U.S. patent application number 14/928949 was filed with the patent office on 2016-02-25 for systems for characterizing resonance behavior of magnetostrictive resonators.
The applicant listed for this patent is Auburn University. Invention is credited to Zhongyang Cheng, Bryan Chin, Anxue Zhang, Kewei Zhang.
Application Number | 20160054269 14/928949 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47089838 |
Filed Date | 2016-02-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160054269 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cheng; Zhongyang ; et
al. |
February 25, 2016 |
Systems for Characterizing Resonance Behavior of Magnetostrictive
Resonators
Abstract
Illustrative embodiments of systems for characterizing resonance
behavior of magnetostrictive resonators are disclosed. In one
illustrative embodiment, an apparatus may comprise a first channel
including one or more driving coils and one or more
magnetostrictive resonators, the first channel having a first
impedance; a second channel having a second impedance, the second
impedance differing from the first impedance by an impedance
attributable to the one or more magnetostrictive resonators; a
signal source configured to apply an input signal to both the first
and second channels; and a signal receiver configured to generate a
combined output signal in response to output signals measured from
both the first and second channels.
Inventors: |
Cheng; Zhongyang; (Auburn,
AL) ; Zhang; Anxue; (Xi'an, CN) ; Zhang;
Kewei; (Auburn, AL) ; Chin; Bryan; (Auburn,
AL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Auburn University |
Auburn |
AL |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47089838 |
Appl. No.: |
14/928949 |
Filed: |
October 30, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13441572 |
Apr 6, 2012 |
9201048 |
|
|
14928949 |
|
|
|
|
61472346 |
Apr 6, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
324/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01N 33/02 20130101;
G01N 29/30 20130101; G01N 29/2412 20130101; G01R 33/44 20130101;
G01N 2291/014 20130101; G01N 2291/023 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G01N 29/24 20060101
G01N029/24; G01R 33/44 20060101 G01R033/44 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH
[0002] This invention was made with government support under
USDA-2009-34605-198055 and USDA-2005-343941-5674A, both awarded by
the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and USGS-06HWGR0070, awarded by
the U.S. Geological Survey. The government has certain rights in
the invention.
Claims
1. Apparatus comprising: a first channel including one or more
coils and one or more magnetostrictive resonators, the first
channel having a first impedance; a second channel having a second
impedance, the second impedance differing from the first impedance
by an impedance attributable to the one or more magnetostrictive
resonators; a signal source configured to apply an input signal to
both the first and second channels; and a signal receiver
configured to generate a combined output signal in response to
output signals measured from both the first and second
channels.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators comprise a plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators.
3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more coils surround
a first portion of a sample and the one or more magnetostrictive
resonators are disposed in the first portion of the sample.
4. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators each comprise a sensing element that
reacts with a target species in the sample.
5. The apparatus of claim 3, wherein the second channel includes
one or more coils surrounding a second portion of the sample and no
magnetostrictive resonators are disposed in the second portion of
the sample.
6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second channel further
includes a linear element electrically coupled to the one or more
coils of the second channel.
7. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first channel further
includes a linear element electrically coupled to the one or more
coils of the first channel.
8. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the signal source is
configured to sweep the input signal over a range of frequencies
including a resonance frequency of the one or more magnetostrictive
resonators.
9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the combined output signal is
a difference between the output signals measured from both the
first and second channels.
10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the combined output signal is
a ratio between the output signals measured from both the first and
second channels.
11. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a processor
configured to determine a resonance behavior of the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators in response to the combined output
signal.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the resonance behavior of
the one or more magnetostrictive resonators comprises a resonance
frequency of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators.
13. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the resonance behavior of
the one or more magnetostrictive resonators comprises a quality
factor of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators.
14. A method comprising: applying an input signal to a first
channel including a magnetostrictive resonator, the first channel
having a first impedance; applying the input signal to a second
channel having a second impedance, wherein the second impedance
differs from the first impedance by a magnetostrictive resonator
impedance; generating a combined output signal in response to
output signals measured from both the first and second channels;
and determining a resonance behavior of the magnetostrictive
resonator in response to the combined output signal.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein applying the input signal to
the first channel and applying the input signal to the second
channel are performed simultaneously.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the combined output
signal comprises subtracting a second channel output signal from a
first channel output signal.
17. The method of claim 14, wherein generating the combined output
signal comprises calculating a ratio between a first channel output
signal from a second channel output signal.
18. A method comprising: applying a stepped electrical signal to
one or more driving coils to generate a first time-varying magnetic
field; measuring a decaying electrical signal from one or more
pick-up coils, wherein the one or more pick-up coils receive a
second time-varying magnetic field generated by a plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators in response to the first time-varying
magnetic field; and determining a resonance frequency of each of
the plurality of magnetostrictive resonators using a Fast Fourier
Transform of the decaying electrical signal.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein applying the stepped electrical
signal to one or more driving coils comprises applying an
electrical pulse having a width that is smaller than each period
corresponding to the resonance frequencies of the plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators.
20. The method of claim 18, wherein measuring the decaying
electrical signal from one or more pick-up coils comprises using
first and second pick-up coils that are wound in opposite
directions.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/441,572, filed on Apr. 6, 2012, which
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
61/472,346, filed on Apr. 6, 2011. The entire disclosures of the
foregoing applications are expressly incorporated herein by
reference.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The present disclosure relates, generally, to
magnetostrictive resonators and, more particularly, to systems for
characterizing the resonance behavior of magnetostrictive
resonators. It will be appreciated by those of skill in the art
that magnetostrictive resonators are also sometimes referred to as
magnetoelastic resonators, and the present disclosure will refer to
both types of devices as "magnetostrictive resonators," or simply
"resonators."
[0004] Biosensor systems may be used to detect and/or measure the
presence of a wide variety of biological species (e.g., pathogenic
bacteria and viruses that are widely found in food, soil, and
water). A typical biosensor system comprises of three parts: (1) a
sensing element, (2) a sensor platform, and (3) an interrogation
system. The sensing element (e.g., antibody, phage, etcetera) may
react with a target species in a sample due to its biomolecular
recognition properties, which results in a physical and/or chemical
change in the sensing element. As the change in the sensing element
is usually not observable by direct human visualization, the sensor
platform is utilized to detect and/or measure this change. In other
words, the sensor platform converts the physical and/or chemical
change in the sensing element into an output signal (e.g., an
electromagnetic signal). The interrogation system is used to
measure the output signal of the sensor platform (and often
performs signal amplification, processing, and display, among other
operations). Such biosensor systems may offer many advantages, such
as sensitivity, ease of operation, and fast detection, making
biosensor systems an excellent candidate for in-the-field detection
and/or monitoring.
[0005] Various types of sensor platforms have been investigated in
the development of high-performance biosensor systems, such as
acoustic wave devices and optical fiber devices. Among the acoustic
wave devices, magnetostrictive resonators provide many advantages.
For instance, one advantage of magnetostrictive resonators over
other acoustic wave devices is that magnetostrictive resonators may
be wirelessly interrogated. When a magnetic field is applied to a
magnetostrictive resonator, the shape of the resonator will change
depending on the magnetic field. If a time-varying magnetic field
is applied, a vibration will be introduced in the magnetostrictive
resonator. The magnetostrictive resonator then generates its own
time-varying magnetic field, which may be wirelessly measured. When
coupled with one or more sensing elements, a magnetostrictive
resonator may operate as a mass sensor because its resonance
frequency will change with a mass load. In such embodiments, the
resonance frequency of the magnetostrictive resonator serves as the
output signal of the sensing platform. For high-performance
biosensor systems to fully utilize the advantages of
magnetostrictive resonators as sensing platforms, appropriate
interrogation systems are needed.
SUMMARY
[0006] According to one aspect, an apparatus may comprise a first
channel including one or more coils and one or more
magnetostrictive resonators, the first channel having a first
impedance, a second channel having a second impedance, the second
impedance differing from the first impedance by an impedance
attributable to the one or more magnetostrictive resonators, a
signal source configured to apply an input signal to both the first
and second channels, and a signal receiver configured to generate a
combined output signal in response to output signals measured from
both the first and second channels.
[0007] In some embodiments, the one or more magnetostrictive
resonators may comprise a plurality of magnetostrictive resonators.
The one or more coils may surround a first portion of a sample and
the one or more magnetostrictive resonators may be disposed in the
first portion of the sample. The one or more magnetostrictive
resonators may each comprise a sensing element that reacts with a
target species in the sample. The second channel may include one or
more coils surrounding a second portion of the sample and no
magnetostrictive resonators are disposed in the second portion of
the sample. The second channel may further include a linear element
electrically coupled to the one or more coils of the second
channel. The first channel may further include a linear element
electrically coupled to the one or more coils of the first channel.
The signal source may be configured to sweep the input signal over
a range of frequencies including a resonance frequency of the one
or more magnetostrictive resonators.
[0008] In some embodiments, the combined output signal may be a
difference between the output signals measured from both the first
and second channels. In other embodiments, the combined output
signal may be a ratio between the output signals measured from both
the first and second channels. The apparatus may further comprise a
processor configured to determine a resonance behavior of the one
or more magnetostrictive resonators in response to the combined
output signal. The resonance behavior of the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators may comprise a resonance frequency of
the one or more magnetostrictive resonators. The resonance behavior
of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators may comprise a
quality factor of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators.
[0009] According to another aspect, a method may comprise applying
an input signal to a first channel including a magnetostrictive
resonator, the first channel having a first impedance, applying the
input signal to a second channel having a second impedance, wherein
the second impedance differs from the first impedance by a
magnetostrictive resonator impedance, generating a combined output
signal in response to output signals measured from both the first
and second channels, and determining a resonance behavior of the
magnetostrictive resonator in response to the combined output
signal.
[0010] In some embodiments, applying the input signal to the first
channel and applying the input signal to the second channel may be
performed simultaneously. Generating the combined output signal may
comprise subtracting a second channel output signal from a first
channel output signal. In other embodiments, generating the
combined output signal may comprise calculating a ratio between a
first channel output signal from a second channel output
signal.
[0011] According to yet another aspect, a method may comprise
applying a stepped electrical signal to one or more driving coils
to generate a first time-varying magnetic field, measuring a
decaying electrical signal from one or more pick-up coils, wherein
the one or more pick-up coils receive a second time-varying
magnetic field generated by a plurality of magnetostrictive
resonators in response to the first time-varying magnetic field,
and determining a resonance frequency of each of the plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators using a Fast Fourier Transform of the
decaying electrical signal.
[0012] In some embodiments, applying the stepped electrical signal
to one or more driving coils may comprise applying an electrical
pulse having a width that is smaller than each period corresponding
to the resonance frequencies of the plurality of magnetostrictive
resonators. In other embodiments, measuring the decaying electrical
signal from one or more pick-up coils may comprise using first and
second pick-up coils that are wound in opposite directions.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] The invention described herein is illustrated by way of
example and not by way of limitation in the accompanying drawings.
For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements illustrated in
the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. For example, the
dimensions of some elements may be exaggerated relative to other
elements for clarity.
[0014] FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of one embodiment of a
system for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or more
magnetostrictive resonators using a frequency domain technique.
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of an equivalent circuit
model for a vibrating magnetostrictive resonator in one or more
coils of the system of FIG. 1.
[0016] FIG. 3A is a plot of one example of a combined output signal
generated by a signal receiver of the system of FIG. 1.
[0017] FIG. 3B is a plot of another example of a combined output
signal generated by the signal receiver of the system of FIG.
1.
[0018] FIG. 4 is a simplified block diagram of another embodiment
of a system for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or
more magnetostrictive resonators using a frequency domain
technique.
[0019] FIG. 5A is a plot illustrating the effect on a combined
output signal of various capacitors and resistors when electrically
coupled in series with one or more coils of the system of FIG.
4.
[0020] FIG. 5B is a plot illustrating the effect on another
combined output signal of various capacitors and resistors when
electrically coupled in series with one or more coils of the system
of FIG. 4.
[0021] FIG. 6 is a simplified block diagram of one embodiment of a
system for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or more
magnetostrictive resonators using a time domain technique.
[0022] FIG. 7A illustrates the measurement of a decaying electrical
signal after the rising step of a stepped electrical signal of
longer duration.
[0023] FIG. 7B illustrates the measurement of a decaying electrical
signal after the falling step of a stepped electrical signal of
longer duration.
[0024] FIG. 7C illustrates the measurement of a decaying electrical
signal after a stepped electrical signal of shorter duration.
[0025] FIG. 8A illustrates the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of a
decaying electrical signal as plots of amplitude and phase versus
frequency.
[0026] FIG. 8B illustrates the FFT of a decaying electrical signal
as plots of the real and imaginary parts versus frequency.
[0027] FIG. 9A is a plot of one example of a decaying electrical
signal resulting from three magnetostrictive resonators of
different sizes.
[0028] FIG. 9B is a plot of the FFT of the decaying electrical
signal of FIG. 9A.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0029] While the concepts of the present disclosure are susceptible
to various modifications and alternative forms, specific exemplary
embodiments thereof have been shown by way of example in the
drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be
understood, however, that there is no intent to limit the concepts
of the present disclosure to the particular forms disclosed, but on
the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications,
equivalents, and alternatives consistent with the present
disclosure and appended claims.
[0030] In the following description, numerous specific details,
such as types and interrelationships of system components, are set
forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the
present disclosure. It will be appreciated, however, by one skilled
in the art that embodiments of the disclosure may be practiced
without such specific details. In other instances, control
structures, gate level circuits, and full software instruction
sequences have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure the
invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art, with the included
descriptions, will be able to implement appropriate functionality
without undue experimentation.
[0031] References in the specification to "one embodiment," "an
embodiment," "an example embodiment," etcetera, indicate that the
embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure,
or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include
the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover,
such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment.
Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is
described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it
is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to effect such
feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other
embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0032] Embodiments of the invention may be implemented in hardware,
firmware, software, or any combination thereof. Embodiments of the
invention may be implemented as instructions carried by or stored
on one or more machine-readable media, which may be read and
executed by one or more processors. A machine-readable medium may
be embodied as any device, mechanism, or physical structure for
storing or transmitting information in a form readable by a machine
(e.g., a computing device). For example, a machine-readable medium
may be embodied as read only memory (ROM), random access memory
(RAM), magnetic disk storage media, optical storage media, flash
memory devices, electrical signals, and others.
[0033] In the drawings, specific arrangements or orderings of
schematic elements, such as those representing devices, modules,
components, and signals, may be shown for ease of description.
However, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that
the specific ordering or arrangement of the schematic elements in
the drawings is not meant to imply that a particular order or
sequence of processing, or separation of processes, is required.
Further, the inclusion of a schematic element in a drawing is not
meant to imply that such element is required in all embodiments or
that the features represented by such element may not be included
in or combined with other elements in some embodiments.
[0034] Further, in the drawings, where connecting elements (e.g.,
solid or dashed lines or arrows) are used to illustrate a
connection, relationship, or association between or among two or
more schematic elements, the absence of any such connecting
elements is not meant to imply that no connection, relationship or
association can exist. In other words, some connections,
relationships or associations between elements may not be shown in
the drawings so as not to obscure the disclosure. In addition, for
ease of illustration, a single connecting element may be used to
represent multiple connections, relationships, or associations
between elements. For example, where a connecting element
represents a communication of signals, data, or instructions, it
should be understood by those skilled in the art that such element
may represent one or multiple signal paths, as may be needed, to
effect the communication.
[0035] The present disclosure relates to systems for characterizing
the resonance behavior of magnetostrictive resonators. For
instance, the presently disclosed systems may be used to determine
a resonance frequency and/or a quality factor (Q factor) for a
magnetostrictive resonator. The presently disclosed systems may
also be used to determine resonance frequencies and/or Q factors
for a plurality of magnetostrictive resonators simultaneously. As
described further below, these systems may use frequency domain
techniques and/or time domain techniques to determine resonance
behaviors. Where the magnetostrictive resonator(s) are each coupled
to a sensing element that reacts with a target species in a sample
(thus, acting as the sensing platform(s) of a biosensor system),
the presently disclosed systems may provide portable, low-cost
interrogation systems for the magnetostrictive resonator(s). By way
of illustrative example, these interrogations systems might be
incorporated into a handheld detection device for food safety.
[0036] Referring now to FIG. 1, one illustrative embodiment of a
system 100 for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102 using a frequency domain technique
is shown as a simplified block diagram. The system 100 includes a
measurement channel 104, a reference channel 106, a signal source
108, a signal receiver 110, and a processor 112. In the
illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the measurement channel 104 and
the reference channel 106 are each communicatively coupled between
the signal source 108 and the signal receiver 110. In the
illustrative embodiment, the system 100 is embodied as a biosensor
system for detecting and/or monitoring the presence of one or more
biological species in a sample disposed in (or flowing through) a
sample chamber 114. In some embodiments, the components of the
system 100 may be contained in a handheld detection device. In
other embodiments, however, one or more components of the system
100 (e.g., the processor 112) may be separate or remote from the
remaining components of the system 100. It should also be
appreciated that the system 100 may include other components,
sub-components, and devices commonly found in electronic devices,
which are not illustrated in FIG. 1 for clarity of the
description.
[0037] The measurement channel 104 of the system 100 includes one
or more coils 116 and one or more magnetostrictive resonators 102.
It is contemplated that the one or more magnetostrictive resonators
102 may comprise any number of magnetostrictive resonators 102 of
any desired size and composition (including a plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators 102, possibly of varying size and
composition). By way of illustrative example, the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102 may comprise Metglas allow 2826 MB
ribbon, commercially available from Honeywell International of
Conway, S.C. As discussed above, each of the magnetostrictive
resonators 102 may include a sensing element that reacts with a
target species in a sample. The one or more coils 116 may include
one or more driving coils (that generate magnetic fields), one or
more pick-up coils (that receive magnetic fields generated by the
one or more magnetostrictive resonators 102), and/or one or more
coils that function as both a driving coil and a pick-up coil. In
some embodiments, the one or more coils 116 may surround a portion
of a sample and the one or more magnetostrictive resonators 102 may
be disposed in the portion of the sample. In the illustrative
embodiment of FIG. 1, the one or more coils 116 are wrapped around
a portion of the sample chamber 114 enclosing a portion of the
sample that includes the one or more magnetostrictive resonators
102.
[0038] The measurement channel 104 also includes a number of signal
paths that communicatively couple the one or more coils 116 to both
the signal source 108 and the signal receiver 110. The measurement
channel 104 may optionally include one or more linear elements
electrically coupled to the one or more coils 116 to enhance the
output signal of the measurement channel 104 (as further described
below). The measurement channel 104 may optionally include a magnet
118 (shown in phantom) to provide a constant bias to the one or
more magnetostrictive resonators 102.
[0039] The measurement channel 104 has an overall impedance (Z)
that includes impedances attributable to the one or more coils 116,
to the one or more magnetostrictive resonators 102, and to the
signal paths (as well as any other optional components included in
the measurement channel 104). During operation of the system 100, a
magnetostrictive resonator 102 vibrating in the one or more coils
116 may be modeled as an RLC oscillation circuit, as illustrated in
FIG. 2. In this illustrative model, C.sub.s represents capacitance
of the one or more coils 116; R.sub.p and L.sub.p represent
resistance and inductance due to the presence the magnetostrictive
resonator 102; R.sub.m, L.sub.m, and C.sub.m represent resistance,
inductance, and capacitance due to the vibration of the
magnetostrictive resonator 102; and R.sub.l and L.sub.l represent
leaking resistance and inductance due to media (i.e., the sample)
surrounding the magnetostrictive resonator 102 in the sample
chamber 114.
[0040] Like the measurement channel 104, the reference channel 106
includes a number of signal paths that communicatively couple a
load 120 to both the signal source 108 and the signal receiver 110.
The reference channel 106 has an overall impedance (Z.sub.r) that
differs from the overall impedance, Z, of the measurement channel
104 by the impedance attributable to the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102. In other words, the reference
channel 106 has similar electrical characteristics to the
measurement channel 104 but does not include any magnetostrictive
resonators 102 (and, therefore, the impedance, Z.sub.r, of the
reference channel 106 does not include a magnetostrictive resonator
impedance). In some embodiments, the reference channel 106 may have
a similar configuration to the measurement channel 104, with the
exception of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators 102. In
such embodiments, the reference channel 106 may include one or more
coils that surround a portion of the sample (within the sample
chamber 114 or otherwise) that does not include the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102. In other embodiments, however, the
reference channel 106 need not interact with the sample; instead,
the load 120 of the reference channel 106 may be designed to mimic
the electrical characteristics of the measurement channel 104
without the one or magnetostrictive resonators 102.
[0041] The signal source 108 of the system 100 is configured to
apply an input signal to both the measurement channel 104 and the
reference channel 106. The signal source 108 may be embodied as any
type of circuitry capable of generating a suitable input signal. In
the illustrative embodiment, the signal source 108 comprises an
AD9959 Direct Digital Synthesizer, commercially available from
Analog Devices of Norwood, Mass. The signal source 108 may apply
the input signal to both the measurement channel 104 and the
reference channel 106 simultaneously. The input signal applied by
the signal source 108 may be any suitable time-varying electrical
signal, including, but not limited to, alternating current (AC)
signals, with or without direct current (DC) offsets. In the
illustrative embodiment, the signal source 108 applies an AC signal
to the measurement channel 104 and the reference channel 106 and
sweeps the AC signal over a range of frequencies that includes a
resonance frequency of the one or more magnetostrictive resonators
102.
[0042] The signal receiver 110 of the system 100 is configured to
measure output signals from both the measurement channel 104 and
the reference channel 106 and to generate a combined output signal
in response to the measured output signals. The signal receiver 110
may be embodied as any type of circuitry capable of measuring and
processing output signals from the measurement channel 104 and the
reference channel 106. In some embodiments, the signal source 108
and the signal receiver 110 may be embodied as circuitry on a
single chip or board. In the illustrative embodiment, the signal
receiver 110 comprises an AD8302 Gain Phase Detector, commercially
available from Analog Devices of Norwood, Mass. When the input
signal is applied to the measurement channel 104 and the reference
channel 106 by the signal source 108 (as described above), the
measurement channel 104 and the reference channel 106 each generate
an output signal that may be measured by the signal receiver 110.
In the illustrative embodiment, where the input signal is an AC
signal, the output signals of the measurement channel 104 and the
reference channel 106 will be varying potential signals, which may
be expressed as U.sub.1=IZ and U.sub.2=IZ.sub.r, respectively.
[0043] Using the measured output signals, U.sub.1 and U.sub.2, the
signal receiver 110 generates a combined output signal that
reflects the impedance that is attributable to the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102 of the system 100. Because the same
input signal is applied to both the measurement channel 104 and the
reference channel 106, differences between the measured output
signals, U.sub.1 and U.sub.2, relate to differences between the
impedance, Z, of the measurement channel 104 and the impedance,
Z.sub.r, of the reference channel 106 (i.e., the magnetostrictive
resonator impedance). Using the relationships set forth above, Z
may be expressed as:
Z = Z r U 1 U 2 = Z r U 1 j ( .omega. t + .phi. 1 ) U 2 j ( .omega.
t + .phi. 2 ) = Z r U 1 U 2 j ( .phi. 1 - .phi. 2 ) ,
##EQU00001##
where .phi..sub.1 and .phi..sub.2 are the phases of the measured
output signals, U.sub.1 and U.sub.2, respectively. Thus, the
impedance, Z, of the measurement channel 104 may determined by
calculating the gain and the phase difference between the measured
output signals, U.sub.1 and U.sub.2.
[0044] In some embodiments, the signal receiver 110 may generate a
combined output signal by calculating a ratio between the measured
output signals, U.sub.1 and U.sub.2. In other embodiments, the
signal receiver 110 may generate a combined output signal by
subtracting the measured output signal, U.sub.2, of the reference
channel 106 from the measured output signal, U.sub.1, of the
measurement channel 104. In still other embodiments, the signal
receiver 110 may generate both a combined output signal that is a
ratio between the measured output signals and a combined output
signal that is a difference between the measured output signals.
These combined output signals will be complex signals (i.e.,
signals including real and imaginary parts, or amplitude and phase
components). The plots in FIGS. 3A-B are two illustrative examples
of combined output signals generated by the signal receiver 110.
The combined output signals illustrated in FIGS. 3A-B are ratios of
a measured output signal, U.sub.1, of the measurement channel 104
to a measured output signal, U.sub.2, of the reference channel 106,
for samples with either water and air as a medium, using a
magnetostrictive resonator 102 with a length of 750 .mu.m.
[0045] The processor 112 of the system 100 is configured to
determine a resonance behavior of the one or more magnetostrictive
resonators 102 in response to the combined output signal generated
by the signal receiver 110. The processor 112 may be any type of
processor capable of executing software/firmware, such as a
microprocessor, digital signal processor, microcontroller, or the
like. As shown in FIG. 1, the processor 112 is communicatively
coupled to both the signal source 108 and the signal receiver 110
via a number of signal paths. In some embodiments, the processor
112 may reside on the same chip or board as the signal source 108
and/or the signal receiver 110. In other embodiments, the processor
112 may be separate or remote from the remaining components of the
system 100 and may communicate with the signal source 108 and the
signal receiver 110 via a communications interface (not shown). In
such embodiments, the processor 112 may be embodied in a personal
computer, a workstation, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, or
other computing device.
[0046] The processor 112 may use one or more combined output
signals received from the signal receiver 110 (such as those
illustrated in FIGS. 3A-B) to determine a resonance behavior, such
as a resonance frequency or a Q factor, of the one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 102. Where the system 100 includes a
plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 102, the processor 112 may
determine one or more resonance behaviors for each of the plurality
of magnetostrictive resonators 102 (or for a subset thereof). The
processor 112 may analyze the frequency dependence of the real and
imaginary parts, or of the amplitude and phase, of a combined
output signal to determine the desired resonance behavior(s). In
some embodiments, the processor 112 may also be configured to
supply commands to the signal source 108 regarding the
characteristics of the input signal to be applied.
[0047] Referring now to FIG. 4, another illustrative embodiment of
a system 200 for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or
more magnetostrictive resonators 202 using a frequency domain
technique is shown as a simplified block diagram. The system 200
includes similar components to those of the system 100 (shown in
FIG. 1 and described in detail above). As shown in FIG. 4, the
system 200 further comprises a number of linear elements 222
electrically coupled to the one or more coils 216 of the
measurement channel 204 to enhance the output signal of the
measurement channel 204. These linear elements 222 may each be
embodied as one or more resistors, capacitors, and/or inductors.
The linear elements 222 may be electrically coupled in series
and/or in parallel with the one or more coils 216 of the
measurement channel 204. Although not shown in FIG. 4, it is also
contemplated that a number of linear elements 222 may be
electrically coupled (in series and/or in parallel) to the load 220
of the reference channel 206 to enhance the output signal of the
reference channel 206. The plots of FIGS. 5A-B each illustrate the
effect on a combined output signal of various capacitors/resistors
222 when electrically coupled in series with the one or more coils
216 of the measurement channel 204.
[0048] Referring now to FIG. 6, one illustrative embodiment of a
system 300 for characterizing the resonance behavior of one or more
magnetostrictive resonators 302 using a time domain technique is
shown as a simplified block diagram. The system 300 includes a
measurement channel 304, a signal source 308, a signal receiver
310, a processor 312, and a sample chamber 314. Except as noted
below, these components may be similar to the corresponding
components of the system 100 (shown in FIG. 1 and described in
detail above). In the illustrative embodiment, the system 300 is
embodied as a biosensor system for detecting and/or monitoring the
presence of one or more biological species in a sample disposed in
(or flowing through) the sample chamber 314. In some embodiments,
the components of the system 300 may be contained in a handheld
detection device. In other embodiments, however, one or more
components of the system 300 (e.g., the processor 312) may be
separate or remote from the remaining components of the system 300.
It should also be appreciated that the system 300 may include other
components, sub-components, and devices commonly found in
electronic devices, which are not illustrated in FIG. 6 for clarity
of the description.
[0049] The measurement channel 304 of the system 300 includes one
or more driving coils 316, one or more pick-up coils 328, and one
or more magnetostrictive resonators 302. Although a plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators 302 are illustrated in FIG. 6, it is
contemplated that the system 300 may be used with any number of
magnetostrictive resonators 302 of any desired size and composition
(including a plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 302 of
varying size and composition). As discussed above, each of the
magnetostrictive resonators 302 may include a sensing element that
reacts with a target species in a sample. The measurement channel
104 also includes a number of signal paths that communicatively
couple the one or more driving coils 316 to the signal source 308
and a number of a number of signal paths that communicatively
couple the one or more pick-up coils 328 to the signal receiver
310. In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 6, the system 300
includes two pick-up coils 328 with the same number of windings,
but wound in opposite directions. This configuration may reduce the
influence of a magnetic field generated by the one or more driving
coils 316 on measurements made by the pick-up coils 328 by
increasing the signal-to-noise ratio.
[0050] The signal source 308 of the system 300 is configured to
apply a stepped electrical signal 324 to the one or more driving
coils 316 (of the measurement channel 304). The signal source 108
may be embodied as any type of circuitry capable of generating a
stepped electrical signal 324 of any suitable duration. For
instance, in some embodiments, the stepped electrical signal 324
may be an electrical pulse 324 having a width that is smaller than
the periods corresponding to the resonance frequencies of the
plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 302, as shown in FIG. 7C.
When the stepped electrical signal 324 is applied, the one or more
driving coils 316 will generate a time-varying magnetic field. This
time-varying magnetic field will cause the plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators 302 to vibrate. The vibrations of the
plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 302 will, in turn, create
a responsive time-varying magnetic field that will be received by
the one or more pick-up coils 328 of the measurement channel
304.
[0051] The signal receiver 310 of the system 300 is configured to
measure a decaying electrical signal 326 from the one or more
pick-up coils 328. When the one or more pick-up coils 328 receive
the responsive time-varying magnetic field generated by the
plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 302, a decaying electrical
signal 326 will be generated by the one or more pick-up coils 328.
In some embodiments, the decaying electrical signal 326 may be an
exponentially decaying sinusoidal signal (as illustrated in FIGS. 6
and 7A-C). The signal receiver 310 may be embodied as any type of
circuitry capable of measuring the decaying electrical signal 326
from the one or more pick-up coils 328. In some embodiments, the
signal source 308 and the signal receiver 310 may be embodied as
circuitry on a single chip or board. Where the stepped electrical
signal 324 is of longer duration, the decaying electrical signal
326 may be measured after the rising step of the stepped electrical
signal 324 (as shown in FIG. 7A) and/or the falling step of the
stepped electrical signal 324 (as shown in FIG. 7B). In embodiments
employing an electrical pulse 324 (i.e., a stepped electrical
signal 324 of shorter duration), the decaying electrical signal 326
may be measured after the electrical pulse 324 (as shown in FIG.
7C). After measuring the decaying electrical signal 326, the signal
receiver 310 may transmit the decaying electrical signal 326, or
information regarding the decaying electrical signal 326, to the
processor 312.
[0052] The processor 312 of the system 300 is configured to
determine a resonance frequency of each of the plurality of
magnetostrictive resonators 302 using a Fast Fourier Transform
(FFT) of the decaying electrical signal 326. The processor 312 may
be any type of processor capable of executing software/firmware,
such as a microprocessor, digital signal processor,
microcontroller, or the like. As shown in FIG. 6, the processor 312
is communicatively coupled to both the signal source 308 and the
signal receiver 310 via a number of signal paths. In some
embodiments, the processor 312 may reside on the same chip or board
as the signal source 308 and/or the signal receiver 310. In other
embodiments, the processor 312 may be separate or remote from the
remaining components of the system 300 and may communicate with the
signal source 308 and the signal receiver 310 via a communications
interface (not shown). In such embodiments, the processor 312 may
be embodied in a personal computer, a workstation, a laptop
computer, a handheld computer, or other computing device.
[0053] After receiving the decaying electrical signal 326 (or
information regarding the decaying electrical signal 326) from the
signal receiver 310, the processor 312 applies an FFT to transform
the decaying electrical signal 326 from the time-domain to the
frequency domain. Using the FFT, the processor 312 may derive plots
of amplitude and phase versus frequency (as shown in FIG. 8A) or
plots of the real and imaginary parts of the decaying electrical
signal 326 versus frequency (as shown in FIG. 8B). As can be seen
in FIGS. 8A-B, the resonance frequency of a magnetostrictive
resonator 302 may readily be determined from these plots. In the
illustrative embodiment, the processor 312 is configured to
simultaneously determine the resonance frequency of each of the
plurality of magnetostrictive resonators 302. One illustrative
example of a decaying electrical signal 326 where the system 300
includes three magnetostrictive resonators 302 of different sizes
is shown in FIG. 9A. After receiving the decaying electrical signal
326 of FIG. 9A from the signal receiver 310, the processor 312 may
use an FFT of the decaying electrical signal 326 to obtain the plot
shown in FIG. 9B. The processor 312 may then locate the three peaks
in this data to determine the three resonance frequencies of the
three magnetostrictive resonators 302. In some embodiments, the
processor 312 may also be configured to supply commands to the
signal source 308 regarding the characteristics of the stepped
electrical signal 324 to be applied.
[0054] While certain illustrative embodiments have been described
in detail in the drawings and the foregoing description, such an
illustration and description is to be considered as exemplary and
not restrictive in character, it being understood that only
illustrative embodiments have been shown and described and that all
changes and modifications that come within the spirit of the
disclosure are desired to be protected. There are a plurality of
advantages of the present disclosure arising from the various
features of the systems, apparatus, and methods described herein.
It will be noted that alternative embodiments of the systems,
apparatus, and methods of the present disclosure may not include
all of the features described yet still benefit from at least some
of the advantages of such features. Those of ordinary skill in the
art may readily devise their own implementations of systems,
apparatus, and methods that incorporate one or more of the features
of the present invention and fall within the spirit and scope of
the present disclosure.
* * * * *