U.S. patent application number 14/802461 was filed with the patent office on 2016-02-25 for long lasting drug formulations.
This patent application is currently assigned to Medgenics Medical Israel Ltd.. The applicant listed for this patent is Medgenics Medical Israel Ltd.. Invention is credited to Andrew L. Pearlman, Baruch S. Stern.
Application Number | 20160051627 14/802461 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39184308 |
Filed Date | 2016-02-25 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160051627 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Pearlman; Andrew L. ; et
al. |
February 25, 2016 |
LONG LASTING DRUG FORMULATIONS
Abstract
The present invention is directed to long-lasting therapeutic
formulations and their methods of use wherein the formulation
comprises a genetically modified micro-organ that comprises a
vector which comprises a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to
one or more regulatory sequences, wherein the nucleic acid sequence
encodes a therapeutic polypeptide, such as erythropoietin or
interferon alpha.
Inventors: |
Pearlman; Andrew L.;
(Misgav, IL) ; Stern; Baruch S.; (Misgav,
IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Medgenics Medical Israel Ltd. |
Misgav |
|
IL |
|
|
Assignee: |
Medgenics Medical Israel
Ltd.
Misgav
IL
|
Family ID: |
39184308 |
Appl. No.: |
14/802461 |
Filed: |
July 17, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11898481 |
Sep 12, 2007 |
9155749 |
|
|
14802461 |
|
|
|
|
60844351 |
Sep 14, 2006 |
|
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/93.21 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 19/10 20180101;
A61P 29/00 20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101; A61P 9/12 20180101; C12N
7/00 20130101; A61K 47/6901 20170801; A61P 3/10 20180101; A61P
43/00 20180101; A61P 19/02 20180101; A61P 9/00 20180101; A61P 25/18
20180101; A61P 25/24 20180101; A61P 11/06 20180101; A61P 11/00
20180101; A61K 38/212 20130101; A61P 11/02 20180101; A61P 37/06
20180101; A61P 9/10 20180101; A61P 7/06 20180101; A61P 31/12
20180101; A61K 48/0075 20130101; A61P 27/02 20180101; C07K 14/505
20130101; A61P 1/16 20180101; A61K 38/1816 20130101; C12N 15/86
20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; A61P 25/16 20180101; A61P 35/02
20180101; A61P 25/14 20180101; A61P 13/12 20180101; A61P 25/28
20180101; A61P 11/04 20180101; A61P 17/00 20180101; A61K 35/12
20130101; C12N 2710/10343 20130101; A61P 21/04 20180101; C12N 15/88
20130101; A61K 31/70 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 38/18 20060101
A61K038/18; A61K 35/12 20060101 A61K035/12 |
Claims
1.-105. (canceled)
106. A method of treating anemia in a human subject in need thereof
comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least one genetically
modified autologous dermal micro-organ that expresses and secretes
erythropoietin, wherein the at least one dermal micro-organ is an
intact explant of living tissue that maintains the
micro-architecture and the three dimensional structure of the
dermal tissue from which it was derived and wherein the dermal
micro-organ lacks a complete epidermal layer, wherein the genetic
modification of the dermal micro-organ comprises using a
helper-dependent adenovirus vector comprising a nucleic acid
sequence encoding erythropoietin operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences; and (b) implanting the at least one dermal
micro-organ in said human subject, wherein the method increases or
maintains hemoglobin levels in said subject and the increased or
maintained hemoglobin levels are maintained for at least three
months.
107. The method of claim 106, further comprising determining in
vivo erythropoietin serum levels in said subject before and/or
after implanting.
108. The method of claim 106, further comprising determining
erythropoietin secretion levels of the at least one dermal
micro-organ in vitro before implanting.
109. The method of claim 106, wherein expression of erythropoietin
is optimized for increased erythropoietin expression levels,
increased duration of expression or a combination thereof.
110. The method of claim 106, wherein the increased hemoglobin
levels are maintained for at least 1 year.
111. The method of claim 106, further comprising implanting to the
subject at a later date an additional at least one genetically
modified autologous dermal micro-organ that expresses and secretes
erythropoietin.
112. The method of claim 106, wherein the implanting is
subcutaneous or intradermal.
113. The method of claim 106, wherein the subject is suffering from
chronic kidney disease (CKD).
114. The method of claim 106, wherein the subject is suffering from
end stage renal disease.
115. The method of claim 106, wherein the subject is suffering from
renal failure.
116. The method of claim 106, wherein the nucleic acid sequence
encoding erythropoietin comprises a sequence at least 95% identical
to SEQ ID NO:1.
117. A method of increasing or maintaining hemoglobin levels in a
human subject over a sustained period of time comprising the steps
of: (a) providing at least one genetically modified autologous
dermal micro-organ that expresses and secretes erythropoietin,
wherein said dermal micro-organ is an intact explant of living
tissue that maintains the micro-architecture and the three
dimensional structure of the dermal tissue from which it was
derived and wherein the dermal micro-organ lacks a complete
epidermal layer, wherein said genetic modification of said dermal
micro-organ comprises using a helper-dependent adenovirus vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding erythropoietin operably
linked to one or more regulatory sequences; and (b) implanting said
at least one genetically modified autologous dermal micro-organ in
said human subject at an effective dosage, wherein said increased
or maintained hemoglobin levels are maintained for at least three
months.
118. The method of claim 117, further comprising determining in
vivo erythropoietin serum levels in said subject before and/or
after implanting.
119. The method of claim 117, further comprising determining
erythropoietin secretion levels of the at least one dermal
micro-organ in vitro before implanting.
120. The method of claim 117, wherein expression of erythropoietin
is optimized for increased erythropoietin expression levels,
increased duration of expression or a combination thereof.
121. The method of claim 117, wherein the increased hemoglobin
levels are maintained for at least 1 year.
122. The method of claim 117, further comprising implanting to the
subject at a later date an additional at least one genetically
modified autologous dermal micro-organ that expresses and secretes
erythropoietin.
123. The method of claim 117, wherein the implanting is
subcutaneous or intradermal.
124. The method of claim 117, wherein the subject is suffering from
chronic kidney disease (CKD).
125. The method of claim 117, wherein the subject is suffering from
end stage renal disease.
126. The method of claim 117, wherein the subject is suffering from
renal failure.
127. The method of claim 117, wherein the nucleic acid sequence
encoding erythropoietin comprises a sequence at least 95% identical
to SEQ ID NO:1.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 11/898,481, filed Sep. 12, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,155,749,
issued Oct. 13, 2015, which claims the benefit of U.S. Patent
Application Ser. No. 60/844,351, filed on Sep. 14, 2006, which are
incorporated in their entirety herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention is directed to long-lasting therapeutic
formulations comprising a genetically modified micro-organ
comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a
therapeutic polypeptide, such as erythropoietin or interferon
alpha, operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences and
their methods of use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Therapeutic agents can be delivered orally, transdermally,
by inhalation, by injection or by depot with slow release. However,
the method of delivery is limited by the processing that the agent
is subjected to in the recipient, by the requirement for frequent
administration, and limitations on the size of molecules that can
be utilized. For some of the methods, the amount of therapeutic
agent varies between administrations.
[0004] Protein production techniques which involve the sub-cloning
of a desired nucleic acid sequence/fragment into a vector which is
subsequently used for modifying specific host cells, which are
meant to produce the desired protein for further purification steps
are limited in the amount of protein expressed, protein secretion,
post-translational modifications (such as glycosylation and the
accurate folding of the protein), etc. Moreover, even if a
high-level of protein production could be achieved, large
quantities of the recombinant protein must then be produced and
purified to be free of contaminants. Development of a purification
scheme is a very lengthy process. And once purified recombinant
protein has been obtained, it must be further formulated to render
it stable and acceptable for introduction into animals or humans.
Furthermore, even formulated, purified recombinant proteins have a
finite shelf life due to maintenance and storage limitations; often
requiring repeated purification and formulation of more protein.
The process of developing an appropriate formulation is time
consuming, difficult, and costly, as well.
[0005] Thus, there is a widely recognized need for long-lasting
protein-based therapeutic molecules that have the requisite
post-translational modifications to preserve their biological
activity, which are produced inexpensively and quickly without the
need for the laborious and costly methods typically associated with
obtaining high-levels of recombinant proteins.
[0006] Some researchers have attempted to obtain in vivo expression
of recombinant gene products via gene therapy. Typically viral
vectors are used to transduce cells in vivo to express recombinant
gene products. These viral-based vectors have advantageous
characteristics, such as the natural ability to infect the target
tissue. However, retrovirus-based vectors require integration
within the genome of the target tissue to allow for recombinant
product expression (with the potential to activate resident
oncogenes) and can only be used to transduce actively dividing
tissues. Viral vectors are also often no able to sustain long-term
transgene expression, which may be due at least in part to their
elimination due to secondary host immune responses.
[0007] Accordingly, there remains a need in the art for recombinant
gene product formulations that have consistently high expression
levels lasting for several weeks or more and for methods of using
those formulations to treat disease.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] The invention provides, in one embodiment, a long-lasting
therapeutic formulation comprising a genetically modified
micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a therapeutic
polypeptide and whereby said formulation increases expression
levels of said therapeutic polypeptide by more than 5% over basal
level and said increase is maintained for greater than one month.
In one embodiment, the vector is a helper-dependent adenovirus
vector. In one embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is
erythropoietin, while in another embodiment, the therapeutic
polypeptide is interferon alpha, which in one embodiment, is
interferon alpha 2b.
[0009] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
providing a therapeutic polypeptide to a subject in need over a
sustained period comprising providing one or more genetically
modified micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences; and implanting said genetically modified
micro-organ in said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence
encodes a therapeutic polypeptide and whereby said formulation
increases expression levels of said therapeutic polypeptide by more
than 5% over basal level and said increase is maintained for
greater than one month. In one embodiment, the vector is a
helper-dependent adenovirus vector. In one embodiment, the
therapeutic polypeptide is erythropoietin, while in another
embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is interferon alpha, which
in one embodiment, is interferon alpha 2b. In another embodiment,
the subject in need is suffering from anemia. In another
embodiment, the subject in need is suffering from an infection. In
another embodiment, the subject in need is suffering from
cancer.
[0010] In another embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid
sequence with greater than 85% homology to SEQ ID No: 1, a vector
comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, and a cell comprising such
as vector.
[0011] In another embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid
sequence with greater than 85% homology to SEQ ID No: 2, a vector
comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, and a cell comprising such
as vector.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1 presents levels of recombinant optimized human
interferon-alpha (IFN.alpha.) produced in vitro by the formulations
of the instant invention.
[0013] FIGS. 2A and 2B present levels of recombinant human
erythropoietin (hEPO) produced in vitro by the formulations of the
instant invention. HD-Ad-CAG-wt-hEPO GMMO titration (FIG. 2A).
Micro-organs were transduced with increasing dilutions of
HD-Ad-CAG-wt-hEPO virus: 1:25; 1:100; and 1:1000 dilutions.
Ad5/CMV/wt-hEPO was diluted to a working concentration of 1:10 and
1:50. A comparison between GMMOs produced from two different skins,
H-1 and H-2 (FIG. 2B). Micro-organs were transduced with
HD-Ad-CAG-wt-hEPO 1:25. Bars indicate the hEPO concentration
measured by ELISA in the culture media that was collected and
replaced every 3-4 days.
[0014] FIG. 3 presents the percent of peak erythropoietin (EPO)
expression levels in vitro from optimized formulations comprising
EPO-expressing gutless adenovirus and micro-organs comprising
EPO-expressing adenovirus-5. Micor-organs were transduced with
HD-Ad-CAG-hEPO at 1:25 or with Ad5/CMV/hEPO at 1:10.
[0015] FIG. 4 presents erythropoietin (EPO) expression levels in
vitro from formulations comprising optimized and non-optimized
EPO-expressing gutless adenovirus. Micro-organs were transduced
with a working dilution of 1:100 viral particles. Bars indicate the
hEPO concentration measured by ELISA in the culture media that was
collected and replaced every 3-4 days.
[0016] FIG. 5 presents erythropoietin (EPO) expression levels in
vitro from formulations comprising EPO-expressing gutless
adenovirus downstream of a CAG or CMV promoter.
[0017] FIGS. 6A and B present levels of recombinant human
erythropoietin produced in vivo in SCID mice (FIG. 6A) and in vitro
(FIG. 6B) by the formulations of the instant invention in vitro and
the associated changes in hematocrit (FIG. 6A). Ten mice/group were
implanted subcutaneously with GMMOs. The hEPO levels (mU/ml) and
the corresponding % hematocrit that were measured in the serum of
mice that were implanted with GMMOs transduced with
adenovirus-hEPO, helper-dependent adenovirus-hEPO, and
helper-dependent adenovirus-optimized hEPO and with non-transduced
GMMOs are presented. Bleeds were done every 10 days (FIG. 6A).
Hematocrit was measured by the centrifugation method and serum hEPO
levels in the blood were measured by a hEPO ELISA kit.
Non-implanted GMMOs were maintained in culture and levels of EPO
were measured (FIG. 6B)
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0018] In some embodiments, the instant invention is directed to
long-lasting therapeutic formulations comprising a genetically
modified, tissue-based micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence encoding a therapeutic polypeptide, such as
erythropoietin or interferon alpha, operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences and their methods of use.
[0019] The invention provides, in one embodiment, a long-lasting
therapeutic formulation comprising a genetically modified
micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a therapeutic
polypeptide and whereby the expression level of the therapeutic
polypeptide is increased by more than 5% over basal level and said
increase is maintained for greater than one month. In another
embodiment, the expression level of the therapeutic polypeptide is
increased by more than 5% over basal level and said increase is
maintained for greater than six months.
[0020] In another embodiment, this invention provides a
long-lasting therapeutic formulation comprising a genetically
modified micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a
therapeutic polypeptide and whereby the expression level of the
therapeutic polypeptide is increased by more than 5% over basal
level and said increase is maintained for greater than one month
and wherein said vector is a helper-dependent adenovirus
vector.
[0021] In another embodiment, the invention provides a long-lasting
therapeutic formulation comprising a genetically modified
micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a therapeutic
polypeptide and whereby the expression level of the therapeutic
polypeptide is increased by more than 5% over basal level and said
increase is maintained for greater than one month in an
immuno-competent host.
[0022] In another embodiment, the invention provides a long-lasting
therapeutic formulation comprising a genetically modified
micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences, whereby the expression level of the therapeutic nucleic
acid is increased by more than 5% over basal levels. In one
embodiment, the expression level of the therapeutic nucleic acid is
increased by more than 5% over basal levels in an immuno-competent
host, while in another embodiment, said vector is a
helper-dependent adenovirus vector.
[0023] In one embodiment, the invention provides a long-lasting
therapeutic formulation and methods of use thereof where the
formulation comprises a genetically modified micro-organ. In one
embodiment, the term "micro-organ" as used herein, refers in one
embodiment, to an isolated tissue or organ structure derived from
or identical to an explant that has been prepared in a manner
conducive to cell viability and function. In one embodiment, a
micro-organ maintains at least some in vivo structures, or in
another embodiment, interactions, similar to the tissues or organ
from which it is obtained, In another embodiment, micro-organs
retain the micro-architecture and the three dimensional structure
of the tissue or organ from which they were derived and have
dimensions selected so as to allow passive diffusion of adequate
nutrients and gases to cells within the micro-organ and diffusion
of cellular waste out of the cells of the micro-organ so as to
minimize cellular toxicity and concomitant cell death due to
insufficient nutrition and/or accumulation of waste. In one
embodiment, a micro-organ is a sliver of dermal tissue.
[0024] In one embodiment, a micro-organ is 1-2 mm in diameter and
30-40 mm in length. In another embodiment, the diameter of a
micro-organ may be, for example, 1-3 mm, 1-4 mm, 2-4 mm, 0.5-3.5
mm, or 1.5-10 mm. In another embodiment the diameter of a
micro-organ may be, for example, approximately 2 mm or
approximately 1.5 mm. In another embodiment, the length of the
micro-organ may be 5-100 mm, 10-60 mm, 20-60 mm, 20-50 mm, 20-40
mm, 20-100 mm, 30-100 mm, 40-100 mm, 50-100 mm, 60-100 mm, 70-100
mm, 80-100 mm, or 90-100 mm. In another embodiment, the length of
the micro-organ may be approximately 20 mm, approximately 30 mm,
approximately 40 mm, or approximately 50 mm. In one embodiment, a
micro-organ is smaller than 1.5 cm.sup.2, and in another
embodiment, less than 1 cm.sup.2. In another embodiment, the
diameter is less than 1.5 cm, and in another embodiment, the length
is less than 1.5 cm.
[0025] In one embodiment, a micro-organ is an explant. In one
embodiment, a micro-organ is tissue-derived. In another embodiment,
a micro-organ is a section or portion or part of a tissue. In
another embodiment, a micro-organ is a section or portion or part
of an organ. A micro-organ can be distinguished from a skin graft,
in one embodiment, in that it is specifically designed to survive
for long periods of time in vivo and in vitro and, in another
embodiment, in that its dimensions are specifically selected so as
to allow passive diffusion of adequate nutrients and gases to cells
within the micro-organ and diffusion of cellular waste out of the
cells of the micro-organ, which in one embodiment minimizes
cellular toxicity and concomitant cell death due to insufficient
nutrition and/or accumulation of waste. Thus, in one embodiment, a
micro-organ is not a skin graft. In another embodiment, a
micro-organ can be distinguished from a collection of isolated
cells, which in one embodiment, are grown on a natural or
artificial scaffold, in that micro-organs maintain the
micro-architecture and the three dimensional structure of the
tissue or organ from which they were derived. Thus, in one
embodiment, a micro-organ is not one or more cell types grown on a
scaffold.
[0026] A detailed description of micro-organs can be found in
US-2003-0152562, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0027] Earlier patents (WO 03/006669, WO 03/03585, WO 04/0993631,
which are incorporated herein by reference) described micro-organs,
which can be modified to express a gene product of interest, that
may be sustained outside the body in an autonomously functional
state for an extended period of time, and may then be implanted
subcutaneously or in other locations within the body for the
purpose of treating diseases or disorders. However, the
micro-organs of the present invention unexpectedly showed a much
longer-term expression profile of a gene product of interest in
vitro and in vivo.
[0028] As used herein, the term "explant" refers, in one
embodiment, to a tissue or organ or a portion thereof removed from
its natural growth site in an organism and placed in a culture
medium for a period of time. In one embodiment, the tissue or organ
is viable, in another embodiment, metabolically active, or a
combination thereof.
[0029] As used herein, the term "microarchitecture" refers, in one
embodiment, to a characteristic of the explant in which some or all
of the cells of the tissue explant maintain, in vitro, physical
and/or functional contact with at least one cell or non-cellular
substance with which they were in physical and/or functional
contact in vivo.
[0030] In another embodiment, micro-organ explants maintain the
three-dimensional structure of the tissue or organ from which they
were derived. In one embodiment, micro-organ explants retain the
spatial interactions, e.g. cell-cell, cell-matrix and cell-stromal
interactions, and the orientation of the tissue from which they
were derived. In one embodiment, preservation of spatial
interactions such as described above permit the maintenance of
biological functions of the explant, such as secretion of autocrine
and paracrine factors and other extracellular stimuli, which in one
embodiment, provide long term viability to the explant. In one
embodiment, at least some of the cells of the micro-organ explant
maintain, in vitro, their physical and/or functional contact with
at least one cell or non-cellular substance with which they were in
physical and/or functional contact in vivo. In one embodiment, some
of the cells refers to at least about 50%, in another embodiment,
at least about 60%, in another embodiment at least about 70%, in
another embodiment, at least about 80%, and in another embodiment,
at least about 90% or more of the cells of the population. In
another embodiment, the cells of the explant maintain at least one
biological activity of the organ or tissue from which they are
isolated.
[0031] In some embodiments, any of the formulation of this
invention will comprise a genetically modified micro-organ, in any
form or embodiment as described herein. In some embodiments, any of
the formulations of this invention will consist of a genetically
modified micro-organ, in any form or embodiment as described
herein. In some embodiments, of the compositions of this invention
will consist essentially of a genetically modified micro-organ, in
any form or embodiment as described herein. In some embodiments,
the term "comprise" refers to the inclusion of the indicated active
agent, such as the genetically modified micro-organ, as well as
inclusion of other active agents, and pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers, excipients, emollients, stabilizers, etc., as are known
in the pharmaceutical industry. In some embodiments, the term
"consisting essentially of" refers to a composition, whose only
active ingredient is the indicated active ingredient, however,
other compounds may be included which are for stabilizing,
preserving, etc. the formulation, but are not involved directly in
the therapeutic effect of the indicated active ingredient. In some
embodiments, the term "consisting essentially of" may refer to
components which facilitate the release of the active ingredient.
In some embodiments, the term "consisting" refers to a composition,
which contains the active ingredient and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier or excipient.
[0032] Similarly, in some embodiments, the vector of and for use in
the methods of the present invention comprise a nucleic acid
sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory sequences,
wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a therapeutic
polypeptide. In another embodiment, the vector consists essentially
of such a nucleic acid sequence, and in another embodiment, the
vector consists of such a nucleic acid sequence.
[0033] Examples of mammals from which the micro-organs can be
isolated include humans and other primates, swine, such as wholly
or partially inbred swine (e.g., miniature swine, and transgenic
swine), rodents, etc. Micro-organs may be processed from tissue
from a variety of organs, which in one embodiment is the skin, the
dermis, the lymph system, the pancreas, the liver, the gallbladder,
the kidney, the digestive tract, the respiratory tract, the
reproductive system, the urinary tract, the blood, the bladder, the
cornea, the prostate, the bone marrow, the thymus, the spleen, or a
combination thereof. Explants from these organs may comprise islet
of Langerhan cells, hair follicles, glands, epithelial and
connective tissue cells, or a combination thereof arranged in a
microarchitecture similar to the microarchitecture of the organ
from which the explant was obtained. In one embodiment, the
microarchitecture of the organ from which the explant was obtained
may be discerned or identified in the micro-organ explant using
materials, apparati, and/or methods known in the art.
[0034] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a
formulation and methods of use thereof comprising a genetically
modified micro-organ. In one embodiment, the term "genetically
modified micro-organ" or "GMMO" refers to a micro-organ that
expresses at least one recombinant gene product. In other
embodiments, reference to a micro-organ does not necessarily refer
to a non-genetically modified micro-organ, but may also refer in
some instances to a genetically modified micro-organ as will be
clear from the context to one of skill in the art. In one
embodiment, the phrase "gene product" refers to proteins,
polypeptides, peptides and functional RNA molecules. In one
embodiment, the gene product encoded by the nucleic acid molecule
is the desired gene product to be supplied to a subject. Examples
of such gene products include proteins, peptides, glycoproteins and
lipoproteins normally produced by cells of the recipient subject.
In one embodiment, the gene product is not naturally occurring in
the organism from which the micro-organ was harvested and/or in the
organism in which the GMMO is implanted, while in another
embodiment, the gene product is naturally occurring. In one
embodiment, the gene product of the GMMO is similar or identical to
a gene product endogenously expressed by one or more cells of the
micro-organ. In one embodiment, genetic modification increases the
level of a gene product that would be produced in a non-genetically
modified micro-organ. In another embodiment, the gene product
expressed by the GMMO is not similar or identical to a gene product
endogenously expressed by one or more cells of the micro-organ. In
another embodiment, the gene product encoded by the nucleic acid
molecule encodes a molecule that directly or indirectly controls
expression of a gene of interest. In another embodiment, the gene
product encoded by the nucleic acid molecule upregulates or
downregulates the expression levels of the desired gene product to
be supplied to a subject.
[0035] In another embodiment, genetic modification of a micro-organ
may modify the expression profile of an endogenous gene. This may
be achieved, for example, by introducing an enhancer, or a
repressible or inducible regulatory element for controlling the
expression of an endogenous gene.
[0036] Any methodology known in the art can be used for genetically
altering the micro-organ explant. Any one of a number of different
vectors can be used, such as viral vectors, plasmid vectors, linear
DNA, etc., as known in the art, to introduce an exogenous nucleic
acid fragment encoding a therapeutic agent into target cells and/or
tissue. These vectors can be inserted, for example, using
infection, transduction, transfection, calcium-phosphate mediated
transfection, DEAE-dextran mediated transfection, electroporation,
liposome-mediated transfection, biolistic gene delivery, liposomal
gene delivery using fusogenic and anionic liposomes (which are an
alternative to the use of cationic liposomes), direct injection,
receptor-mediated uptake, magnetoporation, ultrasound, or any
combination thereof, as well as other techniques known in the art
(for further detail see, for example, "Methods in Enzymology" Vol.
1-317, Academic Press, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,
Ausubel F. M. et al. (eds.) Greene Publishing Associates, (1989)
and in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition,
Sambrook et al. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1989), or
other standard laboratory manuals). The polynucleotide segments
encoding sequences of interest can be ligated into an expression
vector system suitable for transducing mammalian cells and for
directing the expression of recombinant products within the
transduced cells. The introduction of the exogenous nucleic acid
fragment is accomplished by introducing the vector into the
vicinity of the micro-organ. Once the exogenous nucleic acid
fragment has been incorporated into the cells using any of the
techniques described above or known in the art, the production
and/or the secretion rate of the therapeutic agent encoded by the
nucleic acid fragment can be quantified. In one embodiment, the
term "exogenous" refers to a substance that originated outside, for
example a nucleic acid that originated outside of a cell or
tissue.
[0037] In one embodiment, a micro-organ of the formulation and
methods of the present invention comprises a vector, which in one
embodiment, facilitates recombinant gene expression. In one
embodiment, the vector is is a non-immunogenic gene transfer agent
such as a nonviral vector (e.g. DNA plasmids or minicircle DNA), a
"gutless" viral vector i.e. without endogenous genes (which in one
embodiment, is due to a deletion, while in another embodiment, due
to an insertion, substitution or deletion in a gene that prevents
gene expression), a helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd) vector, or
adeno associated virus AAV (which in one embodiment is single
stranded and in another embodiment, double stranded). In another
embodiment, said formulation is so chosen such that recombinant
gene expression results in lack of toxicity or immune-mediated
rejection of the gene product by the micro-organ. In one
embodiment, the vector is virally derived, and in another
embodiment, the vector is a plasmid. In one embodiment, the
virally-derived vector is derived from adenovirus, which in one
embodiment, is helper-dependent adenovirus, while in another
embodiment, the virally-derived vector is derived from
adenovirus-associated vector, as is described hereinbelow.
[0038] In one embodiment, the term "vector" or "expression vector"
refers to a carrier molecule into which a nucleic acid sequence can
be inserted for introduction into a cell where it can be
replicated. In one embodiment, the nucleic acid molecules are
transcribed into RNA, which in some cases are then translated into
a protein, polypeptide, or peptide. In other cases, RNA sequences
are not translated, for example, in the production of antisense
molecules or ribozymes. In one embodiment, expression vectors can
contain a variety of "control sequences" which refer to nucleic
acid sequences necessary for the transcription and possibly
translation of an operably linked coding sequence in a particular
host cell. In another embodiment, a vector further includes an
origin of replication. In one embodiment the vector may be a
shuttle vector, which in one embodiment can propagate both in
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, or in another embodiment, the
vector may be constructed to facilitate its integration within the
genome of an organism of choice. The vector, in other embodiments
may be, for example, a plasmid, a bacmid, a phagemid, a cosmid, a
phage, a virus or an artificial chromosome. In one embodiment, the
vector is a viral vector, which in one embodiment may be a
bacteriophage, mammalian virus, or plant virus.
[0039] In one embodiment, the viral vector is an adenoviral vector.
In another embodiment, the adenovirus may be of any known serotype
or subgroup.
[0040] In one embodiment, some advantages of using an adenoviral
vector as a gene transfer vector are: its mid-sized genome, ease of
manipulation, high titer, wide target-cell range and high
infectivity. Both ends of the adenoviral genome contain 100-200
base pair inverted repeats (ITRs), which are cis elements necessary
for viral DNA replication and packaging. The early (E) and late (L)
regions of the genome contain different transcription units that
are divided by the onset of viral DNA replication. The E1 region
(E1A and E1B) encodes proteins responsible for the regulation of
transcription of the viral genome and a few cellular genes. The
expression of the E2 region (E2A and E2B) results in the synthesis
of the proteins for viral DNA replication. These proteins are
involved in DNA replication, late gene expression and host cell
shut-off. The products of the late genes, including the majority of
the viral capsid proteins, are expressed only after significant
processing of a single primary transcript issued by the major late
promoter (MLP). The MLP, (located at 16.8 m.u.) is particularly
efficient during the late phase of infection, and all the mRNAs
issued from this promoter possess a 5'-tripartite leader (TPL)
sequence which makes them preferred mRNAs for translation.
[0041] In another embodiment, the adenoviral vector is a
helper-dependent adenoviral vector, which in another embodiment, is
synonymous with gutless, gutted, mini, fully deleted,
high-capacity, .DELTA., or pseudo adenovirus, and which in another
embodiment are deleted of all viral coding sequences except for
sequences supporting DNA replication, which in one embodiment,
comprise the adenovirus inverted terminal repeats and packaging
sequence (.psi.). In another embodiment, helper-dependent
adenoviruses express no viral proteins. In one embodiment, a
helper-dependent adenoviral vector comprises only the cis-acting
elements of the adenovirus required to replicate and package the
vector DNA. In one embodiment, a helper-dependent adenoviral vector
comprises approximately 500 bp of wild-type adenovirus sequence. In
another embodiment, the adenoviral vector additionally comprises
stuffer DNA to meet the minimum requirement for a genome size of
27.7 kb, which in one embodiment is required for efficient
packaging into the adenovirus capsid. In one embodiment, non-coding
mammalian DNA, with minimal repeat sequences, is used as stuffer
DNA. In another embodiment, stuffer DNA comprises non-mammalian
DNA, which in one embodiment, is HPRT and/or C346 cosmid
sequences.
[0042] In one embodiment, helper-dependent adenoviruses display
high-efficiency in vivo transduction, high-level transgene
expression, are able to maintain long-term transgene expression, in
one embodiment, by avoiding chronic toxicity due to residual
expression of viral proteins, or a combination thereof. In another
embodiment, helper-dependent adenoviruses have high titer
production, efficient infection of a broad range of cell types, the
ability to infect dividing and nondividing cells, or a combination
thereof. In another embodiment, a helper-dependent adenovirus for
use in the methods of the instant invention does not induce a
strong adaptive immune response to an implanted micro-organ, which
in one embodiment, is characterized by the generation of
adeno-specific MHC class I restricted CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes
(CTL) in immunocompetent hosts, which in one embodiment, would
limit the duration of transgene expression and in another
embodiment, would result in adenovirus vector clearance within
several weeks. In another embodiment, a helper-dependent adenovirus
for use in the methods of the instant invention does not induce
high cytotoxic T cell levels (as may be measured in one embodiment
by positive CD8 staining, as is known in the art), and, in another
embodiment, does not induce high helper T cell levels (as may be
measured in one embodiment by positive CD4 stain, as is known in
the art).
[0043] In another embodiment, helper-dependent adenoviruses have a
lower risk of germ line transmission and insertional mutagenesis
that may cause oncogenic transformation, because the vector genome
does not integrate into the host cell chromosomes. In one
embodiment, the cloning capacity of helper-dependent adenoviruses
is very large (in one embodiment, approximately 37 kb, in another
embodiment, approximately 36 kb), allowing for the delivery of
whole genomic loci, multiple transgenes, and large cis-acting
elements to enhance, prolong, and regulate transgene
expression.
[0044] In one embodiment, the helper-dependent adenovirus system
for use with the compositions and in the methods of the present
invention is similar to that described in Palmer and Ng, 2003 (Mol
Ther 8:846) and in Palmer and Ng, 2004 (Mol Ther 10:792), which are
hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In one
embodiment, there is a stuffer sequence inserted into the E3 region
of the helper virus component of the helper-dependent adenovirus
system to minimize recombination between the helper adenovirus and
the helper-dependent adenovirus to produce replication competent
adenovirus.
[0045] In one embodiment, formulations of the instant invention
comprising helper-dependent adenoviral vectors demonstrate
long-term, high in vitro (FIGS. 1, 2, and 6B) and in vivo (FIG. 6A)
expression levels of EPO and IFN-alpha. In another embodiment,
formulations of the instant invention comprising helper-dependent
adenoviral vectors demonstrate an increased percent of peak EPO
expression levels for at least 100 days post-transduction compared
to micro-organs comprising adenovirus-5 (FIG. 3). Without being
bound by theory, one factor that may contribute to the
long-lasting, high levels of gene product from micro-organs of the
instant invention is use of a helper-dependent adenovirus vector,
which is non-toxic to tissue and non-immunogenic within the
formulations of the present invention.
[0046] In another embodiment, the adenoviral vector is E1-deleted,
while in another embodiment, the adenoviral vector additionally
comprises deletions for E2, E3, E4, or a combination thereof.
[0047] In another embodiment, the viral vector is an
adeno-associated viral vector (AAV). In one embodiment, AAV is a
parvovirus, discovered as a contamination of adenoviral stocks. It
is a ubiquitous virus (antibodies are present in 85% of the US
human population) that has not been linked to any disease. It is
also classified as a dependovirus, because its replication is
dependent on the presence of a helper virus, such as adenovirus. At
least nine serotypes have been isolated, of which AAV-2 is the best
characterized. AAV has a single-stranded linear DNA that is
encapsidated into capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 to form an
icosahedral virion of 20 to 24 nm in diameter.
[0048] In one embodiment, the AAV DNA is approximately 4.7
kilobases long. In one embodiment, it contains two open reading
frames and is flanked by two ITRs. There are two major genes in the
AAV genome: rep and cap. The rep gene codes for proteins
responsible for viral replications, whereas cap codes for capsid
protein VP1-3. Each ITR forms a T-shaped hairpin structure. These
terminal repeats are the only essential cis components of the AAV
for chromosomal integration. Therefore, in one embodiment, the AAV
can be used as a vector with all viral coding sequences removed and
replaced by the cassette of genes for delivery.
[0049] In one embodiment, when using recombinant AAV (rAAV) as an
expression vector, the vector comprises the 145-bp ITRs, which are
only 6% of the AAV genome, which in one embodiment, leaves space in
the vector to assemble a 4.5-kb DNA insertion.
[0050] In one embodiment, AAV is safe in that it is not considered
pathogenic nor is it associated with any disease. The removal of
viral coding sequences minimizes immune reactions to viral gene
expression, and therefore, rAAV evokes only a minimal inflammatory
response, if any. In another embodiment, AAV vector is
double-stranded, while in another embodiment, AAV vector is
self-complementary, which in one embodiment, bypasses the
requirement of viral second-strand DNA synthesis, which in one
embodiment, results in early transgene expression.
[0051] In another embodiment, the viral vector is a retroviral
vector. The retroviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA viruses
characterized by an ability to convert their RNA to double-stranded
DNA in infected cells by a process of reverse-transcription. The
resulting DNA then stably integrates into cellular chromosomes as a
provirus and directs synthesis of viral proteins. The integration
results in the retention of the viral gene sequences in the
recipient cell and its descendants. The retroviral genome contains
three genes, gag, pol, and env that code for capsid proteins,
polymerase enzyme, and envelope components, respectively. A
sequence found upstream from the gag gene contains a signal for
packaging of the genome into virions. Two long terminal repeat
(LTR) sequences are present at the 5' and 3' ends of the viral
genome. These contain strong promoter and enhancer sequences and
are also required for integration in the host cell genome.
[0052] In order to construct a retroviral vector in one embodiment,
a nucleic acid encoding one or more oligonucleotide or
polynucleotide sequences of interest is inserted into the viral
genome in the place of certain viral sequences to produce a virus
that is replication-defective. In order to produce virions, a
packaging cell line containing the gag, pol, and env genes but
without the LTR and packaging components is constructed. When a
recombinant plasmid containing a cDNA, together with the retroviral
LTR and packaging sequences is introduced into this cell line (by
calcium phosphate precipitation, for example), the packaging
sequence allows the RNA transcript of the recombinant plasmid to be
packaged into viral particles, which are then secreted into the
culture media. The media containing the recombinant retroviruses is
then collected, optionally concentrated, and used for gene
transfer. Retroviral vectors are able to infect a broad variety of
cell types. However, integration and stable expression require the
division of host cells.
[0053] In other embodiments, the viral vector is derived from a
virus such as vaccinia virus, lentivirus, polio virus, hepatitis
virus, papilloma virus, cytomegalovirus, simian virus, or herpes
simplex virus.
[0054] In certain embodiments of the invention, the vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence may comprise naked recombinant
DNA or plasmids. Transfer of the construct may be performed by any
method which physically or chemically permeabilizes the cell
membrane. In one embodiment, the vector is a mini-circle DNA, which
in one embodiment, is a supercoiled DNA molecule for non-viral gene
transfer, which has neither a bacterial origin of replication nor
an antibiotic resistance marker. In another embodiment, mini-circle
DNA comprises no bacterial control regions from gene delivery
vectors during the process of plasmid production. They are thus
smaller and potentially safer than other plasmids used in gene
therapy. In one embodiment, mini-circle DNA produce high yield, are
simple to purify, and provide robust and persistent transgene
expression.
[0055] Construction of vectors using standard recombinant
techniques is well known in the art (see, for example, Maniatis, et
al., Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor,
1990) and Ausubel, et al., 1994, Current Protocols in Molecular
Biology (John Wiley & Sons, 1996), both incorporated herein by
reference).
[0056] In another embodiment, a vector further comprises an
insertion of a heterologous nucleic acid sequence encoding a marker
polypeptide. The marker polypeptide may comprise, for example,
yECitrine, green fluorescent protein (GFP), DS-Red (red fluorescent
protein), secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP),
.beta.-galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyl transferase,
luciferase, GFP/EGFP, human growth hormone, or any number of other
reporter proteins known to one skilled in the art.
[0057] In another embodiment, the vectors may comprise one or more
genes of interest. Thus, in one embodiment, a vector of the instant
invention may comprise a gene of interest, which in one embodiment,
is erythropoietin or interferon alpha2b, which in one embodiment,
expresses a marker, and in another embodiment, is linked in frame
to a marker, which in one embodiment allows identification of the
gene product of interest and in another embodiment, allows the
distinction between a gene product of interest produced by a
micro-organ and a similar gene product produced endogenously by
host cells outside of the micro-organ(s).
[0058] In one embodiment, a vector comprising a nucleic acid
encoding a therapeutic polypeptide of the instant invention is
introduced into a micro-organ. There are a number of techniques
known in the art for introducing cassettes and/or vectors into
cells, for affecting the methods of the present invention, such as,
but not limited to: direct DNA uptake techniques, and virus,
plasmid, linear DNA or liposome mediated transduction,
receptor-mediated uptake and magnetoporation methods employing
calcium-phosphate mediated and DEAE-dextran mediated methods of
introduction, electroporation or liposome-mediated transfection,
(for further detail see, for example, "Methods in Enzymology" Vol.
1-317, Academic Press, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology,
Ausubel F. M. et al. (eds.) Greene Publishing Associates, (1989)
and in Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition,
Sambrook et al. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, (1989), or
other standard laboratory manuals).
[0059] In one embodiment, bombardment with nucleic acid coated
particles may be a method for transferring a naked DNA expression
construct into cells. This method depends on the ability to
accelerate DNA-coated micro-projectiles to a high velocity allowing
them to pierce cell membranes and enter cells without killing them.
Several devices for accelerating small particles have been
developed. One such device relies on a high voltage discharge to
generate an electrical current, which in turn provides the motive
force. The micro-projectiles used have comprised biologically inert
or biocompatible substances such as tungsten or gold beads. It is
to be understood that any of these methods may be utilized for
introduction of the desired sequences into cells, and cells thereby
produced are to be considered as part of this invention, as is
their use for effecting the methods of this invention.
[0060] In one embodiment, the vectors of the formulations and
methods of the instant invention comprise a nucleic acid sequence.
As used herein, the term "nucleic acid" refers to polynucleotide or
to oligonucleotides such as deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), and, where
appropriate, ribonucleic acid (RNA) or mimetic thereof. The term
should also be understood to include, as equivalents, analogs of
RNA or DNA made from nucleotide analogs, and, as applicable to the
embodiment being described, single (sense or antisense) and
double-stranded polynucleotide. This term includes oligonucleotides
composed of naturally occurring nucleobases, sugars and covalent
internucleoside (backbone) linkages as well as oligonucleotides
having non-naturally-occurring portions which function similarly.
Such modified or substituted oligonucleotides are often preferred
over native forms because of desirable properties such as, for
example, enhanced cellular uptake, enhanced affinity for nucleic
acid target and increased stability in the presence of
nucleases.
[0061] In one embodiment, the term "nucleic acid" or
"oligonucleotide" refers to a molecule, which may include, but is
not limited to, prokaryotic sequences, eukaryotic mRNA, cDNA from
eukaryotic mRNA, genomic DNA sequences from eukaryotic (e.g.,
mammalian) DNA, and even synthetic DNA sequences. The term also
refers to sequences that include any of the known base analogs of
DNA and RNA.
[0062] The nucleic acids can be produced by any synthetic or
recombinant process, which are well known in the art. Nucleic acids
can further be modified to alter biophysical or biological
properties by means of techniques known in the art. For example,
the nucleic acid can be modified to increase its stability against
nucleases (e.g., "end-capping"), or to modify its solubility, or
binding affinity to complementary sequences. These nucleic acids
may comprise the vector, the expression cassette, the promoter
sequence, the gene of interest, or any combination thereof. In
another embodiment, its lipophilicity may be modified, which, in
turn, will reflect changes in the systems employed for its
delivery, and in one embodiment, may further be influenced by
whether such sequences are desired for retention within, or
permeation through the skin, or any of its layers. Such
considerations may influence any compound used in this invention,
in the methods and systems described.
[0063] In one embodiment, DNA can be synthesized chemically from
the four nucleotides in whole or in part by methods known in the
art. Such methods include those described in Caruthers (1985;
Science 230:281-285). DNA can also be synthesized by preparing
overlapping double-stranded oligonucleotides, filling in the gaps,
and ligating the ends together (see, generally, Sambrook et al.
(1989; Molecular Cloning--A Laboratory Manual, 2nd Edition. Cold
Spring Habour Laboratory Press, New York)). In another embodiment,
inactivating mutations may be prepared from wild-type DNA by
site-directed mutagenesis (see, for example, Zoller et al. (1982;
DNA. 1984 December; 3(6):479-88); Zoller (1983); and Zoller (1984;
DNA. 1984 December; 3(6):479-88); McPherson (1991; Directed
Mutagenesis: A Practical Approach. Oxford University Press, NY)).
The DNA obtained can be amplified by methods known in the art. One
suitable method is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method
described in Saiki et al. (1988; Science. 1988 Jan. 29;
239(4839):487-491), Mullis et al., U.S. Pat. No. 4,683,195, and
Sambrook et al. (1989).
[0064] Methods for modifying nucleic acids to achieve specific
purposes are disclosed in the art, for example, in Sambrook et al.
(1989). Moreover, the nucleic acid sequences of the invention can
include one or more portions of nucleotide sequence that are
non-coding for the protein of interest. Variations in DNA
sequences, which are caused by point mutations or by induced
modifications (including insertion, deletion, and substitution) to
enhance the activity, half-life or production of the polypeptides
encoded thereby, are also encompassed in the invention.
[0065] The formulations of this invention may comprise nucleic
acids, in one embodiment, or in another embodiment, the methods of
this invention may include delivery of the same, wherein, in
another embodiment, the nucleic acid is a part of a vector.
[0066] The efficacy of a particular expression vector system and
method of introducing nucleic acid into a cell can be assessed by
standard approaches routinely used in the art as described
hereinbelow.
[0067] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, a fragment
or derivative of a nucleic acid sequence or gene that encodes for a
protein or peptide can still function in the same manner as the
entire wild type gene or sequence. Likewise, forms of nucleic acid
sequences can have variations as compared to wild type sequences,
nevertheless encoding the protein or peptide of interest, or
fragments thereof, retaining wild type function exhibiting the same
biological effect, despite these variations. Each of these
represents a separate embodiment of this present invention.
[0068] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
present invention may be used for gene silencing applications. In
one embodiment, the activity or function of a particular gene is
suppressed or diminished, via the use of anti-sense
oligonucleotides, which are chimeric molecules, containing two or
more chemically distinct regions, each made up of at least one
nucleotide.
[0069] In one embodiment, chimeric oligonucleotides comprise at
least one region wherein the oligonucleotide is modified so as to
confer upon the oligonucleotide an increased resistance to nuclease
degradation, increased cellular uptake, and/or increased binding
affinity for the target polynucleotide. An additional region of the
oligonucleotide may serve as a substrate for enzymes capable of
cleaving RNA:DNA or RNA:RNA hybrids, which according to this aspect
of the invention, serves as a means of gene silencing via
degradation of specific sequences. Cleavage of the RNA target can
be routinely detected by gel electrophoresis and, if necessary,
associated nucleic acid hybridization techniques known in the
art.
[0070] The chimeric antisense oligonucleotides may, in one
embodiment, be formed as composite structures of two or more
oligonucleotides and/or modified oligonucleotides, as is described
in the art (see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,013,830; 5,149,797;
5,220,007; 5,256,775; 5,366,878; 5,403,711; 5,491,133; 5,565,350;
5,623,065; 5,652,355; 5,652,356; and 5,700,922), and may, in
another embodiment, comprise a ribozyme sequence.
[0071] Inhibition of gene expression, activity or function is
effected, in another embodiment, via the use of small interfering
RNAs, which provides sequence-specific inhibition of gene
expression. Administration of double stranded/duplex RNA (dsRNA)
corresponding to a single gene in an organism can silence
expression of the specific gene by rapid degradation of the mRNA in
affected cells. This process is referred to as gene silencing, with
the dsRNA functioning as a specific RNA inhibitor (RNAi). RNAi may
be derived from natural sources, such as in endogenous virus and
transposon activity, or it can be artificially introduced into
cells (Elbashir S M, et al (2001). Nature 411:494-498) via
microinjection (Fire et al. (1998) Nature 391: 806-11), or by
transformation with gene constructs generating complementary RNAs
or fold-back RNA, or by other vectors (Waterhouse, P. M., et al.
(1998). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 13959-13964 and Wang, Z., et
al. (2000). J. Biol. Chem. 275, 40174-40179). The RNAi mediating
mRNA degradation, in one embodiment, comprises duplex or
double-stranded RNA, or, in other embodiments, include
single-stranded RNA, isolated RNA (partially purified RNA,
essentially pure RNA, synthetic RNA, recombinantly produced RNA),
as well as altered RNA that differs from naturally occurring RNA by
the addition, deletion and/or alteration of one or more
nucleotides.
[0072] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid of the formulations and
methods of the instant invention encode a therapeutic polypeptide.
In one embodiment, the term "polypeptide" refers to a molecule
comprised of amino acid residues joined by peptide (i.e., amide)
bonds and includes peptides, polypeptides, and proteins. Hence, in
one embodiment, the polypeptides of this invention may have single
or multiple chains of covalently linked amino acids and may further
contain intrachain or interchain linkages comprised of disulfide
bonds. In one embodiment, some polypeptides may also form a subunit
of a multiunit macromolecular complex. In one embodiment, the
polypeptides can be expected to possess conformational preferences
and to exhibit a three-dimensional structure. Both the
conformational preferences and the three-dimensional structure will
usually be defined by the polypeptide's primary (i e, amino acid)
sequence and/or the presence (or absence) of disulfide bonds or
other covalent or non-covalent intrachain or interchain
interactions.
[0073] In one embodiment, the term "peptide" refers to native
peptides (either degradation products, synthetically synthesized
peptides or recombinant peptides) and/or peptidomimetics
(typically, synthetically synthesized peptides), such as peptoids
and semipeptoids which are peptide analogs, which may have, for
example, modifications rendering the peptides more stable while in
a body or more capable of penetrating into cells. Such
modifications include, but are not limited to N terminus
modification, C terminus modification, peptide bond modification,
including, but not limited to, CH.sub.2--NH, CH.sub.2--S,
CH.sub.2--S.dbd.O, O.dbd.C--NH, CH.sub.2--O, CH.sub.2--CH.sub.2,
S.dbd.C--NH, CH.dbd.CH or CF.dbd.CH, backbone modifications, and
residue modification. Methods for preparing peptidomimetic
compounds are well known in the art and are specified, for example,
in Quantitative Drug Design, C. A. Ramsden Gd., Chapter 17.2, F.
Choplin Pergamon Press (1992), which is incorporated by reference
as if fully set forth herein.
[0074] Peptide bonds (--CO--NH--) within the peptide may be
substituted, for example, by N-- methylated bonds
(--N(CH.sub.3)--CO--), ester bonds (--C(R)H--C--O--O--C(R)--N--),
ketomethylen bonds (--CO--CH.sub.2--), aza bonds
(--NH--N(R)--CO--), wherein R is any alkyl, e.g., methyl, carba
bonds (--CH.sub.2--NH--), hydroxyethylene bonds
(--CH(OH)--CH.sub.2--), thioamide bonds (--CS--NH--), olefinic
double bonds (--CH.dbd.CH--), retro amide bonds (--NH--CO--),
peptide derivatives (--N(R)--CH.sub.2--CO--), wherein R is the
"normal" side chain, naturally presented on the carbon atom. These
modifications can occur at any of the bonds along the peptide chain
and even at several (2-3) at the same time.
[0075] Natural aromatic amino acids, Trp, Tyr and Phe, may be
substituted for synthetic non-natural acid such as TIC,
naphthylelanine (Nol), ring-methylated derivatives of Phe,
halogenated derivatives of Phe or o-methyl-Tyr. In addition to the
above, the peptides of the present invention may also include one
or more modified amino acids or one or more non-amino acid monomers
(e.g. fatty acids, complex carbohydrates etc).
[0076] In one embodiment, the term "amino acid" or "amino acids" is
understood to include the 20 naturally occurring amino acids; those
amino acids often modified post-translationally in vivo, including,
for example, hydroxyproline, phosphoserine and phosphothreonine;
and other unusual amino acids including, but not limited to,
2-aminoadipic acid, hydroxylysine, isodesmosine, nor-valine,
nor-leucine and ornithine. Furthermore, the term "amino acid" may
include both D- and L-amino acids.
[0077] As used herein, the term "amino acid" refers to either the D
or L stereoisomer form of the amino acid, unless otherwise
specifically designated. Also encompassed within the scope of this
invention are equivalent proteins or equivalent peptides, e.g.,
having the biological activity of purified wild type tumor
suppressor protein. "Equivalent proteins" and "equivalent
polypeptides" refer to compounds that depart from the linear
sequence of the naturally occurring proteins or polypeptides, but
which have amino acid substitutions that do not change it's
biologically activity. These equivalents can differ from the native
sequences by the replacement of one or more amino acids with
related amino acids, for example, similarly charged amino acids, or
the substitution or modification of side chains or functional
groups.
[0078] The peptides or polypeptides, or the DNA sequences encoding
same, may be obtained from a variety of natural or unnatural
sources, such as a prokaryotic or a eukaryotic cell. In one
embodiment, the source cell may be wild type, recombinant, or
mutant. In another embodiment, the plurality of peptides or
polypeptides may be endogenous to microorganisms, such as bacteria,
yeast, or fungi, to a virus, to an animal (including mammals,
invertebrates, reptiles, birds, and insects) or to a plant
cell.
[0079] In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides may be
obtained from more specific sources, such as the surface coat of a
virion particle, a particular cell lysate, a tissue extract, or
they may be restricted to those polypeptides that are expressed on
the surface of a cell membrane.
[0080] In another embodiment, the peptide or polypeptide is derived
from a particular cell or tissue type, developmental stage or
disease condition or stage. In one embodiment, the disease
condition or stage is cancer, in another embodiment, the disease
condition is an infection, which in another embodiment, is an HIV
infection. In another embodiment, the disease condition is a
developmental disorder, while in another embodiment, the disease
condition is a metabolic disorder.
[0081] The polypeptide of the present invention can be of any size.
As can be expected, the polypeptides can exhibit a wide variety of
molecular weights, some exceeding 150 to 200 kilodaltons (kD).
Typically, the polypeptides may have a molecular weight ranging
from about 5,000 to about 100,000 daltons. Still others may fall in
a narrower range, for example, about 10,000 to about 75,000
daltons, or about 20,000 to about 50,000 daltons. In an alternative
embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention may be 1-250
amino acid residues long. In another embodiment, the polypeptides
of the present invention may be 10-200 amino acid residues long. In
an alternative embodiment, the polypeptides of the present
invention may be 50-100 amino acid residues long. In an alternative
embodiment, the polypeptides of the present invention may be 1-250
amino acid residues long. In an alternative embodiment, the
polypeptides of the present invention may be 1-250 amino acid
residues long. In one embodiment, the maximum size of the peptide
or polypeptide is determined by the vector from which it is
expressed, which in one embodiment, is approximately between 20 and
37 kD, between 20 and 25 kD, between 25 and 30 kD, between 30 and
37 kD, or between 35 and 37 kD. In another embodiment, the
polypeptide is a 34 kD glycoprotein.
[0082] In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are
agonists. In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are
antagonists. In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides
are antigens. In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides
are enzymes. In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides
are activators of enzymes or other substrates. In another
embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are inhibitors of enzymes
or other substrates. In another embodiment, the peptides or
polypeptides are hormones. In another embodiment, the peptides or
polypeptides are regulatory proteins. Regulatory proteins command
the numerous interactions that govern the expression and
replication of genes, the performance of enzymes, the interplay
between cells and their environment, and many other manifestations.
In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are
cytoskeletal proteins. Cytoskeletal proteins form a flexible
framework for the cell, provide attachment points for organelles
and formed bodies, and make communication between parts of the cell
possible. In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are
toxins. In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acids of the
present invention encode one or more suicide genes.
[0083] In another embodiment, the peptides or polypeptides are
functional fragments of agonists, antagonists, antigens, enzymes,
enzyme activators, enzyme inhibitors, enzyme substrates, hormones,
regulatory proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, or toxins. "Functional
fragments" are meant to indicate a portion of the peptide or
polypeptide which is capable of performing one or more of the
functions of the peptide or polypeptide, even in the absence of the
remainder of the peptide or polypeptide. In one embodiment, the
functional fragment is sufficient to mediate an intermolecular
interaction with a target of interest.
[0084] In an alternative embodiment, the peptide binds DNA or RNA
or a fragment thereof. In one embodiment, the DNA or RNA binding
peptide may be any of the many known in the art including, but not
limited to: Zinc finger proteins such as Beta-beta-alpha zinc
finger proteins, Nuclear receptor proteins, Loop-sheet-helix type
protein, and GAL4 type protein; the Helix-turn-helix proteins such
as Cro and repressor proteins, Lad purine repressor proteins
(PurR), FokI restriction endonuclease (DNA-recognition region),
Gamma-delta recombinase protein (C-terminal domain), Hin
recombinase protein, Trp repressor protein, Diptheria tox
repressor, Catabolite gene activator proteins (CAP), Homeodomain
proteins, RAP1 protein, Prd paired protein, Tc3 transposase
protein, TFIIB family, Interferon regulatory factor, Transcription
factor family, and ETS domain family bacteriophage; and the Leucine
zipper proteins such as Basic zipper proteins and Zipper-type
proteins (helix-loop-helix). In another embodiment, the DNA or RNA
binding peptide may be other alpha-helix proteins such as Cre
recombinase family, Papillomavirus-1 E2 protein, Histone family,
Ebna1 nuclear protein family, Skn-1 transcription factor, High
mobility group family, and MADS box family; Beta-sheet proteins
such as TATA Box-Binding Proteins; Beta-hairpin/ribbon proteins
such as Met repressor protein, Tus replication terminator protein,
Integration host factor protein, Hyperthermophile DNA binding
protein, Arc repressor, Transcription factor T domain; and other
protein families such as Rel homology region proteins and Stat
family. In another embodiment, the DNA or RNA binding peptide may
be enzymes such as Methyl transferase proteins, PvuII Endonuclease
protein, Endonuclease V protein, EcoRV Endonuclease family, BamHI
Endonuclease family, EcoRI endonuclease family, DNA mismatch
endonuclease, DNA polymerase I protein, DNA polymerase T7, Dnase I
proteins, DNA polymerase beta proteins, Uraci-DNA glycosylase,
Methyladenine-DNA glycosylase, Homing endonuclease, and
Topoisomerase I or viral proteins such as HIV reverse
transcriptase.
[0085] In another embodiment, the peptide or polypeptide is a
transcriptional or translational activator or a fragment thereof.
In another embodiment, the peptide or polypeptide is a
transcriptional or translational repressor or a fragment thereof.
In another embodiment, the peptide or polypeptide is a receptor or
a fragment thereof.
[0086] In one embodiment, the peptide or polypeptide may represent
a cognate peptide of any of the peptides or polypeptides described
hereinabove. A "cognate" peptide is any peptide that interacts
and/or binds to another molecule.
[0087] According to other embodiments of the present invention,
recombinant gene products may be encoded by a polynucleotide having
a modified nucleotide sequence, as compared to a corresponding
natural polynucleotide.
[0088] In addition to proteins, recombinant gene products may also
comprise functional RNA molecules.
[0089] According to another embodiment of the present invention,
the formulations and methods of the present invention may provide a
micro-organ producing functional RNA molecules. Functional RNA
molecules may comprise antisense oligonucleotide sequences,
ribozymes comprising the antisense oligonucleotide described herein
and a ribozyme sequence fused thereto. Such a ribozyme is readily
synthesizable using solid phase oligonucleotide synthesis.
[0090] Ribozymes are being increasingly used for the
sequence-specific inhibition of gene expression by the cleavage of
mRNAs encoding proteins of interest [Welch et al., "Expression of
ribozymes in gene transfer systems to modulate target RNA levels."
Curr Opin Biotechnol. 1998 October; 9(5):486-96]. The possibility
of designing ribozymes to cleave any specific target RNA has
rendered them valuable tools in both basic research and therapeutic
applications. In the therapeutics area, ribozymes have been
exploited to target viral RNAs in infectious diseases, dominant
oncogenes in cancers and specific somatic mutations in genetic
disorders [Welch et al., "Ribozyme gene therapy for hepatitis C
virus infection." Clin Diagn Virol. Jul. 15, 1998; 10(2-3):163-71.
Most notably, several ribozyme gene therapy protocols for HIV
patients are already in Phase 1 trials. More recently, ribozymes
have been used for transgenic animal research, gene target
validation and pathway elucidation. Several ribozymes are in
various stages of clinical trials. ANGIOZYME was the first
chemically synthesized ribozyme to be studied in human clinical
trials. ANGIOZYME specifically inhibits formation of the VEGF-r
(Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor), a key component in
the angiogenesis pathway. Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc., as well
as other firms has demonstrated the importance of anti-angiogenesis
therapeutics in animal models. HEPTAZYME, a ribozyme designed to
selectively destroy Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA, was found
effective in decreasing Hepatitis C viral RNA in cell culture
assays.
[0091] As described hereinabove, in one embodiment, the
formulations and methods of the present invention provide a
therapeutic formulation comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding
a therapeutic polypeptide. In one embodiment, the term
"therapeutic" refers to a molecule, which when provided to a
subject in need, provides a beneficial effect. In some cases, the
molecule is therapeutic in that it functions to replace an absence
or diminished presence of such a molecule in a subject. In one
embodiment, the therapeutic protein is that of a protein which is
absent in a subject, such as in cases of subjects with an
endogenous null or mis-sense mutation of a required protein. In
other embodiments, the endogenous protein is mutated, and produces
a non-functional protein, compensated for by the provision of the
functional protein. In other embodiments, expression of a
heterologous protein is additive to low endogenous levels,
resulting in cumulative enhanced expression of a given protein. In
other embodiments, the molecule stimulates a signaling cascade that
provides for expression, or secretion, or others of a critical
element for cellular or host functioning.
[0092] In one embodiment, the term "therapeutic formulation"
describes a substance applicable for use in the diagnosis, or in
another embodiment, cure, or in another embodiment, mitigation, or
in another embodiment, treatment, or in another embodiment,
prevention of a disease, disorder, condition or infection. In one
embodiment, the "therapeutic formulation" of this invention refers
to any substance which affect the structure or function of the
target to which it is applied.
[0093] In another embodiment, the "therapeutic formulation" of the
present invention is a molecule that alleviates a symptom of a
disease or disorder when administered to a subject afflicted
thereof. In one embodiment, the "therapeutic formulation" of this
invention is a synthetic molecule, or in another embodiment, a
naturally occurring compound isolated from a source found in
nature.
[0094] In one embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is
erythropoietin, while in another embodiment, the therapeutic
polypeptide is interferon alpha, which in one embodiment, is
interferon alpha 2b. In one embodiment, said therapeutic
polypeptide is any other therapeutic polypeptide.
[0095] In one embodiment, "treatment" refers to both therapeutic
treatment and prophylactic or preventative measures, wherein the
object is to prevent or lessen the targeted pathologic condition or
disorder as described hereinabove. Thus, in one embodiment,
treating may include directly affecting or curing, suppressing,
inhibiting, preventing, reducing the severity of, delaying the
onset of, reducing symptoms associated with the disease, disorder
or condition, or a combination thereof. Thus, in one embodiment,
"treating" refers inter alia to delaying progression, expediting
remission, inducing remission, augmenting remission, speeding
recovery, increasing efficacy of or decreasing resistance to
alternative therapeutics, or a combination thereof. In one
embodiment, "preventing" refers, inter alia, to delaying the onset
of symptoms, preventing relapse to a disease, decreasing the number
or frequency of relapse episodes, increasing latency between
symptomatic episodes, or a combination thereof. In one embodiment,
"suppressing" or "inhibiting", refers inter alia to reducing the
severity of symptoms, reducing the severity of an acute episode,
reducing the number of symptoms, reducing the incidence of
disease-related symptoms, reducing the latency of symptoms,
ameliorating symptoms, reducing secondary symptoms, reducing
secondary infections, prolonging patient survival, or a combination
thereof.
[0096] In one embodiment, symptoms are primary, while in another
embodiment, symptoms are secondary. In one embodiment, "primary"
refers to a symptom that is a direct result of a particular
disease, while in one embodiment; "secondary" refers to a symptom
that is derived from or consequent to a primary cause. In one
embodiment, the compounds for use in the present invention treat
primary or secondary symptoms or secondary complications related to
said disease. In another embodiment, "symptoms" may be any
manifestation of a disease or pathological condition.
[0097] In one embodiment, a therapeutic nucleic acid may encode a
therapeutic polypeptide, which may in one embodiment, comprise an
enzyme, an enzyme cofactor, a cytotoxic protein, an antibody, a
channel protein, a transporter protein, a growth factor, a hormone,
a cytokine, a receptor, a mucin, a surfactant, an aptamer or a
hormone. In another embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide may be
of one or more of the categories as described above. In another
embodiment, a therapeutic nucleic acid may encode functional RNA as
described hereinbelow.
[0098] In one embodiment, the term "antibody or antibody fragment"
refers to intact antibody molecules as well as functional fragments
thereof, such as Fab, F(ab')2, and Fv that are capable of binding
to an epitope. In one embodiment, an Fab fragment refers to the
fragment which contains a monovalent antigen-binding fragment of an
antibody molecule, which can be produced by digestion of whole
antibody with the enzyme papain to yield an intact light chain and
a portion of one heavy chain. In one embodiment, Fab' fragment
refers to a part of an antibody molecule that can be obtained by
treating whole antibody with pepsin, followed by reduction, to
yield an intact light chain and a portion of the heavy chain. Two
Fab' fragments may be obtained per antibody molecule. In one
embodiment, (Fab').sub.2 refers to a fragment of an antibody that
can be obtained by treating whole antibody with the enzyme pepsin
without subsequent reduction. In another embodiment, F(ab').sub.2
is a dimer of two Fab' fragments held together by two disulfide
bonds. In one embodiment, Fv, may refer to a genetically engineered
fragment containing the variable region of the light chain and the
variable region of the heavy chain expressed as two chains. In one
embodiment, the antibody fragment may be a single chain antibody
("SCA"), a genetically engineered molecule containing the variable
region of the light chain and the variable region of the heavy
chain, linked by a suitable polypeptide linker as a genetically
fused single chain molecule.
[0099] Methods of making these fragments are known in the art. (See
for example, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold
Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, 1988, incorporated herein by
reference).
[0100] In one embodiment, the antibody will recognize an epitope,
which in another embodiment, refers to antigenic determinant on an
antigen to which the paratope of an antibody binds. Epitopic
determinants may, in other embodiments, consist of chemically
active surface groupings of molecules such as amino acids or
carbohydrate side chains and in other embodiments, may have
specific three dimensional structural characteristics, and/or in
other embodiments, have specific charge characteristics.
[0101] In one embodiment, the epitope recognized is from a
pathogen, or in another embodiment, a pathogenic cell, or in
another embodiment, a protein aberrantly expressed, which, in
another embodiment, may refer to the location, quantity, or
combination thereof of expression.
[0102] Another form of an antibody fragment is a peptide coding for
a single complementarity-determining region (CDR). CDR peptides
("minimal recognition units") can be obtained by constructing genes
encoding the CDR of an antibody of interest. Such genes are
prepared, for example, by using the polymerase chain reaction to
synthesize the variable region from RNA of antibody-producing
cells. See, for example, Larrick and Fry, Methods, 2: 106-10,
1991.
[0103] In one embodiment, the antibody is tumoricidal, and is
thereby therapeutic in certain cancers. Antibodies that possess
tumoricidal activity are also known in the art, the use of any of
which may represent an embodiment of this invention, including
IMC-C225, EMD 72000, OvaRex Mab B43.13, anti-ganglioside G(D2)
antibody ch14.18, CO17-1A, trastuzumab, rhuMAb VEGF, sc-321, AF349,
BAF349, AF743, BAF743, MAB743, AB1875, Anti-Flt-4AB3127, FLT41-A,
rituximab, 2C3, CAMPATH 1H, 2G7, Alpha IR-3, ABX-EGF, MDX-447,
anti-p75 IL-2R, anti-p64 IL-2R, and 2A11.
[0104] In one embodiment, the "therapeutic nucleic acid" of this
invention may encode or the "therapeutic polypeptide" may be
molecules that serve as antihypertensives, antidepressants,
antianxiety agents, anticlotting agents, anticonvulsants, blood
glucose-lowering agents, decongestants, antihistamines,
antitussives, anti-inflammatories, antipsychotic agents, cognitive
enhancers, cholesterol-reducing agents, antiobesity agents,
autoimmune disorder agents, anti-impotence agents, antibacterial
and antifungal agents, hypnotic agents, anti-Parkinsonism agents,
antibiotics, antiviral agents, anti-neoplastics, barbituates,
sedatives, nutritional agents, beta blockers, emetics,
anti-emetics, diuretics, anticoagulants, cardiotonics, androgens,
corticoids, anabolic agents, growth hormone secretagogues,
anti-infective agents, coronary vasodilators, carbonic anhydrase
inhibitors, antiprotozoals, gastrointestinal agents, serotonin
antagonists, anesthetics, hypoglycemic agents, dopaminergic agents,
anti-Alzheimer's Disease agents, anti-ulcer agents, platelet
inhibitors and glycogen phosphorylase inhibitors.
[0105] In one embodiment, the "therapeutic formulation" of this
invention is antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal or antiparasitic.
In another embodiment, the therapeutic formulation has cytotoxic or
anti-cancer activity. In another embodiment, the therapeutic
formulation is immunostimulatory. In another embodiment, the
therapeutic formulation inhibits inflammatory or immune
responses.
[0106] In one embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acids may encode
or the therapeutic polypeptides may be cytokines, such as
interferons or interleukins, or their receptors. Lack of expression
of cytokines, or of the appropriate ones, has been implicated in
susceptibility to diseases, and enhanced expression may lead to
resistance to a number of infections. Expression patterns of
cytokines may be altered to produce a beneficial effect, such as
for example, a biasing of the immune response toward a Th1 type
expression pattern, or a Th2 pattern in infection, or in autoimmune
disease, wherein altered expression patterns may prove beneficial
to the host.
[0107] In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid may
encode or the therapeutic polypeptide may be an enzyme, such as one
involved in glycogen storage or breakdown. In another embodiment,
the therapeutic protein comprises a transporter, such as an ion
transporter, for example CFTR, or a glucose transporter, or other
transporters whose deficiency, or inappropriate expression, results
in a variety of diseases.
[0108] In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid encodes
or the therapeutic polypeptide is a tumor suppressor or
pro-apoptotic compound, which alters progression of cancer-related
events.
[0109] In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid of the
present invention may encode or the therapeutic polypeptide may be
an immunomodulating protein. In one embodiment, the
immunomodulating protein comprises cytokines, chemokines,
complement or components, such as interleukins 1 to 15, interferons
alpha, beta or gamma, tumour necrosis factor,
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF),
macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), granulocyte colony
stimulating factor (G-CSF), chemokines such as neutrophil
activating protein (NAP), macrophage chemoattractant and activating
factor (MCAF), RANTES, macrophage inflammatory peptides MIP-1a and
MIP-1b, or complement components.
[0110] In another embodiment, a therapeutic nucleic acid of this
invention may encode or a therapeutic polypeptide may be a growth
factor, or tissue-promoting factor. In one embodiment, the
therapeutic compound is a bone morphogenetic protein, or OP-1,
OP-2, BMP-5, BMP-6, BMP-2, BMP-3, BMP-4, BMP-9, DPP, Vg-1, 60A, or
Vgr-1. In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid encodes
an RNA or peptide that facilitates nerve regeneration or repair,
and may include NGF, or other growth factors. In another
embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide facilitates nerve
regeneration or repair, and may include NGF, or other growth
factors.
[0111] In another embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid may
encode or the therapeutic polypeptide may be natural or non-natural
insulins, amylases, proteases, lipases, kinases, phosphatases,
glycosyl transferases, trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen,
carboxypeptidases, hormones, ribonucleases, deoxyribonucleases,
triacylglycerol lipase, phospholipase A2, elastases, amylases,
blood clotting factors, UDP glucuronyl transferases, ornithine
transcarbamoylases, cytochrome p450 enzymes, adenosine deaminases,
serum thymic factors, thymic humoral factors, thymopoietins, growth
hormones, somatomedins, costimulatory factors, antibodies, colony
stimulating factors, erythropoietin, epidermal growth factors,
hepatic erythropoietic factors (hepatopoietin), liver-cell growth
factors, interleukins, interferons, negative growth factors,
fibroblast growth factors, transforming growth factors of the a
family, transforming growth factors of the .beta. family, gastrins,
secretins, cholecystokinins, somatostatins, serotonins, substance
P, transcription factors or combinations thereof.
[0112] In another embodiment, the gene comprises a reporter gene.
In one embodiment, the reporter gene encodes a fluorescent protein.
In one embodiment, the fluorescent protein is yECitrine or a yellow
fluorescent protein. In one embodiment, the fluorescent protein is
the jellyfish green fluorescent protein, or a mutant or variant
thereof. In another embodiment, the GMMOs specifically may comprise
any gene other than a reporter gene or a gene encoding a reporter
protein.
[0113] In another embodiment, the reporter gene confers drug
resistance. In one embodiment, the reporter gene confers resistance
to an antibiotic, such as, for example, ampicillin, kanamycin,
tetracycline, or others, as will be appreciated by one skilled in
the art. In another embodiment, the antibiotic resistance genes may
include those conferring resistance to neomycin (neo), blasticidin,
spectinomycin, erythromycin, phleomycin, Tn917, gentamycin, and
bleomycin. An example of the neomycin resistance gene is the
neomycin resistance gene of transposon Tn5 that encodes for
neomycin phosphotransferase 11, which confers resistance to various
antibiotics, including G418 and kanamycin. In another embodiment,
the reporter is a chloramphenicol acetyl transferase gene (cat) and
confers resistance to chloramphenicol.
[0114] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of this
invention are for prevention of, or therapeutic intervention of
viral infection, or in another embodiment, bacterial, parasitic, or
fungal infection, or a combination thereof.
[0115] According to this aspect of the invention, the formulations
and methods of this invention are for prevention of, or therapeutic
intervention in disease. In one embodiment, the disease for which
the subject is thus treated may comprise, but is not limited to:
muscular dystrophy, cancer, cardiovascular disease, hypertension,
infection, renal disease, neurodegenerative disease, such as
alzheimer's disease, parkinson's disease, huntington's chorea,
Creurtfeld-Jacob disease, autoimmune disease, such as lupus,
rheumatoid arthritis, endocarditis, Graves' disease or ALD,
respiratory disease such as asthma or cystic fibrosis, bone
disease, such as osteoporosis, joint disease, liver disease,
disease of the skin, such as psoriasis or eczema, ophthalmic
disease, otolaryngeal disease, other neurological disease such as
Turret syndrome, schizophrenia, depression, autism, or stoke, or
metabolic disease such as a glycogen storage disease or diabetes.
It is to be understood that any disease whereby expression of a
particular protein, provision of a therapeutic protein, provision
of a drug, inhibition of expression of a particular protein, etc.,
which can be accomplished via the formulations of this invention
and according to the methods of this invention, is to be considered
as part of this invention.
[0116] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
instant invention comprise a nucleic acid sequence operably linked
to one or more regulatory sequences. In one embodiment, a nucleic
acid molecule introduced into a cell of a micro-organ is in a form
suitable for expression in the cell of the gene product encoded by
the nucleic acid. Accordingly, in one embodiment, the nucleic acid
molecule includes coding and regulatory sequences required for
transcription of a gene (or portion thereof). When the gene product
is a protein or peptide, the nucleic acid molecule includes coding
and regulatory sequences required for translation of the nucleic
acid molecule include promoters, enhancers, polyadenylation
signals, sequences necessary for transport of an encoded protein or
peptide, for example N-terminal signal sequences for transport of
proteins or peptides to the surface of the cell or secretion, in
one embodiment.
[0117] Nucleotide sequences which regulate expression of a gene
product (e.g., promoter and enhancer sequences) are selected based
upon the type of cell in which the gene product is to be expressed
and the desired level of expression of the gene product. For
example, a promoter known to confer cell-type specific expression
of a gene linked to the promoter can be used. A promoter specific
for myoblast gene expression can be linked to a gene of interest to
confer muscle-specific expression of that gene product.
Muscle-specific regulatory elements which are known in the art
include upstream regions from the dystrophin gene (Klamut et al.,
(1989) Mol. Cell Biol. 9:2396), the creatine kinase gene (Buskin
and Hauschka, (1989) Mol. Cell Biol. 9:2627) and the troponin gene
(Mar and Ordahl, (1988) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 85:6404).
Negative response elements in keratin genes mediate transcriptional
repression (Jho Sh et al, (2001). J. Biol Chem). Regulatory
elements specific for other cell types are known in the art (e.g.,
the albumin enhancer for liver-specific expression; insulin
regulatory elements for pancreatic islet cell-specific expression;
various neural cell-specific regulatory elements, including neural
dystrophin, neural enolase and A4 amyloid promoters).
Alternatively, a regulatory element which can direct constitutive
expression of a gene in a variety of different cell types, such as
a viral regulatory element, can be used. Examples of viral
promoters commonly used to drive gene expression include those
derived from polyoma virus, Adenovirus 2, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and
Simian Virus 40, and retroviral LTRs. Alternatively, a regulatory
element which provides inducible expression of a gene linked
thereto can be used. The use of an inducible regulatory element
(e.g., an inducible promoter) allows for modulation of the
production of the gene product in the cell. Examples of potentially
useful inducible regulatory systems for use in eukaryotic cells
include hormone-regulated elements (e.g., see Mader, S. and White,
J. H. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:5603-5607), synthetic
ligand-regulated elements (see, e.g., Spencer, D. M. et al 1993)
Science 262:1019-1024) and ionizing radiation-regulated elements
(e.g., see Manome, Y. Et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32:10607-10613;
Datta, R. et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:1014-10153).
Additional tissue-specific or inducible regulatory systems which
may be developed can also be used in accordance with the
invention.
[0118] In one embodiment, a regulatory sequence of the instant
invention may comprise a CMV promoter, while in another embodiment;
the regulatory sequence may comprise a CAG promoter. In one
embodiment, a CAG promoter is a composite promoter that combines
the human cytomegalovirus immediate-early enhancer and a modified
chicken beta-actin promoter and first intron. In one embodiment, a
regulatory sequence may comprise a simian virus (SV)-40
polyadenylation sequence, which in one embodiment, is the mechanism
by which most messenger RNA molecules are terminated at their 3'
ends in eukaryotes. In one embodiment, the polyadenosine (poly-A)
tail protects the mRNA molecule from exonucleases and is important
for transcription termination, for export of the mRNA from the
nucleus, and for translation. In another embodiment, a formulation
of the present invention may comprise one or more regulatory
sequences.
[0119] In one embodiment, formulations of the instant invention
comprising CMV or CAG promoters in conjunction with SV40
demonstrate long-term, high in vitro (FIGS. 1, 5, and 7B) and in
vivo (FIG. 6A) expression levels of EPO and IFN-alpha. Without
being bound by theory, one factor that may contribute to the
long-lasting, high levels of gene product from micro-organs of the
instant invention is the use of CMV, or alternatively, CAG as a
promoter, which may be especially effective in micro-organ explants
in promoting constitutive gene expression.
[0120] In one embodiment, the term "promoter" refers to a DNA
sequence, which, in one embodiment, is directly upstream of the
coding sequence and is important for basal and/or regulated
transcription of a gene. In one embodiment, a promoter of the
present invention is operatively linked to a gene of interest. In
another embodiment, the promoter is a mutant of the endogenous
promoter, which is normally associated with expression of the gene
of interest, under the appropriate conditions.
[0121] In one embodiment, a promoter of the compositions and for
use in the methods of the present invention is a regulatable
promoter. In another embodiment, a regulatable promoter refers to a
promoter whereby expression of a gene downstream occurs as a
function of the occurrence or provision of specific conditions
which stimulate expression from the particular promoter. In some
embodiments, such conditions result in directly turning on
expression, or in other embodiments, remove impediments to
expression. In some embodiments, such conditions result in turning
off, or reducing expression.
[0122] In one embodiment, such conditions may comprise specific
temperatures, nutrients, absence of nutrients, presence of metals,
or other stimuli or environmental factors as will be known to one
skilled in the art. In one embodiment, a regulatable promoter may
be regulated by galactose (e.g. UDP-galactose epimerase (GAL10),
galactokinase (GAL1)), glucose (e.g. alcohol dehydrogenase II
(ADH2)), or phosphate (e.g. acid phosphatase (PHO5)). In another
embodiment, a regulatable promoter may be activated by heat shock
(heat shock promoter) or chemicals such as IPTG or Tetracycline, or
others, as will be known to one skilled in the art. It is to be
understood that any regulatable promoter, and conditions for such
regulation is encompassed by the vectors, nucleic acids and methods
of this invention, and represents an embodiment thereof.
[0123] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
instant invention increase the levels of a therapeutic polypeptide
or nucleic acid by at least 5% over basal levels. In another
embodiment, the levels of a therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid
are increased by at least 7%, in another embodiment, by at least
10%, in another embodiment, by at least 15%, in another embodiment,
by at least 20%, in another embodiment, by at least 25%, in another
embodiment, by at least 30%, in another embodiment, by at least
40%, in another embodiment, by at least 50%, in another embodiment,
by at least 60%, in another embodiment, by at least 75%, in another
embodiment, by at least 100%, in another embodiment, by at least
125%, in another embodiment, by at least 150% over basal levels, in
another embodiment, by at least 200% over basal levels.
[0124] In one embodiment, expression of a therapeutic polypeptide
or nucleic acid via the formulation of the present invention is
increased compared to "basal levels", which in one embodiment, are
levels of the gene expressed in hosts or cell culture that had not
been administered or otherwise contacted with the therapeutic
formulation of the present invention.
[0125] In another embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
instant invention increase the levels of a therapeutic polypeptide
or nucleic acid to approximately 2000 ng/day, or in another
embodiment, 1500 ng/day, or in another embodiment, 1000 ng/day, or
in another embodiment, 750 ng/day, or in another embodiment, 500
ng/day, or in another embodiment, 250 ng/day, or in another
embodiment, 150 ng/day, or in another embodiment, 100 ng/day, or in
another embodiment, 75 ng/day, or in another embodiment, 50 ng/day,
or in another embodiment, 25 ng/day. In another embodiment, he
formulations and methods of the instant invention increase the
levels of a therapeutic polypeptide to between 20-70 mU/mL, or in
another embodiment, 50-100 mU/mL, or in another embodiment, 5-20
mU/mL, or in another embodiment, 100-200 mU/mL, or in another
embodiment, 10-70 mU/mL, or in another embodiment, 5-80 mU/mL. In
another embodiment, the formulations and methods of the instant
invention increase the levels of a therapeutic polypeptide to
between 500-1000 mU/mL, or in another embodiment, 250-750 mU/mL, or
in another embodiment, 500-5000 mU/mL.
[0126] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
instant invention increase the levels of a functional marker, which
in one embodiment, is hematocrit levels, by at least 5% over basal
levels. In another embodiment, the levels of the functional marker
are increased by at least 7%, in another embodiment, by at least
10%, in another embodiment, by at least 15%, in another embodiment,
by at least 20%, in another embodiment, by at least 25%, in another
embodiment, by at least 30%, in another embodiment, by at least
40%, in another embodiment, by at least 50%, in another embodiment,
by at least 60%, in another embodiment, by at least 75%, in another
embodiment, by at least 100%, in another embodiment, by at least
125%, in another embodiment, by at least 150% over basal levels, in
another embodiment, by at least 200% over basal levels.
[0127] In one embodiment, the therapeutic formulation of the
present invention is "long-lasting", which in one embodiment refers
to a formulation that can increase secretion, expression,
production, circulation or persistence of a therapeutic polypeptide
or nucleic acid. In one embodiment, expression levels of a
therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid are increased over basal
levels for at least one month, or in another embodiment, for at
least six months. In another embodiment, the levels of hematocrit
are increased for at least 2 weeks, in another embodiment, for at
least 3 weeks, in another embodiment, for at least 4 weeks, in
another embodiment, for at least 5 weeks, in another embodiment,
for at least 6 weeks, in another embodiment, for at least 8 weeks,
in another embodiment, for at least 2 months, in another
embodiment, for at least 2 months in another embodiment, for at
least 2 months in another embodiment, for at least 3 months in
another embodiment, for at least 4 months, in another embodiment,
for at least 5 months, in another embodiment, for at least 7
months, in another embodiment, for at least 8 months, in another
embodiment, for at least 9 months, in another embodiment, for at
least 10 months, in another embodiment, for at least 11 months, or,
in another embodiment, for at least 1 year. In another embodiment,
expression levels of a therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid are
increased for at least 4-6 months.
[0128] In one embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence encoding a
therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid is optimized for increased
levels of therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid expression, or,
in another embodiment, for increased duration of therapeutic
polypeptide or nucleic acid expression, or, in another embodiment,
a combination thereof.
[0129] In one embodiment, the term "optimized" refers to a desired
change, which, in one embodiment, is a change in gene expression
and, in another embodiment, in protein expression. In one
embodiment, optimized gene expression is optimized regulation of
gene expression. In another embodiment, optimized gene expression
is an increase in gene expression. According to this aspect and in
one embodiment, a 2-fold through 1000-fold increase in gene
expression compared to wild-type is contemplated. In another
embodiment, a 2-fold to 500-fold increase in gene expression, in
another embodiment, a 2-fold to 100-fold increase in gene
expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 50-fold increase in
gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 20-fold
increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to
10-fold increase in gene expression, in another embodiment, a
3-fold to 5-fold increase in gene expression is contemplated.
[0130] In another embodiment, optimized gene expression may be an
increase in gene expression under particular environmental
conditions. In another embodiment, optimized gene expression may
comprise a decrease in gene expression, which, in one embodiment,
may be only under particular environmental conditions.
[0131] In another embodiment, optimized gene expression is an
increased duration of gene expression. According to this aspect and
in one embodiment, a 2-fold through 1000-fold increase in the
duration of gene expression compared to wild-type is contemplated.
In another embodiment, a 2-fold to 500-fold increase in the
duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to
100-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another
embodiment, a 2-fold to 50-fold increase in the duration of gene
expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to 20-fold increase in
the duration of gene expression, in another embodiment, a 2-fold to
10-fold increase in the duration of gene expression, in another
embodiment, a 3-fold to 5-fold increase in the duration of gene
expression is contemplated. In another embodiment, the increased
duration of gene expression is compared to gene expression in
non-vector-expressing controls, or alternatively, compared to gene
expression in wild-type-vector-expressing controls.
[0132] Expression in mammalian cells is hampered, in one
embodiment, by transcriptional silencing, low mRNA half-life,
alternative splicing events, premature polyadenylation, inefficient
nuclear translocation and availability of rare tRNAs pools. The
source of many problems in mammalian expressions are found within
the message encoding the transgene including in the autologous
expression of many crucial mammalian genes as well. The
optimization of mammalian RNAs may include modification of cis
acting elements, adaptation of its GC-content, modifying codon bias
with respect to non-limiting tRNAs pools of the mammalian cell,
avoiding internal homologous regions and excluding RNAi's.
[0133] Therefore, in one embodiment, when relying on carefully
designed synthetic genes, stable messages with prolonged
half-lives, constitutive nuclear export and high level protein
production within the mammalian host can be expected.
[0134] Thus, in one embodiment, optimizing a gene entails adapting
the codon usage to the codon bias of host genes, which in one
embodiment, are Homo sapiens genes; adjusting regions of very high
(>80%) or very low (<30%) GC content; avoiding one or more of
the following cis-acting sequence motifs: internal TATA-boxes,
chi-sites and ribosomal entry sites; AT-rich or GC-rich sequence
stretches; ARE, INS, CRS sequence elements; repeat sequences and
RNA secondary structures; (cryptic) splice donor and acceptor
sites, branch points; or a combination thereof. In one embodiment,
a gene is optimized for expression in homo sapien cells. In another
embodiment, a gene is optimized for expression in micro-organs. In
another embodiment, a gene is optimized for expression in dermal
cells.
[0135] In one embodiment, as demonstrated herein, optimized genes,
such as EPO, maintain an increase percent of peak expression levels
for an extended period of time compared to both non-optimized EPO
expressed from a gutless adenovirus vector or non-optimized EPO
expressed from an adenovirus 5 vector (FIGS. 3 and 4).
[0136] In one embodiment, the term "gene" refers to a nucleic acid
fragment that is capable of being expressed as a specific protein,
including regulatory sequences preceding (5' non-coding sequences)
and following (3' non-coding sequences) the coding sequence.
"Native gene" refers to agene as found in nature with its own
regulatory sequences. "Chimeric gene" refers to any gene that is
not a native gene, comprising regulatory and coding sequences that
are not found together in nature. Accordingly, a chimeric gene may
comprise regulatory sequences and coding sequences that are derived
from different sources, or regulatory sequences and coding
sequences derived from the same source, but arranged in a manner
different than that found in nature. "Endogenous gene" refers to a
native gene in its natural location in the genome of an organism. A
"foreign" gene refers to a gene not normally found in the host
organism, but that is introduced into the host organism by gene
transfer. Foreign genes can comprise native genes inserted into a
non-native organism, or chimeric genes. A "transgene" is a gene
that has been introduced into the genome by a transformation
procedure.
[0137] In one embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid may be any
gene which encodes an RNA molecule (sense or antisense), peptide,
polypeptide, glycoprotein, lipoprotein or combination thereof or to
any other post modified polypeptide. In one embodiment of the
invention, the gene of interest may be naturally expressed in the
tissue sample. In another embodiment of this invention, the tissue
sample may be genetically engineered so that at least one cell will
express the gene of interest, which is either not naturally
expressed by the cell or has an altered expression profile within
the cell. In one embodiment, the therapeutic nucleic acid of the
present invention may encode or the therapeutic polypeptide may be
any of the proteins listed in U.S. patent application Ser. No.
10/376,506, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0138] In one embodiment, the genetically modified micro-organ is a
genetically modified dermal micro-organ. "Dermal" micro-organs may
comprise a plurality of dermis components, where in one embodiment;
dermis is the portion of the skin located below the epidermis.
These components may comprise skin fibroblast, epithelial cells,
other cell types, bases of hair follicles, nerve endings, sweat and
sebaceous glands, and blood and lymph vessels. In one embodiment, a
dermal micro-organ may comprise fat tissue, wherein in another
embodiment, a dermal micro-organ may not comprise fat tissue.
Further details regarding dermal micro-organs, including methods of
harvesting, maintaining in culture, and implanting said dermal
micro-organs, are described in PCT Patent Application
WO2004/099363, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0139] In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
providing a therapeutic polypeptide to a subject in need over a
sustained period comprising providing one or more genetically
modified micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences; and implanting said genetically modified
micro-organ in said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence
encodes a therapeutic polypeptide and whereby the expression level
of the therapeutic nucleic acid or polypeptide is increased by more
than 5% over basal level and said increase is maintained for
greater than one month. In another embodiment, the invention
provides a method of providing a therapeutic polypeptide to a
subject in need over a sustained period comprising providing one or
more genetically modified micro-organs, said micro-organs
comprising a vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably
linked to one or more regulatory sequences; and implanting said
genetically modified micro-organ in said subject, wherein said
nucleic acid sequence encodes a therapeutic polypeptide and wherein
said vector is a helper-dependent adenovirus vector. In another
embodiment, the invention provides a method of providing a
therapeutic polypeptide to a subject in need over a sustained
period comprising providing one or more genetically modified
micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences; and implanting said genetically modified micro-organ in
said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes a
therapeutic polypeptide and wherein said vector is a
helper-dependent adenovirus vector.
[0140] In another embodiment, the methods described hereinabove
provide a therapeutic nucleic acid to a subject in need wherein the
expression level of the therapeutic nucleic acid or polypeptide is
increased by more than 5% over basal level and said increase is
maintained for greater than one hour, 3 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 12
hours, 18 hours, 1 day, or 2 days, wherein said vector is a
helper-dependent adenovirus vector, or a combination thereof.
[0141] In one embodiment, this invention provides a therapeutic
formulation as described hereinabove in which the therapeutic
polypeptide is erythropoietin or wherein the therapeutic nucleic
acid encodes erythropoietin. In another embodiment, this invention
provides a long-lasting erythropoietin formulation comprising a
genetically modified micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a
vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or
more regulatory sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence
encodes erythropoietin and whereby said formulation increases
erythropoietin levels by more than 5% over basal levels and said
increased erythropoietin levels persist for greater than one month.
In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of providing
a therapeutic formulation to a subject in need in which the
therapeutic polypeptide is erythropoietin or wherein the
therapeutic nucleic acid encodes erythropoietin. In another
embodiment, the invention provides a method of providing
erythropoietin to a subject in need.
[0142] In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of
delivering erythropoietin to a subject in need over a sustained
period comprising: providing one or more genetically modified
micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences; and implanting said genetically modified micro-organ in
said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes
erythropoietin and whereby erythropoietin levels are increased by
more than 5% over basal levels and said increased erythropoietin
levels persist for greater than one month.
[0143] In another embodiment, this invention provides a method of
inducing formation of new blood cells in a subject in need over a
sustained period comprising: providing one or more genetically
modified micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences; and implanting said genetically modified
micro-organ in said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence
encodes erythropoietin and whereby erythropoietin levels are
increased by more than 5% over basal levels and said increased
erythropoietin levels persist for greater than one month.
[0144] In one embodiment, erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein
hormone involved in the maturation of erythroid progenitor cells
into erythrocytes. In one embodiment, erythropoietin is essential
in regulating levels of red blood cells in circulation. Naturally
occurring erythropoietin is produced by the kidneys and liver,
circulates in the blood, and stimulates the production of red blood
cells in bone marrow, in one embodiment, in response to
hypoxia.
[0145] In one embodiment, EPO of the compositions and methods of
the instant invention may comprise glycosylation patterns similar
to those of EPO extracted from human or animal urine, or in another
embodiment, plasma.
[0146] The identification, cloning, and expression of genes
encoding erythropoietin are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,756,349;
5,955,422; 5,618,698; 5,547,933; 5,621,080; 5,441,868; and
4,703,008, which are incorporated herein by reference. A
description of the purification of recombinant erythropoietin from
cell medium that supported the growth of mammalian cells containing
recombinant erythropoietin plasmids for example, are included in
U.S. Pat. No. 4,667,016 to Lai et al, which is incorporated herein
by reference. Recombinant erythropoietin produced by genetic
engineering techniques involving the expression of a protein
product in vitro from a host cell transformed with the gene
encoding erythropoietin has been used to treat anemia resulting
from chronic renal failure. Currently, EPO is used in the treatment
of anemia of renal failure, the anemia associated with HIV
infection in zidovudine (AZT) treated patients, and anemia
associated with cancer chemotherapy. Administration of rhu-EPO has
become routine in the treatment of anemia secondary to renal
insufficiency, where doses of 50-75 u/kg given three times per week
are used to gradually restore hematocrit and eliminate transfusion
dependency.
[0147] Many cell surface and secretory proteins produced by
eukaryotic cells are modified with one or more oligosaccharide
groups called glycosylation, which can dramatically affect protein
stability, secretion, and subcellular localization as well as
biological activity. In one embodiment, both human urinary derived
erythropoietin and recombinant erythropoietin (expressed in
mammalian cells) having the amino acid sequence 1-165 of human
erythropoietin comprise three N-linked and one O-linked
oligosaccharide chains which together comprise about 40% of the
total molecular weight of the glycoprotein. In one embodiment,
non-glycosylated erythropoietin has greatly reduced in vivo
activity compared to the glycosylated form but does retain some in
vitro activity. In one embodiment, the EPO of the compositions and
for use in the methods of the present invention are fully
glycosylated, while in another embodiment, they are comprise some
glycosylated residues, while in another embodiment, they are not
glycosylated.
[0148] In one embodiment, the EPO gene may be a wild-type EPO gene,
while in another embodiment, the EPO gene may be modified. In one
embodiment, the modified EPO gene may be optimized.
[0149] In one embodiment, the EPO gene has a nucleic acid sequence
that corresponds to that set forth in Genbank Accession Nos:
X02158; AF202312; AF202311; AF202309; AF202310; AF053356; AF202306;
AF202307; or AF202308 or encodes a protein sequence that
corresponds to that set forth in Genbank Accession Nos: CAA26095;
AAF23134; AAF17572; AAF23133; AAC78791; or AAF23132. In another
embodiment, the EPO precursor gene has a nucleic acid sequence that
corresponds to that set forth in Genbank Accession Nos:
NM.sub.--000799; M11319; BC093628; or BC111937 or encodes a protein
sequence that corresponds to that set forth in Genbank Accession
Nos: NP 000790; AAA52400; AAH93628; or AAI11938. In another
embodiment, the EPO gene has a nucleic acid sequence as presented
in SEQ ID No: 7, while in another embodiment, the EPO gene has an
amino acid sequence as presented in SEQ ID No: 8. In another
embodiment, the EPO gene has a nucleic acid that is homologous to
that presented in SEQ ID No: 7, while in another embodiment, the
EPO gene has an amino acid sequence that is homologous to that
presented in SEQ ID No: 8.
[0150] In one embodiment, the formulations of the present invention
may be used to treat a subject having anemia. In one embodiment,
anemia is defined as "a pathologic deficiency in the amount of
oxygen-carrying hemoglobin in the red blood cells." Symptoms of
anemia include fatigue, diminished ability to perform daily
functions, impaired cognitive function, headache, dizziness, chest
pain and shortness of breath, nausea, depression, pain, or a
combination thereof. In one embodiment, anemia is associated with a
poorer prognosis and increased mortality.
[0151] Anemia is often a consequence of renal failure due to
decreased production of erythropoietin from the kidney. In another
embodiment, anemia is caused by lowered red blood cell (erythroid)
production by bone marrow due to cancer infiltration, lymphoma or
leukemia, or marrow replacement. Other causes of anemia comprise,
blood loss due to excessive bleeding such as hemorrhages or
abnormal menstrual bleeding; cancer therapies, such as surgery,
radiotherapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, or a combination
thereof; infiltration or replacement of cancerous bone marrow;
increased hemolysis, which in one embodiment is breakdown or
destruction of red blood cells; low levels of erythropoietin, or a
combination thereof. In one embodiment, anemia refers to Fanconi
anemia, which in one embodiment, is an inherited anemia that leads
to bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia) and often to acute
myelogenous leukemia (AML). In another embodiment, anemia refers to
Diamond Blackfan anemia, normocytic anemia, aplastic anemia,
iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin deficiency anemia, Sideroblastic
Anemia, Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria, Anemia of Chronic
Disease, Anemia in Kidney Disease and Dialysis, or a combination
thereof. In another embodiment, the long-lasting EPO formulation of
the instant invention is used for treating a diabetic subject.
According to this aspect and in one embodiment, the EPO formulation
of the instant invention may be used in conjunction with other
treatments for diabetes known in the Art, including, inter alia,
insulin administration, oral hypoglycemic drugs, which in one
embodiment are sulfonurea drugs, which in one embodiment including
inter alia glucotrol, glyburide, glynase and amaryl; glucophage,
thiazolidinediones including inter alia rezulin, actos and avandia;
or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the long-lasting
EPO formulation of the instant invention is used for treating a
subject suffering from chronic kidney disease, while in another
embodiment, is used for treating a subject suffering from end-stage
renal disease. In another embodiment, the formulations of the
instant invention are used for subjects that are susceptible to the
above-mentioned diseases or conditions.
[0152] It is to be understood that the formulations and methods of
this invention may be used to treat anemia, regardless of the cause
of anemia and whether or not the cause of anemia is known.
[0153] In one embodiment, the formulations and method of the
present invention may be administered with other treatments that
are effective in treating anemia. In one embodiment, other
treatments include iron supplements, vitamin B12 supplements,
additional sources of erythropoietin, androgens, growth factors
such as G-CSF, or a combination thereof. In another embodiment, the
formulations and method of the present invention may be
administered in conjunction with other treatments such as blood and
marrow stem cell transplants.
[0154] In one embodiment, this invention provides a therapeutic
formulation as described hereinabove in which the therapeutic
polypeptide is interferon or in which the therapeutic nucleic acid
encodes interferon, which in one embodiment, is interferon alpha,
which in one embodiment, is interferon alpha 2a. In another
embodiment, the present invention provides a long-lasting
interferon-alpha formulation comprising a genetically modified
micro-organ, said micro-organ comprising a vector comprising a
nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more regulatory
sequences, wherein said nucleic acid sequence encodes
interferon-alpha and whereby said formulation increases
interferon-alpha levels by more than 5% over basal levels and said
increased interferon-alpha levels persist for greater than one
month. In another embodiment, the invention provides a method of
providing a therapeutic formulation to a subject in need in which
the therapeutic polypeptide is interferon, or in which the
therapeutic nucleic acid encodes, interferon, which in one
embodiment, is interferon alpha, which in one embodiment, is
interferon alpha 2a. In another embodiment, the invention provides
a method of providing a therapeutic polypeptide which is
interferon, which in one embodiment, is interferon alpha, which in
one embodiment, is interferon alpha 2a to a subject in need.
[0155] In one embodiment, interferons are multi-functional
cytokines that are capable of producing pleitrophic effects on
cells, such as anti-viral, anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory
effects. Because of these cellular responses to interferons,
interferon-alpha and interferon-beta have been found to be
clinically useful in the treatment of viral, proliferative and
inflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, hepatitis B,
hepatitis C and several forms of cancer. Interferon therapies may
also have potential use for the treatment of other inflammatory
diseases, viral diseases and proliferative diseases. Thus, a
subject in need of interferons may have one or all of the
above-mentioned diseases or conditions.
[0156] There are three major classes of interferons: alpha
(.alpha.), beta (.beta.), and gamma (.gamma.). Aside from their
antiviral and anti-oncogenic properties, interferons activate
macrophage and natural killer lymphocyte, and enhance major
histocompatibility complex glycoprotein classes I and II.
Interferon-.alpha. is secreted by leukocytes (B-cells and T-cells).
Interferon-.beta. is secreted by fibroblasts, and
interferon-.gamma. is secreted by T-cells and natural killer
lymphocytes.
[0157] In one embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is interferon
alpha, in another embodiment, interferon beta, or in another
embodiment, interferon gamma. In another embodiment, the
therapeutic polypeptide is any subtype of interferon alpha,
including but not limited to: 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 14, 16,
17, or 21. In another embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is
interferon omega, epsilon, kappa, or a homolog thereof. In another
embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide is interferon lambda or a
homolog thereof. In another embodiment, the therapeutic polypeptide
is any subtype of interferon lambda including but not limited to:
Interleukin (IL) 28A, IL28B, or IL29. In another embodiment, the
therapeutic polypeptide is interferon zeta, nu, tau, delta, or a
homolog thereof.
[0158] In one embodiment, IFNs bind to a specific cell surface
receptor complex, which in one embodiment is interferon alpha
receptor (IFNAR) comprising IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 chains, in another
embodiment is interferon gamma receptor (IFNGR) complex, which
comprises two IFNGR1 and two IFNGR2 subunits, in another embodiment
is a receptor complex comprising IL10R2 and IFNLR1. In one
embodiment, interferons signal through the JAK-STAT signaling
pathway.
[0159] In one embodiment, the interferon of the formulations and
methods of the instant invention are interferon alpha. In another
embodiment, the interferon of the formulations and methods of the
instant invention are interferon alpha2b. In one embodiment,
IFN-alpha-2b is a recombinant, non-glycosylated 165-amino acid
alpha interferon protein comprising the gene for IFN-alpha-2b from
human leukocytes. IFN-alpha-2b is a type I, water-soluble
interferon with a molecular weight of 19,271 daltons (19.271 kDa).
In one embodiment, IFN-alpha-2b has a specific activity of about
2.6.times.108 (260 million) International Units/mg as measured by
HPLC assay.
[0160] In one embodiment, IFN-alpha-2b is one of the Type I
interferons, which belong to the larger helical cytokine
superfamily, which includes growth hormones, interleukins, several
colony-stimulating factors and several other regulatory molecules.
All function as regulators of cellular activity by interacting with
cell-surface receptor complexes, known as IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, and
activating various signaling pathways. Interferons produce
antiviral and anti-proliferative responses in cells.
[0161] In one embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation of
the present invention may be used for the prevention or treatment
of hairy cell leukemia, venereal warts, Kaposi's Sarcoma, chronic
non-A, non-B hepatitis, hepatitis B, or a combination thereof. In
another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation of the
present invention may be administered to a subject that is
susceptible to one of the above-mentioned diseases or conditions or
has been or will be exposed to an infectious agent, as described
herein. In another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation
invention may be used for the prevention or treatment of hepatitis
C. According to this aspect and in one embodiment, the formulations
of the present invention may be administered concurrently or
alternately with other hepatitis C treatments, including inter
alia, ribavarin, interferons, pegylated interferons or a
combination thereof.
[0162] In another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation
may be used or evaluated alone or in conjunction with
chemotherapeutic agents in a variety of other cellular
proliferation disorders, including chronic myelogenous leukemia,
multiple myeloma, superficial bladder cancer, skin cancers
(including, inter alia, basal cell carcinoma and malignant
melanoma), renal cell carcinoma, ovarian cancer, low grade
lymphocytic and cutaneous T cell lymphoma, and glioma. In another
embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation may be used for
the prevention or treatment of solid tumors that arise from lung,
colorectal and breast cancer, alone or with other chemotherapeutic
agents. In another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation
may be used for the prevention or treatment of multiple sclerosis.
In another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation may be
used for the prevention or treatment of histiocytic diseases, which
in one embodiment is Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), which in one
embodiment is a potentially fatal disorder that attacks the body's
connective tissue and in one embodiment is caused by the
overproduction of histiocytes, which in one embodiment, accumulate
in loose connective tissue, causing it to become thickened and
dense. In another embodiment, a long-lasting IFN-alpha formulation
may be used for the prevention or treatment of severe ocular
Behcet's disease.
[0163] In one embodiment, the interferon alpha gene has a nucleic
acid sequence that corresponds to that set forth in Genbank
Accession Nos: K01900; M11003; or M71246, or encodes a protein
sequence that corresponds to that set forth in Genbank Accession
Nos: AAA52716; AAA52724; or AAA52713. In one embodiment, the
interferon beta gene has a nucleic acid sequence that corresponds
to that set forth in Genbank Accession Nos: M25460; AL390882; or
CH236948, or encodes a protein sequence that corresponds to that
set forth in Genbank Accession Nos: AAC41702; CAH70160; or
EAL24265. In one embodiment, the interferon gamma gene has a
nucleic acid sequence that corresponds to that set forth in Genbank
Accession Nos: 700219; AF506749; NM.sub.--000619; or X62468, or
encodes a protein sequence that corresponds to that set forth in
Genbank Accession Nos: AAB59534; AAM28885; NP.sub.--000610; or
CAA44325. In another embodiment, the interferon alpha gene has a
nucleic acid sequence as presented in SEQ ID No: 9, while in
another embodiment, the interferon alpha gene has an amino acid
sequence as presented in SEQ ID No: 10. In another embodiment, the
interferon alpha gene has a nucleic acid that is homologous to that
presented in SEQ ID No: 9, while in another embodiment, the
interferon alpha gene has an amino acid sequence that is homologous
to that presented in SEQ ID No: 10.
[0164] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a
method of delivering interferon-alpha to a subject in need over a
sustained period comprising: providing one or more genetically
modified micro-organs, said micro-organs comprising a vector
comprising a nucleic acid sequence operably linked to one or more
regulatory sequences; and implanting said genetically modified
micro-organ in said subject, wherein said nucleic acid sequence
encodes interferon-alpha and whereby interferon-alpha levels are
increased by more than 5% over basal levels and said increased
interferon-alpha levels persist for greater than one month.
[0165] In one embodiment, the formulations and methods of the
present invention provide a nucleic acid optimized for increased
expression levels, duration, or a combination thereof of a
therapeutic polypeptide encoded by said nucleic acid. In another
embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid sequence with
greater than 85% homology to SEQ ID No: 1, a vector comprising such
a nucleic acid sequence, and a cell comprising such as vector.
[0166] In another embodiment, the invention provides a nucleic acid
sequence with greater than 85% homology to SEQ ID No: 2, a vector
comprising such a nucleic acid sequence, and a cell comprising such
as vector.
[0167] The term "homology", as used herein, when in reference to
any nucleic acid sequence indicates a percentage of nucleotides in
a candidate sequence that is identical with the nucleotides of a
corresponding native nucleic acid sequence.
[0168] In one embodiment, the terms "homology", "homologue" or
"homologous", in any instance, indicate that the sequence referred
to, exhibits, in one embodiment at least 70% correspondence with
the indicated sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid
sequence exhibits at least 72% correspondence with the indicated
sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits
at least 75% correspondence with the indicated sequence. In another
embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits at least 77%
correspondence with the indicated sequence. In another embodiment,
the nucleic acid sequence exhibits at least 80% correspondence with
the indicated sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid
sequence exhibits at least 82% correspondence with the indicated
sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits
at least 85% correspondence with the indicated sequence. In another
embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits at least 87%
correspondence with the indicated sequence. In another embodiment,
the nucleic acid sequence exhibits at least 90% correspondence with
the indicated sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid
sequence exhibits at least 92% correspondence with the indicated
sequence. In another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits
at least 95% or more correspondence with the indicated sequence. In
another embodiment, the nucleic acid sequence exhibits 95%-100%
correspondence to the indicated sequence. Similarly, reference to a
correspondence to a particular sequence includes both direct
correspondence, as well as homology to that sequence as herein
defined.
[0169] Homology may be determined by computer algorithm for
sequence alignment, by methods well described in the art. For
example, computer algorithm analysis of nucleic acid sequence
homology may include the utilization of any number of software
packages available, such as, for example, the BLAST, DOMAIN, BEAUTY
(BLAST Enhanced Alignment Utility), GENPEPT and TREMBL
packages.
[0170] An additional means of determining homology is via
determination of nucleic acid sequence hybridization, methods of
which are well described in the art (See, for example, "Nucleic
Acid Hybridization" Hames, B. D., and Higgins S. J., Eds. (1985);
Sambrook et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual,
(Volumes 1-3) Cold Spring Harbor Press, N.Y.; and Ausubel et al.,
1989, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Green Publishing
Associates and Wiley Interscience, N.Y). In one embodiment, methods
of hybridization may be carried out under moderate to stringent
conditions. Hybridization conditions being, for example, overnight
incubation at 42.degree. C. in a solution comprising: 10-20%
formamide, 5.times.SSC (150 mM NaCl, 15 mM trisodium citrate), 50
mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.6), 5.times.Denhardt's solution, 10%
dextran sulfate, and 20 .mu.g/ml denatured, sheared salmon sperm
DNA.
[0171] In one embodiment, the present invention provides
therapeutic formulations comprising micro-organs and methods of use
thereof. In one embodiment, the preparation of therapeutic
micro-organs comprises (a) obtaining a plurality of micro-organ
explants from a donor subject, each of the plurality of micro-organ
explants comprises a population of cells, each of the plurality of
micro-organ explants maintaining a microarchitecture of an organ
from which it is derived and at the same time having dimensions
selected so as to allow diffusion of adequate nutrients and gases
to cells in the micro-organ explants and diffusion of cellular
waste out of the micro-organ explants so as to minimize cellular
toxicity and concomitant death due to insufficient nutrition and
accumulation of the waste in the micro-organ explants; (b)
genetically modifying the plurality of micro-organ explants, so as
to obtain a plurality of genetically modified micro-organ explants,
said micro-organs comprising and secreting the proteins differing
by the at least one amino acid; and (c) implanting the plurality of
genetically modified micro-organ explants within a plurality of
recipient subjects.
[0172] In one embodiment, the preparation of therapeutic
micro-organs is performed as described in PCT patents WO 03/006669,
WO 03/03585, and WO 04/0993631, which are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety.
[0173] Methods for the preparation and processing of micro-organs
into genetically modified micro-organs are disclosed in
WO2004/099363, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Micro-organs comprise tissue dimensions defined such that diffusion
of nutrients and gases into every cell in the three dimensional
micro-organ, and sufficient diffusion of cellular wastes out of the
explant, is assured. Ex vivo maintenance of the micro-organs, which
in one embodiment, is in minimal media, can continue for an
extended period of time, whereupon controlled ex vivo transduction
incorporating desired gene candidates within cells of the
micro-organs using viral or non-viral vectors occurs, thus creating
genetically modified micro-organs.
[0174] In one embodiment, micro-organs are harvested using a drill
and coring needle, as described hereinbelow. In another embodiment,
micro-organs are harvested using a harvesting system that utilizes
a vacuum to hold the skin taut and open the slits during insertion
of the coring drill. In another embodiment, any tool which may be
used to harvest dermal tissue may be used to harvest micro-organs
of the appropriate size, including but not limited to those tools
and methods described in PCT Application WO 04/099363.
[0175] Incorporation of recombinant nucleic acid within the
micro-organs to generate genetically modified micro-organs or
biopumps can be accomplished through a number of methods well known
in the art. Nucleic acid constructs can be utilized to stably or
transiently transduce the micro-organ cells. In stable
transduction, the nucleic acid molecule is integrated into the
micro-organ cells genome and as such it represents a stable and
inherited trait. In transient transduction, the nucleic acid
molecule is maintained in the transduced cells as an episome and is
expressed by the cells but it is not integrated into the genome.
Such an episome can lead to transient expression when the
transduced cells are rapidly dividing cells due to loss of the
episome or to long term expression wherein the transduced cells are
non-dividing cells.
[0176] Typically the nucleic acid sequence is subcloned within a
particular vector, depending upon the preferred method of
introduction of the sequence to within the micro-organs, as
described hereinabove. Once the desired nucleic acid segment is
subcloned into a particular vector it thereby becomes a recombinant
vector.
[0177] In one embodiment, micro-organs are incubated at 32.degree.
C. before and after genetic modification, while in another
embodiment, they are incubated at 37.degree. C. In another
embodiment, micro-organs are incubated at 33.degree. C., 34.degree.
C., 35.degree. C., 36.degree. C., 38.degree. C., 39.degree. C.,
40.degree. C., 28.degree. C., 30.degree. C., 31.degree. C.,
25.degree. C., 42.degree. C., or 45.degree. C.
[0178] In one embodiment, micro-organs are incubated at 10%
CO.sub.2 before and after genetic modification, while in another
embodiment, they are incubated at 5% CO.sub.2. In another
embodiment, micro-organs are incubated at 12% CO.sub.2, 15%
CO.sub.2, 17% CO.sub.2, or 20% CO.sub.2. In another embodiment,
micro-organs are incubated at 2% CO.sub.2, 6% CO.sub.2, 7%
CO.sub.2, 8% CO.sub.2, or 9% CO.sub.2.
[0179] In another embodiment, incubation temperatures, CO.sub.2
concentrations, or a combination thereof may be kept at a single
temperature or concentration before, during, and after genetic
modification, while in another embodiment, incubation temperatures,
CO.sub.2 concentrations, or a combination thereof may be adjusted
at different points before, during, and after genetic modification
of micro-organs.
[0180] In another embodiment, micro-organs are incubated at 85-100%
humidity, which in one embodiment is 95% humidity, in another
embodiment, 90% humidity, and in another embodiment, 98%
humidity.
[0181] In one embodiment, the levels of therapeutic nucleic acids
or polypeptides may be detected using any method known in the art.
The efficacy of a particular expression vector system and method of
introducing nucleic acid into a cell can be assessed by standard
approaches routinely used in the art. For example, DNA introduced
into a cell can be detected by a filter hybridization technique
(e.g., Southern blotting) and RNA produced by transcription of
introduced DNA can be detected, for example, by Northern blotting,
RNase protection or reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction
(RT-PCR). The gene product can be detected by an appropriate assay,
for example by immunological detection of a produced protein, such
as with a specific antibody, or by a functional assay to detect a
functional activity of the gene product, such as an enzymatic
assay. In one embodiment, ELISA, Western blots, or radioimmunoassay
may be used to detect proteins. If the gene product of interest to
be expressed by a cell is not readily assayable, an expression
system can first be optimized using a reporter gene linked to the
regulatory elements and vector to be used. The reporter gene
encodes a gene product which is easily detectable and, thus, can be
used to evaluate efficacy of the system. Standard reporter genes
used in the art include genes encoding .beta.-galactosidase,
chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, luciferase and human growth
hormone.
[0182] Thus, in one embodiment, therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic
acid expression levels are measured in vitro, while in another
embodiment, therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic acid expression
levels are measured in vivo. In one embodiment, in vitro
determination of polypeptide or nucleic acid expression levels,
which in one embodiment, is EPO levels and in another embodiment,
IFN-alpha levels, allows a determination of the number of micro
organs to be implanted in a patient via determining the secretion
level of a therapeutic agent by a micro-organ in vitro; estimating
a relationship between in vitro production and secretions levels
and in vivo serum levels of the therapeutic agent; and determining
an amount of the therapeutic formulation to be implanted, based on
the determined secretion level and the estimated relationship.
[0183] In another preferred embodiment of this invention,
polynucleotide(s) can also include trans-, or cis-acting enhancer
or suppresser elements which regulate either the transcription or
translation of endogenous genes expressed within the cells of the
micro-organs, or additional recombinant genes introduced into the
micro-organs. Numerous examples of suitable translational or
transcriptional regulatory elements, which can be utilized in
mammalian cells, are known in the art.
[0184] For example, transcriptional regulatory elements comprise
cis- or trans-acting elements, which are necessary for activation
of transcription from specific promoters [(Carey et al., (1989), J.
Mol. Biol. 209:423-432; Cress et al., (1991), Science 251:87-90;
and Sadowski et al., (1988), Nature 335:5631-564)].
[0185] Translational activators are exemplified by the cauliflower
mosaic virus translational activator (TAV) [see for example,
Futterer and Hohn, (1991), EMBO J. 10:3887-3896]. In this system a
bi-cistronic mRNA is produced. That is, two coding regions are
transcribed in the same mRNA from the same promoter. In the absence
of TAV, only the first cistron is translated by the ribosomes,
however, in cells expressing TAV, both cistrons are translated.
[0186] The polynucleotide sequence of cis-acting regulatory
elements can be introduced into cells of micro-organs via commonly
practiced gene knock-in techniques. For a review of gene
knock-in/out methodology see, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,487,992, 5,464,764, 5,387,742, 5,360,735, 5,347,075, 5,298,422,
5,288,846, 5,221,778, 5,175,385, 5,175,384, 5,175,383, 4,736,866 as
well as Burke and Olson, Methods in Enzymology, 194:251-270, 1991;
Capecchi, Science 244:1288-1292, 1989; Davies et al., Nucleic Acids
Research, 20 (11) 2693-2698, 1992; Dickinson et al., Human
Molecular Genetics, 2(8):1299-1302, 1993; Duff and Lincoln,
"Insertion of a pathogenic mutation into a yeast artificial
chromosome containing the human APP gene and expression in ES
cells", Research Advances in Alzheimer's Disease and Related
Disorders, 1995; Huxley et al., Genomics, 9:742-750 1991;
Jakobovits et al., Nature, 362:255-261 1993; Lamb et al., Nature
Genetics, 5: 22-29, 1993; Pearson and Choi, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA, 1993, 90:10578-82; Rothstein, Methods in Enzymology,
194:281-301, 1991; Schedl et al., Nature, 362: 258-261, 1993;
Strauss et al., Science, 259:1904-1907, 1993, WO 94/23049, WO
93/14200, WO 94/06908 and WO 94/28123 also provide information.
[0187] Down-regulation of endogenous sequences may also be desired,
in order to assess production of the recombinant product
exclusively. Toward this end, antisense RNA may be employed as a
means of endogenous sequence inactivation. Exogenous
polynucleotide(s) encoding sequences complementary to the
endogenous mRNA sequences are transcribed within the cells of the
micro-organ. Down regulation can also be effected via gene
knock-out techniques, practices well known in the art ("Molecular
Cloning: A laboratory Manual" Sambrook et al., (1989); "Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology" Volumes I-III Ausubel, R. M., ed.
(1994); Ausubel et al., "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology",
John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989); Perbal, "A Practical
Guide to Molecular Cloning", John Wiley & Sons, New York
(1988)).
[0188] Over expression of the recombinant product may be desired as
well. Overexpression may be accomplished by providing a high copy
number of one or more coding sequences in the respective vectors.
These exogenous polynucleotide sequences can be placed under
transcriptional control of a suitable promoter of a mammalian
expression vectors to regulate their expression. In another
embodiment, multiple copies of the same gene or of several related
genes may be used as a means to increase polypeptide or nucleic
acid expression. In one embodiment, expression is stabilized by DNA
elements, which in one embodiment are matrix-associating regions
(MARs) or scaffold-associating regions (SARs).
[0189] In one embodiment, an adenoviral vector is the vector of the
compositions and for use in the methods of the present invention.
In an embodiment in which an adenoviral vector is used as a vector,
the helper-dependent adenovirus system may be used in one
embodiment, to prepare therapeutic polypeptide or nucleic
acid-expressing helper-dependent adenovirus vector for transforming
micro-organs. In one embodiment, such a helper-dependent adenovirus
system comprises a helper-dependent adenovirus, a helper virus, and
a producer cell line is used in the preparation of the formulation
of the present invention is as described in Palmer and Ng, 2003 Mol
Ther 8:846 and in Palmer and Ng, 2004 Mol Ther 10:792, which are
hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0190] In one embodiment, a helper cell line, designated 293, which
was transformed from human embryonic kidney cells by Ad5 DNA
fragments and constitutively expresses E1 proteins is used to
generate and propagate replication deficient adenoviral vectors. In
another embodiment, helper cell lines may be derived from human
muscle cells, hematopoietic cells or other human embryonic
mesenchymal or epithelial cells. Alternatively, the helper cells
may be derived from the cells of other mammalian species that are
permissive for human adenovirus. Such cells include, e.g., Vero
cells or other monkey embryonic mesenchymal or epithelial
cells.
[0191] In one embodiment, micro-organs are maintained ex vivo for a
period of time, which may range from several hours to several
months. In one embodiment, they are maintained for several days,
and in another embodiment, for several weeks prior to implantation.
Without being limited by theory, in one embodiment, said incubation
allows cells to process and break down viral proteins, which in one
embodiment are viral capsids, present as a result of viral vector
transduction. In one embodiment, such a turnover of capsid proteins
occurs within 2-3 days, so that, in one embodiment, little if any
viral capsid proteins remain by the 10.sup.th day ex vivo. In one
embodiment, the breaking down of viral capsids further reduces the
immunogenicity of the formulations of the instant invention and
increases the expression levels and expression duration of the gene
or genes of interest. In another embodiment, said incubation allows
the early HD-Ad vector-induced innate immune responses to occur in
vitro, which in one embodiment, will not persist beyond 24 hours in
the absence of Adeno gene transcription. In another embodiment, the
later adaptive responses that normally follow the administration of
transcription-competent first-generation-Ad vectors, which are
predominantly characterized in one embodiment, by lymphocyte
infiltration and in another embodiment by induction of Ad-specific
CTL's, are not be elicited by HD-Ad vectors.
[0192] In one embodiment, the ex vivo micro-organ is exposed to
viral vector at a dosage of 1.6-3.times.10.sup.9 infectious
particles (ip)/ml, 3-4.times.10.sup.12 viral particles/ml, or
2.times.10.sup.11 viral particles/ml. In another embodiment, ex
vivo micro-organs are exposed to viral vector at a dosage of
1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.12 viral particles/ml, in
another embodiment from 1.times.10.sup.3 to 1.times.10.sup.9, and
in another embodiment, from 1.times.10.sup.6 to 1.times.10.sup.9
and in another embodiment, 1.times.10.sup.6 to 1.times.10.sup.12
viral particles/ml. In one embodiment, the dosage of viral
particles/g body weight of subject that are administered to a
subject within a micro-organ is less than 1.times.10.sup.3, and in
another embodiment, less than 1.times.10.sup.2, and in another
embodiment, less than 1.times.10.sup.1 viral particles/g body
weight of subject.
[0193] In one embodiment, growth factors are used to increase the
number of cells in the micro-organs.
[0194] In one embodiment, in vitro expression can be assessed prior
to implantation, enabling the possibility for in vitro to in vivo
correlation studies of expressed recombinant proteins.
[0195] In some embodiments of the invention, the amounts of tissue
sample including a genetically modified cell(s) to be implanted are
determined from one or more of: corresponding amounts of the
therapeutic agent of interest routinely administered to such
subjects based on regulatory guidelines, specific clinical
protocols or population statistics for similar subjects,
corresponding amounts of the therapeutic agent such as protein of
interest specifically to that same subject in the case that he/she
has received it via injections or other routes previously, subject
data such as weight, age, physical condition, clinical status,
pharmacokinetic data from previous tissue sample which includes a
genetically modified cell administration to other similar subjects,
response to previous tissue sample which includes a genetically
modified cell administration to that subject, or a combination
thereof. Thus, in one embodiment, the level of expression of gene
products by one or more micro-organs is determined in vitro, a
relationship between in vitro and in vivo therapeutic polypeptide
or nucleic acid expression levels is determined or estimated, and
the number of micro-organs to be implanted in a particular patient
is determined based on the calculated or estimated relationship.
The dosage of the therapeutic agent may be adjusted as described
previously (WO2004/099363).
[0196] In one embodiment, a micro-organ or a genetically modified
micro-organ may be maintained in vitro for a proscribed period of
time until they are needed for implantation into a host. In one
embodiment, a micro-organ or a genetically modified micro-organ may
be maintained or stored in culture for between 1-7 days, between
1-8 weeks, or for 1-4 months. In another embodiment, the
therapeutic agent, left in the supernatant medium surrounding the
tissue sample, can be isolated and injected or applied to the same
or a different subject.
[0197] Alternatively or additionally, a genetically modified
micro-organ can be cryogenically preserved by methods known in the
art, for example, without limitation, gradual freezing (0.degree.
C., -20.degree. C., -80.degree. C., -196.degree. C.) in DMEM
containing 10% DMSO, immediately after being formed from the tissue
sample or after genetic alteration.
[0198] In one embodiment, the formulation of the instant invention
may be implanted in an organ or system that is affected by a
disease or disorder to be treated or prevented by a method or route
which results in localization of the micro-organ at a desired site.
In another embodiment, the location of the implanted formulation
may be distal from an organ or system that is affected by a disease
or disorder. Thus, while in one embodiment, the recombinant protein
is released locally, in another embodiment, the recombinant protein
diffuses to the lymphatic system, which in one embodiment, may
ultimately lead to systemic distribution of the recombinant
protein. Thus, the present invention provides for the use of
therapeutic formulations in various concentrations to treat a
disease or disorder manifesting in any part of the subject in
need.
[0199] According to this aspect and in one embodiment, formulations
of the instant invention may be implanted intratumorally. In
another embodiment, formulations may be implanted at a site distal
from the tumor, which in one embodiment is associated with
metastasis of a particular type of tumor. In another embodiment,
formulations of the instant invention may be implanted into the
kidney of a subject, which in one embodiment is a subcapsular
implantation. In another embodiment, formulations of the instant
invention are implanted laparoscopically.
[0200] In one embodiment, the formulations of the invention may be
implanted a single time for acute treatment of temporary
conditions, or may be implanted more than one time, especially in
the case of progressive, recurrent, or degenerative disease. In one
embodiment, one or more formulations of the invention may be
administered simultaneously, or in another embodiment, they may be
administered in a staggered fashion. In one embodiment, the
staggered fashion may be dictated by the stage or phase of the
disease.
[0201] In one embodiment, the micro-organ is implanted at a desired
location in the subject in such a way that at least a portion of
the cells of the micro-organ remain viable. In one embodiment of
this invention, at least about 5%, in another embodiment of this
invention, at least about 10%, in another embodiment of this
invention, at least about 20%, in another embodiment of this
invention, at least about 30%, in another embodiment of this
invention, at least about 40%, and in another embodiment of this
invention, at least about 50% or more of the cells remain viable
after administration to a subject. The period of viability of the
cells after administration to a subject can be as short as a few
hours, e.g., twenty-four hours, to a few days, to as long as a few
weeks to months or years.
[0202] Micro-organ implantation within a recipient subject provides
for a sustained dosage of the recombinant product. The micro-organs
may be prepared, prior to implantation, for efficient incorporation
within the host facilitating, for example, formation of blood
vessels within the implanted tissue. Recombinant products may
therefore be delivered immediately to peripheral recipient
circulation, following production. Alternatively, micro-organs may
be prepared, prior to implantation, to prevent cell adherence and
efficient incorporation within the host. Examples of methods that
prevent blood vessel formation include encasement of the
micro-organs within commercially available cell-impermeant diameter
restricted biological mesh bags made of silk or nylon, or others
such as, for example GORE-TEX bags (Terrill P J, Kedwards S M, and
Lawrence J C. (1991) The use of GORE-TEX bags for hand burns. Burns
17(2): 161-5), or other porous membranes that are coated with a
material that prevents cellular adhesion, for example Teflon.
[0203] Gene products produced by micro-organs can then be delivered
via, for example, polymeric devices designed for the controlled
delivery compounds, e.g., drugs, including proteinaceous
biopharmaceuticals. A variety of biocompatible polymers (including
hydrogels), including both biodegradable and non-degradable
polymers, can be used to form an implant for the sustained release
of a gene product of the micro-organs in context of the invention
at a particular target site. The generation of such implants is
generally known in the art (see, for example, Concise Encyclopedia
of Medical & Dental Materials, ed. By David Williams (MIT
Press: Cambridge, Mass., 1990); Sabel et al. U.S. Pat. No.
4,883,666; Aebischer et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,892,538; Aebischer et
al. U.S. Pat. No. 5,106,627; Lim U.S. Pat. No. 4,391,909; and
Sefton U.S. Pat. No. 4,353,888).
[0204] Implantation of genetically modified micro-organs according
to the present invention can be effected via standard surgical
techniques or via injecting micro-organ preparations into the
intended tissue regions of the mammal utilizing specially adapted
syringes employing a needle of a gauge suitable for the
administration of micro-organs. In another embodiment, a catheter
is employed for implanted micro-organs. In one embodiment, any of
the implantation methods described in PCT Publication WO2 04/099363
may be used and is considered an embodiment of this invention.
[0205] In one embodiment, micro-organs are implanted
subcutaneously, intradermally, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally
or intragastrically. In one embodiment, the term implanted excludes
being grafted as a split-thickness or full-thickness skin graft. In
one embodiment of the present invention, the donor micro-organs
utilized for implantation are preferably prepared from an organ
tissue of the recipient mammal (i.e. autologous), or a syngeneic
mammal, although allogeneic and xenogeneic tissue can also be
utilized for the preparation of the micro-organs providing measures
are taken prior to, or during implantation, so as to avoid graft
rejection and/or graft versus host disease (GVHD). As used herein,
GVHD refers to graft versus host disease, a consequence of tissue
transplantation (the graft) caused by the transplant immune
response against the recipient host. More specifically,
graft-versus-host disease is caused by donor T-lymphocytes (T
cells), recognizing the recipient as being foreign and attacking
cells of the recipient. Numerous methods for preventing or
alleviating graft rejection or GVHD are known in the art and may be
used in the methods of this invention. In one embodiment, to
facilitate transplantation of the cell populations within a tissue
which may be subject to immunological attack by the host, e.g.,
where xenogeneic grafting is used, such as swine-human
transplantations, the micro-organ may be inserted into or
encapsulated by biocompatible immuno-protected material such as
rechargeable, non-biodegradable or biodegradable devices and then
transplanted into the recipient subject.
[0206] In another embodiment, the donor micro-organs utilized for
implantation are preferably prepared from a donor who is human
leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched with the recipient, where in one
embodiment, HLA is the major histocompatibility complex in humans.
In one embodiment, donor and recipient are matched for class I
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, class II MHC genes,
or a combination thereof. In one embodiment, class I MHC genes
comprise HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C, wherein in one embodiment, a
mismatch of class I MHC genes increases the risk of graft
rejection, and in one embodiment, class II MHC genes comprise
HLA-DPA1, HLA-DPB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DRA, HLA-DRB1, wherein
in one embodiment, a mismatch of class II MHC genes increases the
risk of GVHD. In another embodiment, donor and recipient are
matched for HLA-DM and HLA-DO genes.
[0207] In one embodiment, viral turnover or elimination from cells
ex vivo is enhanced via techniques know in the art, such as
physical methods, which in one embodiment is heating, use of
antiviral agents, agents which stimulate viral turnovers by cells,
etc.
[0208] In one embodiment, while the long-lasting formulations of
the present invention increase the level and duration of nucleic
acid or polypeptide expression, the levels of nucleic acid or
polypeptide expression do not remain elevated indefinitely. Without
being limited by theory, in one embodiment, levels of nucleic acid
or polypeptide expressed by the long-lasting formulations of the
present invention may decrease as a function of time as a result of
the death of differentiated dermal fibroblasts expressing the
recombinant nucleic acid or polypeptide.
EXAMPLES
Experimental Materials and Methods
Materials and Equipment List
[0209] Production medium was used to grow micro-organs and
comprises DMEM-HEPES Medium (High glucose 4,500 mg/L and 25 mM
HEPES; Hi-Clone Cat#SH3A1448.02) comprising 1% glutamine and
supplemented with 50 .mu.g/ml Gentamycin (RAFA labs, for injection)
and 0.1% Amphotericin B (BMS, Fungizone I.V.) (final concentration
in the media 2.5 g/ml Amphotericin B). In some experiments, 10%
serum substitute supplement (SSS, Irvine Scientific, Cat #99193),
10% autologous human serum, or 10% Fetal bovine serum (FBS or FCS)
was added to the production medium.
Harvesting of Dermal Micro-Organs--Concentric Needle Method
[0210] Human dermal micro-organs were harvested from an area of
skin from a region of the donor's lower abdomen. To prevent the
harvest of the epidermis, a shallow slit (1-2 mm deep) passing
through the stratum cornea into the dermis was cut along a straight
line at one side of the skin region from which the micro-organs
were to be harvested, and a similar slit was cut 30 mm away from
and parallel to the first slit. The distance between the slits
determined the micro-organ length and was consistent throughout the
experiments.
[0211] A thin gauge (typically 22GA) hypodermic needle attached to
a 1 ml syringe filled with sterile saline was inserted into the
exposed dermis at the first slit and slid along the dermis of the
harvesting site towards the opposite slit, with the needles angled
as necessary so that it exited through the dermis at the opposite
slit.
[0212] Next, the outer skin along the length of the guiding needle
is pinched with a surgical clamp. The needle embedded in the dermis
is lifted slightly to raise the area of skin surrounding it and
sometimes a hook shaped device beneath the inserted hypodermic
needle's point is used to assist in lifting the skin before it's
pinched. The tip of the guide needle protruding from its point of
exit, is inserted into the sharp leading end of a coring needle
(1-3 mm in diameter, Point Technologies, CO USA), which is held by
a commercially available drill (such as Aesculap Micro Speed GD
650, GD 657). A small amount of sterile saline is injected from the
syringe into the coring needle. The drill is activated to rotate
the coring needle at high speed (typically 3000-7000 RPM) and while
rotating, the drill and coring needle are manually urged forward
along the axis of the guide needle to cut a 30-40 mm long
cylindrical dermal core (dermal micro-organ) having an outer
diameter approximately that of the inner diameter of the coring
needle. The dermal micro-organ usually remains attached to the
guide needle, which is withdrawn from within the coring needle and
placed in Production media (as described hereinabove), and the
coring needle is removed from the skin.
[0213] Using tweezers, each micro-organ is transferred to a labeled
single well in a 24 well plate containing 1000 1 Production Medium.
To remove the debris, two additional media changes of 1000 1 are
performed for each micro-organ. The plates containing the
micro-organs in 1000 1 production media are then transferred to an
incubator that had been equilibrated to 32.degree. C., 10% CO2, and
.about.95% humidity for a 24 hr recovery period.
Virus Transduction
[0214] Each micro-organ was transferred for transduction into a
well of a 48-well plate, which have smaller wells requiring smaller
total fluid volume, to conserve virus. The medium was carefully
removed from each well without disturbing the micro-organ inside.
During the preclinical experiments, three different vectors were
tested: 1.6-3.times.10.sup.9 infectious particles (ip)/ml of first
generation adenovirus (Molecular Medicine), approximately
3-4.times.10.sup.12 viral particles/ml helper-dependent adenovirus
(Baylor), or approximately 2.times.10.sup.11 viral particles/ml
adeno-associated virus (University of Pennsylvania), each
comprising recombinant human EPO gene, optimized recombinant human
EPO gene, or optimized IFN-alpha gene, were each diluted 1:10,
1:25, 1:50, 1:100, 1:500, or 1:1000 in DMEM-HEPES (Gibco
Cat#42430-025) with or without FCS. Each well of the 48-well plates
was filled with 100 .mu.L of one of the diluted titers of a virus.
The plate was placed in a CO2 incubator and transduction was
assisted by agitation on a digital microtiter shaker at 300 rpm for
a period of 2 hours and an additional 16-22 hour incubation without
shaking.
[0215] The transduced micro-organs were transferred to a 24-well
plate after transduction and then washed three times with 1 mL
production media (without FCS) to remove the non-transduced viral
particles. After washing, the biopumps were maintained in 1 mL
production media in a standard high humidity CO2 incubator at 95%
humidity, 10% CO2, and 32.degree. C. Seventy-two hours after the
removal of the viral vector, the production medium was replaced
with fresh medium, and aliquots of the spent medium were assayed
for secreted recombinant protein levels.
Ex Vivo Micro-Organ Maintenance
[0216] Every 3-4 days, used production media was collected, and the
level of the secreted recombinant protein and glucose level were
assessed along with the viability of the biopumps. Fresh Production
media was added to the 24-well plate.
Secreted Protein Measurements
[0217] Human EPO (hEPO) and IFN.alpha. concentration and secretion
levels were assayed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA) kit (Quantikine human erythropoietin; R&D Systems;
Human interferon alpha ELISA kit, PBL Biomedical Laboratories),
according to the manufacturer's instructions.
Glucose Measurements
[0218] Tissue glucose consumption was evaluated using Sigma-Aldrich
Corporation GAGO20 Glucose (GO) Assay Kit, according to
manufacturer's instructions.
Hematocrit Measurements
[0219] Tissue glucose consumption was evaluated using Sigma-Aldrich
Corporation GAGO20 Glucose (GO) Assay Kit, according to
manufacturer's instructions.
[0220] Hematocrit levels were assayed using centrifugation using
the reference method recommended by The National Committee for
Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS), as is known in the art. To
determine the hematocrit, whole blood in a tube was centrifuged at
10-15,000.times.g for 5 minutes to pellet the red cells (called
packed erythrocytes), and the ratio of the column of packed
erythrocytes to the total length of the sample in the capillary
tube was measured with a graphic reading device within 10 minutes
of centrifugation.
Micro-Organ Implantation
[0221] In some experiments, genetically modified or control
micro-organs were implanted subcutaneously in Severe Combined
ImmunoDeficiency (SCID) mice after assaying tissue glucose
consumption to ascertain that micro-organs were viable. Male and
female SCID mice weighing around 25 grams were anaesthetized with
140 .mu.l of diluted Ketaset (ketamine HCl) (400 .mu.l Ketaset and
600 .mu.l saline) and control or EPO-expressing micro-organs were
implanted subcutaneously ten days following micro-organ
transduction.
Example 1
EPO and IFN.alpha. Levels Produced In Vitro by GMMOs
[0222] Micro-organs were prepared as described above and transduced
with a helper-dependent adenoviral vector expressing an optimized
IFN.alpha. gene linked to a CAG promoter, as described above. GMMOs
were then maintained in culture, and the levels of IFN.alpha.
produced were evaluated by ELISA. Optimized IFN.alpha.-expressing
micro-organs produced greater than 1000 ng/day of IFN.alpha. in
vitro (FIG. 1) for at least 40 days post-harvesting, and
recombinant hEPO-expressing micro-organs produced greater than 1000
ng/day of hEPO in vitro (FIGS. 2A-B) for at least 142 days
post-harvesting.
[0223] GMMOs comprising a gutless adenovirus vector encoding
optimized hEPO maintained higher percentages of peak expression for
more than 200 days compared to micro-organs comprising an
adenovirus-5 vector encoding hEPO (FIG. 3). Micro-organs comprising
a gutless adenovirus vector encoding optimized hEPO also maintained
a higher percentage of peak expression for a longer period of time
than micro-organs comprising a gutless adenovirus vector encoding
non-optimized hEPO (FIG. 4). Finally, micro-organs comprising a
gutless adenovirus vector encoding hEPO downstream of a CAG
promoter showed higher levels of hEPO expression, which grew more
pronounced as a function of post-transduction day, compared to
micro-organs comprising a gutless adenovirus vector encoding hEPO
downstream of a CMV promoter (FIG. 5).
Example 2
EPO Levels Produced by Human EPO-Expressing GMMOs Maintained In
Vitro and in Serum of Implanted SCID Mice
[0224] EPO-expressing micro-organs were prepared as described
above. After a total of nine days in culture, the amount of EPO
produced per micro-organ was measured, and this value was used to
determine that each mouse was implanted with micro-organs
expressing equivalent levels of EPO. On the tenth day, two
micro-organs were implanted subcutaneously into each SCID mouse and
on the first measurement taken after ten days, levels of hEPO
measured in the serum of the SCID mice were significantly above
baseline levels. The levels remained high at least 216 days
post-implantation and significantly raised hematocrit levels in
SCID mice for at least 157 days (FIG. 6A). Non-implanted
EPO-expressing micro-organs produced from the same donor at the
same time as the implanted EPO-expressing micro-organs but
maintained in vitro continuously maintained high levels of EPO
production (FIG. 6B). Micro-organs transduced with vectors
comprising optimized hEPO gene produced higher levels of EPO than
those transduced with recombinant hEPO gene both in vivo (FIG. 6A)
and in vitro (FIG. 6B). Control SCID mice implanted with
non-EPO-producing micro-organs showed no increase of serum EPO
levels and no significant changes in hematocrit levels after
micro-organ implantation compared to pre-implantation (FIG. 6A).
Micro-organs comprising EPO-expressing adenovirus-5, which was used
as a positive control, was used at a titer of 1:10 compared to a
titer of 1:100 for micro-organs comprising EPO-expressing optimized
or non-optimized gutless adenovirus.
Example 3
EPO Levels Produced in Genetically Modified Micro-Organ-Implanted
Human in Clinical Trials
[0225] Clinical trials are performed as described previously
(Lippin et al., 2005, Blood 106(7):2280-6, incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety) except that the micro-organ will be
harvested and genetically modified as described hereinabove.
[0226] Phase I clinical trials are performed in Israel in which
pre-dialysis anemic patients with chronic kidney disease are
implanted with autologous hEPO-GMMOs of the sustained type of the
present invention. A single implantation treatment with GMMO-hEPO
is expected to provide 4-6 months of effective EPO therapy.
Approval for the Phase I/II GMMO hEPO trial is approved by Israel's
Ministry of Health and is conducted at the Hadassah Medical
facility. All steps regarding the required regulatory and clinical
standards are coordinated with the FDA, in order to facilitate US
based clinical trials.
[0227] In preparation for the planned clinical trial, the required
preclinical toxicological studies in SCID mice are performed. These
studies are performed as was described previously (Brill-Almon et
al. Molecular Therapy 12(2), 274-282) with the additional
timepoints longer than 20 days. The HD-Ad-hEPO vector for the
clinical trial is prepared in an FDA GMP compliant facility to be
compliant with the FDA guidelines (GMP) as required for its use in
patients. The GMMOs are implanted for four to six months, and then
removed or ablated at the termination of the trial, or extended if
so requested by the PI with the approval of the ethics
committee.
[0228] As shown in Table 1, the toxicology study comprises three
groups of SCID mice, with an equal numbers of male and female
subjects. Due to the high mortality of SCID mice, a large number of
animals are included in each group.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Experimental Design # # GMMO Total #
sacrificed sacrificed sacrificed @ Dose # of mice @8 wks @ 16 wks
24 wks 100-150 30 5M, 5M, 5M, IU Epo/day (17M, 17F) 5F 5F 5F
300-450 30 5M, 5M, 5M, IU Epo/day (17M, 17F) 5F 5F 5F Control - 30
5M, 5M, 5M, non transduced (17M, 17F) 5F 5F 5F
[0229] In the first group, each animal receives at most a single
dermal 30 mm hEPO GMMO or more likely a portion of a GMMO that
secretes in the range of 100-150 IU EPO/day. Since each mouse
weighs approximately 25 grams, this dose equals 4,000-6000 IU/day
per kg mouse (25 fold or greater than the highest expected dose
proposed to implant in human patients). The size of the implanted
tissue generally corresponds to at least 1/4 of a whole GMMO due to
the small size of the GMMO and its impact on its handling.
[0230] In the second group, each animal receives at most a single
dermal 30 mm hEPO GMMO or more likely a portion of a GMMO that will
secrete in the range of 300-450 IU EPO/day. Since a mouse weighs
approximately 25 grams, this dose equals 12,000-18,000 IU/day per
kg mouse (80-120 fold or greater than the highest expected dose
proposed to implant in human patients).
[0231] In the third group, a control group, each animal receives
one third (10 mm) of a 30 mm dermal non-transduced GMMO.
[0232] Dosing Rationale:
[0233] GMMO-hEPO dosing before implantation is controlled by
adjusting the numbers or the size of the GMMOs after measuring the
actual daily amount of protein produced by the GMMO in vitro. In
the experimental protocol outlined above, the micro-organs are
transduced with a viral titer that is similar to the one which we
use in the clinical trial, thereby exposing the cells in the GMMO
to a similar multiplicity of infection. The typical levels of
secreted hEPO produced by these GMMOs are in the range of 300-1000
IU/Biopump per day. Therefore, the lowest amount of EPO expected to
be secreted from 1/3 BP corresponding to 1.0 cm and 2/3 BPs
corresponding to 2.0 cm is approximately 100 and 200 IU,
respectively. The dose may be lowered in the mice by implanting
fragments shorter than 0.5 cm.
[0234] Based on the results of our previous clinical trial,
approximately 1500-3500 IU/70 kg patient (or 1-3 GMMOs) are
expected to be adequate to cause sustained production of
reticulocytes and the resulting elevation of hematocrit. Thus, 100
IU of EPO secreted from a single GMMO or a fragment of a GMMO
implanted in a 25 gr mouse, is at least 25 fold or greater the
highest expected dose that we propose to implant in human patients.
Thus, using at least 1/4 of a GMMO in this study provides a
sufficient safety margin to test the toxicological effects of
GMMO-EPO in the mice and support the clinical dose.
[0235] As we've demonstrated, hEPO secretion levels from multiple
human abdominal skin sample GMMOs were approximately 300->1000
IU/day. While secretion levels from GMMOs from the same skin
samples were similar, the variability between different skin
samples was higher. As we have demonstrated the dosing variability
is addressed before the GMMOs are implanted in the mice by
measuring the secretion levels in vitro before implantation. The
entire study, except histology, will be done under GLP. Histology
slides will be reviewed blind by a board certified pathologist.
Tests to be performed include:
[0236] Clinical signs: Daily
[0237] Body weight: Every other day
[0238] Organ weights: heart, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, thymus
(if it can be found) will be determined at terminal sacrifice
[0239] Clinical chemistry: At terminal sacrifice
[0240] Full hematology profile: At terminal sacrifice. To include
serum hEPO levels and hematocrit.
[0241] Clinical pathology: At terminal sacrifice
[0242] Histology including: implantation site, liver, kidney, lymph
nodes, heart, spleen, bone marrow, and any lesions found at
necropsy and bone marrow will be performed at terminal
sacrifice
[0243] All other organs will be preserved for future analysis
[0244] In contrast to other methods involving transient
transduction of cells, or cells that turn over rapidly, the
long-lasting EPO formulation of the instant invention comprises
cells that are no longer replicating. Therefore, the EPO
formulation produces a stable protein from a stable construct and
is expected to continue producing the protein already
characterized.
Sequence CWU 1
1
101582DNAArtificialoptimized variation of human EPO 1atgggcgtgc
acgagtgccc cgcctggctg tggctgctgc tgtccctgct gtctctgccc 60ctgggcctgc
ctgtgctggg agcccctccc cggctgatct gcgacagccg ggtgctggaa
120agatacctgc tggaagccaa agaggccgag aacatcacca ccggctgcgc
cgagcactgc 180agcctgaacg agaatatcac cgtgcccgac accaaggtga
acttctacgc ctggaagcgg 240atggaagtgg gccagcaggc cgtggaagtg
tggcagggcc tggccctgct gtccgaggcc 300gtgctgagag ggcaggccct
gctggtgaac agcagccagc cctgggagcc tctgcagctg 360cacgtggaca
aggccgtgag cggcctgcgg agcctgacca ccctgctgag ggccctgggc
420gcccagaaag aggccatcag cccccctgat gccgcctctg ccgcccctct
gcggaccatc 480accgccgaca ccttccggaa gctgttccgg gtgtacagca
acttcctgcg gggcaagctg 540aagctgtaca ccggcgaggc ctgccggacc
ggcgatcgct ga 5822645DNAArtificialoptimized variation of human IFN
alpha 2b 2ggcgcgccaa gcttgcatgc ctgcaggtcg actctagact gccatggccc
tgaccttcgc 60cctgctggtg gccctgctgg tgctgtcctg caagagcagc tgcagcgtgg
gctgcgacct 120gccccagacc cacagcctgg gcagccggcg gaccctgatg
ctgctggccc agatgcggcg 180gatcagcctg ttcagctgcc tgaaggaccg
gcacgacttc ggcttccccc aggaagagtt 240cggcaaccag ttccagaagg
ccgagaccat ccccgtgctg cacgagatga tccagcagat 300cttcaacctg
ttcagcacca aggacagcag cgccgcctgg gacgagaccc tgctggacaa
360gttctacacc gagctgtacc agcagctgaa cgacctggaa gcctgcgtga
tccagggcgt 420gggcgtgacc gagacccccc tgatgaaaga ggacagcatc
ctggccgtgc ggaagtactt 480ccagcggatc accctgtacc tgaaagagaa
gaagtacagc ccctgcgcct gggaagtggt 540gcgggccgag atcatgcgga
gcttcagcct gagcaccaac ctgcaggaaa gcctgcggag 600caaagagtga
ggatccccgg gtaccgagct cgaattctta attaa
64534684DNAArtificialSequences from adenovirus, CMV, and variation
of human EPO 3catcatcaat aatatacctt attttggatt gaagccaata
tgataatgag ggggtggagt 60ttgtgacgtg gcgcggggcg tgggaacggg gcgggtgacg
tagtagtgtg gcggaagtgt 120gatgttgcaa gtgtggcgga acacatgtaa
gcgacggatg tggcaaaagt gacgtttttg 180gtgtgcgccg gtgtacacag
gaagtgacaa ttttcgcgcg gttttaggcg gatgttgtag 240taaatttggg
cgtaaccgag taagatttgg ccattttcgc gggaaaactg aataagagga
300agtgaaatct gaataatttt gtgttactca tagcgcgtaa tatttgtcta
gggccgcggg 360gactttgacc gtttacgtgg agactcgccc aggtgttttt
ctcaggtgtt ttccgcgttc 420cgggtcaaag ttggcgtttt attattatag
tcagctgacg tgtagtgtat ttatacccgg 480tgagttcctc aagaggccac
tcttgagtgc cagcgagtag agttttctcc tccgagccgc 540tccgacaccg
ggaggcgcgc cctcgagcta gctgttgaca ttgattattg actagttatt
600aatagtaatc aattacgggg tcattagttc atagcccata tatggagttc
cgcgttacat 660aacttacggt aaatggcccg cctggctgac cgcccaacga
cccccgccca ttgacgtcaa 720taatgacgta tgttcccata gtaacgccaa
tagggacttt ccattgacgt caatgggtgg 780agtatttacg gtaaactgcc
cacttggcag tacatcaagt gtatcatatg ccaagtacgc 840cccctattga
cgtcaatgac ggtaaatggc ccgcctggca ttatgcccag tacatgacct
900tatgggactt tcctacttgg cagtacatct acgtattagt catcgctatt
accatggtga 960tgcggttttg gcagtacatc aatgggcgtg gatagcggtt
tgactcacgg ggatttccaa 1020gtctccaccc cattgacgtc aatgggagtt
tgttttggca ccaaaatcaa cgggactttc 1080caaaatgtcg taacaactcc
gccccattga cgcaaatggg cggtaggcgt gtacggtggg 1140aggtctatat
aagcagagct cgtttagtga accgtaagct tgcatgcctg caggtcgact
1200ctagactgcc atgggcgtgc acgagtgccc cgcctggctg tggctgctgc
tgtccctgct 1260gtctctgccc ctgggcctgc ctgtgctggg agcccctccc
cggctgatct gcgacagccg 1320ggtgctggaa agatacctgc tggaagccaa
agaggccgag aacatcacca ccggctgcgc 1380cgagcactgc agcctgaacg
agaatatcac cgtgcccgac accaaggtga acttctacgc 1440ctggaagcgg
atggaagtgg gccagcaggc cgtggaagtg tggcagggcc tggccctgct
1500gtccgaggcc gtgctgagag ggcaggccct gctggtgaac agcagccagc
cctgggagcc 1560tctgcagctg cacgtggaca aggccgtgag cggcctgcgg
agcctgacca ccctgctgag 1620ggccctgggc gcccagaaag aggccatcag
cccccctgat gccgcctctg ccgcccctct 1680gcggaccatc accgccgaca
ccttccggaa gctgttccgg gtgtacagca acttcctgcg 1740gggcaagctg
aagctgtaca ccggcgaggc ctgccggacc ggcgatcgct gaggatcccc
1800gggtaccgag ctcgaattct ttgtagaggt tttacttgct ttaaaaaacc
tcccacacct 1860ccccctgaac ctgaaacata aaatgaatgc aattgttgtt
gttaacttgt ttattgcagc 1920ttataatggt tacaaataaa gcaatagcat
cacaaatttc acaaataaag catttttttc 1980actgcattct agttgtggtt
tgtccaaact catcaatgta tcgatatcgg cgcgccgggc 2040ccctacgtca
cccgccccgt tcccacgccc cgcgccacgt cacaaactcc accccctcat
2100tatcatattg gcttcaatcc aaaataaggt atattattga tgatggccgc
agcggcccct 2160ggcgtaatag cgaagaggcc cgcaccgatc gcccttccca
acagttgcgc agcctgaatg 2220gcgaatggga cgcgccctgt agcggcgcat
taagcgcggc gggtgtggtg gttacgcgca 2280gcgtgaccgc tacacttgcc
agcgccctag cgcccgctcc tttcgctttc ttcccttcct 2340ttctcgccac
gttcgccggc tttccccgtc aagctctaaa tcgggggctc cctttagggt
2400tccgatttag tgctttacgg cacctcgacc ccaaaaaact tgattagggt
gatggttcac 2460gtagtgggcc atcgccctga tagacggttt ttcgcccttt
gacgttggag tccacgttct 2520ttaatagtgg actcttgttc caaactggaa
caacactcaa ccctatctcg gtctattctt 2580ttgatttata agggattttg
ccgatttcgg cctattggtt aaaaaatgag ctgatttaac 2640aaaaatttaa
cgcgaatttt aacaaaatat taacgcttac aatttaggtg gcacttttcg
2700gggaaatgtg cgcggaaccc ctatttgttt atttttctaa atacattcaa
atatgtatcc 2760gctcatgaga caataaccct gataaatgct tcaataatat
tgaaaaagga agagtatgag 2820tattcaacat ttccgtgtcg cccttattcc
cttttttgcg gcattttgcc ttcctgtttt 2880tgctcaccca gaaacgctgg
tgaaagtaaa agatgctgaa gatcagttgg gtgcacgagt 2940gggttacatc
gaactggatc tcaacagcgg taagatcctt gagagttttc gccccgaaga
3000acgttttcca atgatgagca cttttaaagt tctgctatgt ggcgcggtat
tatcccgtat 3060tgacgccggg caagagcaac tcggtcgccg catacactat
tctcagaatg acttggttga 3120gtactcacca gtcacagaaa agcatcttac
ggatggcatg acagtaagag aattatgcag 3180tgctgccata accatgagtg
ataacactgc ggccaactta cttctgacaa cgatcggagg 3240accgaaggag
ctaaccgctt ttttgcacaa catgggggat catgtaactc gccttgatcg
3300ttgggaaccg gagctgaatg aagccatacc aaacgacgag cgtgacacca
cgatgcctgt 3360agcaatggca acaacgttgc gcaaactatt aactggcgaa
ctacttactc tagcttcccg 3420gcaacaatta atagactgga tggaggcgga
taaagttgca ggaccacttc tgcgctcggc 3480ccttccggct ggctggttta
ttgctgataa atctggagcc ggtgagcgtg ggtctcgcgg 3540tatcattgca
gcactggggc cagatggtaa gccctcccgt atcgtagtta tctacacgac
3600ggggagtcag gcaactatgg atgaacgaaa tagacagatc gctgagatag
gtgcctcact 3660gattaagcat tggtaactgt cagaccaagt ttactcatat
atactttaga ttgatttaaa 3720acttcatttt taatttaaaa ggatctaggt
gaagatcctt tttgataatc tcatgaccaa 3780aatcccttaa cgtgagtttt
cgttccactg agcgtcagac cccgtagaaa agatcaaagg 3840atcttcttga
gatccttttt ttctgcgcgt aatctgctgc ttgcaaacaa aaaaaccacc
3900gctaccagcg gtggtttgtt tgccggatca agagctacca actctttttc
cgaaggtaac 3960tggcttcagc agagcgcaga taccaaatac tgtccttcta
gtgtagccgt agttaggcca 4020ccacttcaag aactctgtag caccgcctac
atacctcgct ctgctaatcc tgttaccagt 4080ggctgctgcc agtggcgata
agtcgtgtct taccgggttg gactcaagac gatagttacc 4140ggataaggcg
cagcggtcgg gctgaacggg gggttcgtgc acacagccca gcttggagcg
4200aacgacctac accgaactga gatacctaca gcgtgagcta tgagaaagcg
ccacgcttcc 4260cgaagggaga aaggcggaca ggtatccggt aagcggcagg
gtcggaacag gagagcgcac 4320gagggagctt ccagggggaa acgcctggta
tctttatagt cctgtcgggt ttcgccacct 4380ctgacttgag cgtcgatttt
tgtgatgctc gtcagggggg cggagcctat ggaaaaacgc 4440cagcaacgcg
gcctttttac ggttcctggc cttttgctgg ccttttgctc acatgttctt
4500tcctgcgtta tcccctgatt ctgtggataa ccgtattacc gcctttgagt
gagctgatac 4560cgctcgccgc agccgaacga ccgagcgcag cgagtcagtg
agcgaggaag cggaagagcg 4620cccaatacgc aaaccgcctc tccccgcgcg
ttggccgatt cattaatgca ggggccgctg 4680cggc
468445261DNAArtificialSequences from adenovirus, CAG, and variation
of human EPO 4catcatcaat aatatacctt attttggatt gaagccaata
tgataatgag ggggtggagt 60ttgtgacgtg gcgcggggcg tgggaacggg gcgggtgacg
tagtagtgtg gcggaagtgt 120gatgttgcaa gtgtggcgga acacatgtaa
gcgacggatg tggcaaaagt gacgtttttg 180gtgtgcgccg gtgtacacag
gaagtgacaa ttttcgcgcg gttttaggcg gatgttgtag 240taaatttggg
cgtaaccgag taagatttgg ccattttcgc gggaaaactg aataagagga
300agtgaaatct gaataatttt gtgttactca tagcgcgtaa tatttgtcta
gggccgcggg 360gactttgacc gtttacgtgg agactcgccc aggtgttttt
ctcaggtgtt ttccgcgttc 420cgggtcaaag ttggcgtttt attattatag
tcagctgacg tgtagtgtat ttatacccgg 480tgagttcctc aagaggccac
tcttgagtgc cagcgagtag agttttctcc tccgagccgc 540tccgacaccg
ggaggcgcgc cctcgagcta gcccctagtt attaatagta atcaattacg
600gggtcattag ttcatagccc atatatggag ttccgcgtta cataacttac
ggtaaatggc 660ccgcctggct gaccgcccaa cgacccccgc ccattgacgt
caataatgac gtatgttccc 720atagtaacgc caatagggac tttccattga
cgtcaatggg tggagtattt acggtaaact 780gcccacttgg cagtacatca
agtgtatcat atgccaagta cgccccctat tgacgtcaat 840gacggtaaat
ggcccgcctg gcattatgcc cagtacatga ccttatggga ctttcctact
900tggcagtaca tctacgtatt agtcatcgct attaccatgg tcgaggtgag
ccccacgttc 960tgcttcactc tccccatctc ccccccctcc ccacccccaa
ttttgtattt atttattttt 1020taattatttt gtgcagcgat gggggcgggg
gggggggggg ggcgcgcgcc aggcggggcg 1080gggcggggcg aggggcgggg
cggggcgagg cggagaggtg cggcggcagc caatcagagc 1140ggcgcgctcc
gaaagtttcc ttttatggcg aggcggcggc ggcggcggcc ctataaaaag
1200cgaagcgcgc ggcgggcggg agtcgctgcg cgctgccttc gccccgtgcc
ccgctccgcc 1260gccgcctcgc gccgcccgcc ccggctctga ctgaccgcgt
tactcccaca ggtgagcggg 1320cgggacggcc cttctcctcc gggctgtaat
tagcgcttgg tttaatgacg gcttgtttct 1380tttctgtggc tgcgtgaaag
ccttgagggg ctccgggagc gccggcagga aggaaatggg 1440cggggagggc
cttcgtgcgt cgccgcgccg ccgtcccctt ctccctctcc agcctcgggg
1500ctgtccgcgg ggggacggct gccttcgggg gggacggggc agggcggggt
tcggcttctg 1560gcgtgtgacc ggcggctcta gagcctctgc taaccatgtt
catgccttct tctttttcct 1620acagctcctg ggcaacgtgc tggttattgt
gctgtctcat cattttggca aagaattgat 1680taattcgagc gaacgcgtcg
agtcgctcgg tacgatttaa attgaattgg gctcgagatc 1740tgcgatctaa
gtaagcttgc atgcctgcag gtcgactcta gactgccatg ggcgtgcacg
1800agtgccccgc ctggctgtgg ctgctgctgt ccctgctgtc tctgcccctg
ggcctgcctg 1860tgctgggagc ccctccccgg ctgatctgcg acagccgggt
gctggaaaga tacctgctgg 1920aagccaaaga ggccgagaac atcaccaccg
gctgcgccga gcactgcagc ctgaacgaga 1980atatcaccgt gcccgacacc
aaggtgaact tctacgcctg gaagcggatg gaagtgggcc 2040agcaggccgt
ggaagtgtgg cagggcctgg ccctgctgtc cgaggccgtg ctgagagggc
2100aggccctgct ggtgaacagc agccagccct gggagcctct gcagctgcac
gtggacaagg 2160ccgtgagcgg cctgcggagc ctgaccaccc tgctgagggc
cctgggcgcc cagaaagagg 2220ccatcagccc ccctgatgcc gcctctgccg
cccctctgcg gaccatcacc gccgacacct 2280tccggaagct gttccgggtg
tacagcaact tcctgcgggg caagctgaag ctgtacaccg 2340gcgaggcctg
ccggaccggc gatcgctgag gatccccggg taccgagctc gaattctttg
2400tagaggtttt acttgcttta aaaaacctcc cacacctccc cctgaacctg
aaacataaaa 2460tgaatgcaat tgttgttgtt aacttgttta ttgcagctta
taatggttac aaataaagca 2520atagcatcac aaatttcaca aataaagcat
ttttttcact gcattctagt tgtggtttgt 2580ccaaactcat caatgtatcg
atatcggcgc gccgggcccc tacgtcaccc gccccgttcc 2640cacgccccgc
gccacgtcac aaactccacc ccctcattat catattggct tcaatccaaa
2700ataaggtata ttattgatga tggccgcagc ggcccctggc gtaatagcga
agaggcccgc 2760accgatcgcc cttcccaaca gttgcgcagc ctgaatggcg
aatgggacgc gccctgtagc 2820ggcgcattaa gcgcggcggg tgtggtggtt
acgcgcagcg tgaccgctac acttgccagc 2880gccctagcgc ccgctccttt
cgctttcttc ccttcctttc tcgccacgtt cgccggcttt 2940ccccgtcaag
ctctaaatcg ggggctccct ttagggttcc gatttagtgc tttacggcac
3000ctcgacccca aaaaacttga ttagggtgat ggttcacgta gtgggccatc
gccctgatag 3060acggtttttc gccctttgac gttggagtcc acgttcttta
atagtggact cttgttccaa 3120actggaacaa cactcaaccc tatctcggtc
tattcttttg atttataagg gattttgccg 3180atttcggcct attggttaaa
aaatgagctg atttaacaaa aatttaacgc gaattttaac 3240aaaatattaa
cgcttacaat ttaggtggca cttttcgggg aaatgtgcgc ggaaccccta
3300tttgtttatt tttctaaata cattcaaata tgtatccgct catgagacaa
taaccctgat 3360aaatgcttca ataatattga aaaaggaaga gtatgagtat
tcaacatttc cgtgtcgccc 3420ttattccctt ttttgcggca ttttgccttc
ctgtttttgc tcacccagaa acgctggtga 3480aagtaaaaga tgctgaagat
cagttgggtg cacgagtggg ttacatcgaa ctggatctca 3540acagcggtaa
gatccttgag agttttcgcc ccgaagaacg ttttccaatg atgagcactt
3600ttaaagttct gctatgtggc gcggtattat cccgtattga cgccgggcaa
gagcaactcg 3660gtcgccgcat acactattct cagaatgact tggttgagta
ctcaccagtc acagaaaagc 3720atcttacgga tggcatgaca gtaagagaat
tatgcagtgc tgccataacc atgagtgata 3780acactgcggc caacttactt
ctgacaacga tcggaggacc gaaggagcta accgcttttt 3840tgcacaacat
gggggatcat gtaactcgcc ttgatcgttg ggaaccggag ctgaatgaag
3900ccataccaaa cgacgagcgt gacaccacga tgcctgtagc aatggcaaca
acgttgcgca 3960aactattaac tggcgaacta cttactctag cttcccggca
acaattaata gactggatgg 4020aggcggataa agttgcagga ccacttctgc
gctcggccct tccggctggc tggtttattg 4080ctgataaatc tggagccggt
gagcgtgggt ctcgcggtat cattgcagca ctggggccag 4140atggtaagcc
ctcccgtatc gtagttatct acacgacggg gagtcaggca actatggatg
4200aacgaaatag acagatcgct gagataggtg cctcactgat taagcattgg
taactgtcag 4260accaagttta ctcatatata ctttagattg atttaaaact
tcatttttaa tttaaaagga 4320tctaggtgaa gatccttttt gataatctca
tgaccaaaat cccttaacgt gagttttcgt 4380tccactgagc gtcagacccc
gtagaaaaga tcaaaggatc ttcttgagat cctttttttc 4440tgcgcgtaat
ctgctgcttg caaacaaaaa aaccaccgct accagcggtg gtttgtttgc
4500cggatcaaga gctaccaact ctttttccga aggtaactgg cttcagcaga
gcgcagatac 4560caaatactgt ccttctagtg tagccgtagt taggccacca
cttcaagaac tctgtagcac 4620cgcctacata cctcgctctg ctaatcctgt
taccagtggc tgctgccagt ggcgataagt 4680cgtgtcttac cgggttggac
tcaagacgat agttaccgga taaggcgcag cggtcgggct 4740gaacgggggg
ttcgtgcaca cagcccagct tggagcgaac gacctacacc gaactgagat
4800acctacagcg tgagctatga gaaagcgcca cgcttcccga agggagaaag
gcggacaggt 4860atccggtaag cggcagggtc ggaacaggag agcgcacgag
ggagcttcca gggggaaacg 4920cctggtatct ttatagtcct gtcgggtttc
gccacctctg acttgagcgt cgatttttgt 4980gatgctcgtc aggggggcgg
agcctatgga aaaacgccag caacgcggcc tttttacggt 5040tcctggcctt
ttgctggcct tttgctcaca tgttctttcc tgcgttatcc cctgattctg
5100tggataaccg tattaccgcc tttgagtgag ctgataccgc tcgccgcagc
cgaacgaccg 5160agcgcagcga gtcagtgagc gaggaagcgg aagagcgccc
aatacgcaaa ccgcctctcc 5220ccgcgcgttg gccgattcat taatgcaggg
gccgctgcgg c 526154669DNAArtificialSequences from adenovirus, CMV,
and variation of human IFN alpha 2b 5catcatcaat aatatacctt
attttggatt gaagccaata tgataatgag ggggtggagt 60ttgtgacgtg gcgcggggcg
tgggaacggg gcgggtgacg tagtagtgtg gcggaagtgt 120gatgttgcaa
gtgtggcgga acacatgtaa gcgacggatg tggcaaaagt gacgtttttg
180gtgtgcgccg gtgtacacag gaagtgacaa ttttcgcgcg gttttaggcg
gatgttgtag 240taaatttggg cgtaaccgag taagatttgg ccattttcgc
gggaaaactg aataagagga 300agtgaaatct gaataatttt gtgttactca
tagcgcgtaa tatttgtcta gggccgcggg 360gactttgacc gtttacgtgg
agactcgccc aggtgttttt ctcaggtgtt ttccgcgttc 420cgggtcaaag
ttggcgtttt attattatag tcagctgacg tgtagtgtat ttatacccgg
480tgagttcctc aagaggccac tcttgagtgc cagcgagtag agttttctcc
tccgagccgc 540tccgacaccg ggaggcgcgc cctcgagcta gctgttgaca
ttgattattg actagttatt 600aatagtaatc aattacgggg tcattagttc
atagcccata tatggagttc cgcgttacat 660aacttacggt aaatggcccg
cctggctgac cgcccaacga cccccgccca ttgacgtcaa 720taatgacgta
tgttcccata gtaacgccaa tagggacttt ccattgacgt caatgggtgg
780agtatttacg gtaaactgcc cacttggcag tacatcaagt gtatcatatg
ccaagtacgc 840cccctattga cgtcaatgac ggtaaatggc ccgcctggca
ttatgcccag tacatgacct 900tatgggactt tcctacttgg cagtacatct
acgtattagt catcgctatt accatggtga 960tgcggttttg gcagtacatc
aatgggcgtg gatagcggtt tgactcacgg ggatttccaa 1020gtctccaccc
cattgacgtc aatgggagtt tgttttggca ccaaaatcaa cgggactttc
1080caaaatgtcg taacaactcc gccccattga cgcaaatggg cggtaggcgt
gtacggtggg 1140aggtctatat aagcagagct cgtttagtga accgtaagct
tgcatgcctg caggtcgact 1200ctagactgcc atggccctga ccttcgccct
gctggtggcc ctgctggtgc tgtcctgcaa 1260gagcagctgc agcgtgggct
gcgacctgcc ccagacccac agcctgggca gccggcggac 1320cctgatgctg
ctggcccaga tgcggcggat cagcctgttc agctgcctga aggaccggca
1380cgacttcggc ttcccccagg aagagttcgg caaccagttc cagaaggccg
agaccatccc 1440cgtgctgcac gagatgatcc agcagatctt caacctgttc
agcaccaagg acagcagcgc 1500cgcctgggac gagaccctgc tggacaagtt
ctacaccgag ctgtaccagc agctgaacga 1560cctggaagcc tgcgtgatcc
agggcgtggg cgtgaccgag acccccctga tgaaagagga 1620cagcatcctg
gccgtgcgga agtacttcca gcggatcacc ctgtacctga aagagaagaa
1680gtacagcccc tgcgcctggg aagtggtgcg ggccgagatc atgcggagct
tcagcctgag 1740caccaacctg caggaaagcc tgcggagcaa agagtgagga
tccccgggta ccgagctcga 1800attctttgta gaggttttac ttgctttaaa
aaacctccca cacctccccc tgaacctgaa 1860acataaaatg aatgcaattg
ttgttgttaa cttgtttatt gcagcttata atggttacaa 1920ataaagcaat
agcatcacaa atttcacaaa taaagcattt ttttcactgc attctagttg
1980tggtttgtcc aaactcatca atgtatcgat atcggcgcgc cgggccccta
cgtcacccgc 2040cccgttccca cgccccgcgc cacgtcacaa actccacccc
ctcattatca tattggcttc 2100aatccaaaat aaggtatatt attgatgatg
gccgcagcgg cccctggcgt aatagcgaag 2160aggcccgcac cgatcgccct
tcccaacagt tgcgcagcct gaatggcgaa tgggacgcgc 2220cctgtagcgg
cgcattaagc gcggcgggtg tggtggttac gcgcagcgtg accgctacac
2280ttgccagcgc cctagcgccc gctcctttcg ctttcttccc ttcctttctc
gccacgttcg 2340ccggctttcc ccgtcaagct ctaaatcggg ggctcccttt
agggttccga tttagtgctt 2400tacggcacct cgaccccaaa aaacttgatt
agggtgatgg ttcacgtagt gggccatcgc 2460cctgatagac ggtttttcgc
cctttgacgt tggagtccac gttctttaat agtggactct 2520tgttccaaac
tggaacaaca ctcaacccta tctcggtcta ttcttttgat ttataaggga
2580ttttgccgat ttcggcctat tggttaaaaa atgagctgat ttaacaaaaa
tttaacgcga 2640attttaacaa aatattaacg cttacaattt aggtggcact
tttcggggaa atgtgcgcgg 2700aacccctatt tgtttatttt tctaaataca
ttcaaatatg tatccgctca tgagacaata 2760accctgataa atgcttcaat
aatattgaaa aaggaagagt atgagtattc aacatttccg 2820tgtcgccctt
attccctttt ttgcggcatt ttgccttcct gtttttgctc acccagaaac
2880gctggtgaaa gtaaaagatg ctgaagatca gttgggtgca cgagtgggtt
acatcgaact 2940ggatctcaac agcggtaaga tccttgagag ttttcgcccc
gaagaacgtt ttccaatgat 3000gagcactttt aaagttctgc tatgtggcgc
ggtattatcc cgtattgacg ccgggcaaga 3060gcaactcggt cgccgcatac
actattctca gaatgacttg gttgagtact caccagtcac 3120agaaaagcat
cttacggatg gcatgacagt aagagaatta tgcagtgctg ccataaccat
3180gagtgataac actgcggcca acttacttct gacaacgatc ggaggaccga
aggagctaac 3240cgcttttttg cacaacatgg gggatcatgt aactcgcctt
gatcgttggg aaccggagct 3300gaatgaagcc ataccaaacg acgagcgtga
caccacgatg cctgtagcaa tggcaacaac 3360gttgcgcaaa ctattaactg
gcgaactact tactctagct tcccggcaac aattaataga 3420ctggatggag
gcggataaag
ttgcaggacc acttctgcgc tcggcccttc cggctggctg 3480gtttattgct
gataaatctg gagccggtga gcgtgggtct cgcggtatca ttgcagcact
3540ggggccagat ggtaagccct cccgtatcgt agttatctac acgacgggga
gtcaggcaac 3600tatggatgaa cgaaatagac agatcgctga gataggtgcc
tcactgatta agcattggta 3660actgtcagac caagtttact catatatact
ttagattgat ttaaaacttc atttttaatt 3720taaaaggatc taggtgaaga
tcctttttga taatctcatg accaaaatcc cttaacgtga 3780gttttcgttc
cactgagcgt cagaccccgt agaaaagatc aaaggatctt cttgagatcc
3840tttttttctg cgcgtaatct gctgcttgca aacaaaaaaa ccaccgctac
cagcggtggt 3900ttgtttgccg gatcaagagc taccaactct ttttccgaag
gtaactggct tcagcagagc 3960gcagatacca aatactgtcc ttctagtgta
gccgtagtta ggccaccact tcaagaactc 4020tgtagcaccg cctacatacc
tcgctctgct aatcctgtta ccagtggctg ctgccagtgg 4080cgataagtcg
tgtcttaccg ggttggactc aagacgatag ttaccggata aggcgcagcg
4140gtcgggctga acggggggtt cgtgcacaca gcccagcttg gagcgaacga
cctacaccga 4200actgagatac ctacagcgtg agctatgaga aagcgccacg
cttcccgaag ggagaaaggc 4260ggacaggtat ccggtaagcg gcagggtcgg
aacaggagag cgcacgaggg agcttccagg 4320gggaaacgcc tggtatcttt
atagtcctgt cgggtttcgc cacctctgac ttgagcgtcg 4380atttttgtga
tgctcgtcag gggggcggag cctatggaaa aacgccagca acgcggcctt
4440tttacggttc ctggcctttt gctggccttt tgctcacatg ttctttcctg
cgttatcccc 4500tgattctgtg gataaccgta ttaccgcctt tgagtgagct
gataccgctc gccgcagccg 4560aacgaccgag cgcagcgagt cagtgagcga
ggaagcggaa gagcgcccaa tacgcaaacc 4620gcctctcccc gcgcgttggc
cgattcatta atgcaggggc cgctgcggc 466965246DNAArtificialSequences
from adenovirus, CAG, and variation of human IFN alpha 2b
6catcatcaat aatatacctt attttggatt gaagccaata tgataatgag ggggtggagt
60ttgtgacgtg gcgcggggcg tgggaacggg gcgggtgacg tagtagtgtg gcggaagtgt
120gatgttgcaa gtgtggcgga acacatgtaa gcgacggatg tggcaaaagt
gacgtttttg 180gtgtgcgccg gtgtacacag gaagtgacaa ttttcgcgcg
gttttaggcg gatgttgtag 240taaatttggg cgtaaccgag taagatttgg
ccattttcgc gggaaaactg aataagagga 300agtgaaatct gaataatttt
gtgttactca tagcgcgtaa tatttgtcta gggccgcggg 360gactttgacc
gtttacgtgg agactcgccc aggtgttttt ctcaggtgtt ttccgcgttc
420cgggtcaaag ttggcgtttt attattatag tcagctgacg tgtagtgtat
ttatacccgg 480tgagttcctc aagaggccac tcttgagtgc cagcgagtag
agttttctcc tccgagccgc 540tccgacaccg ggaggcgcgc cctcgagcta
gcccctagtt attaatagta atcaattacg 600gggtcattag ttcatagccc
atatatggag ttccgcgtta cataacttac ggtaaatggc 660ccgcctggct
gaccgcccaa cgacccccgc ccattgacgt caataatgac gtatgttccc
720atagtaacgc caatagggac tttccattga cgtcaatggg tggagtattt
acggtaaact 780gcccacttgg cagtacatca agtgtatcat atgccaagta
cgccccctat tgacgtcaat 840gacggtaaat ggcccgcctg gcattatgcc
cagtacatga ccttatggga ctttcctact 900tggcagtaca tctacgtatt
agtcatcgct attaccatgg tcgaggtgag ccccacgttc 960tgcttcactc
tccccatctc ccccccctcc ccacccccaa ttttgtattt atttattttt
1020taattatttt gtgcagcgat gggggcgggg gggggggggg ggcgcgcgcc
aggcggggcg 1080gggcggggcg aggggcgggg cggggcgagg cggagaggtg
cggcggcagc caatcagagc 1140ggcgcgctcc gaaagtttcc ttttatggcg
aggcggcggc ggcggcggcc ctataaaaag 1200cgaagcgcgc ggcgggcggg
agtcgctgcg cgctgccttc gccccgtgcc ccgctccgcc 1260gccgcctcgc
gccgcccgcc ccggctctga ctgaccgcgt tactcccaca ggtgagcggg
1320cgggacggcc cttctcctcc gggctgtaat tagcgcttgg tttaatgacg
gcttgtttct 1380tttctgtggc tgcgtgaaag ccttgagggg ctccgggagc
gccggcagga aggaaatggg 1440cggggagggc cttcgtgcgt cgccgcgccg
ccgtcccctt ctccctctcc agcctcgggg 1500ctgtccgcgg ggggacggct
gccttcgggg gggacggggc agggcggggt tcggcttctg 1560gcgtgtgacc
ggcggctcta gagcctctgc taaccatgtt catgccttct tctttttcct
1620acagctcctg ggcaacgtgc tggttattgt gctgtctcat cattttggca
aagaattgat 1680taattcgagc gaacgcgtcg agtcgctcgg tacgatttaa
attgaattgg gctcgagatc 1740tgcgatctaa gtaagcttgc atgcctgcag
gtcgactcta gactgccatg gccctgacct 1800tcgccctgct ggtggccctg
ctggtgctgt cctgcaagag cagctgcagc gtgggctgcg 1860acctgcccca
gacccacagc ctgggcagcc ggcggaccct gatgctgctg gcccagatgc
1920ggcggatcag cctgttcagc tgcctgaagg accggcacga cttcggcttc
ccccaggaag 1980agttcggcaa ccagttccag aaggccgaga ccatccccgt
gctgcacgag atgatccagc 2040agatcttcaa cctgttcagc accaaggaca
gcagcgccgc ctgggacgag accctgctgg 2100acaagttcta caccgagctg
taccagcagc tgaacgacct ggaagcctgc gtgatccagg 2160gcgtgggcgt
gaccgagacc cccctgatga aagaggacag catcctggcc gtgcggaagt
2220acttccagcg gatcaccctg tacctgaaag agaagaagta cagcccctgc
gcctgggaag 2280tggtgcgggc cgagatcatg cggagcttca gcctgagcac
caacctgcag gaaagcctgc 2340ggagcaaaga gtgaggatcc ccgggtaccg
agctcgaatt ctttgtagag gttttacttg 2400ctttaaaaaa cctcccacac
ctccccctga acctgaaaca taaaatgaat gcaattgttg 2460ttgttaactt
gtttattgca gcttataatg gttacaaata aagcaatagc atcacaaatt
2520tcacaaataa agcatttttt tcactgcatt ctagttgtgg tttgtccaaa
ctcatcaatg 2580tatcgatatc ggcgcgccgg gcccctacgt cacccgcccc
gttcccacgc cccgcgccac 2640gtcacaaact ccaccccctc attatcatat
tggcttcaat ccaaaataag gtatattatt 2700gatgatggcc gcagcggccc
ctggcgtaat agcgaagagg cccgcaccga tcgcccttcc 2760caacagttgc
gcagcctgaa tggcgaatgg gacgcgccct gtagcggcgc attaagcgcg
2820gcgggtgtgg tggttacgcg cagcgtgacc gctacacttg ccagcgccct
agcgcccgct 2880cctttcgctt tcttcccttc ctttctcgcc acgttcgccg
gctttccccg tcaagctcta 2940aatcgggggc tccctttagg gttccgattt
agtgctttac ggcacctcga ccccaaaaaa 3000cttgattagg gtgatggttc
acgtagtggg ccatcgccct gatagacggt ttttcgccct 3060ttgacgttgg
agtccacgtt ctttaatagt ggactcttgt tccaaactgg aacaacactc
3120aaccctatct cggtctattc ttttgattta taagggattt tgccgatttc
ggcctattgg 3180ttaaaaaatg agctgattta acaaaaattt aacgcgaatt
ttaacaaaat attaacgctt 3240acaatttagg tggcactttt cggggaaatg
tgcgcggaac ccctatttgt ttatttttct 3300aaatacattc aaatatgtat
ccgctcatga gacaataacc ctgataaatg cttcaataat 3360attgaaaaag
gaagagtatg agtattcaac atttccgtgt cgcccttatt cccttttttg
3420cggcattttg ccttcctgtt tttgctcacc cagaaacgct ggtgaaagta
aaagatgctg 3480aagatcagtt gggtgcacga gtgggttaca tcgaactgga
tctcaacagc ggtaagatcc 3540ttgagagttt tcgccccgaa gaacgttttc
caatgatgag cacttttaaa gttctgctat 3600gtggcgcggt attatcccgt
attgacgccg ggcaagagca actcggtcgc cgcatacact 3660attctcagaa
tgacttggtt gagtactcac cagtcacaga aaagcatctt acggatggca
3720tgacagtaag agaattatgc agtgctgcca taaccatgag tgataacact
gcggccaact 3780tacttctgac aacgatcgga ggaccgaagg agctaaccgc
ttttttgcac aacatggggg 3840atcatgtaac tcgccttgat cgttgggaac
cggagctgaa tgaagccata ccaaacgacg 3900agcgtgacac cacgatgcct
gtagcaatgg caacaacgtt gcgcaaacta ttaactggcg 3960aactacttac
tctagcttcc cggcaacaat taatagactg gatggaggcg gataaagttg
4020caggaccact tctgcgctcg gcccttccgg ctggctggtt tattgctgat
aaatctggag 4080ccggtgagcg tgggtctcgc ggtatcattg cagcactggg
gccagatggt aagccctccc 4140gtatcgtagt tatctacacg acggggagtc
aggcaactat ggatgaacga aatagacaga 4200tcgctgagat aggtgcctca
ctgattaagc attggtaact gtcagaccaa gtttactcat 4260atatacttta
gattgattta aaacttcatt tttaatttaa aaggatctag gtgaagatcc
4320tttttgataa tctcatgacc aaaatccctt aacgtgagtt ttcgttccac
tgagcgtcag 4380accccgtaga aaagatcaaa ggatcttctt gagatccttt
ttttctgcgc gtaatctgct 4440gcttgcaaac aaaaaaacca ccgctaccag
cggtggtttg tttgccggat caagagctac 4500caactctttt tccgaaggta
actggcttca gcagagcgca gataccaaat actgtccttc 4560tagtgtagcc
gtagttaggc caccacttca agaactctgt agcaccgcct acatacctcg
4620ctctgctaat cctgttacca gtggctgctg ccagtggcga taagtcgtgt
cttaccgggt 4680tggactcaag acgatagtta ccggataagg cgcagcggtc
gggctgaacg gggggttcgt 4740gcacacagcc cagcttggag cgaacgacct
acaccgaact gagataccta cagcgtgagc 4800tatgagaaag cgccacgctt
cccgaaggga gaaaggcgga caggtatccg gtaagcggca 4860gggtcggaac
aggagagcgc acgagggagc ttccaggggg aaacgcctgg tatctttata
4920gtcctgtcgg gtttcgccac ctctgacttg agcgtcgatt tttgtgatgc
tcgtcagggg 4980ggcggagcct atggaaaaac gccagcaacg cggccttttt
acggttcctg gccttttgct 5040ggccttttgc tcacatgttc tttcctgcgt
tatcccctga ttctgtggat aaccgtatta 5100ccgcctttga gtgagctgat
accgctcgcc gcagccgaac gaccgagcgc agcgagtcag 5160tgagcgagga
agcggaagag cgcccaatac gcaaaccgcc tctccccgcg cgttggccga
5220ttcattaatg caggggccgc tgcggc 52467582DNAHomo sapiens
7atgggggtgc acgaatgtcc tgcctggctg tggcttctcc tgtccctgct gtcgctccct
60ctgggcctcc cagtcctggg cgccccacca cgcctcatct gtgacagccg agtcctggag
120aggtacctct tggaggccaa ggaggccgag aatatcacga cgggctgtgc
tgaacactgc 180agcttgaatg agaatatcac tgtcccagac accaaagtta
atttctatgc ctggaagagg 240atggaggtcg ggcagcaggc cgtagaagtc
tggcagggcc tggccctgct gtcggaagct 300gtcctgcggg gccaggccct
gttggtcaac tcttcccagc cgtgggagcc cctgcagctg 360catgtggata
aagccgtcag tggccttcgc agcctcacca ctctgcttcg ggctctggga
420gcccagaagg aagccatctc ccctccagat gcggcctcag ctgctccact
ccgaacaatc 480actgctgaca ctttccgcaa actcttccga gtctactcca
atttcctccg gggaaagctg 540aagctgtaca caggggaggc ctgcaggaca
ggggacagat ga 5828645DNAHomo sapiens 8ggcgcgccaa gcttgcatgc
ctgcaggtcg actctagact gccatggcct tgacctttgc 60tttactggtg gccctcctgg
tgctcagctg caagtcaagc tgctctgtgg gctgtgatct 120gcctcaaacc
cacagcctgg gtagcaggag gaccttgatg ctcctggcac agatgaggag
180aatctctctt ttctcctgct tgaaggacag acatgacttt ggatttcccc
aggaggagtt 240tggcaaccag ttccaaaagg ctgaaaccat ccctgtcctc
catgagatga tccagcagat 300cttcaatctc ttcagcacaa aggactcatc
tgctgcttgg gatgagaccc tcctagacaa 360attctacact gaactctacc
agcagctgaa tgacctggaa gcctgtgtga tacagggggt 420gggggtgaca
gagactcccc tgatgaagga ggactccatt ctggctgtga ggaaatactt
480ccaaagaatc actctctatc tgaaagagaa gaaatacagc ccttgtgcct
gggaggttgt 540cagagcagaa atcatgagat ctttttcttt gtcaacaaac
ttgcaagaaa gtttaagaag 600taaggaatga ggatccccgg gtaccgagct
cgaattctta attaa 6459188PRTHomo sapiens 9Met Ala Leu Thr Phe Ala
Leu Leu Val Ala Leu Leu Val Leu Ser Cys 1 5 10 15 Lys Ser Ser Cys
Ser Val Gly Cys Asp Leu Pro Gln Thr His Ser Leu 20 25 30 Gly Ser
Arg Arg Thr Leu Met Leu Leu Ala Gln Met Arg Arg Ile Ser 35 40 45
Leu Phe Ser Cys Leu Lys Asp Arg His Asp Phe Gly Phe Pro Gln Glu 50
55 60 Glu Phe Gly Asn Gln Phe Gln Lys Ala Glu Thr Ile Pro Val Leu
His 65 70 75 80 Glu Met Ile Gln Gln Ile Phe Asn Leu Phe Ser Thr Lys
Asp Ser Ser 85 90 95 Ala Ala Trp Asp Glu Thr Leu Leu Asp Lys Phe
Tyr Thr Glu Leu Tyr 100 105 110 Gln Gln Leu Asn Asp Leu Glu Ala Cys
Val Ile Gln Gly Val Gly Val 115 120 125 Thr Glu Thr Pro Leu Met Lys
Glu Asp Ser Ile Leu Ala Val Arg Lys 130 135 140 Tyr Phe Gln Arg Ile
Thr Leu Tyr Leu Lys Glu Lys Lys Tyr Ser Pro 145 150 155 160 Cys Ala
Trp Glu Val Val Arg Ala Glu Ile Met Arg Ser Phe Ser Leu 165 170 175
Ser Thr Asn Leu Gln Glu Ser Leu Arg Ser Lys Glu 180 185
10193PRTHomo sapiens 10Met Gly Val His Glu Cys Pro Ala Trp Leu Trp
Leu Leu Leu Ser Leu 1 5 10 15 Leu Ser Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Pro Val
Leu Gly Ala Pro Pro Arg Leu 20 25 30 Ile Cys Asp Ser Arg Val Leu
Glu Arg Tyr Leu Leu Glu Ala Lys Glu 35 40 45 Ala Glu Asn Ile Thr
Thr Gly Cys Ala Glu His Cys Ser Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Asn Ile Thr
Val Pro Asp Thr Lys Val Asn Phe Tyr Ala Trp Lys Arg 65 70 75 80 Met
Glu Val Gly Gln Gln Ala Val Glu Val Trp Gln Gly Leu Ala Leu 85 90
95 Leu Ser Glu Ala Val Leu Arg Gly Gln Ala Leu Leu Val Asn Ser Ser
100 105 110 Gln Pro Trp Glu Pro Leu Gln Leu His Val Asp Lys Ala Val
Ser Gly 115 120 125 Leu Arg Ser Leu Thr Thr Leu Leu Arg Ala Leu Gly
Ala Gln Lys Glu 130 135 140 Ala Ile Ser Pro Pro Asp Ala Ala Ser Ala
Ala Pro Leu Arg Thr Ile 145 150 155 160 Thr Ala Asp Thr Phe Arg Lys
Leu Phe Arg Val Tyr Ser Asn Phe Leu 165 170 175 Arg Gly Lys Leu Lys
Leu Tyr Thr Gly Glu Ala Cys Arg Thr Gly Asp 180 185 190 Arg
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