on the third computing device, the
second computing device, and/or the first computing device. Such
posture statuses may be analyzed to determine if a reminder and/or
guidance should be triggered and sent to the user on the second
computing device to change the posture of the user.
[0092] In some embodiments, a computerized method for posture and
vital sign monitoring includes monitoring a sleep cycle of the user
based on one or more of the first signal, second signal, and third
signal. Such a method may function to determine: a posture and/or
vital sign of the user, when it is appropriate to wake a user from
a nap, and/or one or more health conditions of the user. For
example, the system may distinguish between REM and non-REM sleep
cycles of the user based on a respiration rate and/or heart rate of
the user. Such a system may be able to alert a user if frequent
disruptions are occurring in the user's sleep cycle. In some
embodiments, the system generates a signal to stimulate a vibrator
within the cushion or to release an aromatic compound from the
cushion, for example to wake the user during an appropriate sleep
cycle stage of the user.
[0093] FIG. 11 illustrates a flow chart of one embodiment of a
method for monitoring one or more vital signs of a user during a
nap while the user is seated on the cushion. In some embodiments,
the method includes receiving one or more inputs from the user that
the user intends to nap S300a. For example, the user may select a
range for the nap length (e.g., 15-20 minutes, 20-30 minutes, 30-60
minutes, etc.) and input the range for the nap length into the
portable computing device. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the
cushion and/or portable computing device may recommend a nap to the
user S300b. For example, the cushion and/or portable computing
device may detect a heightened stress level of the user or a slower
heart and/or respiration rate of the user indicating that the user
may benefit from a nap and alert, notify, or otherwise recommend a
nap to the user. The alert or notification may include a push
notification, SMS, other visual notification, audible alarm,
tactile indication, or other notification to the user that the user
should nap. In some embodiments, the system may facilitate the user
falling asleep, for example by playing soothing music, releasing
calming scents, gently massaging the user using the cushion, or any
other type of facilitation. In some embodiments, the method
includes determining a sleep stage of the user S310. Using one or
more vital signs detected by the optical fiber sensor and/or second
sensor, the cushion and/or portable computing device may
distinguish between REM and non-REM sleep cycles and/or when the
user is experiencing lighter and deeper sleeping periods. In some
embodiments, the method includes determining if the sleep stage of
the user is an appropriate sleep stage in which to wake the user
S320. For example, the system may determine that the user is
experiencing lighter sleep and/or a non-REM sleep cycle and wake
the user during this lighter sleep period and/or non-REM sleep
cycle. In some embodiments, the system wakes the user within the
user's chosen range of nap lengths when the user is experiencing
lighter sleep and/or a non-REM sleep cycle, for example, to
minimize a user feeling groggy, disoriented, or not well-rested
from the nap. In some embodiments, the method includes waking the
user from the nap if the sleep stage is appropriate S330. For
example, the system may determine that the user is within the
appropriate nap length range and experiencing lighter sleep and/or
a non-REM sleep cycle, and that the user could be woken with
minimal side effects (e.g., grogginess, sleepiness, etc.). In some
embodiments, the system wakes the user using the vibration module,
other tactile signal, an auditory signal (e.g., alarm, music from
the cushion and/or portable computing device, etc.), an olfactory
signal, or another signal, as described above. In some embodiments,
the auditory signal starts at a low decibel level and escalates to
a higher decibel level to gently and gradually wake the user from
the nap.
[0094] The systems and methods of the preferred embodiment and
variations thereof can be embodied and/or implemented at least in
part as a machine configured to receive a computer-readable medium
storing computer-readable instructions. The instructions are
preferably executed by computer-executable components preferably
integrated with the system and one or more portions of the
processor on the cushion and/or portable computing device. The
computer-readable medium can be stored on any suitable
computer-readable media such as RAMs, ROMs, flash memory, EEPROMs,
optical devices (e.g., CD or DVD), hard drives, floppy drives, or
any suitable device. The computer-executable component is
preferably a general or application-specific processor, but any
suitable dedicated hardware or hardware/firmware combination can
alternatively or additionally execute the instructions.
[0095] As used in the description and claims, the singular form
"a", "an" and "the" include both singular and plural references
unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the
term "a sensor" may include, and is contemplated to include, a
plurality of sensors. At times, the claims and disclosure may
include terms such as "a plurality," "one or more," or "at least
one;" however, the absence of such terms is not intended to mean,
and should not be interpreted to mean, that a plurality is not
conceived.
[0096] The term "about" or "approximately," when used before a
numerical designation or range (e.g., to define a length or
pressure), indicates approximations which may vary by (+) or (-)
5%, 1% or 0.1%. All numerical ranges provided herein are inclusive
of the stated start and end numbers. The term "substantially"
indicates mostly (i.e., greater than 50%) or essentially all of a
device, substance, or composition.
[0097] As used herein, the term "comprising" or "comprises" is
intended to mean that the devices, systems, and methods include the
recited elements, and may additionally include any other elements.
"Consisting essentially of" shall mean that the devices, systems,
and methods include the recited elements and exclude other elements
of essential significance to the combination for the stated
purpose. Thus, a system or method consisting essentially of the
elements as defined herein would not exclude other materials,
features, or steps that do not materially affect the basic and
novel characteristic(s) of the claimed invention. "Consisting of"
shall mean that the devices, systems, and methods include the
recited elements and exclude anything more than a trivial or
inconsequential element or step. Embodiments defined by each of
these transitional terms are within the scope of this
disclosure.
[0098] The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way
of illustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in
which the subject matter may be practiced. Other embodiments may be
utilized and derived therefrom, such that structural and logical
substitutions and changes may be made without departing from the
scope of this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject
matter may be referred to herein individually or collectively by
the term "invention" merely for convenience and without intending
to voluntarily limit the scope of this application to any single
invention or inventive concept, if more than one is disclosed.
Thus, although specific embodiments have been illustrated and
described herein, any arrangement calculated to achieve the same
purpose may be substituted for the specific embodiments shown. This
disclosure is intended to cover any and all adaptations or
variations of various embodiments. Combinations of the above
embodiments, and other embodiments not specifically described
herein, will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon
reviewing the above description.
* * * * *