U.S. patent application number 14/485281 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-17 for remanufactured center housing and method.
This patent application is currently assigned to Caterpillar Inc.. The applicant listed for this patent is Caterpillar Inc.. Invention is credited to Rodolfo Castro Valdez, Adam Krejci.
Application Number | 20160076555 14/485281 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 54197064 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-17 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160076555 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Krejci; Adam ; et
al. |
March 17, 2016 |
Remanufactured Center Housing and Method
Abstract
A system and method for remanufacturing a turbocharger center
housing include performing a machining operation on an original
center housing to remove a portion of a parent material from the
original center housing. A ring having a generally rectangular
cross section is attached to the center housing blank in place of
the removed material to produce a rebuilt center housing. In one
embodiment, the ring forms an annular surface onto which a seal is
engaged to avoid external leakage of turbine exhaust gas through an
interface between a turbine housing and the remanufactured center
housing.
Inventors: |
Krejci; Adam; (Peoria,
IL) ; Castro Valdez; Rodolfo; (Nuevo Laredo,
MX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Caterpillar Inc. |
Peoria |
IL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Caterpillar Inc.
Peoria
IL
|
Family ID: |
54197064 |
Appl. No.: |
14/485281 |
Filed: |
September 12, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
415/177 ;
29/401.1; 415/203 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B23P 6/005 20130101;
F04D 29/284 20130101; F04D 29/053 20130101; F04D 29/083 20130101;
F04D 29/4226 20130101; F01D 5/005 20130101; F05D 2220/40 20130101;
F04D 29/624 20130101; F05D 2230/80 20130101; F02C 6/12 20130101;
F04D 25/024 20130101; F04D 17/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F04D 29/62 20060101
F04D029/62; F04D 29/42 20060101 F04D029/42; F04D 29/08 20060101
F04D029/08; F04D 29/28 20060101 F04D029/28; F04D 17/10 20060101
F04D017/10; F04D 29/053 20060101 F04D029/053 |
Claims
1. A rebuilt turbocharger, comprising: a shaft having a turbine
wheel connected at a first shaft end, and a compressor wheel
connected at a second shaft end; a compressor housing disposed
around the compressor wheel; a turbine housing forming a central
bore and disposed around the turbine wheel, the turbine housing
forming an internal scrolled passage that surrounds the turbine
wheel and carries gasses during operation; a heat shield disposed
at least partially within the central bore and around the shaft
between the compressor and turbine wheels, the heat shield being
generally cup-shaped, the heat shield including an outer flange; a
center housing disposed between and connected with the compressor
housing and the turbine housing, the center housing forming a bore,
through which the shaft extends, and including at least one bearing
that rotatably supports the shaft; a protrusion formed on the
center housing, the protrusion extending within the central bore
such that the heat shield is disposed between the turbine wheel and
the protrusion; a seal formed by engagement of the outer flange of
the heat shield between the center housing and the turbine housing
along an annular area of the center housing that extends radially
relative to the shaft and is disposed radially inwardly from an
interface between the center housing and the turbine housing; and a
ring having a generally hollow cylindrical shape with a generally
rectangular cross section, the ring being connected to the center
housing around a base of the protrusion and forming the annular
area onto which the outer flange of the heat shield is engaged to
form the secondary seal.
2. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the ring is made
from a same parent material as the center housing.
3. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the ring is made
from a different material than a parent material of the center
housing.
4. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the ring has an
inner diameter that is configured for a press-fit engagement
between the ring and the center housing at an area adjacent the
base of the protrusion.
5. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the ring includes
two diagonally opposite chamfers or fillets disposed along
respective diagonally opposite edges of the ring, a first chamfer
or fillet disposed at an inner, lower edge, and a second chamfer or
fillet disposed at an outer, upper edge of the ring.
6. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the interface
between the center housing and the turbine housing forms an annular
mechanical face seal between cooperating annular surfaces of the
center housing and the turbine housing on corresponding flanges
that are secured by a clamp.
7. The rebuilt turbocharger of claim 1, wherein the ring has a
width in a radial direction relative to the shaft that is larger
than an corresponding width of the outer flange such that an entire
width of the outer flange of the heat shield is accommodated within
the width in the radial direction of the ring.
8. A center housing for a turbocharger for use on an internal
combustion engine, the center housing being configured to
interconnect a compressor housing with a turbine housing in the
turbocharger, the center housing comprising: a bore formed in the
center housing, the bore configured to rotatably support a shaft
having a compressor wheel at one end and a turbine wheel at another
end; a protrusion formed on the center housing, the protrusion
configured to extend within a central bore of the turbine housing;
an annular area that extends radially relative to the shaft and is
disposed radially inwardly from an interface between the center
housing and the turbine housing; and a ring having a generally
hollow cylindrical shape with a generally rectangular cross
section, the ring being connected to the center housing around a
base of the protrusion and forming the annular area onto which a
gasket may be engaged to form a seal between the center housing and
the turbine housing.
9. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the ring is made from a
same parent material as the center housing.
10. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the ring is made from a
different material than a parent material of the center
housing.
11. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the ring has an inner
diameter that is configured for a press-fit engagement between the
ring and the center housing at an area adjacent the base of the
protrusion.
12. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the ring includes two
diagonally opposite chamfers or fillets disposed along respective
diagonally opposite edges of the ring, a first chamfer or fillet
disposed at an inner, lower edge, and a second chamfer or fillet
disposed at an outer, upper edge of the ring.
13. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the interface between
the center housing and the turbine housing forms an annular
mechanical face seal between cooperating annular surfaces of the
center housing and the turbine housing on corresponding flanges
that are secured by a clamp.
14. The center housing of claim 8, wherein the ring has a width in
a radial direction relative to the shaft that is larger than an
corresponding width of the gasket such that an entire width of the
gasket is accommodated within the width in the radial direction of
the ring.
15. A method for rebuilding a center housing for a turbocharger,
comprising: dis-assembling an original turbocharger to separate an
original center housing from remaining turbocharger components;
mounting the original center housing on a machining device;
performing a machining operation using the machining device, the
machining operation including at least one of cutting and grinding
to remove a portion of a parent material from the original center
housing, the portion of the parent material disposed within a
hollow cylindrical cutting area and, when the parent material has
been removed, producing a center housing blank from the original
center housing, the center housing blank including a radially
extending annular surface and an axially extending cylindrical
surface that orthogonally intersect and are formed by the machining
operation; and attaching a ring having a generally rectangular
cross section to the center housing blank to produce a rebuilt
center housing, the ring including an inner cylindrical surface
disposed at an inner diameter, and a generally flat, annular base,
such that the annular base of the ring abuts the radially extending
annular surface and the inner cylindrical surface engages the
axially extending cylindrical surface of the center housing blank
at a press-fit clearance.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising performing an
additional machining operation to grind or cut portions of the ring
such that an overall structure and dimensions of the rebuilt center
housing duplicate those of a new, original center housing.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the additional machining
operation is performed to at least one of (a) clean, flatten or
deburr an outwardly facing annular face of the ring, and (b) refine
an outer diameter of an outer peripheral surface of the ring.
18. The method of claim 15, further comprising cleaning the
original center housing by chemical and/or mechanical agents to
remove loose debris.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein attaching the ring to the
center housing is accomplished by a press-fit operation.
20. The method of claim 15, further comprising reassembling a
rebuilt turbocharger using the rebuilt center housing.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] This patent disclosure relates generally to equipment
remanufacturing and, more particularly, to a remanufactured
turbocharger center housing and a method for remanufacturing.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Internal combustion engines often include components having
various moving parts such as turbochargers. A typical turbocharger
is customarily made up from three cast components that are
interconnected and accommodate a rotating shaft. Typically, a
center housing rotatably supports and lubricates a rotating shaft
having a compressor wheel at one end and a turbine wheel at the
other end. The compressor wheel is disposed within a compressor
housing, which is connected to the center housing, and the turbine
wheel is disposed within a turbine housing, which is also connected
to the center housing.
[0003] When an engine is rebuilt and/or reconditioned, various worn
or damaged components or systems are usually removed and replaced.
One such component is the turbocharger, which operates under
extreme temperature conditions and is exposed to chemical attack,
for example, by contact with exhaust gas, and is thus often subject
to corrosion. A typical turbocharger is a costly part of any engine
reconditioning or rebuilding operation.
[0004] To reduce the cost of rebuilding engines, particularly
relative to replacing the turbocharger(s) of the engine, various
techniques have been used in the past to recondition cast
turbocharger components that are corroded or otherwise worn. One
previous technique includes depositing or plating metal in a worn
area of a casting, for example, by a plating technique or by weld
accumulation, and then machining or otherwise finishing the
deposited material. Such techniques are only partly effective in
restoring casting dimensions and involve use of different
materials, which have different thermal and chemical properties
than the parent, cast material. Moreover, plating and deposition
techniques may not be readily possible or feasible for certain
casting materials such as aluminum.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0005] In one aspect, the disclosure describes a rebuilt
turbocharger. The rebuilt turbocharger includes a shaft having a
turbine wheel connected at a first shaft end and a compressor wheel
connected at a second shaft end. A compressor housing is disposed
around the compressor wheel, and a turbine housing forming a
central bore is disposed around the turbine wheel. The turbine
housing forms an internal scrolled passage that surrounds the
turbine wheel and carries gasses during operation. A heat shield is
disposed at least partially within the central bore and around the
shaft between the compressor and turbine wheels. The heat shield is
generally cup-shaped and includes an outer flange. A center housing
is disposed between, and is also connected with, the compressor
housing and the turbine housing. The center housing forms a bore,
through which the shaft extends, and includes at least one bearing
that rotatably supports the shaft. A protrusion formed on the
center housing extends within the central bore such that the heat
shield is disposed between the turbine wheel and the protrusion. In
one embodiment, a seal is formed by engagement of the outer flange
of the heat shield between the center housing and the turbine
housing along an annular area of the center housing that extends
radially relative to the shaft and is disposed radially inwardly
from an interface between the center housing and the turbine
housing. A ring having a generally hollow cylindrical shape with a
generally rectangular cross section is connected to the center
housing around a base of the protrusion and forms the annular area
onto which the outer flange of the heat shield is engaged to form
the secondary seal.
[0006] In another aspect, the disclosure describes a center housing
for a turbocharger for use on an internal combustion engine. The
center housing is configured to interconnect a compressor housing
with a turbine housing of the turbocharger. The center housing
includes a bore that is formed in the center housing and configured
to rotatably support a shaft having a compressor wheel at one end
and a turbine wheel at another end. A protrusion is also formed on
the center housing and configured to extend within a central bore
of the turbine housing. An annular area that extends radially
relative to the shaft is disposed radially inwardly from an
interface between the center housing and the turbine housing. The
center housing further includes a ring having a generally hollow
cylindrical shape with a generally rectangular cross section. The
ring is connected to the center housing around a base of the
protrusion and forms the annular area onto which a gasket may be
engaged to form a seal between the center housing and the turbine
housing.
[0007] In yet another aspect, the disclosure describes a method for
rebuilding or remanufacturing a center housing for a turbocharger.
The method includes dis-assembling an original turbocharger to
separate an original center housing from remaining turbocharger
components, and mounting the original center housing on a machining
device. A machining operation is performed using the machining
device. The machining operation includes at least one of cutting
and grinding to remove a portion of a parent material from the
original center housing. The portion of the parent material is
disposed within a hollow cylindrical cutting area. When the parent
material has been removed, a center housing blank is produced from
the original center housing. The center housing blank includes a
radially extending annular surface and an axially extending
cylindrical surface that orthogonally intersect and are formed by
the machining operation. A ring having a generally rectangular
cross section is attached to the center housing blank to produce a
rebuilt center housing. The ring includes an inner cylindrical
surface disposed at an inner diameter, and a generally flat,
annular base, such that the annular base of the ring abuts the
radially extending annular surface and the inner cylindrical
surface engages the axially extending cylindrical surface of the
center housing blank at a press-fit clearance.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1 is an outline view of a turbocharger in accordance
with the disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a partially fragmented view of the turbocharger
shown in FIG. 1.
[0010] FIG. 3 is an enlarged detail of FIG. 2.
[0011] Each of FIGS. 4-7 is a fragmented view of a portion of a
center housing in a particular step of a remanufacturing
process.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0012] This disclosure generally relates to component and system
remanufacturing techniques and corresponding remanufactured parts,
and more specifically to structures and methods for remanufacturing
a turbocharger center housing that exhibits pitting and other wear
due to use. In the disclosed embodiment, the turbocharger includes
a gas-driven turbine and a compressor that is mechanically coupled
to the turbine, for use in an internal combustion engine. The
disclosed turbocharger has an otherwise typical construction that
includes a turbine having a turbine wheel driven by engine exhaust
gas. The turbine wheel is connected to a compressor wheel via a
shaft. Each of the turbine and compressor wheels has generally
radially extending vanes that operate within a scroll-shaped
chamber formed within a respective housing.
[0013] The shaft extends through a center housing in which oil is
provided for operation, lubrication, cooling and/or for other
reasons. In the disclosed embodiments, a possible leak path may be
created or exist between the turbine housing and the center
housing. Exhaust gas passing through this leak path may corrode and
pit the center housing and/or turbine housing material along the
path, which damage can advantageously be remedied during a
remanufacturing method in accordance with the disclosure. The
embodiments disclosed herein relate to turbochargers for use on
internal combustion engines, but should not be considered as
limited to the structure or application of the turbocharger
structures and remanufacturing methods described herein.
[0014] An outline view of a turbocharger 100 is shown in FIG. 1.
The turbocharger 100 includes a turbine 102 and a compressor 104.
The turbine 102 and compressor 104 are both connected to a center
housing 106. In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine 102
includes a turbine housing 103, and the compressor 104 includes a
compressor housing 110 connected to the center housing 106 via a
back-plate 108. The back-plate 108, which is generally disc-shaped,
can be connected to the compressor housing 110 using any known
arrangement. In the illustrated embodiment, the connection
arrangement between the back-plate 108 and the compressor housing
110 includes bolts 112 cooperating with plates 114 to retain the
back-plate 108 within a rim surrounding a bore formed in the
compressor housing 110. The compressor further includes a
compressor wheel 116 housed within the compressor housing 110 in a
known fashion. The compressor wheel 116 is not visible in FIG. 1
but is partially illustrated in the fragmentary views of FIGS. 3, 5
and 7. A detailed, fragmentary view of a connection between the
turbine housing 103 and the center housing 106 is shown in FIGS. 2
and 3.
[0015] In reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, the turbine housing 103 forms
a scrolled passage 118 that is disposed around a turbine wheel 120.
The turbine wheel 120 is connected to a shaft 122 and is rotated
during operation by engine exhaust gas passing through the scrolled
passage 118, over the wheel 120, and which exits the housing 103
through an outlet opening 124. A waste gate 126, which is optional,
is openable to bypass the turbine wheel 120 in a known fashion. The
shaft 122 is rotatable within a bore of the center housing 106, and
is supported by a bearing 128 disposed within the center housing
bore. In the illustrated embodiment, the center housing 106 forms
an oil passage 130 that supplies engine oil to lubricate and cool
the bearing 128 when the shaft 122 is rotating. The oil in the
passage 130 is provided from the engine on which the turbine 102 is
installed, and drains back to the engine after it washes over the
bearing 128.
[0016] In the illustrated embodiment, the turbine housing 103 is
connected to the center housing 106 along a breakable connection
interface, which can be taken apart for service or component
replacement and repair. As shown, the center housing 106 forms a
flange 132 that cooperates with a corresponding flange 134 formed
on the turbine housing 103 and matingly connects therewith along an
annular mechanical face seal surface 136, which may optionally
include a gasket or other seal (not shown). The flanges 132 and 134
are held together by a v-band clamp 138, but other mounting
arrangements are known and may be used. In the illustrated
embodiment, the center housing 106 includes a protrusion 140 that
extends within a central bore 142 of the turbine housing 103. The
central bore 142 is large enough to accommodate insertion and
removal of the turbine housing 103 from the center housing 106
while the turbine wheel 120 is installed. To provide a cantilever
support to the end of the shaft 122 onto which the turbine wheel
120 is connected, the center housing protrusion 140 has a generally
cylindrical shape and extends up to the turbine wheel 120 within
the turbine housing 103.
[0017] In reference to FIG. 3, a multi-part sealing arrangement is
used to prevent external leakage of exhaust gas from the scrolled
passage 118. In addition to the face seal 136, a shaft seal 144 is
disposed on the shaft 122. The shaft seal 144 rotatably and
sealably engages and end portion 146 of the center housing bore.
Further, while the oil circulating within the center housing, for
example, through the passage 130, further contributes to cooling
the center housing 106, a heat shield 148 is disposed between the
protrusion 140 of the center housing 106 and the turbine housing
103. The heat shield 148 is generally cup-shaped, and includes an
outer flange 150 that is engaged between the flange 132 of the
center housing 106 and the corresponding flange 134 of the turbine
housing 103 such that a line contact is created at a high pressure,
which essentially forms a secondary seal or gasket to seal against
external leak of exhaust gases from within the turbine housing 103.
The flange 150 is disposed radially inwardly but otherwise adjacent
the face seal 136 to help the sealing function thereof. As can be
appreciated, the dimensional relation between the center housing
106, turbine housing 103, and heat shield 148 can have a
substantial effect on the sealing effectiveness along the interface
between these components.
[0018] An annular area 152 formed on a surface of the center
housing 106 that extends radially with respect to a shaft
centerline 154 between the protrusion 140 and the turbine housing
103 is exposed and subject to corrosion and pitting. The wear,
corrosion and/or pitting on the annular area 152 may be caused from
exposure to high temperatures during operation, chemical compounds
present in the exhaust gas, moisture and/or condensation when the
engine is off, and various other factors. When the annular area 152
corrodes and/or otherwise acquires pits and other surface
discontinuities, the sealing function against external leakage of
exhaust gas from the interior of the turbine housing 103 is
compromised. Moreover, any dimensional defects that the center
housing 106 may acquire, especially in the material around the
annular area 152, may affect the fit and function of a rebuilt
turbocharger.
[0019] To avoid these and other issues, a rebuilt turbocharger in
accordance with the disclosure includes a ring 156, which is
installed on the center housing 106 adjacent the flange 132 in
place of the damaged parent material, which is removed during a
rebuilding operation. The ring 156 may be further machined after
installation to achieve the dimensions of the relevant surfaces
thereof that duplicate the original machining dimensions of the
center housing 106. Moreover, the ring 156 may be made from the
same material as the parent component, for example, steel, or may
alternatively be made of a different material such as a stainless
steel alloy that is better suited to resist damage and corrosion.
In the illustrated embodiment, the ring 156 has a generally hollow
cylindrical shape having a width in the radial direction with
respect to the shaft centerline 154 that sufficiently extends
across substantially the entire width of the annular area 152. The
ring 156 is connected to the center housing adjacent a base of the
protrusion 140. In this way, a possible leak path along an
interface of the ring and the center housing and/or the flange 150
of the heat shield 148 is avoided. Moreover, by machining the ring
156, a uniform and flat surface that makes up the annular area 152
can be created, which further improves the sealing capability of
the flange 150 in particular, and the interface 136 in general.
[0020] To illustrate the remanufacturing process for the center
housing 106, a series of fragmented and outline partial views of
the center housing 106 undergoing various remanufacturing process
steps is shown in FIGS. 4-7. In the description that follows,
features and structures that are the same or similar to
corresponding features and structures previously described are
denoted by the same reference numerals previously used for
simplicity. Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 4, an original center
housing 200 is provided. The original center housing 200 is shown
removed from an original turbocharger, which is to be
remanufactured. The original center housing 200 includes a body
portion 202 that forms a bore 204, through which the shaft 122
(FIG. 2) may extend, a flange 132, and an annular area 152. The
condition of the annular area 152 of the original center housing
200 may be degraded by pitting, corrosion, deposits, and other
defects, which are generally denoted as 206.
[0021] In an initial operation, the original center housing 200 may
be cleaned, for example, by chemical or mechanical cleaning agents,
and mounted onto a machining device such as a lathe for machining.
In a grinding or cutting operation, a portion of the parent
material of the body portion 202 of the original center housing 200
may be removed within a hollow cylindrical cutting area, which also
removes the contamination and degraded material 206. As shown in
FIG. 5, the result of the cutting or grinding operation is a center
housing blank 208. The center housing blank 208 results from a
generally cylindrical cut performed on the original center housing
200. The cylindrical cut removes parent material from the original
center housing 200 at least between an outer radial dimension, D,
an inner radial dimension, d, and at a maximum depth, H, from a
turbine face 210 of the body portion 202 in an axial direction.
[0022] Following the machining operation, the center housing blank
208 includes on an outer surface thereof a radially extending
annular surface 212 and an axially extending cylindrical surface
214, which intersect orthogonally and surround the area where the
damaged material 206 was found, and which has now been removed. The
center housing blank 208 has an outer diameter across the axially
extending cylindrical surface 214 that is equal to the inner radial
dimension, d, of the cutting operation. The radially extending
annular surface 212 has an inner diameter that is also equal to the
inner radial dimension, d, of the cutting operation, and an outer
diameter that is at least equal to the outer radial dimension, D,
of the cutting operation when the depth of the cut, H, is less than
an axial distance of the flange 132 from the turbine face, as shown
in FIG. 5. It should be appreciated that, in an alternative
embodiment, when the depth of the cutting operation, H, exceeds the
axial location of the flange 132, the radial land width of the
radially extending annular surface 212 will be at most equal to the
outer radial dimension, D, of the cutting operation.
[0023] In a subsequent process, the ring 156 is installed onto the
center housing blank 208, as shown in FIG. 6, to produce the
remanufactured center housing 106 (FIG. 2). In reference to these
figures, the ring 156 has a generally rectangular cross section and
is installed onto the body portion 202 of the center housing blank
208 such that it abuts both the radially extending annular surface
212 and the axially extending cylindrical surface 214. Installation
of the ring 156 can be accomplished by any appropriate method. In
the illustrated embodiment, a press-fit operation is contemplated.
Accordingly, the ring 156 has an inner cylindrical surface 216
disposed at an inner diameter that is just less than or equal to
the inner radial dimension, d, of the cutting operation to permit a
press-fit interference between the components. The ring further has
an annular face 218, which is generally flat and abuts the radially
extending annular surface 212. During installation, the abutment
between the annular face 218 and the radially extending annular
surface 212 acts as a stop feature for the insertion depth of the
press-fit installation, and also ensures that an outwardly facing
annular face 220 is coplanar and flat. To aid during installation,
the ring 156 may further include two chamfers or fillets 222
disposed along diagonally opposite edges of the ring 156 at the
inner, lower edge and at the outer, upper edge, to aid during
installation on the center housing blank 208 and also during
installation of the center housing 106 into the turbine housing 103
as an outer peripheral surface 224 or the ring is inserted into the
turbine housing bore.
[0024] Following the attachment of the ring 156, the compressor
housing 110 may optionally be subjected to an additional machining
operation to grind or cut the external surfaces of the installed
ring 156 and/or surrounding surfaces of the center housing 106 such
that the overall structure and dimensions of the center housing 106
may be brought back to an original specification. For example, the
additional machining operation may clean, flatten or deburr the
outwardly facing annular face 220, refine an outer diameter of the
outer peripheral surface 224, and/or perform other operations.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
[0025] The present disclosure is applicable to rebuilding of center
housings for compressors such as those used in turbochargers for
internal combustion engines. The rebuilding systems and methods
described herein advantageously can produce a turbocharger having
an interface between the turbine housing and the center housing
that is at least as effective as an originally built turbocharger.
By inserting a ring of the same parent material or a different
material with better anti-corrosion properties in an area of the
center housing that interfaces with the turbine housing, a rebuilt
turbocharger has a improved fit, form and function.
[0026] It will be appreciated that the foregoing description
provides examples of the disclosed system and technique. However,
it is contemplated that other implementations of the disclosure may
differ in detail from the foregoing examples. All references to the
disclosure or examples thereof are intended to reference the
particular example being discussed at that point and are not
intended to imply any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure
more generally. All language of distinction and disparagement with
respect to certain features is intended to indicate a lack of
preference for those features, but not to exclude such from the
scope of the disclosure entirely unless otherwise indicated.
[0027] Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to
serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each
separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated
herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the
specification as if it were individually recited herein. All
methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order
unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted
by context.
* * * * *