U.S. patent application number 14/847726 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-10 for effect pigments.
The applicant listed for this patent is MERCK PATENT GMBH. Invention is credited to Klaus AMBROSIUS, Stephanie ANDES, Ralf PETRY, Gerhard PFAFF, Michael ROESLER, Sabine SCHOEN.
Application Number | 20160068683 14/847726 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47351347 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160068683 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
PFAFF; Gerhard ; et
al. |
March 10, 2016 |
EFFECT PIGMENTS
Abstract
The present invention relates to effect pigments which are based
on flake-form substrates having a circular form factor of 1.2-2 and
are coated with at least one high-refractive-index layer, and to
the use thereof, inter alia in paints, coatings, printing inks,
plastics and in cosmetic formulations.
Inventors: |
PFAFF; Gerhard; (Muenster,
DE) ; ANDES; Stephanie; (Hanau, DE) ;
AMBROSIUS; Klaus; (Dieburg, DE) ; PETRY; Ralf;
(Griesheim, DE) ; ROESLER; Michael; (Reinheim,
DE) ; SCHOEN; Sabine; (Herten, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
MERCK PATENT GMBH |
DARMSTADT |
|
DE |
|
|
Family ID: |
47351347 |
Appl. No.: |
14/847726 |
Filed: |
September 8, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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13721212 |
Dec 20, 2012 |
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14847726 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/401 ;
106/31.65; 106/400; 106/415; 106/417; 426/250; 524/577 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08K 9/02 20130101; C09C
2200/304 20130101; C01P 2006/63 20130101; A61Q 3/02 20130101; C09C
2200/306 20130101; C09D 5/36 20130101; C09C 1/0063 20130101; C09C
2200/24 20130101; A23G 3/343 20130101; C01P 2004/51 20130101; C09C
1/0018 20130101; C09C 2200/102 20130101; C01P 2006/62 20130101;
C09C 1/0066 20130101; A23L 5/47 20160801; C09C 1/0051 20130101;
A61K 2800/43 20130101; C09C 1/0024 20130101; C09C 1/0015 20130101;
C01P 2004/61 20130101; C09C 2200/1033 20130101; A61Q 19/00
20130101; C01P 2006/65 20130101; C09D 11/037 20130101; C01P 2006/64
20130101; C09C 2200/301 20130101; C09C 2200/303 20130101; A61K
2800/412 20130101; C09C 1/0021 20130101; A61K 8/0266 20130101; C09C
2200/1025 20130101; C09C 3/06 20130101; C09C 2200/302 20130101;
A61K 8/0258 20130101; A23G 3/54 20130101; A61Q 19/10 20130101; C09C
1/0039 20130101; A61K 2800/436 20130101; A23G 3/343 20130101; A23G
3/36 20130101; A23G 3/362 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C09C 1/00 20060101
C09C001/00; C08K 9/02 20060101 C08K009/02; A23G 3/54 20060101
A23G003/54; A61Q 19/10 20060101 A61Q019/10; A61Q 3/02 20060101
A61Q003/02; C09D 5/36 20060101 C09D005/36; A61K 8/02 20060101
A61K008/02; C09D 11/037 20060101 C09D011/037 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Dec 21, 2011 |
DE |
10 2011 121 804.5 |
Jan 19, 2012 |
DE |
10 2012 000 887.2 |
Claims
1. An effect pigment comprising a flake-form substrate having a
circular form factor of circumference.sup.2/area standardized to a
circle of 1.2-2 coated with at least one high-refractive-index
layer having a refractive index of n.gtoreq.1.8.
2. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the substrate
has a circular form factor of 1.2-1.8.
3. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the substrate
has a particle size of 5-60 .mu.m.
4. The effect pigment according to one or more of claim 1, wherein
the substrate has a thickness of 0.2-0.6 .mu.m.
5. The effect pigment according to one or more of claim 1, wherein
the flake-form substrate is synthetic mica flakes, natural mica
flakes, SiO.sub.2 flakes, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes, glass flakes,
iron oxide flakes, graphite flakes, TiO.sub.2 flakes or mixtures
thereof.
6. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the flake-form
substrate is a mica or glass flake.
7. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the flake-form
substrate is a natural mica flake.
8. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the
high-refractive-index layer is a compound that is at least one
metal oxide, metal sulfide, iron titanate, iron oxide hydrate,
titanium suboxide, metal, or mixtures or mixed phases of said
compound.
9. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the
high-refractive-index layer comprises at least one compound that is
TiO.sub.2, BiOCl, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3, CoO,
Co.sub.3O.sub.4, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, FeOOH, NiO,
SnO.sub.2, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, ZnO,
CoAl.sub.2O.sub.4, BiVO.sub.4, iron titanates, iron oxide hydrates,
Ti.sub.3O.sub.5, Ti.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO, Ce.sub.2S.sub.3, MoS.sub.2,
aluminium, chromium, nickel, silver, gold, titanium, copper or
alloys thereof or mixtures or mixed phases of said compounds with
one another.
10. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the
high-refractive-index layer comprises one or more metal oxides.
11. The effect pigment according to claim 1, wherein the substrate
is coated with at least one high-refractive-index layer having a
refractive index n.gtoreq.1.8 and at least one low-refractive-index
layer having an n<1.8.
12. The effect pigment according to claim 11, wherein the
low-refractive-index layer is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, AlO(OH),
MgF.sub.2.
13. The effect pigment according to claim 1, having the following
layer sequence: substrate flake+TiO.sub.2 (anatase) substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile) substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 substrate
flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate flake+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub-
.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.s-
ub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/F-
e.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate flake+Ag substrate flake+Au
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (anatase) substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile) substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub-
.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/F-
e.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+T-
iO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/F-
e.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Ag substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Au substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2 (anatase)+SiO.sub.2 or substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile)+SiO.sub.2.
14. The effect pigment according to claim 1, that is aftertreated
with an organic and/or inorganic layer in order to increase light,
water and weather stability.
15. A process for the preparation of an effect pigment according to
claim 1, comprising grinding substrates in the form of lumps or
coarse flakes to form substrate flakes having a diameter of 50-200
.mu.m, subsequently introducing said flakes into a comminution
machine, and adding water and/or an organic solvent, and treating a
suspension thus formed mechanically for a number of hours in the
comminution machine, during which the surface of the flakes is
polished, maintaining mechanical loading of the substrate particles
during communition so that a permanent shear results in further
gentle delamination of particles and in smoothing of the edges and
surfaces and a narrowed particle-size distribution is achieved by a
subsequent classification in the form of a plurality of
sedimentations.
16. The process according to claim 15, wherein the narrowed
particle-size distribution is 5-60 .mu.m.
17. In paints, automotive paints, industrial coatings, coatings,
powder coatings, printing inks, plastics, button pastes, ceramic
materials, glasses, colored seed, absorbers in the laser marking of
plastics, glasses, cardboard, paper, absorbers in the laser welding
of plastics, colored food or pharmaceutical products, colored
coatings on food or pharmaceutical products, cosmetic formulations,
or anti-counterfeiting-elements in documents of value comprising an
effect pigment, the improvement wherein the effect pigment is one
according to claim 1.
18. A pigment composition comprising an effect pigment according to
claim 1 and at least one absorbent, astringent, antimicrobial
substance, antioxidant, antiperspirant, antifoaming agent,
antidandruff active ingredient, antistatic, binder, biological
additive, bleaching agent, chelating agent, deodorant, emollient,
emulsifier, emulsion stabiliser, dye, humectant, film former,
filler, odor substance, flavor substance, insect repellent,
preservative, anticorrosion agent, cosmetic oil, solvent, oxidant,
vegetable constituent, buffer substance, reducing agent,
surfactant, propellant gas, opacifier, UV filter and UV absorber,
denaturing agent, viscosity regulator, perfume or vitamin.
19. A pigment composition comprising one or more binders,
optionally one or more additives and at least one effect pigment
according to claim 1.
20. A dry preparation comprising at least one effect pigment
according to claim 1.
Description
SUMMARY OF INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to effect pigments which are
based on flake-form substrates having a circular form factor of
1.2-2 and are coated with at least one high-refractive-index layer,
and to the use thereof, inter alia in paints, coatings, printing
inks, plastics, and in cosmetic formulations.
[0002] Effect pigments, such as, for example, pearlescent pigments
or metal-effect pigments, are employed in many areas of industry,
in particular in the area of automotive paints, industrial
coatings, decorative coatings, in plastics, in paints, printing
inks and in cosmetic formulations. Pigments of this type are based
on flake-form oblong substrates with a single or multiple
coating.
[0003] The size of the base substrates is generally not crucial per
se in the case of effect pigments and can be matched to the
particular application. In general, the flake-form and oblong
substrates have a thickness between 0.1 and 5 .mu.m, in particular
between 0.2 and 4.5 .mu.m. The size in the two other dimensions is
usually between 1 and 250 .mu.m, preferably between 2 and 200 .mu.m
and in particular between 5 and 60 .mu.m. The effect pigments
offered on the market are generally distinguished by a broad
particle-size and thickness distribution.
[0004] The optical properties of the effect pigments, such as, for
example, color and color flop (i.e. also the angle-dependent change
in hue angle, saturation and brightness), are determined to a
crucial extent by the refractive indices of the interference layers
on the substrate flakes and the geometrical thickness thereof.
However, effect pigments generally have the disadvantage that they
have an inadequate hiding power and inadequate color
saturation.
[0005] An object of the present invention is to find effect
pigments which have high color saturation and at the same time
exhibit a high hiding power without losing their optical
properties, in particular the luster and color purity, and are
distinguished by advantageous applicational properties.
[0006] Surprisingly, it has now been found that effect pigments
based on flake-form substrates which have a roundish shape have
increased color saturation and an increased hiding power compared
with effect pigments from the prior art based on substrates having
an oblong shape with greater edge roughness.
[0007] The present invention therefore relates to effect pigments
which are based on flake-form substrates, where the substrates have
a circular form factor (circumference.sup.2/area standardized to a
circle) of 1.2-2, and are coated with at least one
high-refractive-index layer having a refractive index of
n.gtoreq.1.8.
[0008] Circular form factor in this application is defined as the
ratio of the circumference squared to the area standardized to a
circle, i.e., the area of the individual particle imaged in
transmitted light in a light microscope with 30.times.
magnification. For simplification, the result is divided by 4.pi.,
which then gives 1 for the circular form factor of the ideal
circle. The evaluated particles lie substantially flat in the
imaging plane, and the number of evaluated particles is
sufficiently statistically relevant (N=2000) for the circular form
factor average.
[0009] The invention furthermore relates to the use of the pigments
according to the invention in paints, automotive paints, industrial
coatings, coatings, printing inks, plastics, button pastes, ceramic
materials, glasses, for coloring seed, as absorber in the laser
marking of plastics, glasses, cardboard and paper, as absorbers in
the laser welding of plastics, as additives for the coloring of
food and pharmaceutical products, as additive for the coloring of
coatings of food and pharmaceutical products, in cosmetic
formulations, for the preparation of pigment compositions and dry
preparations and in anti-counterfeiting elements in documents of
value.
[0010] Suitable base substrates for the effect pigments according
to the invention are transparent flake-form substrates. Preferred
substrates are phyllosilicates, such as, for example, natural or
synthetic mica, talc, kaolin, graphite, flake-form iron oxides,
glass flakes, SiO.sub.2 flakes, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes, TiO.sub.2
flakes or synthetic ceramic flakes, synthetic support-free flakes,
LCPs (liquid crystal polymers) or other comparable materials. Very
particularly preferred substrate flakes are natural or synthetic
mica flakes, glass flakes, Al.sub.2O.sub.3 flakes and SiO.sub.2
flakes.
[0011] For the effect pigments according to the invention,
substrate flakes having a circular form factor of 1.2-2, preferably
1.2-1.8, and very particularly preferably 1.2-1.7, are
employed.
[0012] Preferred substrate flakes have a particle size of 5-60
.mu.m, in particular 5-40 .mu.m. The thickness of the preferred
substrate flakes is preferably 0.2-0.6 .mu.m.
[0013] In the present patent application, the particle sizes can be
determined with the aid of a Malvern UK Mastersizer 2000.
[0014] The substrate flakes can be produced, for example, as
follows:
[0015] Using known mechanical comminution methods, substrate lumps
are comminuted and delaminated, for example by grinding, and
classified in accordance with the requirements in relation to
equivalence diameters and thicknesses of the flakes by means of
sedimentation, decantation, air separation and/or sieving.
[0016] All mills and stirrers known to the person skilled in the
art are used for the grinding process, in particular all high-speed
stirrers, dispersers or rotor-stator mills.
[0017] The substrate flakes, for example mica or glass flakes, are
produced by grinding relatively large lumps or coarse flakes. The
substrate flakes formed, generally having a diameter of 50-200
.mu.m, are subsequently introduced into a comminution machine, for
example a rotor-stator mill, and water and/or an organic solvent,
preferably water, is added. The suspension formed in this way is
treated mechanically for several hours in the comminution machine,
during which the surface of the flakes is polished smooth. The
mechanical loading of the particles during this step is selected so
that a permanent shear results in further gentle delamination of
particles and in smoothing of the edges and surfaces. A narrow
particle-size distribution is achieved by a subsequent
classification step in the form of a plurality of, at least
.gtoreq.2, preferably .gtoreq.3, sedimentation steps. The thin and
roundish flakes produced in this way have a particle-size
distribution of 5-60 .mu.m, a thickness distribution of 0.2-0.6
.mu.m and smooth-polished surfaces having only few sharp edges. The
circular form factor is 1.2-2.
[0018] During the grinding and classification, relatively small,
relatively thick particles and relatively large, relatively thin
particles are removed, i.e. large particles tend to be only
comminuted, while relatively small particles are delaminated and/or
removed by classification.
[0019] The additional mechanical treatment and the associated
polishing effect produce smoothing of the surface of the substrate
particles, with, in addition, the oblong flake shape being
converted into a roundish flake shape. The decrease in the circular
form factor and the oblong nature is associated with the edges of
the substrates becoming smoother and the substrates adopting a
rounder shape.
[0020] Synthetically produced substrates which are intended to
serve as base substrate for effect pigments and are not in the form
of coarse lumps or flakes, such as, for example, Al.sub.2O.sub.3,
SiO.sub.2, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2 or glass are fed directly to
the comminution machine, for example a rotor-stator mill, for
comminution and polishing of the surface. The circular form factor
produced is also 1.2-2.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] Photomicrographs FIGS. 1 and 2 image detail measure
43.times.35 .mu.m and show that the roundish substrate flakes (FIG.
1) have significantly lower edge roughness compared with the oblong
substrate flakes (FIG. 2).
[0022] The lower edge roughness and the reduction in the steps on
the flake surfaces in general result in very uniform coatings being
obtained on coating of the substrate flakes. This relates on the
one hand to the local homogeneity of the interference color and
also the reduction of scattered-light influences, producing overall
higher color saturation, compared with the effect pigments from the
prior art.
[0023] The roundish substrate flakes can serve as filler, in
particular as cosmetic filler, or as base substrate for the
production of effect pigments. In this case, the roundish substrate
flakes are provided with one or more coatings, preferably metal
oxide layers.
[0024] The roundish substrate flakes are preferably coated with at
least one high-refractive-index layer (n.gtoreq.1.8).
[0025] In the case of substrate flakes which are sensitive to acids
and/or bases, such as, for example, glass flakes, it is frequently
advisable firstly to coat them with a thin protective layer before
the actual coating in order, for example, to prevent leaching-out
and/or swelling of the substrates during the coating. However, the
protective layer can also serve to achieve an even smoother
substrate surface. This protective layer is generally very thin,
preferably <20 nm, and thus only has an extremely small
influence on the optical properties of the final effect pigment, or
none at all. The protective layer is preferably an SiO.sub.2
layer.
[0026] In this patent application, high-refractive-index is taken
to mean a refractive index of n.gtoreq.1.8, preferably
n.gtoreq.2.0. In this patent application, low-refractive-index is
taken to mean a refractive index of n<1.8.
[0027] Suitable layer materials are all high-refractive-index
materials known to the person skilled in the art which can be
applied in a film-like manner and durably to the substrate
particles, such as, for example, metal oxides, metal oxide
mixtures, metal oxyhydrates, metal sulfides, iron titanates, iron
oxide hydrates, titanium suboxides, metals, and mixtures or mixed
phases of the said compounds. Particularly suitable are metal
oxides or metal oxide mixtures, such as, for example, TiO.sub.2,
BiOCl, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, Cr.sub.2O.sub.3, CoO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4,
Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, FeOOH, NiO, SnO.sub.2, VO.sub.2,
V.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, ZnO, CoAl.sub.2O.sub.4, BiVO.sub.4, iron
titanates, iron oxide hydrates, titanium suboxides (partially
reduced TiO.sub.2 with oxidation numbers from <4 to 2, such as
Ti.sub.3O.sub.5, Ti.sub.2O.sub.3 to TiO), and metal sulfides, such
as, for example, Ce.sub.2S.sub.3, MoS.sub.2 and mixtures or mixed
phases of the said compounds with one another or with other metal
oxides and metals, such as, for example, aluminium, chromium,
nickel, silver, gold, titanium, copper or alloys thereof.
[0028] If the substrate flakes are coated with one, two or more
high-refractive-index layers directly on the surface of the
substrate, the coating is preferably a layer of TiO.sub.2,
Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 or a mixture of TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3or a
TiO.sub.2 coating followed by an Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 layer.
[0029] Multilayered pigments having at least three layers
preferably have an alternating coating of high- and
low-refractive-index layers. Particular preference is given to a
three-layer system on the substrate flake with a
high-refractive-index-low-refractive-index-high-refractive-index
coating, such as, for example, a TiO.sub.2--SiO.sub.2--TiO.sub.2
coating, where TiO.sub.2 is preferably coated directly on the
substrate as a first layer.
[0030] The thickness of the high-refractive-index layer is
generally 20-500 nm, preferably 30-400 nm and in particular 40-350
nm.
[0031] Colorless, low-refractive-index materials which are suitable
for the coating are preferably metal oxides or the corresponding
oxide hydrates, such as, for example, SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3,
AlO(OH), B.sub.2O.sub.3, furthermore MgF.sub.2, MgSiO.sub.3 or a
mixture of the said compounds. The low-refractive-index layer
preferably is SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3or MgF.sub.2, in particular
SiO.sub.2.
[0032] The thickness of the low-refractive-index layer is
preferably 10-200 nm, in particular 10-80 nm and very particularly
preferably 20-80 nm.
[0033] Besides the said high- and low-refractive-index layers, the
effect pigments may additionally be coated with an absorbent layer
as the final layer. The effect pigments are then preferably coated
with Berlin Blue, Carmine Red, thioindigo or chromium oxide.
[0034] The absorbent layer preferably has layer thicknesses of
3-300 nm.
[0035] For the preparation of silver-white effect pigments, as
described, for example, in EP 1865032 A2, it is advizable to coat
the substrate flakes with a high-refractive-index layer which,
besides titanium dioxide, comprises at least one low-solubility
alkaline-earth metal compound. The refractive index of this layer
is .gtoreq.1.9, preferably .gtoreq.2.0 and in particular
.gtoreq.2.1. This high-refractive-index coating may consist of a
mixture of TiO.sub.2 and a low-solubility alkaline-earth metal
compound and/or zinc oxide or of two separate layers. In this case,
a thin layer of a low-solubility alkaline-earth metal compound or
zinc oxide is applied to the TiO.sub.2 layer.
[0036] The titanium dioxide in the high-refractive-index coating
can be in the rutile or anatase modification, preferably in the
form of rutile. Processes for the preparation of rutile are
described in the prior art, for example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,779,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,038,099, U.S. Pat. No. 6,626,989, DE 25 22 572 C2,
EP 0 271 767 B1. A thin tin dioxide layer (<10 nm), which serves
as additive for obtaining the TiO.sub.2 as rutile phase, is
preferably applied to the substrate flake, preferably a natural or
synthetic mica flake, before the TiO.sub.2 precipitation.
[0037] Preferred effect pigments according to the invention have
the following coating directly on the surface of the substrate
flake: [0038] substrate flake+TiO.sub.2 (anatase) [0039] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile) [0040] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate [0041] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate [0042]
substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0043] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0044] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0045] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0046] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0047] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0048] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red [0049] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red [0050] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue [0051] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue [0052] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0053] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0054] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 [0055] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 [0056]
substrate flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0057] substrate
flake+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0058] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0059]
substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0060] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0061] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 [0062] substrate
flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 [0063] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.s-
ub.3 [0064] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/F-
e.sub.2O.sub.3 [0065] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 [0066]
substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
[0067] substrate
flake+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.s-
ub.3 [0068] substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
[0069] substrate flake+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0070]
substrate flake+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0071] substrate flake+Ag [0072]
substrate flake+Au [0073] substrate
flake+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0074]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (anatase) [0075] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile) [0076] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal titanate [0077]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+alkaline-earth metal
titanate [0078] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0079] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0080]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0081]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4
[0082] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0083]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3
[0084] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red [0085]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Carmine Red [0086]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue [0087] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+Berlin Blue [0088] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0089] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0090]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 [0091]
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
[0092] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0093] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0094] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0095] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 [0096] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0097] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.-
2O.sub.3 [0098] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub-
.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0099] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/F-
e.sub.2O.sub.3 [0100] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+T-
iO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3 [0101] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
[0102] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+T-
iO.sub.2 [0103] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.s-
ub.3 [0104] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0105] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.3O.sub.4 [0106]
substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3
[0107] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Cr.sub.2O.sub.3 [0108] substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Ag [0109] substrate flake+SiO.sub.2+Au [0110]
substrate
flake+SiO.sub.2+Fe.sub.2O.sub.3+SiO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2/Fe.sub.2O.sub.3
[0111] substrate flake+TiO.sub.2 (anatase)+SiO.sub.2 [0112]
substrate flake+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2 (rutile)+SiO.sub.2.
[0113] The coating of the roundish substrate flakes having a
circular form factor of 1.2-2 is preferably carried out by
wet-chemical methods. To this end, the wet-chemical coating methods
developed for the preparation of pearlescent pigments are
preferably used. Methods of this type are described, for example,
in DE 14 67 468, DE 19 59 988, DE 20 09 566, DE 22 14 545, DE 22 15
191, DE 22 44 298, DE 23 13 331, DE 25 22 572, DE 31 37 808, DE 31
37 809, DE 31 51 343, DE 31 51 354, DE 31 51 355, DE 32 11 602, DE
32 35 017 or also in further patent documents and other
publications known to the person skilled in the art.
[0114] The effect pigments according to the invention are generally
prepared by suspending the roundish substrate flakes in water and
adding one or more hydrolysable metal salts at a pH which is
suitable for precipitation and which is selected in such a way that
the metal oxide or metal oxide hydrate is deposited directly onto
the flakes without significant secondary precipitations occurring.
The pH is usually kept constant by simultaneous metered addition of
a base or acid. After filtration and washing, the coated substrates
are firstly dried for 20-60 min at temperatures of 50-150.degree.
C., preferably 80-120.degree. C., and subsequently calcined at 600
to 1200.degree. C., preferably at 700-1000.degree. C., in
particular at 700-900.degree. C., for 0.3-1 h, preferably 0.5-0.8
h.
[0115] The coating, for example with a TiO.sub.2 layer, can
furthermore also be carried out in a fluidized-bed reactor by
gas-phase coating, it being possible to use correspondingly, for
example, the methods proposed in EP 0 045 851 A1 and EP 0 106 235
A1 for the preparation of pearlescent pigments.
[0116] The coating of the substrate flakes with titanium dioxide is
preferably carried out by a wet-chemical method by the chloride or
sulfate process.
[0117] In order additionally to increase the light, water and
weather stability, it is frequently advisable to subject the
finished effect pigment to post-coating or post-treatment,
depending on the area of application. Suitable post-coatings or
post-treatments are, for example, the processes described in German
Patent 22 15 191, DE-A 31 51 354, DE-A 32 35 017 or DE-A 33 34 598.
This post-coating further increases the chemical stability or
simplifies handling of the pigment, in particular incorporation
into various media. In order to improve the wettability,
dispersibility and/or compatibility with the user media, it is
possible to apply functional coatings comprising Al.sub.2O.sub.3or
ZrO.sub.2 or mixtures or mixed phases thereof to the pigment
surface. Furthermore, organic or combined organic/inorganic
post-coatings are possible, for example with silanes, as described,
for example, in EP 0090259, EP 0 634 459, WO 99/57204, WO 96/32446,
WO 99/57204, U.S. Pat. No. 5,759,255, U.S. Pat. No. 5,571,851, WO
01/92425, WO 2006/021386 A1 or in J. J. Ponjee, Philips Technical
Review, Vol. 44, No. 3, 81 ff. and P. H. Harding, J. C. Berg, J.
Adhesion Sci. Technol. Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 471-493.
[0118] The outer, optional protective layer is preferably one or
two metal-oxide layers of the elements Si, Al or Ce. Particular
preference is given here to a layer sequence in which firstly a
cerium oxide layer has been applied, which is then followed by an
SiO.sub.2 layer, as described, for example, in WO 2006/021386
A1.
[0119] The outer protective layer may furthermore be
organochemically modified on the surface. For example, one or more
silanes may be applied to this outer protective layer. The silanes
may be alkylsilanes having branched or unbranched alkyl radicals
having 1 to 24 C atoms, preferably 6 to 18 C atoms.
[0120] However, the silanes may also be organofunctional silanes
which facilitate chemical bonding to a plastic, a binder of a
surface coating or an ink, etc.
[0121] The organofunctional silanes containing suitable functional
groups which are preferably used as surface modifiers are
commercially available and are produced, for example, by Degussa,
Rheinfelden, Germany, and marketed under the trade name
"Dynasylan.RTM.". Further products can be purchased from OSi
Specialties (Silquest.RTM. silanes) or from Wacker, for example
standard and .alpha.-silanes from the GENIOSIL.RTM. product
group.
[0122] Examples thereof are 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane
(Dynasylan MEMO, Silquest A-174NT), vinyltri(m)ethoxysilane
(Dynasylan VTMO or VTEO, Silquest A-151 or A-171),
3-mercaptopropyltri(m)ethoxysilane (Dynasylan MTMO or 3201;
Silquest A-189), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan
GLYMO, Silquest A-187), tris-(3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) isocyanurate
(Silquest Y-11597), gamma-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest
A-189), bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)polysulfide (Silquest A-1289),
bis-(3-triethoxysilyl)disulfide (Silquest A-1589),
beta-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-186),
bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (Silquest Y-9805),
gamma-isocyanatopropyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-Link 35,
GENIOSIL GF40), (methacryloxymethyl)tri(m)ethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL
33, XL 36), (methacryloxymethyl)(m)ethyldimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL
XL 32, XL 34), (isocyanatomethyl)trimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 43),
(isocyanatomethyl)methyldimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 42),
(isocyanatomethyl)trimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 43),
3-(triethoxysilyl)propylsuccinic anhydride (GENIOSIL GF 20),
(methacryloxymethyl)methyldiethoxysilane,
2-acryloxyethylmethyldimethoxysilane,
2-methacryloxyethyltrimethoxysilane,
3-acryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane,
2-acryloxyethyltrimethoxysilane,
2-methacryloxyethyltriethoxysilane,
3-acryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-acryloxypropyltripropoxysilane,
3-methacryloxypropyltriethoxysilane,
3-methacryloxypropyltriacetoxysilane,
3-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, vinyltrichlorosilane,
vinyltrimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 10),
vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane (GENIOSIL GF 58),
vinyltriacetoxysilane.
[0123] However, it is also possible to use other organofunctional
silanes on the effect pigments according to the invention.
[0124] Furthermore, it is possible to employ aqueous
pre-hydrolyzates, commercially available, for example, from
Degussa. These include, inter alia, aqueous, alcohol-free
aminosilane hydrolyzate (Dynasylan Hydrosil 1151), aqueous,
alcohol-free amino/alkyl-functional siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan
Hydrosil 2627), aqueous, alcohol-free diamino/alkyl-functional
siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan Hydrosil 2776), aqueous,
alcohol-free amino/vinyl-functional siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan
Hydrosil 2907), aqueous, alcohol-free amino/alkyl-functional
siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan Hydrosil 2909), aqueous,
alcohol-free epoxy-functional siloxane oligomer (Dynasylan Hydrosil
2926) or aqueous, alcohol-free amino/methacrylate-functional
siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan Hydrosil 2929), oligomeric
diaminosilane system (Dynasylan 1146), vinyl/alkyl-functional
siloxane co-oligomer (Dynasylan 6598), vinyl- and methoxy
group-containing vinylsilane concentrate (oligomeric siloxane)
(Dynasylan 6490) or oligomeric short-chain alkyl-functional silane
(Dynasylan 9896).
[0125] In a preferred embodiment, the organofunctional silane
mixture comprises at least one amino-functional silane besides at
least one silane containing no functional bonding group. The amino
function is a functional group which is able to undergo one or more
chemical interactions with the groups usually present in binders.
This may include a covalent bond, such as, for example, with
isocyanate or carboxylate functions of the binder, or hydrogen
bonds, such as with OH or COOR functions, or also ionic
interactions. An amino function is therefore very highly suitable
for the purpose of chemical bonding of the effect pigment to
binders of different types.
[0126] The following compounds are preferably used for this
purpose:
[0127] aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan AMMO; Silquest
A-1110), aminopropyltriethoxysilane (Dynasylan AMEO) or
N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Dynasylan DAMO,
Silquest A-1120) or N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane,
triamino-functional trimethoxysilane (Silquest A-1130),
bis(gamma-trimethoxysilylpropyl)amine (Silquest A-1170),
N-ethyl-gamma-aminoisobutyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest A-Link 15),
N-phenyl-gamma-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest Y-9669),
4-amino-3,3-dimethylbutyltrimethoxysilane (Silquest Y-11637),
N-cyclohexylaminomethylmethyldiethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 924),
(N-cyclohexylaminomethyl)triethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 926),
(N-phenylaminomethyl)trimethoxysilane (GENIOSIL XL 973) or mixtures
thereof.
[0128] In a furthermore preferred embodiment, the silane containing
no functional bonding group is an alkylsilane. The alkylsilane
preferably has the formula
R.sub.(4-z)Si(X).sub.Z.
[0129] z here is an integer from 1 to 3, R is a substituted or
unsubstituted, unbranched or branched alkyl chain having 10 to 22 C
atoms, and X stands for a halogen and/or alkoxy group. Preference
is given to alkylsilanes having alkyl chains having at least 12 C
atoms. R may also be cyclically bonded to Si, where in this case z
is usually 2.
[0130] A silane of this type effects stronger hydrophobicisation of
the pigment surface. This in turn results in the effect pigment
coated in this way tending to float upwards in the surface coating.
In the case of flake-form effect pigments, this type of behavior is
known as "leafing" behavior.
[0131] A silane mixture consisting of at least one silane which
contains at least one functional group which facilitates bonding to
the binder, and an alkylsilane containing no amino group which is
insoluble or sparingly soluble in water facilitates optimum
applicational properties of the effect pigments. An organochemical
surface modification of this type results in the effect pigments
aligning extremely well in a surface-coating or paint layer, i.e.
essentially plane-parallel to the coated or painted substrate, and
at the same time reacting chemically with the binder system of the
surface coating or paint and consequently being covalently bonded
in the surface-coating or paint layer. Surface-coating or paint
layers of this type have increased mechanical and chemical
resistance to environmental influences, such as, for example,
weather, etc.
[0132] Besides the high color saturation and a very bright and high
luster, the effect pigments according to the invention are
distinguished by a very high hiding power and low edge roughness.
The pigments are therefore also very highly suitable, owing to
their good skin feeling, for cosmetic formulations.
[0133] Since the effect pigments according to the invention,
besides high hiding power, have a bright and strong luster with
high color saturation, particularly effective effects in the
various application media can be achieved with them.
[0134] It goes without saying that, for the various applications,
the effect pigments according to the invention may also
advantageously be used as a mixture with organic dyes, organic
pigments or inorganic pigments, such as, for example, transparent
and opaque white, colored and black pigments, and also with
flake-form iron oxides, holographic pigments, LCPs (liquid crystal
polymers) or with pearlescent pigments, etc. No limits are set for
the mixing ratios and concentrations.
[0135] The effect pigments according to the invention can be mixed
with commercially available pigments and fillers in any ratio by
weight. The ratio can be 1:1 to 9:1 is preferred. If the effect
pigments according to the invention are mixed with fillers, the
mixing ratio can also be 99:1 to 1:99.
[0136] The effect pigments according to the invention are
compatible with a multiplicity of color systems, preferably from
the area of paints, coatings and printing inks. For the preparation
of printing inks for, for example, gravure printing, flexographic
printing, offset printing, offset overprint varnishing, a
multiplicity of binders, in particular water-soluble grades, is
suitable, as marketed, for example, by the BASF, Marabu, PrOll,
Sericol, Hartmann, Gebr. Schmidt, Sicpa, Aarberg, Siegberg,
GSB-Wahl, Follmann, Ruco or Coates Screen INKS GmbH companies. The
printing inks can be water-based or solvent-based. Furthermore, the
effect pigments according to the invention are also suitable for
the laser marking of paper and plastics, and for applications in
the agricultural sector, for example for greenhouse sheeting, and,
for example, for coloring tarpaulins.
[0137] The effect pigments according to the invention can be used
for pigmenting surface coatings, printing inks, plastics,
agricultural sheeting, seed coatings, food colorings, button
pastes, medicament coatings or cosmetic formulations, such as
lipsticks, nail varnishes, compact powders, shampoos, soaps, loose
powders and gels. The concentration of the pigment in the
application system to be pigmented is generally between 0.1 and 70%
by weight, preferably between 0.1 and 50% by weight and in
particular between 0.5 and 10% by weight, based on the total solids
content of the system. It is generally dependent on the specific
application.
[0138] In plastics comprising the effect pigments according to the
invention, preferably in amounts of 0.01 to 50% by weight, in
particular 0.1 to 7% by weight, particularly pronounced color
effects can be achieved.
[0139] In the surface coatings sector, in particular in automobile
paints, the effect pigments are employed in amounts of 0.1-20% by
weight, preferably 1 to 10% by weight, including for 3-coat
systems.
[0140] In surface coatings, the effect pigments according to the
invention have the advantage that the target gloss is achieved by a
single-layer finish (one-coat system or base coat in a two-coat
system). Compared with finishes which comprise, for example, a
multilayered pigment based on mica or a conventional pearlescent
pigment based on a substrate having a broad thickness distribution
instead of the effect pigments according to the invention, finishes
comprising the pigments according to the invention exhibit a
clearer depth effect and a more pronounced color and gloss
effect.
[0141] The effect pigments according to the invention can also
advantageously be employed in decorative and care cosmetics. The
use concentration extends from 0.01% by weight in shampoo to 100%
by weight in the case of loose powders. In the case of a mixture of
the pigments according to the invention with fillers, preferably
with spherical fillers, such as, for example, SiO.sub.2, the
concentration in the formulation can be 0.01-70% by weight. The
cosmetic products, such as, for example, nail varnishes, compact
powders, shampoos, loose powders and gels, are distinguished by
particularly interesting color effects and high luster.
[0142] Furthermore, the effect pigments according to the invention
can be employed in bath additives, toothpastes and for the
finishing of foods, for example mass coloring and/or coatings of
boiled sweets, wine gums, such as, for example, jelly babies,
pralines, licorice, confectionery, sticks of rock, blancmange,
fizzy drinks, sodas, etc., or as a coating, for example, in dragees
and tablets in the pharmaceuticals sector.
[0143] The effect pigments according to the invention can
furthermore be mixed with commercially available fillers. Fillers
which may be mentioned are, for example, natural and synthetic
mica, nylon powder, pure or filled melamine resins, talc, glasses,
kaolin, oxides or hydroxides of aluminium, magnesium, calcium,
zinc, BiOCl, barium sulfate, calcium sulfate, calcium carbonate,
magnesium carbonate, carbon, and physical or chemical combinations
of these substances. There are no restrictions regarding the
particle shape of the filler. It can be, for example, flake-form,
spherical or needle-shaped as required.
[0144] It is of course also possible for the effect pigments
according to the invention to be combined in the formulations with
cosmetic raw materials and assistants of any type. These include,
inter alia, oils, fats, waxes, film formers, preservatives and
assistants which generally determine the applicational properties,
such as, for example, thickeners and rheological additives, such
as, for example, bentonites, hectorites, silicon dioxides, Ca
silicates, gelatines, high-molecular-weight carbohydrates and/or
surface-active assistants, etc.
[0145] The formulations comprising the effect pigments according to
the invention can belong to the lipophilic, hydrophilic or
hydrophobic type. In the case of heterogeneous formulations having
discrete aqueous and nonaqueous phases, the effect pigments
according to the invention may in each case be present in only one
of the two phases or alternatively distributed over both
phases.
[0146] The pH values of the formulations can be between 1 and 14,
preferably between 2 and 11 and particularly preferably between 5
and 8.
[0147] No limits are set for the concentrations of the effect
pigments according to the invention in the formulation. They can
be--depending on the application--between 0.001 (rinse-off
products, for example shower gels) and 100% (for example
luster-effect articles for particular applications).
[0148] The effect pigments according to the invention may
furthermore also be combined with cosmetic active ingredients.
Suitable active ingredients are, for example, insect repellents, UV
A/BC protection filters (for example OMC, B3 and MBC), anti-ageing
active ingredients, vitamins and derivatives thereof (for example
vitamin A, C, E, etc.), self-tanning agents (for example DHA,
erythrulose, inter alia), and further cosmetic active ingredients,
such as, for example, bisabolol, LPO, ectoin, emblica, allantoin,
bioflavonoids and derivatives thereof.
[0149] In the pigmenting of binder systems, for example for surface
coatings and printing inks for gravure printing, offset printing or
screen printing, or as precursors for printing inks, the use of the
effect pigments according to the invention in the form of highly
pigmented pastes, granules, pellets, etc., has proven particularly
suitable. The effect pigments are generally incorporated into the
printing ink in amounts of 2-35% by weight, preferably 5-25% by
weight and in particular 8-20% by weight. Offset printing inks can
comprise the pigments in amounts of up to 40% by weight or more.
The precursors for printing inks, for example in the form of
granules, as pellets, briquettes, etc., comprise up to 98% by
weight of the pigments according to the invention in addition to
the binder and additives. Printing inks comprising the pigments
according to the invention exhibit purer hues than with
conventional effect pigments. The particle thicknesses of the
effect pigments according to the invention are relatively small and
therefore cause particularly good printability.
[0150] The effect pigments according to the invention are
furthermore suitable for the preparation of flowable pigment
compositions and dry preparations, in particular for printing inks,
comprising one or more pigments according to the invention, binders
and optionally one or more additives.
[0151] The present invention furthermore relates to the use of the
effect pigments according to the invention in paints, coatings,
powder coatings, automotive paints and industrial coatings,
printing inks, plastics, button pastes, ceramic materials, glasses,
for coating seed, as absorber in the laser marking of plastics,
glasses, cardboard and paper, as absorber in the laser welding of
plastics, for coloring food and pharmaceutical products, for
coloring coatings of food and pharmaceutical products, in cosmetic
formulations and in anti-counterfeiting-elements in documents of
value, such as, for example, banknotes, credit cards, identity
documents, etc. Furthermore, the pigments according to the
invention are also suitable for the preparation of pigment
compositions and for the preparation of dry preparations, such as,
for example, granules, chips, pellets, briquettes, etc. The dry
preparations are particularly suitable for printing inks and for
cosmetic formulations.
[0152] The invention thus also relates to formulations comprising
the effect pigments according to the invention.
[0153] The invention relates, in particular, to formulations which,
besides the effect pigments according to the invention, comprise at
least one constituent selected from the group of the absorbents,
astringents, antimicrobial substances, antioxidants,
antiperspirants, antifoaming agents, antidandruff active
ingredients, antistatics, binders, biological additives, bleaching
agents, chelating agents, deodorants, emollients, emulsifiers,
emulsion stabilizers, dyes, humectants, film formers, fillers, odor
substances, flavor substances, insect repellents, preservatives,
anticorrosion agents, cosmetic oils, solvents, oxidants, vegetable
constituents, buffer substances, reducing agents, surfactants,
propellant gases, opacifiers, UV filters and UV absorbers,
denaturing agents, viscosity regulators, perfume and vitamins.
[0154] Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled
in the art can, using the preceding description, utilize the
present invention to its fullest extent. The preceding preferred
specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely
illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure
in any way whatsoever.
[0155] In the foregoing and in the examples, all temperatures are
set forth uncorrected in degrees Celsius and, all parts and
percentages are by weight, unless otherwise indicated.
[0156] The entire disclosures of all applications, patents and
publications, cited herein and of corresponding application No. DE
102011 121 804.5, filed Dec. 21, 2011 and DE 102012 000 887.2,
filed Jan. 19, 2012 are incorporated by reference herein.
EXAMPLES
I. Production of the Substrates
Example 1a
[0157] 1 kg of Muscovite mica, which is in the form of coarse
flakes, is ground to a particle size of less than 200 .mu.m by a
Koller process. The fine mica flakes formed in this way are
introduced into a rotor-stator mill, and 1 l of deionized water is
added. The resultant suspension is ground in the mill for 5 hours,
during which the surface of the flakes is polished smooth at the
same time. The mechanical loading of the particles during the
grinding step is selected so that a permanent shear results in
further gentle delamination of particles and in smoothing of the
edges and surfaces. A narrow particle-size distribution is achieved
by a subsequent classification step in the form of a plurality of
(at least 3 steps) sedimentation steps. The mica flakes produced in
this way have a particle-size distribution of 10-40 .mu.m, a
thickness distribution of 0.2 to 0.6 .mu.m (in each case 90% of all
particles) and a smooth-polished surface having only few sharp
edges. The circular form factor is 1.6.
Example 1 b
[0158] 1 kg of synthetic mica flakes is treated analogously to
Example 1a. Synthetic mica flakes having a circular form factor of
1.6 are obtained.
II. Coating of the Substrate Flakes
Example 2.1
Natural Mica+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
[0159] 100 g of natural mica flakes from Example 1a are warmed to
75.degree. C. in 2 l of deionized water with stirring. The coating
pH of 1.8 is established by dropwise addition of an SnCl.sub.4
solution (22 g/l). The remainder of 100 ml of SnCl.sub.4 solution
(22 g/l) is subsequently metered in. During this addition, the pH
is kept constant at 1.8 using 32% sodium hydroxide solution. When
the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for a further 10
minutes.
[0160] At constant pH, 490 ml of a TiOCl.sub.2 solution (400 g of
TiCl.sub.4/l) are then metered in until the color end point
(yellow) has been reached, during which the pH being is constant at
1.8 by simultaneous dropwise addition of 32% sodium hydroxide
solution.
[0161] When the addition is complete, the mixture is stirred for a
further 10 minutes, the suspension is filtered off with suction and
washed with deionized water until salt-free. After drying at
120.degree. C. (24 h), the pigment is calcined at 800.degree. C.
for 45 minutes.
[0162] A high-luster, intensely colored pigment having a yellow
interference color is obtained.
Example 2.2
Synthetic
Mica+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2+SiO.sub.2+SnO.sub.2+TiO.sub.2
[0163] 75 g of synthetic mica flakes from Example 1b are warmed to
75.degree. C. with 1500 ml of deionized water with stirring. The pH
of the suspension is then adjusted to 1.8 using hydrochloric acid
(15% HCl). 75 ml of SnCl.sub.4 solution (22 g/l) are subsequently
metered in. During this addition, the pH is kept constant at 1.8
using 32% sodium hydroxide solution. When the addition is complete,
the mixture is stirred for a further 10 minutes.
[0164] A TiOCl.sub.2 solution (400 g of TiCl.sub.4/l) is
subsequently metered in to the color end point (yellow), during
which the pH is kept constant at 1.8 by simultaneous dropwise
addition of 32% sodium hydroxide solution.
[0165] By color measurement during the coating process, the
coloristic properties during preparation of the pigment are
monitored and the precipitation process is controlled in accordance
with the hue (hue angle arc tan b*/a*).
[0166] The coating is stopped, and stirring is subsequently
continued for 15 minutes.
[0167] The pH is subsequently adjusted to pH=9.0 using dilute
sodium hydroxide solution. 100 ml of a sodium water-glass solution
having a content of 2% are then added, during which the pH is kept
constant by means of hydrochloric acid (10% HCl). The mixture is
subsequently stirred for a further 30 minutes.
[0168] The pH is reduced to 1.8 by dropwise addition of
hydrochloric acid (w=20%). 75 ml of SnCl.sub.4 solution (22 g/l)
are metered in. During this addition, the pH is kept constant at
1.8 using 32% sodium hydroxide solution. When the addition is
complete, the mixture is stirred for a further 10 minutes. At
constant pH, 300 ml of TiOCl.sub.2 solution (400 g of TiCl.sub.4/l)
are then metered in until the color end point (green) has been
reached, during which the pH is kept constant at 1.8 by
simultaneous dropwise addition of 32% sodium hydroxide
solution.
[0169] After a post-stirring time of 15 minutes, the pigment is
separated off from the supernatant reaction solution by filtration
and washed until salt-free. After drying at 120.degree. C. (24 h),
the pigment is calcined at 800.degree. C. for 45 minutes.
[0170] A high-luster, intensely colored pigment having a green
interference color is obtained.
III. Comparison of the Lab Values of Iriodin.RTM. 205 with the
Pigment from Example 2.1
[0171] The Lab values (measured using an Eta measuring instrument,
measurement angle 75.degree./95.degree.) are determined with
reference to black/white coating cards (NC lacquer) for
Iriodin.RTM. 205 (yellow interference pigment on mica flakes) from
Merck KGaA and for the pigment from Example 2.1:
TABLE-US-00001 Pigment from Example Iriodin .RTM. 205 2.1 Prior art
Invention L value 119.8 126.6 a value 8.7 10.3 b value 63.0 74.6
Chroma {square root over ((a.sup.2 + b.sup.2))} 63.6 75.3
[0172] The significantly increased a and b values of the pigment
according to the invention mean that a significantly improved
chroma is achieved, while the high L value indicates increased
luster.
Use Examples
Example A
Shower Gel
[0173] Phase A
TABLE-US-00002 Source of Raw material supply INCI [%] Pigment from
Example 2.1 Merck KGaA 0.10 Keltrol T Kelco Xanthan Gum 0.75 Water,
demineralized Aqua (Water) 64.95
[0174] Phase B
TABLE-US-00003 Source of Raw material supply INCI [%] Plantacare
2000 Cognis GmbH Decyl Glucoside 20.00 UP Texapon ASV 50 Cognis
GmbH Sodium Laureth Sulfate, 3.60 Sodium Laureth-8 Sulfate,
Magnesium Laureth Sulfate, Magnesium Laureth-8 Sulfate, Sodium
Oleth Sulfate, Magnesium Oleth Sulfate Bronidox L Cognis GmbH
Propylene Glycol, 5-Bromo-5- 0.20 Nitro-1,3-Dioxane Everest 79658
SB Haarmann & Perfume 0.05 perfume oil Reimer GmbH 1% FD&C
Blue BASF AG Aqua (Water), CI 42090 0.20 No. 1 in water (FD&C
Blue No. 1)
Phase C
TABLE-US-00004 [0175] Source of Raw material supply INCI [%] Citric
acid monohydrate Merck Citric Acid 0.15 KGaA/Rona .RTM. Water,
demineralized Aqua (Water) 10.00
[0176] Preparation:
[0177] For phase A, stir the interference pigment into the water.
Slowly scatter in the Keltrol T with stirring and stir until it has
dissolved. Add phases B and C successively while stirring slowly
until everything is homogeneously distributed. Adjust the pH to 6.0
to 6.4.
Example B
Nail Varnish
TABLE-US-00005 [0178] Source of Raw material supply INCI [%]
Pigment from Merck KGaA 2.00 Example 2.2 Thixotropic nail
International Toluene, Ethyl Acetate, Butyl 98.00 varnish Lacquers
Acetate, Nitrocellulose, base 1348 S.A. Tosylamide/Formaldehyde
Resin, Dibutyl Phthalate, Isopropyl Alcohol, Stearalkonium
Hectorite, Camphor, Acrylates Copolymer, Benzophenone-1
[0179] Preparation:
[0180] The interference pigment is weighed out together with the
varnish base, mixed well by hand using a spatula and subsequently
stirred at 1000 rpm for 10 min.
Example C
Coating System
TABLE-US-00006 [0181] 90% by weight of Hydroglasur BG/S colorless
(water-based coating from. Ernst Diegel GmbH) 10% by weight of
pigment from Example 2.2
[0182] Coating by spraying-on at 80.degree. C.
[0183] 5 min pre-drying at 80.degree. C.
[0184] 20 min baking at 180.degree. C.
Example D
Plastic
[0185] 1 kg of polystyrene granules is wetted uniformly with 5 g of
coupling agent in a tumble mixer. 42 g of green interference
pigment from Example 2.2 are then added, and the mixture is mixed
for 2 min. These granules are converted into stepped plates
measuring 4.times.3.times.0.5 cm in an injection-moulding machine
under conventional conditions. The stepped plates are distinguished
by their pronounced sparkle effect.
Example E
Coloring of Confectionery
[0186] Raw materials: effervescent candies white
[0187] Spray Solution:
[0188] 94% of alcoholic shellac solution from Kaul
[0189] 6% of effect pigment from Example 2.1
[0190] The effervescent candies are sprayed with an interference
pigment/shellac solution until the desired color application has
been achieved. Subsequent drying using cold air is possible.
Example F
Automotive Paint
[0191] The pigment from Example 2.2 can easily be incorporated into
automotive paints. To this end, the pigment from Example 2.2 is
added to the paint base with stirring. The stirring operation is
continued until the pigment has uniformly distributed in the paint.
The colored paint is sprayed onto aluminium test sheets coated
black and white.
[0192] Production of the Painted Sheets:
[0193] Paint: Herberts base coat 419982
[0194] Pigmentation: 5%
[0195] Dry layer thickness: 15 .mu.m
[0196] Spray gun: Sprimag S 233; nozzle diameter: 1.5 mm
[0197] Spray pressure: 4 bar
[0198] Nozzle/substrate separation: 27 cm
Example G
Flexographic Printing
[0199] Preparation of the Printing Ink:
[0200] The pigment from Example 2.1 is pre-wetted with prewetting
Byk 348 (0.6%) and incorporated into the binder in a concentration
of 22.9%.
[0201] Binder:
[0202] Koustom Kote 9000/USA, water-based
[0203] The paste is diluted with water until a viscosity of 40 sec
with the 4 mm Erichsen cup at 25.degree. C. has been reached.
[0204] The pigments are printed onto matt-black art paper from an
anilox ceramic cylinder (24 ccm/m.sup.2) via a rubber printing
plate.
[0205] The pigments according to the invention exhibit high color
intensity.
[0206] The products from Use Examples A-G are distinguished by
their high luster, high color intensity and high color purity.
[0207] The preceding examples can be repeated with similar success
by substituting the generically or specifically described reactants
and/or operating conditions of this invention for those used in the
preceding examples.
[0208] From the foregoing description, one skilled in the art can
easily ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention
and, without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make
various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to
various usages and conditions.
* * * * *