U.S. patent application number 14/869121 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-24 for estriol therapy for multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases.
The applicant listed for this patent is Rhonda Voskuhl. Invention is credited to Rhonda Voskuhl.
Application Number | 20160082017 14/869121 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 26829834 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160082017 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Voskuhl; Rhonda |
March 24, 2016 |
ESTRIOL THERAPY FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND OTHER AUTOIMMUNE
DISEASES
Abstract
The present invention discloses administering steroid hormones
to mammals to treat autoimmune related diseases, more particularly,
Th1-mediated (cell-mediated) autoimmune diseases including:
multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune
thyroiditis and uveitis. Most preferably the invention is used to
treat a patient with a therapeutically effective amount of estriol
of 8 milligrams once daily via oral administration to treat the
symptoms or prevent the onset of multiple sclerosis.
Inventors: |
Voskuhl; Rhonda; (Los
Angeles, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Voskuhl; Rhonda |
Los Angeles |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
26829834 |
Appl. No.: |
14/869121 |
Filed: |
September 29, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13763814 |
Feb 11, 2013 |
9168262 |
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14869121 |
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11151040 |
Jun 13, 2005 |
8372826 |
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13763814 |
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10131834 |
Apr 24, 2002 |
6936599 |
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11151040 |
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60286842 |
Apr 25, 2001 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/85.6 ;
424/133.1; 424/78.37; 514/110; 514/170; 514/171; 514/182; 514/20.5;
514/46 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 2300/00 20130101;
A61K 9/0053 20130101; A61K 31/565 20130101; A61K 31/57 20130101;
A61K 45/06 20130101; A61K 31/56 20130101; A61K 31/573 20130101;
A61K 31/565 20130101; A61K 31/56 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101;
A61K 31/57 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 31/565 20060101
A61K031/565; A61K 9/00 20060101 A61K009/00; A61K 45/06 20060101
A61K045/06; A61K 31/57 20060101 A61K031/57 |
Goverment Interests
[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant
No. NS 036680 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The
government has certain rights in the invention.
Claims
1-39. (canceled)
40. A method for treating an autoimmune disease in a human patient,
comprising administering to the patient about 4 mg to about 16 mg
of estriol daily.
41. The method of claim 40, comprising administering to the patient
about 8 mg of estriol daily.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein the estriol is estriol
succinate, estriol sulfamate, or estriol dihexanoate.
43. The method of claim 40, wherein the treatment results in a
serum estriol concentration of at least about 2 ng/mL.
44. The method of claim 43, wherein the treatment results in a
serum estriol concentration of about 10 ng/mL to about 35
ng/mL.
45. The method of claim 40, further comprising administering to the
patient a progesterone.
46. The method of claim 40, further comprising administering to the
patient .beta.-interferon, glatiramer acetate copolymer-1,
mitoxantrone, natalizumab, mycophenolate mofetil, paclitaxel,
cyclosporine, prednisone, methylprednisone, azathioprine,
cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cladribine, 4-aminopyridine, or
tizanidine.
47. The method of claim 46, comprising administering to the patient
glatiramer acetate copolymer-1, wherein the glatiramer acetate
copolymer-1 is administered at about 0 mg to about 20 mg per
day.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the glatiramer acetate
copolymer-1 is administered at about 20 mg per day.
49. The method of claim 46, comprising administering to the patient
.beta.-interferon, wherein the .beta.-interferon is interferon
.beta.-1a or interferon .beta.-1b.
50. The method of claim 49, comprising administering to the patient
interferon .beta.-1a, wherein the interferon .beta.-1a is
administered at about 0 .mu.g to about 30 .mu.g once per week.
51. The method of claim 50, wherein the interferon .beta.-1a is
administered at about 30 .mu.g once per week.
52. The method of claim 49, comprising administering to the patient
interferon .beta.-1b, wherein the interferon .beta.-1b is
administered at about 0 mg to about 0.25 mg every other day.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein the interferon .beta.-1b is
administered at about 0.25 mg every other day.
54. The method of claim 46, comprising administering to the patient
prednisone, wherein the prednisone is administered at about 5 mg to
about 60 mg per day.
55. The method of claim 46, comprising administering to the patient
methylprednisone, wherein the methylprednisone is administered at
about 1 mg to about 2 mg per day.
56. The method of claim 40, wherein the estriol is administered
orally.
57. The method of claim 40, wherein the autoimmune disease is
multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune thyroiditis,
uveitis, myasthenia gravis, Sjogren's syndrome, or Hashimoto's
thyroiditis.
58. The method of claim 57, wherein the autoimmune disease is
multiple sclerosis.
59. The method of claim 58, wherein the autoimmune disease is
relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis or secondary progressive
multiple sclerosis.
60. A method for treating an autoimmune disease in a human patient,
comprising: administering to the patient about 4 mg to about 16 mg
of estriol daily; administering to the patient a progesterone; and
administering to the patient .beta.-interferon, glatiramer acetate
copolymer-1, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, mycophenolate mofetil,
paclitaxel, cyclosporine, prednisone, methylprednisone,
azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, cladribine,
4-aminopyridine, or tizanidine.
Description
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/763,814, filed Feb. 11, 2013, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/151,040, filed
Jun. 13, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,372,826, which is a continuation
of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/131,834, filed Apr. 24,
2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,599, which claims priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 60/286,842, filed Apr. 25, 2001,
each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its
entirety.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] 1. Field of the Invention
[0004] This invention relates generally to steroidal therapies for
treating autoimmune diseases and, more particularly, to
administering primary agents being estrogens or estrogen receptor
active agents for the treatment of cell mediated diseases.
Optionally, secondary agents which effect the immune system may
also be co-administered. Finally, treatment kits are provided
containing at least one primary agent and at least one secondary
agent for treating a patient presenting with symptomology of an
autoimmune disease.
[0005] 2. General Background and State of the Art
[0006] There is a distinct female preponderance of autoimmune
diseases during the reproductive ages including multiple sclerosis
(MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), uveitis, myesthenia gravis (MG),
Sjogren's syndrome, and Hashimoto's thyroiditis.
[0007] For example, MS is a chronic, and often debilitating disease
affecting the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). MS
affects more than 1 million people worldwide and is the most common
neurological disease among young adults, particularly woman. The
exact cause of MS is still unknown. MS attacks the nervous system
resulting in myelin sheaths surrounding neuronal axons to be
destroyed. This demyelinization can cause weakness, impaired
vision, loss of balance, and poor muscle coordination. MS can have
different patterns, sometimes leaving patients relatively well
after episodes of acute worsening, sometimes leading to progressive
disability that persists after episodes of worsening. In the worst
cases the disease can lead to paralysis or blindness.
[0008] Steroid hormones or sex-linked gene inheritance may be
responsible for the enhanced susceptibility of women to these
autoimmune diseases. A role for steroid hormones in susceptibility
to autoimmune disease is supported by observations of alternations
in disease symptomotology, with alterations in sex hormone levels
such as during pregnancy, menopause or exogenous hormone
administration (in the form of hormone replacement (HRT) or oral
contraceptives (ORC)). For example, women with MS and RA have been
reported to experience remission of symptoms during late gestation.
Particularly, MS patients have been reported to show a decrease in
relapse rate in pregnancy.
[0009] Normally, cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T helper
cell (Th1) secretion of interferon gamma (IFN-.gamma.) and tumor
necrosis factor beta (TNF-b). In contrast, humoral immunity is
mediated by another group of T helper cells (Th2) secreting
interleukin (IL)-10, lL-4, IL-5 and IL-6. A systemic shift toward
humoral immunity (or Th2-mediated immunity) has been noted during
pregnancy. During pregnancy, cell-mediated immunity is decreased
and humoral-mediated immunity is increased thereby promoting fetal
survival. Thus, this systemic shift in the immune system may
explain why cell-mediated diseases, including MS and RA have been
reported to improve during pregnancy.
[0010] Although a shift toward humoral-mediated immunity has been
demonstrated during human pregnancy, mechanisms which induce this
shift remain unclear. One possibility is local production of Th2
(or humoral mediated) cytokines by the placenta. Another
possibility is the production of Th2 cytokines by immune cells,
consequent to changed levels of steroid hormones during pregnancy.
Consistent with the latter possibility, in vitro studies have
demonstrated the ability of the steroid progesterone to increase
IL-4 production and the ability of the steroid 17.beta.-estradiol
to increase IL-10 production during T-lymphocyte responses.
However, it remains unclear what cellular mechanisms are involved
in regulating in vivo amelioration of autoimmune symptomology.
[0011] Examples of potential candidates which effect may effect MS
during pregnancy include: Sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone),
cortisol, vitamin D, alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic
gonadotropin and pregnancy specific glycoproteins.
[0012] Further, some studies have suggested that a unique pregnancy
factor termed "early pregnancy factor" is responsible for improved
progression of cell-mediated autoimmune diseases during pregnancy.
Other studies have suggested a role for microchimerism. Still
others suggest a role for local factors such as TGF .beta. or
estriol (E3) which is known to be produced by the placenta during
pregnancy. Of note, E3 is at its highest serum levels in the third
trimester of pregnancy. However, E3's role in ameliorating symptoms
of autoimmune diseases in humans is unclear.
[0013] Studies in laboratory animals have established that
experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and other Th1
(cell-mediated) autoimmune diseases in mice improve during
pregnancy.
[0014] Specifically, treatment with late pregnancy levels of
estriol or supraphysiological doses of estradiol (5 times pregnancy
levels) were shown to delay the onset of clinical EAE after disease
was experimentally induced by immunization of mice (Jansson et al.
1994). However, there was no investigation as to how estrogens
delayed the day of onset of disease, nor as to whether disease
severity was effected in these animals once symptomology
occurred.
[0015] In another study, it was shown that EAE disease severity
could be reduced by treatment with estriol, either before or after
disease onset. Treatment of EAE mice with 90 day release pellets of
5 milligrams or 15 milligrams of estriol (E3) was shown not only to
decrease disease severity but also to enhance autoantigen specific
humoral-immunity, increase production of the Th2 cytokine IL-10 and
reduced inflammation and demyelination in EAE mice. Importantly,
these changes in the disease were induced by a dose (5 mg) which
was shown to yield estriol levels in serum that were similar to
those which occur during late pregnancy (Kim et al., Neurology,
50(4 Supp. 4):A242-245, April 1998, FASEB Journal 12(4):A616, March
1998 and Neurology 52(6):1230-1238, April 1999; herein incorporated
by reference). Thus, these results suggested that steroid hormones,
and estriol in particular, may be involved in the amelioration of
autoimmune reactions in the EAE animal model.
[0016] Other groups later demonstrated that estrogen potentiated
the effects of treatment with TCR proteins to reduce autoimmune
reactions in EAE mice. Offner. et al. FASEB Journal 14(6):A1246,
April 2000; Int. Journal of Mol. Medicine 6 (Supp. 1): SS8, October
2000 and Journal of Clin. Invest. 105(10):1465-1472, May 2000).
Further, it was shown in animal studies that estrogen suppressed
the onset EAE in mice (Ito. et al. Journal of Immunology, 167(1):
452-52, 2001) and that presumed diestrus levels of estrogens
reduced some manifestations of active EAE in mice. Bebo et al.
Journal of Immunology 166(3): 2080-9, 2001.
[0017] However, the etiology and disease progression of EAE and MS
are not identical, thus it is unclear that estrogens alone would be
effective in ameliorating autoimmune responses in human patients.
Indeed, not only is it unknown whether pregnancy doses of estrogens
might be protective in humans with autoimmune disease, it is
unclear even in mice whether low doses of estrogens are protective.
For example, it has been reported by some that ovariectomy of
female mice makes EAE disease worse (Matejuk et al., 2001), while
others have found that ovariectomy had no effect on disease
severity (Kim et al., 2001: Voskuhl and Palaszynski, 2001a; Voskuhl
and Palaszynski. 2001b). Thus, it is controversial whether low
levels of estrogens, as they exist during the menstrual cycle, are
protective even in mice.
[0018] Data from human studies to date have shown no clear benefit
of steroids in treating any autoimmune disease. In humans,
administration of available hormone therapies (including HRTs and
OCPs) containing a mixture of sex hormones cause some autoimmune
diseases to improve while others worsen.
[0019] For example, there has been no conclusive evidence that
women are protected from or have a decrease in symptomology or
relapse rates due to sex steroids. One study noted that past use of
oral contraceptives in healthy women had no effect on subsequent
risk to develop MS (Hernan et al. 2000). Further, another study
found that the incidence rates for MS in current users were not
decreased as compared to never-users (Thorogood and Hannaford,
1998). Thus, low dose of the estrogens in oral contraceptives are
not of sufficient type or dose to ameliorate the immunopathogenesis
of MS even temporarily during intercurrent use. At best, in one
study, patients had the subjective impression that pre-existing MS
symptoms (as opposed to relapse rates) worsen during the
premenstrual period and that the use of oral contraceptives may
have decreased this worsening (Zorgdrager and De Keyser, 1997).
Importantly, the lack of reports of an effect of oral contraceptive
therapy on MS relapses is in marked contrast to what has been
observed during pregnancy
[0020] In contrast, it has been shown that women had a lower the
risk of developing MS during pregnancy compared to non-pregnant
states (Runmarker and Andersen, 1995). Due to the numerous changes
that occur during pregnancy, hormonal and nonhormonal (as listed
above), the etiology of the beneficial effect of pregnancy may or
may be related to sex steroid fluctuations. It has also been
reported for decades that pregnancy decreases MS relapses
(Abramsky, 1994; Birk et al. 1990; Birk et al. 1998; Damek and
Shuster, 1997; Runmarker and Andersen, 1995; Confavreux et al.,
1998). These studies have shown that the latter part of pregnancy
is associated with a significant reduction in relapses, while there
is a rebound increase in relapses post partum. In contrast, the
absence of such an effect on relapses during OCP or HRT indicate
that low level sex steroids are not adequate to treat these
symptoms.
[0021] Further, women having rheumatoid arthritis that were treated
with HRT did not show significant improvement in their
symptomology. DaSilva and Hall, Baillieres Clinical Rheumatology
1992, 6:196-219; Bijlsma at al. Journal of Repro. lmm.
28(3-4):231-4, 1992; Hall et al. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases,
53(2): 112-6, 1994.
[0022] Thus, the low doses of hormones found naturally during the
menstrual cycle or in ORT and HRT have not been shown to be
effective at ameliorating the symptomology of autoimmune diseases.
This is in spite of the observation that women having MS have a
decreased relapse rate during late pregnancy. Thus, a challenge has
been to identify a hormone and a treatment dose that is therapeutic
in treating particular autoimmune diseases, while minimizing
undesirable side effects. Obviously, the dose and method of
administration of steroids in humans differs from steroid treatment
in laboratory animals due to toxic effects of prolonged exposure by
patients to steroid hormones. In particular, there are clinical
concerns of inducing breast or endometrial cancers in women
requiring long term exposure to steroid hormones.
INVENTION SUMMARY
[0023] A general object of the present invention is to provide a
method of administering steroid hormones to mammals to treat
autoimmune related diseases, more particularly, Th1-mediated
(cell-mediated) autoimmune diseases including: multiple sclerosis
(MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), autoimmune thyroiditis. uveitis
and other autoimmune diseases in which clinical symptomology has
shown improvement during the third term of pregnancy.
[0024] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention,
these objectives are accomplished by providing a treatment for
autoimmune related diseases with a selected dose and course of a
primary agent being an estrogen or estrogen receptor-effective
composition.
[0025] In accordance with one aspect of the present invention,
these objectives are accomplished by providing a patient with a
therapeutically effective amount of estriol, comprising from about
4 to 16 milligrams per day, or more specifically, about 8
milligrams once daily via oral administration.
[0026] In accordance with another aspect of the present invention,
these objectives are accomplished by providing a therapeutically
effective amount of a primary agent in combination with a
therapeutically effective amount of a secondary active agent, such
as progesterone, glucocorticoids and/or known or experimental drugs
used to treat autoimmune diseases.
[0027] The above described and many other features and attendant
advantages of the present invention will become apparent from a
consideration of the following detailed description when considered
in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1a is a schematic depicting the trial design described
in Example 1; FIG. 1b is a bar graph depicting human serum levels
during pregnancy, estriol treatment (Tx), and pretreatment (Pre Tx
levels).
[0029] FIG. 2a is a bar graph describing the Delayed Type
Hypersensitivity (DTH) responses to tetanus and to candida; FIG. 2b
is a bar graph depicting levels of IFN.gamma. between treatment
groups.
[0030] FIG. 3a, FIG. 3b, FIG. 3c, FIG. 3d, FIG. 3e, and FIG. 3f are
bar graphs depicting each patient's gadolinium enhancing lesion
volumes on serial cerebral MRIs, which were assessed at each month
during the pretreatment, estriol treatment, and post treatment
periods.
[0031] FIG. 4 is a bar graph depicting mean percent change in PASAT
scores during treatment with estriol as compared to
pretreatment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0032] This description is not to be taken in a limiting sense, but
is made merely for the purpose of illustrating the general
principles of the invention. The section titles and overall
organization of the present detailed description are for the
purpose of convenience only and are not intended to limit the
present invention.
[0033] Generally, the invention involves a method of treating
mammal exhibiting clinical symptoms of an autoimmune disease
comprising administering a primary agent at a therapeutically
effective dosage in an effective dosage form at a selected
interval. The treatment is aimed at reducing the symptomology
and/or progression of the disease. In the preferred embodiment of
the invention, human patients clinically diagnosed with MS
(including both relapsing remitting or secondary progressive type
patients) are treated with an oral preparation of 8 milligrams
estriol daily and have ameliorated symptomology.
[0034] Amelioration of the autoimmune disease refers to any
observable beneficial effect of the treatment. The beneficial
effect can be evidenced by a delayed onset or progression of
disease symptomology, a reduction in the severity of some or all of
the clinical symptoms, or an improvement in the overall health.
[0035] For example, patients who have clinical symptoms of an
autoimmune disease often suffer from some or all of the following
symptoms: worsening of pre-existing symptoms (such as joint pain in
rheumatoid arthritis), the appearance of new symptoms (new joints
affected in rheumatoid arthritis) or increased generalized weakness
and fatigue. MS patients in particular suffer from the following
symptoms: weakness, numbness, tingling, loss of vision, memory
difficulty and extreme fatigue. Thus an amelioration of disease in
MS would include a reduction in the frequency or severity of onset
of weakness, numbness, tingling, loss of vision, memory difficulty
and extreme fatigue. On imaging of the brain (MRI) amelioration of
disease would be evidenced by a decrease in the number or volume of
gadolinium enhancing lesions, a stabilization or slowing of the
accumulation of 12 lesions and/or a slowing in the rate of atrophy
formation. Immunologically, an increase in Th2 cytokines (such as
IL-10) and a decrease in Th1 cytokines (such as interferon gamma)
would be associated with disease amelioration.
[0036] Patients may also express criteria indicating they are at
risk for developing autoimmune diseases. These patients may be
preventatively treated to delay the onset of clinical symptomology.
More specifically, patients who present initially with clinically
isolated syndromes (CIS) may be treated using the treatment
paradigm outlined in this invention. These patients have had at
least one clinical event consistent with MS. but have not met full
criteria for MS diagnosis since the definite diagnosis requires
more than one clinical event at another time (McDonald et al.,
2001). Treatment of the present invention would be advantageous at
least in preventing or delaying the development of clinically
definite MS.
[0037] Primary Agent.
[0038] The primary agent useful in this invention is a steroid
hormone, more particularly an estrogen or a steroidal or
non-steroidal estrogen receptor active agent. Most preferably, the
primary agent is estriol (estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,16,17-triol,
E3), such as estriol succinate, estriol dihexanoate, or estriol
sulfamate. However, the primary agent may be precursors or analogs
of estriol, estrone (E1) or precursors or analogs of estrone, or
17.beta.-estradiol (E2) or precursors (including aromatizable
testosterone) or analogs of 170-estradiol.
[0039] The primary agent may also be a metabolite or derivatives of
E1. E2 or E3 which are active at the estrogen receptor a or J3.
Metabolites and derivatives may have a similar core structure to
E1, E2 or E3 but may have one or more different groups (ex.
hydroxyl, ketone, halide, etc.) at one or more ring positions.
Synthetic steroids which are effective at estrogen receptor are
also useful in this invention, such as those described in WO
97/08188 or U.S. Pat. No. 6,043,236 to Brattsand.
[0040] The primary agent may also be an estrogen receptor .alpha.
or .beta. agonists and/or antagonist. These agonists or antagonists
may be steroidal or non-steroidal agents which bind to and/or cause
a change in activity or binding of at least one of the estrogen
receptor .alpha. or .beta. subtypes. For example, specific agonists
of ER alpha and ER beta may be useful in this invention
(Fritzmeier, et al.). Doses of these agonists may be titrated to
achieve an effect on disease similar to that which is observed
during pregnancy and during treatment with pregnancy doses of
estriol by methodologies known to those skilled in the art of
steroid pharmacology.
[0041] Any one or combination of these estrogens or estrogen
receptor active agents may be used to treat the selected autoimmune
disease. The selection of the estrogens or estrogen receptor active
agents can be made considering secondary side effects of the
treatment to the patient. For example, estriol may be selected over
17.beta.-estradiol, because estriol causes minimal endometrial
proliferation and is not associated with increased risk of breast
cancer. Minimal endometrial proliferation is observed when the
long-acting estriol derivative, nyestriol is used. Indeed, because
estriol has partial antagonist action on the binding of
17.beta.-estradiol to the estrogen receptor in vivo, estriol was at
one point in the past considered as a therapeutic agent for
treatment and prevention of breast cancer.
[0042] Therapeutically Effective Dosage of the Primary Agent.
[0043] A therapeutically effective dose of the primary agent is one
sufficient to raise the serum concentration above basal levels, and
preferably to pregnancy levels or above pregnancy levels. Most
preferably, the therapeutically effective dosage of the primary
agent is selected to result in serum levels in a patient equivalent
to the steroid hormone level of that agent in women in the second
or third trimester of pregnancy.
[0044] For example, during the normal female menstrual cycle
estradiol levels are in the range of about 350 pg/ml serum. During
pregnancy, there is about a 100 fold increase in the level of
estradiol to about 10,000 to about 35,000 pg/ml serum. Correale, et
al. Journal of Immunology 161:3365 (1998) and Gilmore, et al.
Journal of Immunology 158:446. In contrast, estriol levels are
undetectable during the menstrual cycle in the non-pregnant state.
Estradiol levels rise progressively during pregnancy to levels from
3,000 to 30,000 pg/ml (3 to 30 ng/ml)
(www.il-st-acad-sci.org/steroid1.html#se3t).
[0045] In one embodiment, where the primary agent is estriol, the
preferable dose is from about 4 to 16 milligrams daily, and more
specifically, about 8 milligrams daily. In this embodiment, blood
serum levels preferably reach at least about 2 ng/ml, may reach
about 10 to about 35 ng/ml, or most preferably about 20-30 ng/ml.
Sicotte et al. Neurology 56:A75. In some embodiments, estradiol
(E2) levels would preferably reach at least about 2 ng/ml and most
preferably about to 10-35 ng/ml. In some embodiments, estrone (E1)
levels would preferably reach at least about 2 ng/ml and most
preferably about 5-18 ng/ml (DeGroot and Jameson, 1994).
[0046] The dosage of the primary agent may be selected for an
individual patient depending upon the route of administration,
severity of disease, age and weight of the patient, other
medications the patient is taking and other factors normally
considered by the attending physician, when determining the
individual regimen and dosage level as the most appropriate for a
particular patient.
[0047] The use of this group of primary agents is advantageous in
at least that other known or experimental treatments for cellular
mediated autoimmune diseases are chemotherapeutic
immunosuppressants which have significant risks and side effects to
patients, including decreasing the ability of the patient to fight
infections, inducing liver or heart toxicity which are not caused
by estrogen treatment. Other agents used in MS do not cause these
side effect, but are associated with flu-like symptoms or chest
tightness. Further, these previously used agents are associated
with local skin reactions since they entail injections at
frequencies ranging from daily to once per week.
[0048] Dosage Form.
[0049] The therapeutically effective dose of the primary agent
included in the dosage form is selected at least by considering the
type of primary agent selected and the mode of administration. The
dosage form may include the active primary agent in combination
with other inert ingredients, including adjutants and
pharmaceutically acceptable carriers for the facilitation of dosage
to the patient as known to those skilled in the pharmaceutical
arts. The dosage form may be any form suitable to cause the primary
agent to enter into the tissues of the patient.
[0050] In one embodiment, the dosage form of the primary agent is
an oral preparation (liquid, tablet, capsule, caplet or the like)
which when consumed results in elevated serum estrogen levels. The
oral preparation may comprise conventional carriers including
dilutents, binders, time release agents, lubricants and
disintigrants.
[0051] In other embodiments of the invention, the dosage form may
be provided in a topical preparation (lotion, creme ointment or the
like) for transdermal application. Alternatively, the dosage form
may be provided in a suppository or the like for transvaginal or
transrectal application.
[0052] That estrogens or estrogen receptor active agents can be
delivered via these dosage forms is advantageous in that currently
available therapies, for MS for example, are all injectables which
are inconvenient for the user and lead to decreased patient
compliance with the treatment. Non-injectable dosage forms are
further advantageous over current injectable treatments which often
cause side effects in patients including flu-like symptoms
(particularly, .beta. interferon) and injection site reactions
which may lead to lipotrophy (particularly, glatiramer acetate
copolymer-1).
[0053] However, in additional embodiments, the dosage form may also
allow for preparations to be applied subcutaneously, intravenously,
intramuscularly or via the respiratory system.
[0054] Secondary Active Agents.
[0055] Any one or a combination of secondary active agents may be
included in the dosage form with the primary agent. Alternatively,
any one or a combination of secondary active agents may be
administered independently of the primary agent, but concurrent in
time such that the patient is exposed to at least two agents for
the treatment of their immunological disease.
[0056] The secondary agents are preferably immunotherapeutic
agents, which act synergistically with the primary agent to
diminish the symptomology of the autoimmune disease. Secondary
active agents may be selected to enhance the effect of the estrogen
or estrogen receptor active agent, reduce the effect of the
estrogen or estrogen receptor active agent or effect a different
system than that effected by the estrogen or estrogen receptor
active agent.
[0057] Secondary active agents include immunotherapeutic agents
which cause a change in the activity or function of the immune
system.
[0058] In one embodiment, a secondary agent may be a
therapeutically effective amount of progesterone, precursor, analog
or progesterone receptor agonist or antagonist. Most preferably,
the secondary agent is 100-200 milligrams of progesterone
administered daily. Progesterone in combination with estrogen or
estrogen receptor active agent treatment is advantageous in at
least protecting patients against risks associated with long term
estrogen exposure, including, but not limited to endometrial
proliferation and breast cancers.
[0059] In another embodiment, a secondary agent may be a
therapeutically effective amount of glucocorticoid, precursor.
analog or glucocorticoid receptor agonist or antagonist. For
example, prednisone may be administered, most preferably in the
dosage range of about 5-60 milligrams per day. Also, methyl
prednisone (Solumedrol) may be administered, most preferably in the
dosage range of about 1-2 milligrams per day. Glucocorticoids are
currently used to treat relapse episodes in MS patients, and
symptomatic RA within this dosage range.
[0060] In other embodiments, a secondary agent may be selected from
the group immunotherapeutic compounds. For example, as
.beta.-interferon (Avonex.RTM. (interferon-beta 1a), Rebiff.RTM.
(by Serono); Biogen, Betaseron.RTM. (interferon-beta 1b) Berlex,
Schering), glatiramer acetate copolymer-1 (Copaxone.RTM.; Teva),
antineoplastics (such as mitoxantrone; Novatrone.RTM. Lederle
Labs), human monoclonal antibodies (such as natalizumab;
Antegren.RTM. Elan Corp. and Biogen Inc.), immonusuppressants (such
as mycophenolate mofetil; CellCept.RTM. Hoffman-LaRoche Inc.),
paclitaxel (Taxol.RTM.; Bristol-Meyers Oncology), cyclosporine
(such as cyclosporin A), corticosteroids (glucocorticoids, such as
prednisone and methyl prednisone), azathioprine, cyclophosphamide,
methotrexate, cladribine, 4-aminopyridine and tizanidine.
[0061] By way of example, which is consistent with the current
therapeutic uses for these treatments, Avonex.RTM. in a dosage of
about 0 to about 30 mcg may be injected intramuscularly once a
week. Betaseron.RTM. in a dosage of about 0 to about 0.25 mg may be
injected subcutaneously every other day. Copaxone.RTM. in a dosage
of about 0 to about 20 mg may be injected subcutaneously every day.
Finally. Rebiff.RTM. may be injected at a therapeutic dose and at
an interval to be determined based on clinical trial data, However,
dosages and method of administration may be altered to maximize the
effect of these therapies in conjunction with estrogen treatment.
Dosages may be altered using criteria that are known to those
skilled in the art of diagnosing and treating autoimmune
diseases.
[0062] Preferably, secondary agents would be administered in the
dosage ranges currently used to treat patients having autoimmune
diseases, including MS patients. Alternatively, the secondary
agents may be administered at a reduced dose or with reduced
frequency due to synergistic or duplicative physiological effects
with the primary agent.
[0063] Preferably, patients exhibiting symptomology of autoimmune
diseases are treated with the above agents (estrogen or estrogen
receptor active agents with or without secondary agents). Most
preferably, patients exhibit autoimmune diseases marked by
improvement in symptomology at least during a treatment regimen,
including but not limited to that reflecting patterns observed
during the second or third trimester of pregnancy.
[0064] Kits.
[0065] In another aspect of this invention kits are provided for
use by the treating physician in the clinic or prescribed patient
for self-administration of treatment. The kits of this invention
include at least one primary agent and one secondary agent in the
appropriate dosages and dosage form for the treatment of the
patient's clinical symptoms.
[0066] In a first embodiment of the kit, the primary agent is
estriol in doses of about 4-16 milligrams and the secondary agent
is progesterone in doses of about 100 to about 200 milligrams. In a
second embodiment of this kit, the primary agent is estriol in
doses of about 4-16 milligrams and the secondary agent is a
glucocorticoid, such as prednisone (about 5-60 milligrams per day)
or methyl prednisone (1-2 milligrams per day).
[0067] In a third embodiment of this invention, the primary agent
is estriol in doses of about 4-16 milligrams and the secondary
agent is (3-interferon in doses of about 0.25 milligrams of
Betaseron.RTM. or 30 mcg of Avonex.RTM.. In a fourth alternate
embodiment of the kit, the primary agent is estriol in doses of
about 4 to about 16 milligrams and the secondary agent is
glatiramer acetate copolymer in doses of about 20 milligrams of
Copaxone.RTM..
[0068] The kit also preferably contains instructions for use of the
kit by the use by the treating physician or patients to treat their
autoimmune disease. Such information would include at least the
schedule for the administration of the primary agent dose and the
secondary agent dose.
[0069] Although the present invention has been described in terms
of the preferred embodiment above, numerous modifications and/or
additions to the above-described preferred embodiments would be
readily apparent to one skilled in the art.
Example 1
Methods: Trial Design
[0070] A crossover design was used with monthly brain MRIs during
the six month pretreatment period, the six month treatment period
with oral estriol (8 milligrams/day) and the six month post
treatment period, with clinical and laboratory evaluations as
demonstrated (FIG. 1A).
[0071] Inclusion Criteria.
[0072] Women with clinically definite MS, ages 18-50, with an EDSS
0-6.5 who had been off interferon beta and copolymer-1 for at least
six months, and had no steroid treatment for at least three months
were eligible. At least 5 cm.sup.3 of lesion burden on a screening
T2 weighted brain MRI was required. Subjects who were pregnant or
nursing. on oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy, or
who had a history of thrombosis, neoplasm or gynecologic disease,
or who had been treated in the past with total lymphoid
irradiation, monoclonal antibody, T cell vaccination, cladribine or
bone marrow transplantation were excluded.
[0073] Patients.
[0074] Twelve female patients with clinically definite MS were
enrolled. Six had RR disease and six had SP disease. All six RR and
four of six SP patients completed the entire 18 month study period.
One SP patient was discontinued from the study because of prolonged
treatment with steroids for tonic spasms by an outside neurologist
and the other did not wish to go untreated in the post treatment
period. Of the ten patients who completed the entire study, the
mean age was 44 years (range 28 to 50 years) and the mean EDSS was
3.3 (range 1.0 to 6.5). The mean EDSS score for the SP patients was
5.0 while the mean EDSS for the RR patients was 2.2. The 18 month
trial was extended in RR patients whereby treatment was
re-instituted.
[0075] Medication.
[0076] For the initial treatment phase, micronized, U.S.P. graded
estriol powder (Medisca, Inc., Plattsburg, N.Y.) was put into
capsules by UCLA Pharmaceutical Services. During the extension
re-treatment phase in the RR patients, all but one received a
capsule of estriol (8 milligrams/day) plus progesterone (100
milligrams/day), while the single RR patient who had a hysterectomy
received only estriol (8 milligrams/day) (Women's International
Pharmacy, Madison, Wis.).
[0077] Clinical and Safety Measures.
[0078] Subjects were evaluated using the Kurtzke's Expanded
Disability Status Scale (EDSS) by the same neurologist (RV)
throughout the study. At each visit the study nurse (RK)
administered the paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT) and
the 9-hole peg test. Blood was drawn for SMA12, cholesterol panel,
blood counts and hormone levels (estriol. estradiol, estrone, LH,
FSH, cortisol, progesterone). Estriol levels in serum were
determined by ELISA according to manufacturer's instructions
(Oxford Biomedical, Oxford, Mich.).
[0079] Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Responses (DTN).
[0080] DTH to tetanus (Tetanus Toxoid, Wyeth Laboratories,
Marietta, Pa.) and candida (Candin, Allermed Laboratories, San
Diego, Calif.) were tested at two timepoints, once in the
pretreatment period at study month 3 and once at the end of the
treatment period at study month 12 (FIG. 1a). A group of six
untreated healthy control women were also tested twice, spanning
the same time interval (9 months). 0.1 ml of each solution was
injected intradermally on the anterior surface of the forearm.
Induration at each injection site was read after 48 hours. Each
site was measured twice, once vertically and once horizontally with
the average recorded. The same nurse (RK) administered all
injections and read all responses on all subjects at both time
points.
[0081] Reverse Transcription and Polymerase Chain Reaction.
[0082] Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated
from heparinized venous blood and cryopreserved. PBMCs were thawed
in parallel from a given patient during the two pre-treatment
timepoints and the two treatment timepoints. Total RNA was
isolated, DNA was removed and mRNA was reverse transcribed. Both
IFN-.gamma. and actin were amplified from the same cDNA, however,
the cDNA was diluted 1:9 prior to amplification for actin.
Amplification was done in 1 mM MilligramsCl.sub.2 using IFN.gamma.
and actin primer sequences (Life Technologies, Rockville. Md.).
Complementary DNA was amplified for 35 cycles: 45'' @95.degree. C.,
60'' @54.degree. C. and 45'' @72.degree. C. PCR products were
separated on a 1.5% agarose gel containing ethidium bromide and
densitometry performed.
[0083] MRIs.
[0084] Scans were performed on a 1.5T G.E. scanner. The pulse
sequences obtained were a TI-weighted scan with and without
gadolinium (Omniscan 0.1 mmol/kg) and a PD/T2 weighted scan.
Digitized image data was transferred to a SGI workstation (Silicon
Graphics, Inc) for further processing. The number and volume of new
and total gadolinium enhancing lesions was determined using a
semiautomated threshold based technique (Display, Montreal
Neurological Institute) by a single experienced operator (NS). The
operator was blinded as to whether patients had RR or SP disease.
To calculate T2 volumes, a custom semiautomated, threshold based,
seed-growing algorithm was used to determine lesion volume after
skull stripping, rf correction and spatial normalization. All scans
were counted by the same technician who was blinded as to whether
patients had RR or SP disease.
[0085] Statistical Analysis.
[0086] One sample, paired, t tests were used to ascertain
significance of percent changes in DTH responses, IFN.gamma. levels
and PASAT cognitive testing scores during treatment as compared to
pretreatment. The nonparametric, Wilcoxon's signed rank test was
used for statistical comparisons in enhancing lesion numbers and
volumes on MRI between the six month baseline period and each
treatment period, post treatment period and re-treatment
period.
[0087] Results. Estriol Levels and Tolerability.
[0088] Serum estriol levels during treatment and re-treatment
approximated those observed in women who were six months pregnant,
but were lower than those who were 8.5 months pregnant (FIG. 1B).
Consistent with previous reports, estriol was well tolerated with
only menstrual cycle abnormalities. There were no significant
alterations in any laboratory measures including LH, FSH, cortisol,
progesterone, estradiol and estrone.
[0089] Immune Responses.
[0090] Skin testing to tetanus and candida were performed once in
the pretreatment period and once at the end of the treatment period
to determine whether they might be decreased with treatment. DTH
responses to tetanus were significantly, P=0.006, decreased at
study month 12, when patients had been on estriol for six months,
as compared to DTH responses at study month 3, the pretreatment
baseline (FIG. 2A), DTH responses to candida were decreased less
dramatically and more variably. The significant decrease in DTH
responses to tetanus from pretreatment (month 3) to treatment
(month 12) was not merely due to repeat testing at nine months
since healthy, untreated female controls tested at baseline, then
again after nine months, did not demonstrate a significant decrease
in DTH responses as compared to their baseline. These findings are
consistent with an estriol induced down-regulation of Th1 responses
in vivo during treatment.
[0091] IFN.gamma. is a signature cytokine for Th1 responses.
Therefore, we assessed IFN.gamma. levels by RT-PCR of unstimulated
peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived ex vivo from
patients during the pretreatment and the treatment periods. In the
six RR patients, levels of IFN.gamma. were variably decreased at
study month 9 (after three months of estriol treatment) and then
significantly decreased, P=0.003, at study month 12 (after six
months of estriol treatment) as compared to baseline pretreatment
levels (months 3 and 6) (FIG. 2B). In contrast, there was no
decrease in IFN.gamma. in the four SP patients. These data are
consistent with the concept that the immune system of RR patients,
as compared to SP patients, may be more amenable to treatments that
aim to decrease Th1 responses. Also, the observation that estriol
treatment can alter cytokine production by PMBCs is consistent with
reports demonstrating estrogen receptors a and .beta. in immune
tissues and cells.
[0092] MRIs.
[0093] Based on the protective effect of pregnancy on relapse rates
in MS patients and the association of gadolinium enhancing lesions
with relapses, we hypothesized that estriol treatment would have an
anti-inflammatory effect as manifested by decreases in enhancing
lesions on serial brain MRIs. Compared to the six month
pretreatment baseline period, the total volume and number of
enhancing lesions for all ten MS patients (6RR, 4SP) decreased
during the treatment period. This improvement in the group as a
whole was driven by the beneficial effect of estriol treatment in
the RR, not the SP, group (FIGS. 3A and 3B). Therapeutic effects of
estriol treatment in the RR group were therefore examined in
further detail. Within the first three months of treatment of RR
patients, median total enhancing lesion volumes were decreased by
79%, P=0.02. and numbers were decreased by 82%. P=0.09 (FIGS. 3C
and 3D). They remained decreased during the next three months of
treatment, with lesion volumes decreased by 82%, P=0.01, and
numbers decreased by 82%, P=0.02. In the post treatment period,
median total enhancing lesion volumes and numbers became variable
in the first three months off treatment, before returning to near
baseline levels in the last three months of the post treatment
period. During the four month re-treatment extension phase,
enhancing lesion volumes decreased again by 88%, P=0.008, and
numbers decreased again, this time by 48%, P=0.04, as compared to
original baseline (FIGS. 3C and 3D). Changes in median new
enhancing lesion volumes and numbers followed similar patterns as
median total lesion numbers and volumes (FIGS. 3E and 3F).
[0094] Median T2 lesion volumes for the whole group were 15.3
cm.sup.3 (range 6.1-33.8), with no significant differences in
median T2 volumes between RR and SP groups. Consistent with
enhancing lesion data, serial T2 lesion volumes revealed that
estriol treatment tended to be most beneficial in RR patients. In
the RR group, median T2 lesion volumes remained stable during the
six month treatment period (0% change), increased during the six
month post treatment period (7.4% higher). and then declined in the
four month re-treatment extension period (2.0.degree./a lower).
[0095] Clinical Measures.
[0096] Relapses were few and showed no significant changes during
the study. In the six RR patients, one relapse occurred during the
pretreatment period, one in the treatment period, two in the post
treatment period and none in the re-treatment period. No relapses
occurred in SP patients. EDSS and 9 Hole Peg Test scores showed no
significant changes during the study (Table 1).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Clinical Measures Pretreatment Estriol
Treatment Post Treatment 3 mo. 6 mo. 9 mo. 12 mo. 15 mo. 18 mo.
EDSS scores 6 RR 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 (0.6) (0.5) (0.7) (0.6)
(0.6) (.05) 4 SP 5.0 5.0 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.0 (0.9) (0.9) (1.0) (0.9)
(1.1) (0.8) 9 Hole Peg Test scores 6 RR R 22.2 21.8 22.5 21.5 21.0
21.4 (2.4) (1.6) (2.3) (1.9) (1.7) (2-4) L 24.8 22.9 24.3 23.3 23.0
22.7 (3.2) (1.6) (2.5) (2.1) (2.1) (2.3) 4 SP R 26.8 29.9 30.2 31.7
29.4 34.0 (0.4) (2.4) (1.4) (4.8) (5.2) (8.7) L 23.5 25.6 22.7 24.8
26.7 25.0 (1.4) (2.5) (1.7) (2.6) (0.7) (1.8)
[0097] Interestingly, PASAT cognitive testing scores were
significantly improved in the RR group. but not in the SP group
(FIG. 4). This improvement in PASAT scores in RR patients by 14.0%
during treatment as compared to baseline, reached statistical
significance, P=0.04. It is unlikely that this improvement was
entirely due to a practice effect of repeated testing because of
the long time interval between testing (9 months) and because
alternate versions of the test were used in each patient. This
beneficial effect of estriol treatment on PASAT scores of RR MS
patients is consistent with previous reports describing a
beneficial effect of estrogen replacement therapy in surgically
menopausal women and high dose estrogen treatment in Alzheimer's
disease. Sicottte, et al. Treatment of Women with Multiple
Sclerosis Using Pregnancy Hormone Estradiol: A Pilot Study.
Neurology, 56(8 Supp. 3):A75, April 2001, and Sicottte, et al.
Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis with the Pregnancy Hormone
Estradiol, Submitted to Neurology 2002. are herein incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
Example 2
[0098] Progesterone in combination with estrogen treatments has
been shown to protect against endometrial proliferation and cancer.
Indeed, estrogen cannot be given for a lengthy period of time in an
"unopposed" fashion in any woman with a uterus. Thus, seven of the
12 patients wanted to remain on estriol after completion of the 18
month study. These patients were then put back on 8 milligrams of
estriol and 100 milligrams of progesterone per day. In an extension
phase of the study which began after completion of the post
treatment phase. This extension phase was 4 months in duration.
Each of the seven patients had an MRI every month during the 4
month extension phase. Additionally, each of the seven patients was
examined neurologically and had serologic studies done at the end
of this phase. No known negative effects 100 milligrams of
progesterone in combination therapy with 8 milligrams of estriol
treatment were noted.
[0099] In closing, it is noted that specific illustrative
embodiments of the invention have been disclosed hereinabove.
However, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited
to these specific embodiments.
[0100] Accordingly, the invention is not limited to the precise
embodiments described in detail hereinabove. With respect to the
claims, it is applicant's intention that the claims not be
interpreted in accordance with the sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.112 unless the term "means" is used followed by a functional
statement.
[0101] While the specification describes particular embodiments of
the present invention, those of ordinary skill can devise
variations of the present invention without departing from the
inventive concept,
* * * * *