U.S. patent application number 14/841273 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-03 for refrigeration load reduction system and methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is Moxiyo, LLC. Invention is credited to Peter Fuller.
Application Number | 20160061499 14/841273 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55400746 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160061499 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Fuller; Peter |
March 3, 2016 |
REFRIGERATION LOAD REDUCTION SYSTEM AND METHODS
Abstract
A refrigeration load reduction system can include a primary
container having gas permeable openings therein. A granular
composition is retained within the container. The granular
composition is a granular mixture of a sodium carbonate mineral and
a mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid. Typically, the sodium carbonate
mineral is a trona mineral, although other minerals can be used
singly or in combination with trona. A method of reducing
refrigeration load can include orienting the refrigeration load
reduction system within a fluid circulation path of a refrigeration
unit adapted to cool a refrigeration chamber.
Inventors: |
Fuller; Peter; (Park City,
UT) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Moxiyo, LLC |
Park City |
UT |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55400746 |
Appl. No.: |
14/841273 |
Filed: |
August 31, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
62043933 |
Aug 29, 2014 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
206/524.1 ;
29/401.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B01D 2259/4533 20130101;
F25B 2400/22 20130101; B01D 53/02 20130101; B01D 2259/4525
20130101; F25D 5/00 20130101; B01D 2251/304 20130101; B01D 2251/70
20130101; B01D 2251/606 20130101; B01D 2259/4566 20130101; B01D
2257/104 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F25B 49/00 20060101
F25B049/00 |
Claims
1. A refrigeration load reduction system, comprising: a. a primary
container having gas permeable openings therein; and b. a granular
composition retained within the container, said granular
composition comprising a granular mixture of a sodium carbonate
mineral and a mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid, wherein the sodium
carbonate mineral is a member selected from the group consisting of
trona, gaylussite, natron, prissonite, northupite, nahcolite,
thermonatrite, and combinations thereof.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the primary container is a
flexible packet.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the flexible packet is formed of
a plastic film having perforations therein.
4. The system of claim 2, wherein the flexible packet is formed of
a porous fabric.
5. The system of claim 1, wherein the primary container is a rigid
box which includes a closeable access opening adapted to allow
replacement of the granular composition.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the rigid box is shaped to fit
within a refrigeration intake unit.
7. The system of claim 5, wherein the rigid box is shaped to be
oriented within a refrigeration chamber adjacent a refrigeration
unit.
8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a secondary container
adapted to receive and retain at least one primary container.
9. The system of claim 8, wherein the secondary container is an
apertured tube.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the mono-, di- or tricarboxylic
acids have the general formula: (HOOC)--R--(COOH).sub.x-1 where x
is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and R is a saturated or unsaturated,
straight, or branched carbon chain having one to eighteen carbon
atoms, or an aromatic moiety having six to eighteen carbon atoms
which may be substituted or unsubstituted by OH, COOH, COOM, COOR',
--OR' substituents, where M can be an alkali or alkaline earth
metal, and where R' can be saturated or unsaturated, straight, or
branched carbon chain having from one to eight carbons, an aromatic
moiety having six to eighteen carbon atoms which may be substituted
by alkyl groups having one to eight carbons, OH, COOH, COOM, COOR',
--OR' substituents, and M can be an alkali or alkaline earth
metal.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the mono-, di- or tricarboxylic
acid is a member selected from the group consisting of citric acid
and salicylic acid.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the granular mixture has a w/w
ratio of mineral to acid of 200:1 to 5:1.
13. A method of reducing refrigeration load, comprising orienting a
refrigeration load reduction system within a fluid circulation path
of a refrigeration unit adapted to cool a refrigeration chamber,
said refrigeration load reduction system including: a. a primary
container having gas permeable openings therein; and b. a granular
composition retained within the container, said granular
composition comprising a granular mixture of a sodium carbonate
mineral and a mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the refrigeration load
reduction system is oriented within the refrigeration chamber
adjacent the refrigeration unit.
15. The method of claim 13, wherein the refrigeration load
reduction system is oriented within an air intake of the
refrigeration unit.
16. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluid circulation path is
air and the refrigeration unit is a compressor driven heat
exchanger.
17. The method of claim 16, wherein the refrigeration load
reduction system is oriented adjacent perishable food products
within the refrigeration chamber.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluid circulation path is
liquid and the refrigeration unit is a chiller tank.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the refrigeration load
reduction system is oriented adjacent a circuit board of the
refrigeration unit.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein the fluid circulation path is
liquid blood work and the refrigeration unit is a blood cooler.
21. The method of claim 13, wherein the sodium carbonate mineral is
a member selected from the group consisting of trona, gaylussite,
natron, prissonite, northupite, nahcolite, thermonatrite, and
combinations thereof.
22. The method of claim 13, wherein the mono-, di- or tricarboxylic
acids have the general formula: (HOOC)--R--(COOH).sub.x-1 where x
is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and R is a saturated or unsaturated,
straight, or branched carbon chain having one to eighteen carbon
atoms, or an aromatic moiety having six to eighteen carbon atoms
which may be substituted or unsubstituted by OH, COOH, COOM, COOR',
--OR' substituents, where M can be an alkali or alkaline earth
metal, and where R' can be saturated or unsaturated, straight, or
branched carbon chain having from one to eight carbons, an aromatic
moiety having six to eighteen carbon atoms which may be substituted
by alkyl groups having one to eight carbons, OH, COOH, COOM, COOR',
--OR' substituents, and M can be an alkali or alkaline earth
metal.
23. The method of claim 13, wherein the mono-, di- or tricarboxylic
acid is a member selected from the group consisting of citric acid
and salicylic acid.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application No. 62/043,933, filed Aug. 29, 2014 and which is
incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to systems and specific
compositions which reduce refrigeration load. Accordingly, the
present invention relates generally to refrigeration technologies
and chemistry.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Distribution, storage and transport of perishable consumer
products and other perishable items presents unique challenges in
terms of preserving such items to the point of sale or use.
Exposure to oxygen is one factor that leads to spoilage of
perishable items. Oxygen perishable items from the time of
gathering or production, whether by reaping, picking, digging,
cutting, collecting, butchering, processing, cooking, displaying,
packaging or any other means, where such items are present in an
open environment for a period of time, are subject to being exposed
to oxygen. Surrounding environments are those present when
gathering perishables by any of the above methods as well as
loading, transporting, warehousing, manufacturing or processing,
packaging in crates or other shipping containers for overland or
sea transport, packaging or sealing in containers for sale,
refrigerated shipping or storage, cooling and sectioning of
butchered animals and the like. An open environment is also
inclusive of enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces such as found in
display counters holding fruits, meats or vegetable in retail
outlets. Temperature conditions also affect rates of spoilage. The
subjecting of perishable items to an open atmosphere in the
presence of oxygen and particularly when at ambient or elevated
temperatures causes the perishable items to lose freshness and
texture, decay, produce objectionable odors, and become inedible,
unsalable or unusable. To rectify this, means and methods have been
sought to lessen the objectionable results and extend the useful
life of perishable items. Most decay or spoilage of perishable
items is the result of growth of aerobic microorganisms or
pathogens including bacteria, fungi, viruses, which are of animal
or vegetable origin.
[0004] Currently perishable items are routinely kept at low
temperatures in order to slow decay and/or spoilage of items in
order to meet or exceed times needed for processing, distribution,
and ultimate use of such perishable items. Refrigeration systems in
warehouses, tractor trailers, retail locations, and consumer
locations account for a significant portion of product costs due to
the quantity of energy required to sufficiently cool perishable
items to safe temperatures. Further, refrigeration systems
frequently require maintenance and specific defrost cycling in
order to maintain performance and heat transfer away from
refrigerated locations. Accordingly, systems and methods which
reduce costs associated with refrigeration systems are desirable
and continue to be sought.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] The present invention relates generally to a refrigeration
load reduction system which includes a primary container having gas
permeable openings therein. Further, a granular composition is
retained within the container. The granular composition is a
granular mixture of a sodium carbonate mineral and a mono-, di- or
tricarboxylic acid. Typically, the sodium carbonate mineral is a
trona mineral, although other minerals can be used singly or in
combination with trona. Non-limiting examples of other suitable
minerals can include gaylussite, natron, prissonite, northupite,
nahcolite, thermonatrite, and combinations thereof.
[0006] A method of reducing refrigeration load can include
orienting the refrigeration load reduction system within a fluid
circulation path of a refrigeration unit adapted to cool a
refrigeration chamber.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] In order that the manner in which the invention, including
methods, uses, apparatus, devices or any other means recited, are
to be carried out to obtain the desired advantages and results set
forth herein, a more particular description of the invention is
illustrated in the attached drawing and the written description
which follows. It is to be understood that these drawings depict
only representative embodiments of the invention and are not to be
considered as limiting the scope which is limited only by the
attached claims and functional equivalents thereof.
[0008] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a liquid or gas permeable
woven packet of the invention containing a mixture of trona and one
or more mon-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids.
[0009] FIG. 2 is a partial breakaway view of the packet of FIG. 1
showing the trona and carboxylic acid particles in the interior of
the packet.
[0010] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a gas permeable package of
the invention containing a mixture of trona and one or more mono-,
di- or tri-carboxylic acids.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a partial breakaway view of the packet of FIG. 3
showing the trona and carboxylic acid particles in the interior of
the packet.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a gas permeable tube
containing, in partial breakaway, a packet as shown in FIG. 3.
[0013] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a liquid container for
holding pieces of oxygen perishable goods, pieces of ice and
packets of gas and liquid permeable packets as shown in FIG. 1.
[0014] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a container or crate holding
oxygen perishable goods for shipment and also containing one or
more packets as shown in FIG. 3.
[0015] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a display stand holding
oxygen perishable goods adapted for water spray means and showing
packets of FIG. 3 strategically placed within an aperture tube 130
as in FIG. 5.
[0016] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a refrigerated display case
containing oxygen perishable goods and containing a gas permeable
tube containing trona/carboxylic acid packets as shown in FIG.
5.
[0017] FIG. 10 is a representation of a storage unit showing
shelving, air flow arrows, oxygen absorber packet storage for
placing in a warehouse or other storage areas.
[0018] FIG. 11 is a partial breakaway view of a cargo shipping
container having placed therein containers or crates filled with
oxygen perishable goods such as shown in FIG. 7 for shipment in
trucks, railway cars, cargo ships, and as air freight.
[0019] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a container having either
no lid or a clear lid and holding oxygen perishable goods for
display or shipment and containing gas permeable packets of
trona/carboxylic acid to adsorb/absorb oxygen and produce carbon
dioxide.
[0020] FIG. 13 is a view of a plastic reclosable bag marketing
jerky strips and containing gas permeable trona/carboxylic acid
packet(s).
[0021] FIG. 14 is a view of a tray for marketing fresh meat
products placed on absorbent pads for absorbing liquids and also
containing gas permeable packets of trona/carboxylic acid placed on
the tray.
[0022] FIG. 15 is a view of an absorbent pad for displaying fresh
meat products and absorbing liquids, such a blood, and, in a
partial breakaway view, showing granules of trona and mono-, di- or
tricarboxylic embedded in the pad.
[0023] FIG. 16 illustrates a sealed No. 10 can for holding grain
kernels or other particulate matter and also containing packets of
trona/carboxylic acid for absorbing/adsorbing oxygen and forming a
carbon dioxide atmosphere within the can.
[0024] FIG. 17 illustrates a bottle with a replaceable cap
containing pharmaceutical tablets or capsules and also a packet of
trona/carboxylic acid to absorb/adsorb oxygen and promote the
formation of carbon dioxide within the bottle.
[0025] FIG. 18 is a schematic illustration of a refrigeration unit
including a refrigeration load reduction system.
[0026] FIG. 19 is a picture of a secondary container as a rigid box
for containment of loose granular mixture or within primary
packets.
[0027] FIG. 20 is a partial cutaway view of an aperture tube having
at least one packet of granular mixture oriented within the
tube.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0028] A refrigeration load reduction system can include a primary
container having gas permeable openings therein. A granular
composition is retained within the container which contributes to
reduction in cooling loads of a corresponding refrigeration unit.
The granular composition is a granular mixture of a sodium
carbonate mineral and a mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid.
Typically, the sodium carbonate mineral is a trona mineral,
although other minerals can be used singly or in combination with
trona. Non-limiting examples of other suitable minerals can include
gaylussite, natron, prissonite, northupite, nahcolite,
thermonatrite, and combinations thereof. A method of reducing
refrigeration load can include orienting the refrigeration load
reduction system within a fluid circulation path of a refrigeration
unit adapted to cool a refrigeration chamber as outlined in more
detail herein.
[0029] Trona is a natural mineral composed mainly of sodium
carbonate and sodium bicarbonate and is chemically referred to as
trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dehydrate or sodium sesquicarbonate,
having the formula: Na.sub.3(CO.sub.3)(HCO.sub.3).2H.sub.2O. Trona
is generally mined from salt lake deposits which may be found in
the United States, Africa, China, Turkey, and Mexico. Large
stratified deposits are mined in Sweetwater County, Wyo. Other
trona deposits are also found in the states of Nevada and
California in the United States. Mined trona may be found in, or
processed into, various degrees of purification. Some trona may
contain minute amounts of potassium carbonate and potassium
bicarbonate with even lesser amounts of magnesium and calcium salts
and other trace minerals.
[0030] Other sodium carbonate minerals, somewhat similar to trona,
include gaylussite, natron, prissonite, northupite, nahcolite and
thermonatrite. To the extent these sodium carbonate containing
minerals may be functionally used in place of, or as a substitute
for trona, they are deemed to be within the scope of this
invention. Therefore, the term "sodium carbonate mineral or
minerals" as used herein generically will be inclusive of trona,
gaylussite, natron, prissonite, northupite, nahcolite and
thermonatrite. These sodium carbonate minerals all have an oxygen
adsorbing and/or absorbing capability.
[0031] Trona is the preferred sodium carbonate mineral having
oxygen adsorbing, or absorbing characteristics and is made up
primarily of trisodium hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate,
[Na.sub.3(CO.sub.3)(HCO.sub.3).2H.sub.2O] as the primary active
ingredients. The only limitation in defining trona is that of
functionality including oxygen uptake, i.e. adsorption and/or
absorption. To that extent, for purposes of this disclosure, trona
and hydrogendicarbonate dihydrate may be used interchangeably.
[0032] Although not required, the sodium carbonate mineral can be
recovered and used directly, e.g. without calcining,
recrystallization, purification, etc. In some cases, the sodium
carbonate mineral can be separated from rock or other debris,
however can typically be used without substantive modification of
the native mineral other than crushing to a suitable size.
[0033] Trona may sometimes be referred to in older literature as
urao or nitrum. Trona is generally processed or purified by
calcination to obtain soda ash or sodium carbonate
(Na.sub.2CO.sub.3) and is used primarily in glass manufacture.
Trona is also used in many other applications ranging from animal
feed, chemical manufacture, and medicine.
[0034] The mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids that may be utilized
may contain from two to twenty carbon atoms and may be formed of
straight, branched, saturated or unsaturated carbon chains and,
aromatic moieties and be substituted or unsubstituted.
[0035] The carboxylic acids may be any of a wide variety of mono-,
di- and tricarboxylic acids. These carboxylic acids may be
comprised of mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acids having the general
formula:
(HOOC)--R--(COOH).sub.x-1
Where x is an integer of 1, 2 or 3, and R is a saturated or
unsaturated, straight, or branched carbon chain having one to
eighteen carbon atoms, or an aromatic moiety having six to eighteen
carbon atoms which may be substituted or unsubstituted by OH, COOH,
COOM, COOR', --OR' substituents, where M can be an alkali or
alkaline earth metal, and where R' can be saturated or unsaturated,
straight, or branched carbon chain having from one to eight
carbons, an aromatic moiety having six to eighteen carbon atoms
which may be substituted by alkyl groups having one to eight
carbons, OH, COOH, COOM, COOR', --OR' substituents, and M can be an
alkali or alkaline earth metal. For purposes described herein
salicylic acid and citric acid are particularly useful carboxylic
acids with citric acid providing exceptional results, although
other carboxylic acids can also be used. Suitable carboxylic acids
can be used singly or in combination with multiple carboxylic
acids. Representative, but not inclusive, of such carboxylic acids
are found in the following listings.
[0036] Representative of mono carboxylic saturated and unsaturated
acids are:
TABLE-US-00001 CH.sub.3CO.sub.2H acetic acid
CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CO.sub.2H propionic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.2CO.sub.2H butyric acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CO.sub.2H valeric acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.4CO.sub.2H caproic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.6CO.sub.2H caprylic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.8CO.sub.2H capric acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.10COOH Lauric acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.12COOH Myristic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.14COOH Palmitic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.16COOH Stearic Acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.7COOH Myristoleic
acid CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.5CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.7COOH
Palmitoleic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.8CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.4COOH Sapienic acid
CH.sub.3(CH.sub.2).sub.7CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.7COOH Oleic acid
CH.sub.3CH.sub.2CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2CH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2CH.dbd.CH(CH.sub.2).sub.-
7COOH .alpha.-Linolenic acid
[0037] Representative of mono- and di-carboxylic aromatic acids
are:
TABLE-US-00002 C.sub.6H.sub.4(COOH).sub.2 [benzene-1,2- o-phthalic
acid dicarboxylic acid] o-phthalic acid C.sub.6H.sub.4(COOH).sub.2
[benzene-1,3-dicarboxylic isophthalic acid or acid] m-phthalic acid
C.sub.6H.sub.4(COOH).sub.2 [benzene-1,4- terephthalic acid or
dicarboxylic acid] p-phthalic acid o-HOC.sub.6H.sub.4COOH
[o-hydroxybenzoic acid] salicylic acid o-CH OOC.sub.6H.sub.4COOH
[o-acetylsalicylic acid] aspirin
[0038] Representative of dicarboxylic saturated and unsaturated
acids are:
TABLE-US-00003 HOOC--COOH Oxalic acid HOOC--(CH.sub.2)--COOH
Malonic acid HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.2--COOH Succinic acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.3--COOH Glutaric acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.4--COOH Adipic acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.5--COOH Pimelic acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.6--COOH Suberic acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.7--COOH Azelaic acid
HOOC--(CH.sub.2).sub.8--COOH Sebacic acid
HO.sub.2CCH.dbd.CHCO.sub.2H Maleic acid (cis form) Fumaric acid
(trans form) HO.sub.2CCH.dbd.CHCH.sub.2CO.sub.2H Glutaconic acid
HO.sub.2C(CH.sub.2).sub.8CH.dbd.CHCO.sub.2H Traumatic acid
[0039] Representative of tricarboxylic acids are:
##STR00001##
[0040] The chemical compositions comprise a novel combination of
the sodium carbonate mineral and one or more mono-, di- or
tri-carboxylic acids in appropriate proportions. Trona contains, as
primary ingredients, a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium
bicarbonate along with minor amounts of other minerals or mineral
salts as noted above. When the combination of trona and the
carboxylic acid are brought together an acid/base reaction occurs
and carbon dioxide is produced. Also, testing has shown that when
trona and a carboxylic acid are brought together in an oxygen
containing environment, oxygen is taken up by the reaction and the
concentration of oxygen is diminished or essentially eliminated.
This is particularly relevant when the reaction takes place in the
presence of oxygen perishable goods. By what mechanism this works
is not fully understood. It is postulated that the solid
trona/carboxylic acid composition not only reacts in the presence
of moisture but also serves as an oxygen adsorber or absorber with
oxygen being adsorbed on the surface of the trona crystals by
chemical adsorption and/or absorbed into the trona/carboxylic acid
combination where it chemically interacts with some or all of the
components in the mixture to cause the oxygen to be converted into
carbon dioxide. Presumably the carbonates present in the trona/acid
mixture provide the carbon necessary for the oxygen conversion into
carbon dioxide but how the reaction takes place is not presently
understood.
[0041] What is known is that laboratory tests, as well as testing
in the presence of oxygen perishable goods, shows diminished oxygen
content, preservation of oxygen perishable goods as will be
delineated in this disclosure.
[0042] The ratio of trona to carboxylic acid may vary on a w/w
basis. Although other ratios may be useful, as a general guideline,
the ratio can often range from 200:1 to 5:1, and in some cases can
be from 30:0.5 to 5:1. For example, in the case of citric acid,
ratios of about 9:1 are particularly preferred. The ratio can
depend on the particular carboxylic acid, the number of acid groups
and other functional groups, the molecular weight and other factors
that can be determined systematically.
[0043] The amount of trona/carboxylic acid will generally be
contained in a pouch or packet that is permeable to oxygen or
oxygen and water or other liquid depending upon the intended use.
Packets may contain measured weight amounts of this mixture ranging
from 0.1 to 50 grams per packet to be used to treat 50 to 500 cubic
feet of air surrounding the oxygen perishable goods being treated
or protected. When used in a liquid environment, such as the
cooling of cooked meat segments in a water reservoir the
trona/carboxylic acid packets may also contain from 0.1 to 50
grams, in single or multiple packets and used to treat up to 500
gallons of water. Preliminary tests have shown two packets
containing about 36 grams each of a 9:1 (w/w) trona/citric acid
mixture is sufficient to treat 450 gallons of water in order to
reduce the temperature of 900 lbs beef shanks cooked to a
temperature of about 150.degree. F. to a marketable temperature in
about half the time it took to cool similar shanks cooled only by
being immersed in water.
[0044] The trona and carboxylic acid can often be provided in a dry
particulate form. Although particle size can vary, sizes from about
0.01 mm to about 5 mm can be useful, and in many cases ranges from
about 0.05 mm to about 1.5 mm. Particle size can affect exposed
surface area of the dry mixture and rates of oxygen uptake.
Additional materials can optionally be added to the
trona/carboxylic acid mixture such as, but not limited to,
stabilizers, colorants, fillers, and the like.
[0045] The trona and carboxylic acid compositions can often be
enveloped in a packet which holds a predetermined amount of the
composition within a packet volume. The packet can be formed to
allow oxygen and air to permeate from surrounding environment into
the packet volume to contact the oxygen capturing composition.
Packet sides and walls can be perforated or be formed of porous
material. Perforations can optionally be formed by laser lines.
Alternatively, a non-porous material can be used which is then
opened immediately prior to use. For example, packets can be formed
of plastic film, perforated plastic film, fabric, paper, or the
like. Non-limiting examples of suitable materials include polyester
films, polyester terephthalate (PET) films, paper, and the like.
The packets can range in size depending on the application, and
often range in dimensions of about 1 cm.sup.2 to 100 cm.sup.2.
[0046] Packets may be replaced as necessary. Generally, spent or
used packets can be determined by noting a rise in temperature
within the monitored environment, oxygen sensors, or other similar
approaches. Optionally, one or more packets can be sealed in a
transport package which isolates the packet(s) from exposure to
oxygen until ready for use.
[0047] The invention also relates to methods for using packets of
the combined trona and mono-, di- and tri-carboxylic acids
compositions in moist or humid environments to absorb oxygen from
and prolong the useable life of a variety of perishable products,
which may include foods, fresh vegetables and fruits, grains and
other plant products, animal products and the like. For instance, a
moist or humid atmosphere can be obtained by humidifying or
spraying with water vegetables, fruits or other produce in grocery
stores, restaurants, refrigerated trucks, or other locations, where
packets containing the trona/acids compositions are strategically
placed thereby maintaining the freshness of the produce for a
period longer than is otherwise possible.
[0048] Another method for applying the aqueous composition is to
immerse a perishable product within a water bath or other aqueous
environment. For example, freshly cooked meat under USDA guidelines
requires a drop in temperature from cooking temperature, i.e.
.about.145.degree. C. to .about.45.degree. in six hours or less.
Upon the trona/carboxylic acid coming into contact with water an
endothermic reaction is produced and the temperature within the
immediate surrounding environment is lowered.
[0049] Still another method according to the implementations of the
invention, the trona and di- or tri-carboxylic acid combination can
be formulated as a dry mixture and packaged in moisture absorbent
devices such as permeable packets of various sizes that encase the
combined materials. These packets can be strategically placed in
vicinities appropriate to contact with the perishable products or
otherwise be placed in sufficiently close proximity to affect
atmosphere as described herein. For example, the such packets may
be constructed and used to introduce carbon dioxide into and absorb
oxygen from produce bins, produce loaded into trucks, railway cars
and ships, refrigerators, frozen food lockers, butchered meat
storage lockers and directly to produce to extend the useable life
or shelf life of produce beyond what has been previously possible.
The invention can also be used to prevent exposed, refrigerated
meats, fish, seafood, cheeses, and other similar foods from
prematurely discoloring and spoiling. The shelf life of cookies,
breads, cakes, brown sugar, tortillas, and other dry or
non-refrigerated foods can also be extended according to the
present invention. When used in transportation or storage in bins,
crates, or the like the transportation means, trucks, train cars,
ships etc. will be refrigerated. The same holds true for display in
grocery stores, stands, or other display units where ambient
temperatures would hasten product degradation. Further, packets of
trona and carboxylic acids may be placed in perforated pipes or
other ventilating devices that release carbon dioxide and absorb
oxygen when activated. Once it has been determined how many packets
of trona and carboxylic acid are required for any enclosed
environment they can be place in any desired space and packet size
relative to the material to be treated. It is advantageous that
this material is non-toxic, releases carbon dioxide and, in some
manner not fully understood also absorbs oxygen.
[0050] While not known for a certainty, as previously noted, it
appears plausible that the atoms of an adsorbed gas, such as
oxygen, are in direct chemical combination with the atoms in the
surface of the solid trona carboxylic acid mixture or combinations.
These surface oxygen atoms, by reason of their position, may be in
a chemical state which is somewhat different from that of the atoms
within the body of the solid trona/carboxylic acid combination. The
oxygen atoms adsorbed on the surface of the trona and/or carboxylic
acid mixture may, therefore, be considered as chemically combined,
and their chemical environment is not essentially different from
that of the oxygen atoms just within the bonding "surface" of the
trona carboxylic acids combination itself. It is believed that it
is the trona that provides the surface for the oxygen absorption
and not the di- or tri-carboxylic acid but ongoing tests are being
conducted to verify this belief Where on the surface of the trona
molecule the bonding takes place is not known. What is known is
that it functions in the uptake of oxygen as will be demonstrated
below
[0051] As in the preceding paragraph, it is not known for a
certainty how the solid trona carboxylic acid mixture or
combinations serve as an oxygen absorber. The interaction of the
carbonates or bicarbonates in trona, reacting with the carboxylic
acid certainly function, at least in part, as an acid and base
releasing carbon dioxide and water. However, there are additional
reactions or interactions that take place when trona, a carboxylic
acid and optionally moisture come together that are unexplained in
that, oxygen, in addition to that present in the carbonates, is
taken up such that the oxygen in the surrounding atmosphere is
reduced or minimized.
[0052] Just how the interaction of trona with the carboxylic acid
functions is not readily explained and hence the term oxygen uptake
composition is used over terms oxygen absorber (as used in the
prior art) or oxygen adsorber. However, as used in this disclosure,
the terms oxygen uptake and oxygen absorber/oxygen adsorber and the
like may be used interchangeably. Various theories may be
postulated but what is known through repeated demonstrations is
that the combination of trona and carboxylic acids within the
confines as described herein, and optionally in the presence of
moisture, will reduce, minimize or eliminate the presence of oxygen
in the immediate atmosphere surrounding oxygen perishable
goods.
[0053] Although not required, application of moisture to
strategically placed packets of powdered trona and carboxylic acids
can be accomplished by the introduction of an aqueous spray or
fogging in of mist into the enclosure containing the packets and
perishable product to be treated. For enclosed structures such as
display cases, crates, trucks, railway cars, ships, refrigerated
containers for meats and other food products, and the like this can
be readily accomplished. One distinct advantage of the trona
carboxylic acid mixture is that it produces an endothermic reaction
in addition to providing carbon dioxide and absorbing oxygen and
therefore has an additional cooling effect.
[0054] When the combined cooling and oxygen absorption effect of
items in bunched or clumped form is required, such as the cooling
of large pieces of cooked meat is required, the trona/carboxylic
acid composition of the invention is also preferably contained in a
water and gas permeable packaged form which is added to a water
container holding the meat to be cooled. Chunks of ice plus the
endothermic action of the trona carboxylic acid packets in the
container accelerates the cooling time. Monitoring the temperature
drop and adding additional packets of trona carboxylic acid packets
and ice makes it possible to reduce the cooling time of such cooked
meat from the required six hours to less than three hours. As used
herein "meat" may be inclusive of flesh from all forms of animal
life, preferably used for human consumption. Animal life is broadly
deemed to be inclusive of four-legged animals such as cattle,
sheep, swine, deer, elk, moose and the like which are slaughtered
and used or preserved for human consumption. Animals are also
inclusive of birds of all kinds and primarily those used for human
consumption and lake, stream or sea life including fish, shell fish
and the like.
[0055] Oxygen perishable products per se are not limited to any
specific category of class so long as such product is perishable in
the presence of oxygen and can be passivated or preserved by an
oxygen uptake composition and in the presence of carbon dioxide,
preferably under refrigerated conditions. Therefore, any product or
item such as those mentioned above including products from plants
and animals are inclusive and are exemplified by fruits,
vegetables, grains, meats, dairy products, processed fruits, and
any of the above which have been processed and/or combined into
mixtures such as casseroles, soups, baked goods, or any other
processed form fit within the definition of oxygen perishable
goods. In addition to oxygen perishable goods, it may also be
possible to utilize the trona/carboxylic acid compositions to
stabilize or extend shelf life of oxygen scavenging or absorbing
chemicals such as functioning as an anti-caking agent.
[0056] Applying the trona carboxylic acid packets in the
environment of perishable products also has significant advantages
over conventional humidifying devices. The absorption devices are
self-contained units that do not require electrical power or other
external energy sources. Accordingly, the packets described herein
can be used in many environments where conventional humidifying
devices have been impractical or impossible. The cost of
manufacturing and operating the packets disclosed herein are less
than those associated with conventional humidifying systems, due to
the simple design of the packets, their lack of moving parts, and
their ability to operate without electricity. Another advantages of
using the trona carboxylic acid packets disclosed herein, include
portability, reusability of the packets in different locations, and
ease of use.
[0057] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a liquid or gas permeable
woven packet 100 having a front 105 a back (not shown) and sealed
at the perimeters 101, 102, 103 and 104 enveloping a particulate
mixture of trona and one or more mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic
acids.
[0058] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the packet 100 as shown in
FIG. 2 with a cut away--109 in the front 105 exposing the
particulate mixture 106 consisting of particles of trona 107 and a
mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid 108.
[0059] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a gas permeable only folded
plastic packet 120 having a front 121 a back (not shown) and sealed
at the perimeters 123, 124, and 125 enveloping a particulate
mixture of trona and one or more mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids
(not shown). Optional perforations 126 can be formed in the plastic
film of the packet 120 to allow gases to permeate into and out of
the packet. The plastic packet can be formed of any suitable
material such as plastic film, rigid plastic, porous fabric, and
the like. Non-limiting examples of suitable packet material can
include polyethylene film, woven or non-woven fabric, cloth, and
the like. The perforations can be patterned along lines, along a
grid, or oriented random positions across one or more surfaces of
the packet.
[0060] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the packet 120 as shown in
FIG. 3 with a cut away 127 in the front 121 exposing the
particulate mixture 106 consisting of particles of trona 107 and a
mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid 108. The packet can optionally be
folded along fold 122.
[0061] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an elongated gas permeable
tube 130 having open ends 131 and 132 and containing in partial
breakaway 133, at least one gas permeable packet 120 containing, in
granular form, trona and a mono-, di- or tricarboxylic acid mixture
106 as shown in FIG. 1. Tube 130 can be formed of a material which
is apertured such as a metal mesh 134, grid, perforated sheet, or
the like.
[0062] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a liquid container 140
filled with water 141 holding segments of oxygen perishable goods
142, such as chunks of cooked meat, in need of rapid cooling,
pieces of ice 143 and one or more liquid and gas permeable packets
100 as shown in FIG. 1 enveloping a particulate mixture 106 of
trona 107 and one or more mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids
108.
[0063] FIG. 7 is a cut away view of an enclosed shipping crate 145
containing oxygen perishable fruit 146 and having gas permeable
packets 120 of the trona carboxylic acid mixture 106, as shown in
FIG. 2, distributed throughout the crate 145 as needed to
adsorb/absorb oxygen and produce an atmosphere of carbon dioxide
surrounding the fruit.
[0064] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a produce display 150
containing oxygen degradable produce such as tomatoes 151, lettuce
152, celery 153 and broccoli 154 and retained in a moist
environment by mean of an aqueous spray 156 fed through a supply
line 157 to spray nozzles 155. Also in the environment is a gas
permeable elongated tube 130, as shown in FIG. 5, containing
strategically located gas permeable packets of granulated trona and
a mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acid (not shown) to absorb/adsorb
oxygen form the immediate environment and enhance a presence of
carbon dioxide.
[0065] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of yet another enclosed
refrigerated display container 160 showing oxygen perishable deli
vegetables such as olives 161, cauliflower tips 162, carrot sticks
163, and mushrooms 164 and having inserted into the interior
environment of the container an elongated gas permeable tube 130 as
shown in FIG. 5 containing in one or more gas permeable packets
(not shown) containing, in granular form, trona and a mono-, di- or
tricarboxylic acid mixture as shown in FIG. 3.
[0066] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a warehouse storage unit
170 containing shelving 171 and ventilated throughout as shown by
directional arrows 172. The warehouse is maintained in a moisture
or humidity controlled environment for the storage of oxygen
perishable goods 173. Packets 120 of trona and carboxylic acid as
shown in FIG. 3 may be strategically placed on the shelving 171 to
absorb/adsorb oxygen from environment surrounding the perishable
goods 173 and replace it with a carbon dioxide environment.
[0067] FIG. 11 is a partially cut away view of a shipping container
180 for transporting prepackaged oxygen perishable goods
represented by 181. Goods 181 may be enclosed in containers or
crates which may be sealed or in slatted type crates to promote air
circulation. The container 180 and prepackaged goods 181 within may
be loaded as cargo on a train, truck, ship, airplane or other means
of transportation. Packaged within the goods 181 or in container
180 may be placed any number of trona/acid packets 120 based on the
projected oxygen absorption/adsorption from within the environment
of the goods and also bringing about an enhanced presence of carbon
dioxide within the environment of the oxygen perishable goods. The
moisture present within the cargo space or hold during shipping and
the determination of how much trona/acid should be present and the
size of the packets containing the same can be determined by one
skilled in the art depending on numerous factors, distance of
shipping, humidity of the outside environment, volume of perishable
goods being transported, size of the containers, etc.
[0068] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of a display or shipping
container 185 having a transparent or open top 186 and filled with
oxygen perishable produce such as asparagus 187, grapes 188, apples
189 and cucumbers 190, preferably stored in a humidity controlled
environment and containing gas permeable packets 120 of
trona/carboxylic acid mixtures as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 wherein
the trona/carboxylic acid mixtures are activated by contact with
environment within the container and the surrounding environment to
absorb/adsorb oxygen and enhance the presence of carbon
dioxide.
[0069] FIG. 13 is a front view of a reclosable plastic envelope or
bag 200 that can be resealed at the top 201 by a zipper type action
202. Inserted into the bag 200 are strips of jerky 203 or other
oxygen perishable produce having limited moisture content. Also
contained within the bag are gas permeable packets 120 of a
granular mixture of trona and mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids
such as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The trona/carboxylic acid mixture
is designed to lessen the oxygen content and result in an increase
in carbon dioxide in the bag interior. The amount of
trona/carboxylic acid is determined so as not to dehydrate the
jerky strips such that they become friable. In other words a
minimal amount of moisture is to be tolerated in the jerky strips.
However, the carbon dioxide content is sufficient to prevent the
strips from being contaminated by bacteria, mold, etc. Even with
repeated opening and closing of the bag, the jerky remains free of
such contamination.
[0070] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of a tray 210 or similar type
container having placed thereon absorbed pads 211 on which oxygen
degradable produce such as fresh meat 212 can be placed. Exemplary
of fresh meat 212 is beef, pork, fish and poultry. Illustrated as
the meat 212 in FIG. 14 is a beef steak. The moisture from the
steak will be absorbed by the pads 211. Also on the tray are one or
more gas permeable packets 120 of a granular mixture of trona and
mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic acids such as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.
The tray 210 may be placed in an enclosed display case (not shown)
where oxygen in the environment surrounding the meat is
adsorbed/absorbed by the trona/carboxylic acid mixture in the
packets 120 thereby lessening the oxygen content in this atmosphere
and also resulting in an increase in carbon dioxide in the
surrounding environment.
[0071] FIG. 15 is a top plan view of a gaseous and moisture
absorbent pad 220 for holding meat or other oxygen perishable
produce in an enclosed environment (not shown). In partial break
away is shown a granular mixture of trona 107 and mono-, di- or
tri-carboxylic acids particles 108 embedded in this pad 220 for
absorbing/adsorbing oxygen from the environment surrounding the pad
220 thereby lessening the oxygen content and also resulting in an
increase in carbon dioxide in such environment.
[0072] FIG. 16 is a perspective view of a round storage can or
container 225, such as a No. 10 can, having a closable top or lid
226 and a sealed bottom 227. The interior 228 of the container may
contain oxygen degradable grain kernels 229 such as corn, wheat,
barley, rice, and the like, and also gaseous permeable packets 120
of a granular mixture of trona and mono-, di- or tri-carboxylic
acids. The container 225 may be opened and closed as warranted and
some of the grain kernels 229 removed. Oxygen in the gaseous space
within the container 225 is adsorbed/absorbed by the granular
mixture of trona and carboxylic acid which prevents spoilage from
occurring. Carbon dioxide formed within the container prevents
oxidation of the grain kernels and spoilage from occurring.
[0073] FIG. 17 is a perspective view of a see through storage
container 235 having a sealed bottom 236 and a closable top 237 for
holding dosage units of medication 238 such as pills, tablets,
capsules, lozenges, and the like. Within the container 235, in
addition to the medication 238, is a gas permeable packet or
packets 120 of a granular mixture 106 of trona and mono-, di- or
tri-carboxylic acid particles for absorbing/adsorbing oxygen from
the environment within the container and surrounding the
medication. The container 235 may be opened and closed repeatedly
by removing the top 237 to remove units of medication 238 thereby
allowing for the entrance of oxygen containing outside air. Even
with repeated opening and closing, the oxygen within the interior
of the container 235 will be absorbed by the trona/carboxylic acid
granules for an extended period of time and the carbon dioxide
content within the container will be enhanced preventing the
medication from being oxidized and degraded.
[0074] In one alternative aspect, the granular mixture can be
packaged with cooked foods or other perishable items. For example,
a cooked food can be vacuum sealed with an amount of the granular
mixture resulting in substantially extended shelf life even without
refrigeration. Furthermore, the granular mixture can be heated in a
microwave along with the food upon use by a consumer.
[0075] As mentioned previously, the granular mixture further
reduces chilling loads in refrigerated environments, can reduce
humidity and condensation, and can operate to reduce defrost times.
More specifically, refrigerated environments can include stationary
refrigeration rooms, refrigerated trailers, and the like. The
granular mixture can be oriented adjacent to one or more components
of a refrigeration system to obtain varied benefits as explained
below. Typically, the granular mixture can be retained within a
primary container having gas permeable openings therein to form a
refrigeration load reduction system. Reduced humidity can also
improve adherence of stickers (e.g. compliance, safety and
maintenance stickers). In addition, introduction of the
refrigeration load reduction system can allow for control of the
refrigeration chamber within tighter temperature tolerances. For
example, typical temperature tolerances for walk-in freezers and
refrigerated trailers can be +/- about 10.degree. F. Using the
systems of the present invention can allow for tolerances that are
10% to 50% reduced over conventional tolerances.
[0076] One class of refrigeration units utilizes a refrigerant
fluid (e.g. glycol) which is circulated through pipes (e.g. copper)
which are cooled by the fluid. Fans are used to circulate air
across chilled pipes and into a refrigeration chamber. The chamber
can optionally be a marlite lined room with sealed concrete floors,
although other chambers can be used. A control panel can be used to
adjust target temperatures through varying fluid circulation rates
and optionally fan speed. Over time the cooling pipes and some
other equipment can become encrusted in frost deposits. Such frost
can reduce cooling efficiencies and may damage equipment.
Conventional refrigeration units include a defrost cycle which
removes frost from chilled pipes by heating. Accordingly, multiple
refrigeration units may be used to provide continued cooling during
a defrost cycle of one unit while other unit(s) continue cooling.
In many systems, the defrost cycle is repeated 3-4 times each day,
running up to 35 minutes per cycle. Placement of the refrigeration
load reduction system of the present invention within cooling fluid
circulation paths can dramatically reduce defrost cycle times and
in some cases completely eliminate defrost cycles. In one aspect,
the refrigeration load reduction system can reduce defrost cycle
times by up to 80%, and in some cases about 70%. Similarly, the
refrigeration load reduction system can also reduce moisture which
collects on floors which can reduce potential accidents.
[0077] In another optional aspect, the granular composition can be
mixed with a suitable liquid carrier to form a liquid composition
having superior cooling properties. Although other liquid carriers
may be used, water can be particularly useful. As a general
guideline, about 0.1 to about 15 wt % of granular composition can
be mixed into the liquid carrier. Further, the granular composition
will typically dissolve to form a solution, although in some cases
at least a portion of the granular composition does not dissolve so
as to form a solution and slurry. The liquid composition can be
used as a heat transfer fluid within cooling and refrigeration
units. For example, the liquid composition can be suitable as an
ethylene glycol replacement.
[0078] In yet another optional aspect, the granular composition can
be used as an ice melt. In this case, the granular composition can
be directly applied to areas having undesirable accumulation of ice
such as, but not limited to, conduit surfaces, floors, and the
like. Thus, the granular composition can be applied to an iced
surface in sufficient amounts to reduce or eliminate icing of the
surface.
[0079] Referring generally to FIG. 18, refrigeration load of a
refrigeration unit 300 can be reduced by orienting the
refrigeration load reduction system 302 within a fluid circulation
path 304 of the refrigeration unit which is adapted to cool a
refrigeration chamber 306. The refrigeration unit can be any
refrigeration unit such as a walk-in chiller, refrigerator or
freezer, a commercial display refrigerator or freezer, a
residential refrigerator, a trailer refer, or the like. FIG. 18
illustrates the refrigeration load reduction system oriented at an
intake 308 of the refrigeration unit. Typically, the refrigeration
unit can include a compressor, condenser, evaporator, and a defrost
system (e.g. reversing valve, heater and/or controllers). In one
optional aspect, the refrigeration unit is a compressor driven heat
exchanger. In another aspect, the refrigeration load reduction
system can be oriented adjacent perishable food products 309 within
the refrigeration chamber 306.
[0080] FIG. 19 illustrates one example of a refrigeration load
reduction system which includes a rigid box 310 as the primary
container. The rigid box includes a closeable access opening 312
adapted to allow replacement of the granular composition. The rigid
box can also include openings 314 which allow gases to migrate into
and out of the rigid box to contact the granular composition. The
rigid box can be shaped to fit within a refrigeration intake unit
or attached to an exterior surface of an intake vent. In another
alternative, the rigid box can be shaped to be oriented within a
refrigeration chamber adjacent a refrigeration unit. The rigid box
can be sized to accommodate a particular application. In some cases
a box having dimensions of about several inches in each dimension
can be useful, while in some cases a box having up to 2-3 feet in
one or more dimensions can be used.
[0081] In one example, the refrigeration load reduction system can
be oriented within a refrigeration unit of a tractor trailer (e.g.
with a cooling system sometimes referred to as a "reefer"). As
mentioned, the granular composition reduces chilling loads and
produces CO.sub.2 during use. As a result, perishable products such
as, but not limited to, produce can benefit from extended
freshness. For example, in one product shipment route approximately
40% of romaine lettuce is lost and unusable due to transit times.
Introduction of the refrigeration load reductions system can
substantially increase retained product extending freshness of
romaine lettuce up to about fifteen days. This can often result in
less than 10%, and in some cases less than 5%, loss of product
within an expected transit time. Typically, in the absence of such
approaches, transit times in excess of 16 hours can result in up to
30% losses.
[0082] Furthermore, the refrigeration load reduction system can
also reduce humidity and condensation buildup. Accordingly, in one
example the refrigeration load reduction system can be oriented
adjacent a circuit board of the refrigeration unit. Examples of
such an approach can result in substantial reduction in
condensation around circuit boards and can increase replacement
intervals from about 3 months to about a year or longer.
[0083] Depending on the use conditions and amount of granular
composition, replacement of the granular composition can often
become desirable after a period of time as the granular composition
become depleted and the described advantages begin to taper. The
period of time may vary but is often from about 30 to 90 days.
Therefore, in one optional variation, a secondary container can be
adapted to receive and retain one or more primary containers. For
example, FIG. 20 illustrates an apertured tube 320 having apertures
distributed throughout the tube. A plurality of primary containers
such as packets 322 are oriented within the apertured tube. These
packets were previously described as gas permeable and contain the
granular composition. Optional hangers 324 can be attached to ends
of the tube to allow the aperture tube to be secured within the
fluid circulation path of the refrigeration unit. In one specific
embodiment the apertured tube can be formed of a mesh material,
although any tube having openings therein can be suitable such as,
but not limited to, perforated tubes, solid tubes with one or more
windows or openings, and the like.
[0084] Although the fluid circulation path and refrigeration system
can often be a gas environment, in some cases the refrigeration
system can utilize a liquid circulation path. In such cases, the
refrigeration chamber is filled with a refrigerated liquid which is
circulated past an evaporator or other chilled unit. In one liquid
path example, the refrigeration unit is a chiller tank. In one
specific alternative example, the fluid circulation path is liquid
blood work and the refrigeration unit is a blood cooler. In another
example, the granular mixture can be introduced into a chiller
tank. For example, cooked meats and products can be cooled in a
water or liquid bath. Introduction of the granular mixture can
reduce chilling times by about 30-50%. As a non-limiting example,
72 grams of granular mixture can be introduced for every 400
gallons of chilling liquid. As a general guideline, from about 3 to
about 10 grams (and often about 5 grams) of granular mixture can be
used for each gallon of chilling liquid depending on the desired
chilling effects.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
This Example Demonstrates Oxygen Absorption with Trona/Citric Acid
Mixtures
[0085] In order to test the oxygen removing capacity of the present
invention, an oxygen permeable packet containing trona with citric
acid powder, at a weight ratio of 9:1, was placed in a one inch
diameter by three inch long test tube. In an identical tube a
one-gram sample of a commercial iron/iron oxide powder, also in an
oxygen permeable packet, was tested to compare the oxygen absorbing
results of the present invention to a product that is presently
used commercially. These tubes were sealed for 20 minutes after the
introduction of the packets. A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer
(GC-MS) was used to analyze the oxygen content of the air in the
tube. Ambient air contains greater than 200,000 ppm (parts per
million) by weight oxygen. After twenty minutes exposure of the air
in the respective tubes, the tube containing the trona/citric acid
sample registered 11.06 ppm of oxygen and tube containing the
iron/iron oxide sample registered 15.85 ppm oxygen. The caps were
removed and the tubes were exposed to ambient air for 30 minutes
with the respective samples remaining in the tubes. The tubes were
then sealed for another 20 minutes and the air in the tubes was
again analyzed for oxygen using a GC-MS. The trona/citric acid tube
registered 8.96 ppm oxygen and the iron/iron oxide tube registered
15.23 ppm oxygen. Interestingly, the second test showed better
oxygen removal results than the first test particularly for the
trona/citric acid. Presumably this is due to the trona/citric acid
sample in the tube continuing to absorb oxygen even while the tube
was open to the atmosphere These tests demonstrate that the
trona/citric acid packet absorbed oxygen significantly better than
the iron/iron oxide packet.
Example 2
This Example Confirms the Results of Example 1
[0086] It was calculated that 11.6 mg of the trona/citric acid
product of Example 1 would be comparable, on a w/v basis, to a two
gram packet of the same product in a #10 tin can used for food
storage. To further compare the oxygen removing capacity of the
present invention with the commercial oxygen absorbing iron/iron
oxide product, 11.6 mg of each of these products, in a sealed
oxygen permeable packet, were placed in a one inch by three inch
tube as in Example 1. When the 11.6 mg trona/citric acid packet was
placed in the tube and analyzed after the tube was sealed for 20
minutes as in Example 1, the GC-MS analysis showed the oxygen
content in the tube had been lowered to 43.7 ppm. When the 11.6 mg
of iron/iron oxide packet was sealed in the tube for 20 minutes, it
had reduced the oxygen content to 43.1 ppm. As in Example 1, these
tubes were exposed to air for 30 minutes and after the tubes were
again sealed for 20 minutes, the trona/citric acid tube contained
35.8 ppm oxygen and the iron/iron oxide tube contained 40.2 ppm
oxygen. These tests again demonstrate that the present invention of
trona/citric acid removed oxygen as well as, or better than, the
commercially used iron/iron oxide oxygen-absorbing product.
Example 3
This Example Shows Lengthened Shelf Life of Packaged Jerky at
Ambient Temperatures
[0087] To demonstrate how well the present invention inhibits
bacterial growth, an accelerated 12 month test was conducted on a 4
oz. packet of beef jerky. To this sample of beef jerky a one-gram
packet of trona/citric acid (9:1 w/w) was added. The beef jerky was
contained in a moisture and gas impermeable plastic envelope, and
at the conclusion of the accelerated test, the jerky was removed
and analyzed using the AOAC 966.23 method and the standard plate
count was less than 10 CFU/g. The coliform count was determined
using the AOAC 991.14 method, and it was also found to be less than
10 CFU/g. When the E. Coli count was determined using the same
method, it was also found to be less than 10 CFU/g. Using AOAC
2003.07 method the Staphylococcus count was also found to be less
than 10 CFU/g. To analyze for Salmonella a modified AOAC 998.09
method was used and it was negative in a 25 gram sample. The yeast
and mold were less than 10 CFU/g when the FDA BAM method was used.
The moisture content was found to be 15.89 wt. % when it was
analyzed using a Denver IR-200.
[0088] Generally, after an accelerated 12 month test, the jerky
would be dry and brittle and the bacterial count would be greatly
increased. In this test the moisture content of the jerky packet
was essentially the same as when first packaged. The jerky was not
hard but pliable. Furthermore, the bacterial counts were
comparable, if not less than, when the jerky was first packaged.
These tests clearly demonstrate that the oxygen removing capacity
of the trona/citric acid prevents the drying out of and controls
the bacterial growth on packaged beef jerky.
Example 4
Jerky
[0089] To demonstrate how well the present invention inhibits
bacterial growth, an accelerated 12 month test was conducted on a 6
oz. packet of beef jerky in a plastic envelope as in Example 3. The
only difference was the size of the beef jerky (6 oz.) in the
packet. To this sample of beef jerky a one-gram gas permeable
packet of trona/citric acid (9:1 w/w) was added. The beef jerky
packet was sealed, and at the conclusion of the accelerated test,
the jerky was analyzed using the AOAC 966.23 method and the
standard plate count was 5500 CFU/g. The coliform count was
determined using the AOAC 991.14 method, and it was found to be
less than 10 CFU/g. When the E. Coli count was determined using the
same method it was also found to be less than 10 CFU/g. Using AOAC
2003.07 method the Staphylococcus count was also found to be less
than 10 CFU/g. To analyze for Salmonella a modified AOAC 998.09
method was used and it was negative in a 25 gram sample. The yeast
and mold were less than 10 CFU/g when the FDA BAM method was used.
The moisture content was found to be 9.82 wt. % when it was
analyzed using a Denver IR-200.
[0090] As in Example 3 the moisture content of the jerky packet was
essentially the same as when first packaged. The jerky was not hard
but pliable. Furthermore, the bacterial counts were comparable, if
not less than, when the jerky was first packaged. These tests again
clearly demonstrate that the oxygen removing capacity of the
trona/citric acid prevents the drying out of and controls the
bacterial growth on packaged beef jerky.
Example 5
Jerky
[0091] To further confirm the results of Examples 3 and 4 on
bacterial growth and moisture content of jerky following an
accelerated 12 month test, a third test was conducted on a 4 oz.
packet of beef jerky. The trona/citric acid content was the same as
in Examples 3 and 4. At the conclusion of the tests the bacterial,
yeast and mold counts were as reported in Examples 3 and 4. The
moisture content of the jerky was found to be 16.46 wt. % when it
was analyzed using a Denver IR-200. All of these tests confirm the
results of Examples 3 and 4. In other words the oxygen removing
capacity of the trona/citric acid prevents the drying out of and
controls the bacterial growth on packaged beef jerky.
Example 6
This Example Shows Rapid Cooling of Cooked Chunks of Meat by Means
of Trona/Citric Acid Mixtures
[0092] When large pieces or chunks of meat are cooked, the existing
regulations require that such cooked meats are to be cooled from
the cooking temperature, about 150.degree. F., to about 45.degree.
F. in not more than six hours. In this example, to four tanks,
4'.times.4'.times.4', was added 450 gallons of water and 13 blocks
of ice (each block weighing about 10 lbs.). To two of the tanks was
added two 36 gram packets of trona/citric acid, (9:1 w/w) powder
encased in plastic packets permeable to both liquid and gas.
Approximately 900 lbs of cooked beef shanks, each shank being about
12 to 15 lbs in weight, and which had been cooked at about
150.degree. F. for about 1.5 hours, was added to each tank.
Temperature probes monitored selected pieces of beef shank at 30
minute intervals at the top, center and bottom of each tested shank
until an average temperature of 80.degree. F. was reached. The
shanks in the tubs containing the trona/citric acid packet reach
the 80.degree. F. temperature in an average time of about 1.5 hours
whereas the tanks not containing the trona/citric acid the packet
took about 2 hours. When the meat reached a temperature of about
60.degree. F. the shanks were removed and placed in a cooler room
maintained at 30-35.degree. F. The shanks from the trona/citric
acid tank reached the desired temperature of about 45.degree. F. in
the cooler room in about 3 hours whereas the meat from the
untreated tanks took between 5 and 6 hours.
[0093] The difference in time between the trona/citric acid cooled
shanks and the plain water cooled shanks results in a significant
labor and time savings and also accelerates the efficiency and
throughput of meat from cooking to final cooling temperature
significantly. The financial gain resulting from increased
productivity in a shorter period of time is a major factor in
cooked meat production.
Example 7
Perishable Products
[0094] In reference to FIGS. 5 and 9, tubes containing packets of
trona/acid (9:1 w/w) will enhance the chilling and preservation of
perishable products within an oxygen containing environment. The
oxygen absorbing capabilities of the trona/acid and the production
of carbon dioxide gas stops or slows the growth of spoilage
pathogens within such enclosed environment. Susceptible spoilage
pathogens are inclusive of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other
microorganisms of animal or vegetable origin. Susceptible
environments include, but are not limited to, warehouses or similar
storage facilities to keep perishable products fresh and enhance
cooling properties; manufacturing plants to absorb heat from ovens,
machinery, outside environment; transportation environments to
preserve perishable products for extended periods, i.e. days or
weeks; crates or containers for shipping overland or overseas to
preserve perishable products; refrigerated trucks or reefers to
enhance energy efficiency and save on transportation fuel costs
while simultaneously chilling and preserving perishable products;
maintaining moisture in meats, and produce such as fruits and
vegetables.
[0095] In general the tubes containing trona/acid packets will
extend the life of perishable products such that they maintain
freshness, moisture and reduce or eliminate spoilage depending upon
the number of packets and the amount of trona/acid within the
packets.
Example 8
Perishable Goods
[0096] Packets as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 situated in open and
closable containers containing oxygen perishable goods may be used
to extend the life of such goods even though there are repeated
openings and closings of the containers. This lengthens storage or
shelf life even after repeated opening/closing of the package or
container for days or weeks and also will permit the container to
be made of thinner packaging materials thus reducing costs.
Example 9
Jerky and Dried Fruit
[0097] Into a container as shown in FIG. 13 is placed freshly cured
jerky and/or dried fruit (e.g. pears, apples, peaches, etc.) along
with a packet of trona/acid as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The oxygen
in the container is absorbed by the trona/acid and replaced by
carbon dioxide as a result of the interaction of the trona/acid
with the oxygen. The jerky or fruit, when placed in the container,
will maintain freshness for about 18 months, or even longer if not
subjected to the open atmosphere. The amount of trona/acid will
depend upon the volume of the fruit to be treated.
[0098] Even with continuous opening and closing, the jerky or dried
fruit in the container will remain fresh, i.e. not lose its
moisture content, for 30 days or longer due to the presence of the
trona/acid packets.
Example 10
Produce
[0099] The trona/acid packets in the presence of produce, fruits
and vegetables slows the natural decay process which allows such
produce to maintain better color, texture and smell for up to 30
days from harvest to point of sale. Even additional days of
freshness from the fields to the retailer and in the store may be
obtained when produce is properly handled and refrigerated. The
trona/acid packets removes oxygen and enhances the production of
carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) providing an atmosphere having
bacteriostatic properties that helps to retard the growth of
spoilage bacteria present on fruits and vegetables.
[0100] Particularly when the produce is refrigerated, the
endothermic properties of the trona/acid packets will provide an
atmosphere which chills harvested food quickly and naturally and
extends the freshness of the produce from the fields to the
retailer and in the store; extends refrigerated shelf life of the
produce; reduces the risk of cross contamination and related
liability or the produce; improves the air quality inside
refrigerated storage and display cases (See FIG. 9); reduces
offensive odors thereby in fewer discards, markdowns and
spoilage.
Example 11
Meat
[0101] The trona/acid mixture contained in packets comprise a
natural, non-toxic product. What is beneficial is that this
product, when exposed to the oxygen present on the surface of meat
or in the atmosphere surrounding the meat somehow aids in the
production of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), an inert gas known to have
bacteriostatic properties. CO.sub.2 gas is believed to wrap itself
around meat creating an envelope that helps retard the growth of
spoilage bacteria present on meats.
[0102] By slowing the natural decay process; meats (including red
meat, poultry and fish) maintain better color, texture and smell
consistent with freshness. This property leads to Consumer
takeaway, satisfaction and repeat sales are increased.
[0103] Moreover, growers, producers, wholesalers, shippers,
manufacturers, processors and retailers will realize immediate
benefits when using the combined trona/acid combinations which will
(a) extend the freshness from processing and shipping to the
warehouse and in the store; (b) extend refrigerated shelf life of
red meat, poultry and fish; (c) reduce the risk of cross
contamination and related liability of oxygen degradable products;
(d) improve the air quality inside refrigerated storage and display
cases; (e) reduce offensive odors; and (f) result in the reduction
of discards, markdowns and spoilage of oxygen perishable meat
products.
Example 12
Warehousing and Storage
[0104] When used in refrigerated warehouses and storage units, the
combined trona/carboxylic acid mixture can change the atmospheric
conditions within the enclosed environment to improve efficiencies
in cooling. Temperatures are lowered not only on the oxygen
degradable produce and meats but within the entire warehouse. This
cooling results in enhanced preservation of products along with the
ability for products to retain their moisture content thereby
keeping the produce fresh over a longer period of time.
[0105] The trona/carboxylic acid mixture is a natural and safe
product which not only reduces oxygen content within an enclosed
atmosphere but also somehow, not fully understood, results in the
production of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), which, when removing
oxygen from within the immediate vicinity of oxygen perishable
products, may serve as an inert gas having bacteriostatic
properties. The carbon dioxide gas settles around the oxygen
perishable produce creating an envelope that helps retard the
growth of spoilage bacteria present on produce such as red meat,
poultry, fish, fruits and vegetables.
[0106] By slowing the natural oxidation or decay process in
produce; fruits and vegetables there will be maintained a better
color, texture and smell of such produce. Some of the advantage
attributable to the presence of trona/carboxylic acid packets in
sufficient number and strategically located are: (a) extending
product freshness in the warehouse; (b) increasing the storage days
of products while maintaining fresh meat, fish, produce and dry
goods: (c) reducing the risk of cross contamination and related
liability: (d) improving the air flow, air quality and circulation
inside refrigerated storage and display cases: (e) reducing
offensive odors: (e) minimizing discards, markdowns and spoilage:
(f) lowering the temperature of food naturally: (g) chilling
harvested food products quickly and naturally: and (h) improving
the efficiencies of cooling systems thus reducing power costs.
Example 13
Transportation
[0107] Packets containing trona/carboxylic acid mixtures, in
appropriate amounts and strategically spaced within a cargo space
will protect oxygen perishable goods shipped long distances, i.e.
from one country to another, cross country, and by various means of
transportation, such as air cargo, ships, railway, trucks and any
other means. If appropriately utilized and spaced the
trona/carboxylic acid packets will increase the sustainability of
such oxygen perishable products and add additional days or even
weeks of freshness. By placing trona/carboxylic acid packets in
pallets with product or in the shipping area, it will keep the
product cool, maintain moisture in products, minimize or remove
oxygen in the environment and surround products with carbon dioxide
which, in such an environment possesses bacteriostatic
properties.
[0108] When shipping produce under such conditions the shipper can
add extra days of freshness when transporting produce, meats and
fish, increase geographical coverage with additional days while
keeping perishables fresh. By slowing the natural decay process in
meats, fish and produce during shipping and transportation, foods
stay fresher longer and arrive in the stores with longer shelf life
and less spoilage. As a result the moisture content of the produce
will be maintained, the risk of cross contamination and related
liability will be reduced, the air quality inside the storage area
will be improved and offensive odors reduced. The result will be to
extend the sustainability and freshness of perishable products from
the fields to the retailer and to the stores, the produce will
arrive at the final destination with less spoilage and fewer
discards, and there will be an increased area of geographical
coverage with additional days while keeping perishables fresh.
Example 14
Growers
[0109] Growers and producers of fruits and vegetables have found
that they may preserve their products immediately upon being picked
and/or harvested by the use of the trona/carboxylic acid filled
packets of this invention. As previously stated this trona/acid
combination protects oxygen perishable produce and also results in
enhancing an environment of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2), which has
been shown to have bacteriostatic properties. Fruits and vegetables
are cocooned or enclosed in the stable environment protected by the
trona/acid combination which allows this such produce to retain its
moisture content and remain in a picked or harvested state.
[0110] By slowing the natural decaying process in produce during
harvesting, storage and shipping, which is attributed to the
presence of oxygen, foods stay fresh longer and arrive at stores
with increased shelf life and reduced spoilage.
Example 15
Home Storage/Refrigeration
[0111] Within an enclosed atmosphere, such as a refrigerator or
pantry, the trona/carboxylic acid, when appropriately placed in
oxygen permeable packets will extend the freshness of oxygen
perishable products for up to about one month. In this regard it
will extend the shelf life and retard the growth of bacteria that
may be present on meats, jerky, dried fruit, and produce.
[0112] By slowing the natural decay process in produce; fruits and
vegetables maintain better color, texture and smell. Other
advantages to be found are that it will (a) extend the freshness of
opened food in enclosed areas up to 30 days; (b) improve the air
quality inside home refrigerators and pantries; (c) be ideal for
home food storage and long term emergency preparedness; (d) reduce
the risk of cross contamination or various produce items; (e)
reduce offensive odors; and (f) result in less produce spoilage and
discards.
Example 16
Pharmaceuticals
[0113] Pharmaceuticals, particularly tablets or capsules, are
usually packaged in larger containers for shipment from the
manufacturer to a pharmacy or other intermediary. From there the
pharmaceuticals may be dispensed as is or divided into smaller
containers to pharmacies, hospitals, nursing homes, extended care
facilities. Any pharmaceutical that has a limited shelf-life of
less than a few weeks can particularly benefit from this invention.
Such pharmaceuticals can include, but are not limited to, flu
shots, antibiotics, and the like. If a prescription item, the
pharmaceuticals may be further dispensed in smaller containers. If
marketed without a prescription and are placed on a shelf in the
pharmacy, supermarket, or other retail outlet for the consumer to
purchase they are still considered to be pharmaceuticals for
purposes of this invention. In each of these events the tablets or
capsules are subjected to an open environment numerous times which
may be detrimental to the viability and stability of the
pharmaceutical. This allows the pharmaceutical to be subjected to
an oxygen atmosphere. It is not unusual to have a silica gel or
similar packet present in the container to absorb moisture but the
oxygen content in the surrounding atmosphere is not reduced.
[0114] By placing an appropriate amount of trona/carboxylic acid
packets in the container the oxygen present within the container
will be absorbed and the stability of the pharmaceuticals will be
enhanced. The container having the trona/carboxylic acid packets
will provide an oxygen free environment within its confines and
will continue to absorb oxygen and provide a carbon dioxide
(CO.sub.2), environment within the pharmaceutical container for
days and even weeks although the container may be repeatedly opened
and closed as the tablets or capsules within are dispensed.
Furthermore, the packets additionally reduce moisture content and
can function as a desiccant which can further extend shelf-life of
sensitive pharmaceutical products.
Example 17
Red Blood Cell Transfusions
[0115] Although transfusions can be lifesaving, they are not
without risk. In critically ill patients, red blood cell (RBC)
transfusions are associated with increased morbidity and mortality,
which may increase with prolonged RBC storage before transfusion.
Red blood cells can be stored from 21 to 42 days if kept
refrigerated at 33.8 to 42.8.degree. F. (1 to 6.degree. C.) and an
approved preservative is added. The mean storage time before
transfusion in the United States is 17 days. This shelf life can be
extended if packets of these red blood cells are kept in the
presence of trona/acid packets (as shown in FIG. 3). The oxygen
absorbing capabilities and the production of carbon dioxide gas
stops or slows the growth of pathogens, which help prevent storage
lesion--a set of biochemical and biomechanical changes which occur
during storage within such enclosed environment. Current regulatory
measures are in place to minimize red blood cell, RBC, storage
lesion--including a maximum shelf life (currently 42 days), a
maximum auto-hemolysis threshold (currently 1% in the US), together
with an average 24-hour post-transfusion RBC survival in vivo of
more than 75%. These regulatory measures are exceeded when red
blood cells are stored in the usual manor in the presence of
trona/acid mixture.
Example 18
Whole Blood Transfusions
[0116] Whole blood, unseparated venous blood, can be stored for up
to 35 days if kept refrigerated at 33.8 to 42.8.degree. F. (1 to
6.degree. C.) and an approved preservative is added. This shelf
life can be extended if packets of this whole blood are kept in the
presence of trona/acid packets (as shown in FIG. 3). The oxygen
absorbing capabilities and the production of carbon dioxide gas
stops or slows the growth of pathogens, which help prevent storage
lesion--a set of biochemical and biomechanical changes which occur
during storage within such enclosed environment. The storage
lesions are reduced by the presence of trona/acid and the
transfusion efficacy in a patient is improved. In general the
presence of trona/acid packets will extend the shelf life of whole
blood so that it can be used in blood transfusions, and these blood
transfusions will have greater efficacy.
Example 19
Plasma Transfusions
[0117] Plasma and fractionated plasma products benefit by storage
in the presence of trona/acid packets (as shown in FIG. 3). The
oxygen absorbing capabilities and the production of carbon dioxide
gas stops or slows the growth of pathogens. These conditions
increase the shelf life, and improve the transfusion efficacy in a
patient.
Example 20
Organ Transplants
[0118] Because most transplanted organs are from deceased donors,
the organ must inevitably be stored after its removal from the
donor until it can be transplanted into a suitable recipient. The
donor and recipient are often in different locations, and time is
needed to transport the donor organ to the hospital where the
recipient is being prepared for transplantation. Effective, safe,
and reliable methods are needed to preserve the organ ex vivo until
transplantation can be performed. Acceptable preservation times
vary with the organ. Most surgeons prefer to transplant the heart
within 5 hours of its removal; the kidney can safely be stored for
40-50 hours, but earlier transplantation is preferred. Most
pancreas transplants are performed after 5-15 hours of
preservation. Liver transplantations usually are performed within
6-12 hours. Hypothermia is the preferred technique of organ
preservation because it is simple, does not require sophisticated
expensive equipment, and allows ease of transport. Hypothermia is
beneficial because it slows metabolism. Organs exposed to
normothermic ischemia remain viable for relatively short periods,
usually less than 1 hour. However, biodegradable reactions
continue; these include the accumulation of lactic acid, a decrease
in intracellular pH, proteolysis, lipolysis, and lipid
peroxidation. The oxygen absorbing capabilities and the production
of carbon dioxide gas as disclosed herein stops or slows the growth
of pathogens, which help prevent storage lesion--a set of
biochemical and biomechanical changes which occur during storage
within such enclosed environment. In the presence of trona/acid
(FIG. 3) the conditions are improved, and the preservation of
organs ex vivo can be extended until transplantation can be
performed.
Example 21
[0119] Containers of granular mixture were distributed throughout a
90,000 square foot meat plant as outlined in Table 1 below.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1 Time Time with KWH Location Containers
without Containers (with/without) Holding Cooler 4:30 1:20 876/21.9
Meat Cooler 3:30 2:20 657/43.8 Shipping Dock 4:30 3:20 876/43.8
Packaging Area 4:30 3:20 1076/538 Distribution Cooler 5:30 2:20
1095/43.8 Production Area 3:30 3:20 798/538 Meat Cutting Area 4:30
3:20 1076/538 Total 30:30 19:20 6454/1767.3 Savings 11.1 Hours
4786.7
[0120] Data obtained from Paksense Temp Loggers. Notably, the
observed reduction in energy was just over 25%.
Example 22
[0121] Containers as described in Example 21 were placed in a
standard refrigerated trailer using a reefer unit. An amount of
diesel fuel was used as fuel for the reefer unit. This amounts to a
savings of about 22 gallons/day for this unit without using the
containers of granular composition.
Example 23
[0122] A stationary reefer unit having a refrigeration trailer was
operated for one day as described in Example 21. An amount of 0.5
gallons of fuel was used, as opposed to 2.2 gallons for the same
unit without the containers of granular composition.
Example 24
[0123] Side-by-side reefer units were operated simultaneously under
common conditions with and without the containers of granular
composition. The reefer unit without the granular composition used
11.4 gallons of fuel, while the reefer unit with the granular
composition used 8.4 gallons of fuel.
Example 25
[0124] The reefer unit of Example 24 was again tested with a
refrigeration temperature of 55.degree. F. (outside temperature of
90.degree. F.) and including containers of the granular
composition. An amount of 2.5 gallons of fuel was used over 24
hours. The reefer unit and trailer was aired-out for 3 days and the
test repeated without the containers. The reefer unit used 5
gallons of fuel.
[0125] It should be understood that the foregoing disclosure
relates to exemplary embodiments of the invention and that
modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow.
* * * * *