U.S. patent application number 14/475882 was filed with the patent office on 2016-03-03 for electronically controlled mechanical resistance device for rowing machines.
The applicant listed for this patent is Bojan R. Jeremic, Hrayr Nazarian. Invention is credited to Bojan R. Jeremic, Hrayr Nazarian.
Application Number | 20160059069 14/475882 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55401337 |
Filed Date | 2016-03-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160059069 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Jeremic; Bojan R. ; et
al. |
March 3, 2016 |
Electronically controlled mechanical resistance device for rowing
machines
Abstract
This invention offers a rowing machines' mechanical resistance
device which comprises an electric motor and a programmable
control. While it simulates the beneficial responses of a
mechanical resistance imparting device comprising a fluid pump and
a flywheel, it simultaneously eliminates the compromising effect of
backlash. Said backlash exists on commonly used, state of the art
rowing machines between the idling and the pulling phases of a
rowing stroke. By eliminating backlash, this invention allows
rowers to achieve better rowing form and avoid injury.
Inventors: |
Jeremic; Bojan R.; (Natick,
MA) ; Nazarian; Hrayr; (Lexington, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Jeremic; Bojan R.
Nazarian; Hrayr |
Natick
Lexington |
MA
MA |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55401337 |
Appl. No.: |
14/475882 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
482/5 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A63B 21/225 20130101;
A63B 23/1281 20130101; A63B 2022/0082 20130101; A63B 23/03516
20130101; A63B 24/0087 20130101; A63B 2022/0035 20130101; A63B
22/0076 20130101; A63B 22/0087 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A63B 22/00 20060101
A63B022/00; A63B 24/00 20060101 A63B024/00; A63B 21/22 20060101
A63B021/22; A63B 23/12 20060101 A63B023/12; A63B 23/035 20060101
A63B023/035 |
Claims
1. A device for a rowing machine which provides mechanical
resistance comprising: an electric motor; a motor control means
comprising a means for managing said motor's resistance to rotation
and a microprocessor, wherein said microprocessor's programmed
algorithm causes said motor to produce the mechanical responses of
a simulated device comprising a flywheel and an adjustable fluid
pump; a plurality of motion sensors attached to said motor control
means, wherein said sensors detect the position of said motor's
shaft and the position of the rowing machine's handle to which an
embodiment of this invention is attached to; and a transmission
means, wherein said transmission means drivingly engage said motor
to said rowing machine's user's handle.
2. A unit, according to claim 1, wherein said motor control means
further comprises: a means for collecting and storing electric
charge induced in said motor windings, wherein collected charge is
used to power said motor control means, and power or charge at
least one more auxiliary power draining device; a means to connect
said microprocessor to another computer; a means for charging said
computer using said collected charge; and a switching means,
wherein said switching means selectively engage said motor with
said means for managing said motor's resistance to rotation and
said means to collect and store electric charge.
3. A unit, according to claim 2, wherein said motor control means
stops said motor at the instance of the dead stop between the
idling and the power phase of a rowing stroke.
4. A unit, according to claim 3, wherein said microprocessor's
programmed algorithm comprises: an algorithm simulating said
simulated device during the idling phase of a rowing stroke; an
algorithm simulating said simulated device during the initial piece
of a rowing stroke's power phase; an algorithm simulating said
simulated device during the final piece of a rowing stroke's power
phase.
5. A unit, according to claim 4, wherein said fluid is air, and
wherein said flywheel and said adjustable fluid pump comprising
said simulated device are assumed to rotate in unison.
6. A unit, according to claim 5, wherein said microprocessor's
programmed algorithm related to said idling phase of a rowing
stroke is d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old,
wherein: said d.omega..sub.old represents the drop of said
simulated device's rotating components' angular velocity; said dt
represents the interval between said microprocessor's calculations,
ranging from 0.1 to 200 milliseconds; said J.sub.old represents the
angular moment of inertia of said simulated device's rotating
components; said Kn represents the drag coefficient related to said
air pump's adjustable air flow settings; and said .omega..sub.old
represents the angular velocity of said simulated device's rotating
components.
7. A unit, according to claim 6, wherein said microprocessor's
algorithm related to said initial piece of a rowing stroke's power
phase comprises: an equation,
d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old; a
condition,
(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)>(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier),
wherein: said .omega..sub.new represents the angular velocity of
said motor's shaft, and .omega..sub.new is derived from
measurements related to said motor's shaft position sensors; said
T.sub.multiplier represents a torque multiplier related to the
gearing ratio in said transmission means; an equation,
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt), wherein: said
P.sub.strokePower represents the calculated power response of said
simulated device corresponding to said .omega..sub.old; said hew
represents the angular moment of inertia of said motor's rotor; an
equation,
P.sub.beginStroke=C*(P.sub.max*((.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.o-
ld)-.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)/(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)+P-
.sub.strokePower*(1-((.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-.omega..sub.new*T.-
sub.multiplier) (.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old))), wherein: said
P.sub.beginStroke represents the actual power response implemented
on said motor; said P.sub.max represents the maximum power response
of an embodiment of this invention; said C represents a catch
factor ranging from 0.1 to 1, and wherein C shall be used to
simulate lighter or heavier boat's oar riggings; and a condition,
P.sub.beginStroke<P.sub.strokePower, wherein: if said condition
is satisfied, the algorithm shall override any other related
equations from this claim and set P.sub.beginStroke according to
P.sub.beginStroke=P.sub.strokePower.
8. A unit, according to claim 7, wherein said microprocessor's
algorithm related to said final piece of a rowing stroke's power
phase comprises: an equation,
d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old; a
condition,
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)>=(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-
, wherein: if said condition is satisfied, .omega..sub.old in
subsequent equation shall be calculated according to
.omega..sub.old=.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier; an equation,
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt); and a
condition,
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)<(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old),
wherein: if said condition is satisfied, the algorithm shall
override any other related equations from this claim and set
P.sub.strokePower according to P.sub.strokePower=0;
9. A unit, according to claim 8, wherein said Kn drag coefficient
value changes during exercise, wherein said Kn drag coefficient
values relate to simulating different wind and water stream speed
conditions when rowing real boats.
10. A unit, according to claim 9, wherein said microprocessor's
algorithm related to the final piece of a rowing stroke's power
phase alternates between the algorithm described in claim 8 and an
algorithm causing said motor to produce a constant torque response,
wherein said motor's constant torque response is related to
simulating light weight lifting.
11. A unit, according to claim 3, wherein for the purpose of
calibrating an embodiment of this invention, via using said means
for managing said motor's resistance to rotation, said motor
control means controllably releases tension between said motor and
a retracting cord comprising a rowing machine to which said
embodiment of this invention is attached to, wherein: said
controllable release of tension is used to establish a tension map
of said retracting cord; and said tension map is used to augment
calculations related to rower's power consumption when rowing on
said rowing machine.
12. A unit, according to claim 3, wherein said motor control means
further comprises a means to control said motor drivingly.
13. A unit, according to claim 12, wherein means to control said
motor drivingly engage said motor during the idle phase of a rowing
stroke.
14. A unit, according to claim 3, wherein said transmission means
comprises a one way clutch.
15. A unit, according to claim 3, wherein the method of said means
for managing said motor's resistance to rotation is to controllably
short said motor windings.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to the field of exercise equipment and
more specifically to improvements to rowing machines.
BACKGROUND
[0002] All state-of-the-art rowing machines, including static and
dynamic, have been known to facilitate the simulation of an
oarsmen's motions, similar to ones found in moving rowing shells.
An example of a static rowing machine can be found in U.S. Pat. No.
4,396,188, and an example of a dynamic machine can be found in U.S.
Pat. No. 5,382,210. Both static and dynamic rowing devices commonly
used by serious rowers deploy a mechanical resistance device
comprising a flywheel and an adjustable fluid pump. The flywheel's
inertia simulates a boat's linear inertia, whereas the resistance
imparted largely by the fluid pump simulates an oar blade being
dragged through the water.
[0003] The comparable and beneficial effect related to deploying
flywheels on rowing machines and other exercise devices occurs as a
result of the user's net energy, which is absorbed by the flywheels
on any one of these devices. The resulting flywheel motion provides
the user with feedback from a moving system. For example, on a
rowing machine, the feedback felt by the rower simulates boat
motion. On a stationary bicycle, the feedback simulates motion felt
while on a non stationary bicycle, etc.
[0004] The problem associated with using flywheels on rowing
machines is related to their one directional motion. On most other
exercise devices, the combined forces involved in producing
exercise motion tend to be predominantly aligned with the moving
flywheel. For example, peddling an exercise bicycle involves moving
the feet in a circular motion in one direction. This motion is
synchronous and aligned to the moving flywheel. On rowing machines,
a rowing stroke comprises two parts; the idling and the power
portion. The rower's combined motion during the idling phase is
counter to the motion of the moving flywheel, whereas the combined
motion during the power phase is synchronous and aligned to it.
[0005] In order for a user to disengage or decouple from the
flywheel, both rowing machines and other exercise devices deploy
one way clutches or ratchets. To re-engage the flywheel, a cyclist
may only have to synchronize to it once during a practice. In
contrast, a rower has to catch up to the moving flywheel at the
beginning of the power phase of every stroke during a practice.
Furthermore, in order to catch up to the flywheel, a cyclist may
use her legs only, whereas a rower must use the entire body. Moving
one's legs is certainly a less difficult task than moving one's
entire body.
[0006] On state of the art rowing machines, reconnecting with the
moving flywheel becomes more difficult as the flywheel moves faster
during more intensive exercise. In an effort to catch up to the
flywheel, rowers tend to jerk their shoulders and forearms. The
additional shoulder and forearm movement is not ideal since this
motion is contrary to what should be used when rowing real boats.
Ultimately, the tendency to use the shoulders and the forearms
during the initial portion of the power phase of a rowing stroke
results in an ineffective rowing form and can cause injury.
[0007] To eliminate the drawbacks of a flywheel, it is imperative
that it is completely eliminated from rowing machines. In order to
retain the flywheel's benefits however, it is best to replace its
useful effects with those produced by alternative devices and
methods. To that end, this invention focuses on replacing not just
the flywheel, but the combination of the flywheel and a fluid pump
with an electric motor and its control means.
[0008] The result of replacing the flywheel and the adjustable pump
mechanism with this invention completely eliminates the need for
rowers to catch up to the moving flywheel at the beginning of the
power phase of every stroke. This will eliminate the need for
rowers to over compensate their motion with the unnecessary and
ineffective shoulder and forearm movement. Consequently, by
implementing this invention on current and new rowing machines,
coaches and rowers will significantly diminish the risk of any
motion related injuries.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] The primary goal of this invention is to eliminate the
backlash that exists when exercising on state of the art rowing
machines. This backlash is present between the idling and the
pulling phases of a rowing stroke and occurs on any common rowing
machine that comprises a flywheel. It is hoped that this invention
is used to substitute the flywheel and a mechanical resistance
means with a device comprising an electric motor and a programmable
control means.
[0010] This invention simulates the behavior of a mechanical
resistance device comprising a flywheel and a fluid pump. The major
benefits of the currently used mechanical devices are retained by
reproducing their valuable responses. Importantly, the ability to
program the responses from the new system allows for the removal of
the drawbacks inherent in the state of the art technology. The
substitution of a purely mechanical device with a microprocessor
controlled device also provides additional benefits, such as
programmable workout modes.
[0011] By eliminating the backlash occurring on commonly used
rowing machines, this invention allows the rowers to execute stress
free rowing strokes. Stress free rowing leads to achieving better
rowing technique which then translates to faster moving boats. More
importantly, better rowing technique contributes to significantly
reducing the potential for rowers to sustain motion related
injuries.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 shows an example of prior art device.
[0013] FIG. 2 shows a system comprising an example of prior art
device coupled to a DC motor. This system is used to establish the
drag coefficient of the prior art device. Further details are
disclosed in the Detailed Description of the Preferred
Embodiments.
[0014] FIG. 3 shows an embodiment of this invention.
[0015] FIG. 4 shows the algorithm table used in the preferred
embodiment of this invention.
[0016] FIG. 5 shows the basic functional components of this
invention. Further details are disclosed in the Detailed
Description of the Preferred Embodiments.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0017] This invention is intended to replace a common mechanical
resistance device that comprises a flywheel. An example of such
device is shown in FIG. 1, where system 1 is an air pump, and said
pump comprises a flywheel 6, impelling vanes 3, a safety shroud 5,
and an air intake valve 4.
[0018] An embodiment of this invention is shown in FIG. 3. It
comprises a motor 8, a transmission means 10, an optional one way
clutch 11 and a microprocessor driven motor control means 9. FIG. 3
also depicts an electrical cord 13, connecting said motor control
means to said motor, the motor mounting brackets 12, and a
controller wire harness 14. Said harness comprises component wires
used to connect said controller to sensors and an auxiliary
computer (all not shown in FIG. 3.)
[0019] For the purpose of this discussion, the subsequent
paragraphs will refer to a common state of the art system, (similar
to the system illustrated in FIG. 1) as the old device (OD) and the
embodiments of this invention (similar to the system illustrated in
FIG. 3) shall be referred to as the new device (ND).
[0020] The ND's general function is to simulate the power responses
to those of the OD. However, the simulation of said responses is
omitted for the initial piece of a rowing stroke's power phase, in
order to avoid the adverse effect of backlash. Said backlash is
present between the idling and the pulling phases of a rowing
stroke and occurs on any OD that comprises a flywheel.
[0021] Generally, in order to simulate the power response of an OD,
it is imperative to include all of its power response components.
In examining prior art, it is known that the power response of an
OD can be written as the sum of the power response related to drag
and the power response related to inertia
(P.sub.combinedOld=P.sub.dragOld+P.sub.inertiaOld). If a ND is to
simulate the OD's power responses, the ND shall have identical
power responses to that of the OD, where
P.sub.dragOld=P.sub.dragNew and
P.sub.inertiaOld=P.sub.inertiaNew.
[0022] A ND shall be sized such that when drivingly coupling either
the ND or the OD via their respective transmission means to the
user's handle, the torque response of the ND shall be identical to
that of the OD. More precisely, the torque response of the ND shall
be equal to that of the OD multiplied by a torque multiplier
(T.sub.multiplier), where T.sub.multiplier represents the ratio
between the gear ratios of the ND's and the OD's transmission
means. If the gear ratio of the ND's transmission means is
identical to that of the OD, T.sub.multiplier is equal to 1.
Otherwise, T.sub.multiplier is either greater than or a fraction of
1. The details of sizing the ND are omitted, as a similar procedure
can be accomplished by those skilled in the art of mechanical or
electrical engineering.
[0023] Similar to the relationship between the torque responses of
the two devices, the relationship between the angular velocities of
the two devices' rotating components is also related to the same
torque multiplier (T.sub.multiplier.) The angular velocity of the
ND's rotating parts (.omega..sub.new) shall be determined from the
angular velocity of the OD's rotating parts (.omega..sub.old)
divided by T.sub.multiplier. Or, the angular velocity of the OD's
rotating parts (.omega..sub.old) shall be determined by the angular
velocity of the ND's rotating parts (.omega..sub.new) multiplied by
T.sub.multiplier.
[0024] The power response of the OD related to drag (P.sub.dragOld)
can be obtained by determining the OD's drag coefficient (Kn) and
the angular velocity of its rotating parts (.omega..sub.old), where
the equation for obtaining said power response is
P.sub.dragOld=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3. The details of establishing
said equation are known from examining prior art. Since
.omega..sub.old is also equal to the product of said torque
multiplier (T.sub.multiplier) and the angular velocity of the ND's
rotating parts (.omega..sub.new), .omega..sub.old can be determined
by obtaining .omega..sub.new via measurements. Unlike obtaining
.omega..sub.old, which can be accomplished by known means,
obtaining the drag coefficient factor Kn is not obvious. Hence, a
similar procedure is discussed hereafter.
[0025] A drag coefficient Kn is related to the air intake valve 4
(FIG. 2) openings. An example is shown in FIG. 2 where hole A10,
belonging to valve 4, is aligned with the locking pin 7. At that
setting, valve 4 causes the OD to consume the least amount of air
and the drag coefficient factor (Kn) is denoted as K10. Similarly,
in FIG. 1, pin 7 is aligned with hole A5. At that setting, valve 4
causes the OD to consume the most amount of air, and Kn is denoted
as K5. In examining the setting related to K10 in FIG. 2, and
considering said equation showing the drag related power effect
(P.sub.dragOld=Kn* .omega..sub.old.sup.3), K10 can be calculated
from K10=P.sub.dragOldK10/.omega..sub.old.sup.3, where
P.sub.dragOldK10 is the power consumed by the air drag at setting
related to K10. Hence, for a given OD's angular velocity of its
rotating parts (.omega..sub.old), the drag coefficient factor K10
can be established by measuring P.sub.dragOldK10.
[0026] To measure P.sub.dragOldK10, the OD (FIG. 2) is coupled to a
DC motor 2 and its controller (not shown) comprising known means.
By driving the DC motor, the overall system, which comprises the OD
and the DC motor, is set to a steady arbitrary rotational speed
(.omega..sub.test), where .omega..sub.old=.omega..sub.test. The
requirement at .omega..sub.test is that the voltage supplied to the
DC motor is greater than the nominal voltage of the DC motor for
.omega..sub.test under no load. At .omega..sub.test, the power
response of the OD related to K10 is equal to its measured power
response (P.sub.dragOldK10=P.sub.dragTest), where P.sub.dragTest is
equal to the product of the DC motor's measured voltage
(V.sub.test) and the DC motor's measured current (I.sub.test). For
the purpose of this discussion, all relatively negligible
inefficiencies of the DC motor and its controller are omitted. Once
P.sub.dragOldK10 and .omega..sub.test are known, K10 is easily
calculated using the above indicated equation
K10=P.sub.dragOldK10/.omega..sub.old.sup.3. A similar procedure can
be used to establish any other air drag coefficient (Kn),
corresponding to any air intake valve 4 setting A1-10 (FIG. 1 or
FIG. 2). Although it is possible to establish an almost infinite
number of air drag coefficient factors ranging from K1 to Kn, in
developing the embodiments of this invention, there were ten
discreet Kn factors considered. Said ten Kn factors correspond to
ten discrete air intake valve 4 openings spread across the full
valve 4 openings range.
[0027] From examining prior art, the power response of the OD
related to inertial effect of its rotating parts is given by
P.sub.inertiaOld=.omega..sub.old*J.sub.old*(d.omega..sub.old/dt),
where J.sub.old is the angular moment of inertia,
d.omega..sub.old/dt is the angular acceleration and .omega..sub.old
is the angular velocity of the OD's rotating parts. Similarly, the
equation representing the power response of the ND related to
inertial effect of its rotating parts is given by
P.sub.inertiaNew=.omega..sub.new*J.sub.new*(d.omega..sub.new/dt)- .
By merging both equations, the power response of the OD related to
inertial effect of its rotating parts is given by
P.sub.inertiaOld=P.sub.inertiaNew+.omega..sub.old*
(J.sub.old-J.sub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt),
where .omega..sub.new=.omega..sub.old/T.sub.multiplier (shown
above). In said equation, J.sub.new represents the angular moment
of inertia of the ND's rotating parts, which comprises the motor's
rotor. This equation also shows that the power response of an OD
related to inertial effect of its rotating parts (P.sub.inertiaOld)
comprises the physically existing component (P.sub.inertiaNew) and
the virtual component
.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.sub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..su-
b.old/dt). When simulating the inertia related power response of
the OD, P.sub.inertiaNew should be omitted from calculations
(because it represents a physically existing component). It is also
important to observe that the real inertial effect related to the
ND (P.sub.inertiaNew) should only be considered when a rower is
drivingly engaged to the ND, during the power phase of a stroke.
Calculating the above listed equation requires obtaining J.sub.old
and J.sub.new, which can be accomplished by known means. The
angular velocity .omega..sub.old and also the angular acceleration
d.omega..sub.old/dt of the OD's rotating parts, as discussed in
previous paragraphs of this section can be calculated from the
angular velocity of the ND's motor rotor (.omega..sub.new) and
torque multiplier T.sub.multiplier.
[0028] A rower's overall power response while drivingly engaged to
the ND, during the power phase of a rowing stroke, can be
summarized by P.sub.rower=P.sub.combinedNew=P.sub.combinedOld.
According to shown equations, the combined calculated power of the
ND is
P.sub.combinedNew=P.sub.rower=P.sub.dragOld+P.sub.inertiaOld=Kn*.omega..s-
ub.old.sup.3+P.sub.inertiaNew+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.sub.new/T.sub.m-
ultiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt). As stated in the previous
paragraph, the simulated combined power response of the OD during
the power phase of a rowing stroke is calculated after discounting
the real inertial power effect of the ND. The resulting equation is
P.sub.combinedOldSimulatedPower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*-
(J.sub.old-J.sub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt).
In the claims section, as well as in FIG. 4 of this application,
P.sub.combinedOldSimulatedPower is shown as P.sub.strokePower,
where P.sub.combinedOldSimulatedPower=P.sub.strokePower.
[0029] When considering the idling portion of a rowing stroke, it
is important to discuss relevant observations before introducing
any mathematical representation of a simulated power response of
the OD. As is the case during said portion of a stroke when rowing
on a prior art device, a rower is completely decoupled from the OD.
This decoupling is usually accomplished via the use of a one way
clutch and the total power input of a rower to the OD due to said
decoupling is zero (P.sub.rower=0). Therefore, if a ND is to
simulate the OD, the assumption of P.sub.rower=0 should also exist
for the ND. This assumption is made whether or not a rower is
drivingly engaged to the ND (during the idle phase of a stroke.) If
the ND's transmission means 10 (FIG. 3) comprises a one way clutch
11, during the idling portion of a rowing stroke, a rower is not
drivingly engaged to the ND. Alternatively, if a one way clutch is
absent, a rower would be drivingly engaged. Ultimately, throughout
the idling portion of a rowing stroke, the simulation of the OD has
to account for the full inertial effect related to the OD's
rotating parts only.
[0030] In light of the information presented above, the combined
simulated power of the OD during the idling phase of a rowing
stroke can be summarized with
P.sub.combinedOldSimulatedIdle=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*J-
.sub.old*(d.omega..sub.old/dt)=P.sub.rower=0. The equation is used
to derive the simulated instantaneous rotational velocity of the
OD's rotating parts (.omega..sub.old). It is transformed to
.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old, where dt
represents the duration of the ND's calculating algorithm and
d.omega..sub.old represents the negative change of the simulated
OD's rotating components' angular velocity (.omega..sub.old), over
said interval (dt). Coincidentally, obtaining d.omega..sub.old and
.omega..sub.old from the same equation applies in any other case
where a rower is not drivingly engaged to the ND. For example,
during the final portion of the power phase of a rowing stroke, a
rower may decide to stop pulling half way through the stroke, for
whatever reason. To determine if a rower is engaged drivingly,
during this portion of a stroke, .omega..sub.old shall be tracked
not only by using said .omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier, but also
using said d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2* dt/J.sub.old.
For a given interval dt, if
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)>=(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-
, a rower is engaged drivingly. Similarly, if
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)<(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old),
a rower is not engaged drivingly to the ND. When a rower is not
drivingly engaged, the power response of the ND shall be zero. This
condition is shown as P.sub.strokePower=0 in both FIG. 4 and the
claims section.
[0031] In addition to the idle and the final portion of the power
phase of a rowing stroke, it is also important to consider the
initial portion of the power phase of a stroke. To avoid the major
drawback inherent in the ODs, where rowers have to work to "chase"
the moving flywheel, the ND shall completely stop said motor 8
(FIG. 3) at the point where there is a dead stop between the idle
and the power phase of a rowing stroke. By stopping the motor, the
ND shall synchronize its motion to that of the rower's body. In
this document, the case of rowers "chasing" the OD's flywheel from
said dead stop is also referred to as the OD's backlash. In
addition to stopping said motor at the instance of said stop, the
ND's algorithm shall cause the same motor to provide substantial
torque, countering the rower's pull. This torque will allow a rower
to immediately engage the device without having to execute any
sudden motion.
[0032] Halting the ND's motor at the dead stop between the idle and
the power phases of a rowing stroke also causes the ND to lose any
motion feedback. Regardless, the algorithm should still maintain a
simulated angular velocity .omega..sub.old of the OD's rotating
parts by calculating said equation
d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old, every said
interval dt.
[0033] As a rower becomes drivingly engaged to the ND (immediately
following the instance of the dead stop between the end of the
idling and the beginning of the power phase of a rowing stroke),
the simulated power response algorithm should be said
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt). However,
since at that stop, the ND's real .omega..sub.new is purposely set
to 0 and .omega..sub.old=.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier, using
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt) would result
in the simulated power response of 0. Instead, as indicated above,
the power response of the ND is set to produce a substantial torque
response. To help resynchronize the ND's
.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier with that of the simulated
.omega..sub.old of the OD, the algorithm shall decrease the power
responses of the ND over a few intervals dt. As long as the
calculated .omega..sub.old remains less than
.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier (obtained via measurements), the
power response values of the ND should keep diminishing from a
maximum set at said dead stop.
[0034] The following equation is introduced to smoothly transition
between a maximum power setting at said dead stop and the point
where .omega..sub.old obtained from
d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old is equal to
.omega..sub.old obtained from measurements,
(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)==(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier):
P.sub.beginStroke=C*(P.sub.max*((.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-.omeg-
a..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)/(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)+P.sub.stro-
kePower*(1-((.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multi-
plier)/(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old))).
[0035] In said equation, P.sub.beginStroke is the power response of
the ND during the initial portion of the power phase of a rowing
stroke. P.sub.max is the maximum power response of the ND and
P.sub.strokePower is the calculated power obtained from
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multipher.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt) (equation
mentioned above). Term
((.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)-.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)/(.o-
mega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old) is used for percent biasing, where
if for example .omega..sub.new is equal to zero, this term yields 1
(100%). If (.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)
==(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier), the term yields 0 (0%), etc.
At said dead stop, since .omega..sub.new is equal to 0,
P.sub.beginStroke=C*P.sub.max, and at the point where
(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)==(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier),
P.sub.beginStroke=C* P.sub.strokePower. The value C represents a
catch factor and should range between 0.1 and 1. Higher C values
translate to harder power/torque responses of the ND and vice
versa. The catch factor should help simulate different oar riggings
and as such, it should be selectable by the rowers. Selecting
smaller C values will provide rowers a sensation of rowing with a
lighter rigged oar and vice versa.
[0036] From the point of the power phase of a rowing stroke where
the simulated angular velocity of the OD's rotating parts
(.omega..sub.old) becomes first equal and then less than the
product .omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier, and toward the end of the
power phase of a stroke, the algorithm to provide the power
responses to rowers is
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt) (equation shown
above). This equation is valid as long as the condition
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)>=(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old)
is satisfied, where
d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old(shown
above). If
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)<(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old),
the response of the ND should be set to 0 (P.sub.strokePower=0).
The P.sub.strokePower=0 case is relevant if the ND's transmission
means does not comprise a one way clutch, in which case it becomes
necessary to simulate the condition where the rower disengages from
the system drivingly
((.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)<(.omega..sub.old-d.omega-
..sub.old)). However, if the ND comprises a one way clutch, setting
P.sub.strokePower=0 would not be necessary, as said clutch would
provide the torque disengagement to the rower.
[0037] FIG. 4 shows a table summarizing the three discussed
portions of a rowing stroke and their respective algorithms. It
also lists whether or not it is necessary to obtain .omega..sub.new
in order to implement said algorithms. Finally, it shows the
effects on a rower produced by deploying said algorithms. For
example, for the final piece of the power portion of a rowing
stroke, the summary table shows that the implemented algorithm
comprises equation
P.sub.strokePower=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.3+.omega..sub.old*(J.sub.old-J.s-
ub.new/T.sub.multiplier.sup.2)*(d.omega..sub.old/dt), as long as
the condition
(.omega..sub.new*T.sub.multiplier)>=(.omega..sub.old-d.omega-
..sub.old) is met. Simultaneously, d.omega..sub.old is calculated
from d.omega..sub.old=Kn*.omega..sub.old.sup.2*dt/J.sub.old. In
case that (.omega..sub.new*
T.sub.multiplier)<(.omega..sub.old-d.omega..sub.old), power to
the motor/rower is set to 0 (P.sub.strokePower=0). In addition, the
table shows that during the same phase of a stroke, in order to
calculate said equations, it is required to obtain the measured
rotational velocity of the ND's rotating parts (.omega..sub.new).
Finally, for that same portion of a stroke, the table shows that
the effect of the algorithm on the ND's motor, and henceforth the
rower, is the power setting P.sub.strokePower.
[0038] FIG. 5 shows the basic functional components of this
invention's preferred embodiment. The management of the motor via
the use of algorithms is accomplished by said motor control means 9
comprising a microprocessor 15, where said microprocessor shall
obtain the signals from the attached sensors 16, and process said
signals to obtain the parameters necessary to calculate said
algorithms. Calculating parameters from sensors 16, as well as
running algorithm equations, shall occur every said interval dt.
The sensors 16 should comprise said motor's shaft position sensors
16a and at least one sensor providing signals related to the handle
of the rowing machine 16b. Using the motor's shaft position
sensor's signals, and said interval dt, the microprocessor shall
calculate the angular velocity of said motor rotor
(.omega..sub.new). The same signals should also be used to
establish a rowing stroke's phase and position. In a situation
where said transmission means 10 (FIG. 3) comprises a one way
clutch 11, establishing a stroke's phase and position will also
require using the handle position signals 16b (FIG. 5). Said handle
position signals should also be used to determine that the idle and
the power phases of a rowing stroke are not mistaken for one
another. If a ND's transmission means 10 (FIG. 3) comprises a one
clutch 11, both set of sensors (16a and 16b) shall be used to
establish a tension map of the rowing machine's cord retracting
device. If said clutch is absent, accomplishing a similar task
would require only the motor shaft position sensor signals 16a
(FIG. 5). Said tension map of said retracting means shall be
included when calculating rower's power consumption.
[0039] The motor control means 9 (FIG. 5) also comprises a
switching means 17 that shall selectively connect the motor 8 to
either the means for managing said motor's resistance to rotation
18, or the means for collecting and storing electric charge 19, or
an optional means for drivingly engaging the motor 15. During the
power phase of a rowing stroke, said switching means 17 should
alternate between connecting the motor windings 8a to the means for
managing said motor's resistance to rotation 18 and the means for
collecting and storing electric charge 19. During the idle phase of
a rowing stroke, said switching means 17 could optionally engage
said motor windings 8a to the means for drivingly engaging the
motor 15.
[0040] Finally, said motor control means 9 (FIG. 5) also comprises
a means to connect said microprocessor to an auxiliary computer 20.
Said computer shall obtain data related to all discussed algorithms
from the microprocessor 10, and shall calculate various workout
display parameters from said data, such as rower's power
consumption, traversed distance etc. Furthermore, the auxiliary
computer 21 shall also set input parameters to the microprocessor
10, such as said drag coefficient Kn or said catch factor C.
Alternating drag coefficient Kn shall simulate various conditions
experienced in rowing boats, e.g. rowing upstream, or rowing along
tail wind etc. Alternating catch factor C shall simulate lighter
versus heavier boat's oar riggings.
[0041] The harnessed energy obtained from the motor windings 8a
(FIG. 5), and stored by the means for collecting and storing
electric charge 19, shall be used to charge or power the motor
control means 9, as well as the auxiliary computer 21.
* * * * *