U.S. patent application number 14/828090 was filed with the patent office on 2016-02-11 for compositions, methods, and devices providing shielding in communications cables.
The applicant listed for this patent is Cable Components Group, LLC.. Invention is credited to David Braun, Charles A. Glew.
Application Number | 20160042839 14/828090 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48014308 |
Filed Date | 2016-02-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160042839 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Glew; Charles A. ; et
al. |
February 11, 2016 |
COMPOSITIONS, METHODS, AND DEVICES PROVIDING SHIELDING IN
COMMUNICATIONS CABLES
Abstract
Compositions, devices, and methods for providing shielding
communications cables are provided. In some embodiments,
compositions including electrically conductive elements are
disclosed. In other embodiments, cable separators, tapes, and
nonwoven materials including various electrically conductive
elements are disclosed.
Inventors: |
Glew; Charles A.;
(Charlestown, RI) ; Braun; David; (North
Attleborough, MA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Cable Components Group, LLC. |
Pawcatuck |
CT |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
48014308 |
Appl. No.: |
14/828090 |
Filed: |
August 17, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13795825 |
Mar 12, 2013 |
|
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14828090 |
|
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61610211 |
Mar 13, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
174/34 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08K 3/08 20130101; H01B
3/004 20130101; H05K 9/0081 20130101; H05K 9/0098 20130101; C08K
7/00 20130101; C08K 7/00 20130101; H01B 11/04 20130101; H01B
11/1895 20130101; H01B 11/002 20130101; C08L 27/12 20130101; C08L
27/12 20130101; H01B 3/445 20130101; H01B 7/295 20130101; H01B
11/08 20130101; C08K 3/08 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01B 11/04 20060101
H01B011/04; H01B 11/18 20060101 H01B011/18; H01B 3/00 20060101
H01B003/00; H01B 3/44 20060101 H01B003/44; H05K 9/00 20060101
H05K009/00; H01B 11/00 20060101 H01B011/00 |
Claims
1. A communications cable, comprising: at least a pair of insulated
twisted conductors; and a tape at least partially wrapped around
said twisted pair of conductors; wherein said tape comprises a
flexible, polymeric sheet and a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions distributed therein for electromagnetically
shielding said twisted pair.
2. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the plurality of
electrically conductive inclusions comprises a plurality of metal
inclusions.
3. The communications cable of claim 2, wherein the plurality of
metal inclusions comprises any of silver, aluminum, copper, gold,
bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, stainless steel
and combinations thereof.
4. The communications cable of claim 2, wherein the plurality of
electrically conductive inclusions further comprises a plurality of
carbon fibers.
5. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric sheet
comprises a polyolefin, a fluoropolymer, or a combination
thereof.
6. The communications cable of claim 5, wherein the fluoropolymer
comprises a perfluoropolymer.
7. The communications cable of claim 6, wherein the
perfluoropolymer comprises any of FEP, MFA and PFA.
8. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the electrically
conductive inclusions comprises a volume fraction of the tape in a
range of about 1% to about 40%.
9. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the electrically
conductive inclusions comprises a volume fraction of the tape in a
range of about 5% to about 10%.
10. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the polymeric
sheet is foamed.
11. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein the tape has a
thickness in a range of about 0.001 inches to about 0.02
inches.
12. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said tape is not
electrically grounded.
13. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said tape
comprises a plurality of polymeric fibers.
14. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said tape exhibits
a DC electrical conductivity along an axial direction in a range of
about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to about 3.5.times.10.sup.7
Siemens/meter.
15. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said tape exhibits
a sheet resistance in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per
square to about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms per square.
16. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said cable is an
unshielded cable.
17. The communications cable of claim 1, wherein said cable is a
shielded cable.
18. The communications cable of claim 1, further comprising a
jacket that at least partially surrounds said tape and said twisted
pair of conductors.
19. The communications cable of claim 18, wherein said jacket
provides shielding of electromagnetic radiation.
20. The communications cable of claim 19, wherein said jacket
provides shielding of electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in a
range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. Utility
application Ser. No. 13/795,825 filed on Mar. 12, 2013 which claims
priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/610,211 filed
on Mar. 13, 2012, the content of which is hereby incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates generally to compositions, methods,
and devices for providing shielding of communications cables.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] A broad range of electrical conductors and electrical cables
are installed in modern buildings for a wide variety of uses. Such
uses include, among others, data transmission between computers,
voice communications, video communications, power transmission over
communications cables, e.g. power over Ethernet, as well as control
signal transmission for building security, fire alarm, and
temperature control systems. These cable networks extend throughout
modern office and industrial buildings, and frequently extend
through the space between the dropped ceiling and the floor above.
Ventilation system components are also frequently extended through
this space for directing heated and chilled air to the space below
the ceiling and also to direct return air exchange. The horizontal
space between the dropped ceiling and the floor above is commonly
referred to as the "plenum" area. Similarly, the vertical space of
the walls between the floor and the ceiling include the networking
of the aforementioned cable types. These vertical spaces are
generally called the "riser" cabling space. Electrical conductors
and cables extending through plenum areas are governed by special
provisions of the National Electric Code ("NEC"). Cables intended
for installation in the air handling spaces (e.g., plenums, risers,
ducts, etc.) of buildings are specifically required by NEC/CEC/IEC
to pass flame test specified by Underwriters Laboratories Inc.
(UL), UL-910, or its Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
equivalent, the FT-6. The UL-910, FT-6 and the NFPA 262, which
represent the top of the fire rating hierarchy established by the
NEC and CEC, respectively. Also applicable are the UL 1666 Riser
test and the IEC 60332-3C and D flammability criteria. Cables
possessing these ratings, generally known as "plenum" or "plenum
rated" or "riser" or "riser rated", may be substituted for cables
having a lower rating (e.g., CMR, CM, CMX, FT4, FTI or their
equivalents), while lower rated cables may not be used where plenum
or riser rated cables are required.
[0004] Many communication systems utilize high performance cables.
These high performance cables normally have four or more twisted
pairs of conductors for transmitting data and receiving data. A
transmitting twisted pair and a receiving twisted pair often form a
subgroup in a cable having four twisted pairs. Other high
performance cables can include coaxial cables, e.g., used singly or
in conjunction with twisted pairs as a composite cable.
[0005] In a conventional cable, each twisted pair of conductors has
a specified distance between twists along the longitudinal
direction. That distance is referred to as the pair lay. When
adjacent twisted pairs have the same pair lay and/or twist
direction, they tend to lie within a cable more closely spaced than
when they have different pair lays and/or twist directions. Such
close spacing increases the amount of undesirable energy
transferred between conductors, which is commonly referred to as
cross-talk. Undesirable energy may also be transferred between
adjacent cables (which is known as alien crosstalk) or alien
near-end cross talk (anext) or alien far-end cross talk
(afext).
[0006] The Telecommunications Industry Association and Electronics
Industry Association (TIA/EIA) have defined standards for
crosstalk, including TIA/EIA-568 A, B, and C including the most
recent edition of the specification. The International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) has also defined standards for
data communication cable cross-talk, including ISO/IEC 11801. One
high-performance standard for 100 MHz cable is ISO/IEC 11801,
Category 5, or more recently referred to as Category 5e.
Additionally, more stringent standards have been implemented for
higher frequency cables including Category 6, augmented Category 6
(Category 6.sub.A), Category 7, augmented Category 7 (Category 7A)
which are rated for frequencies in the range of 1 MHz through 1
GHz.
[0007] There remains a need for communications cables that can
operate reliably while minimizing or eliminating cross-talk between
conductors within a cable or alien cross-talk between cables, and
also a need for separators for use in such telecommunications
cables. There also remains a need for communications cables that
can provide low smoke generation and overall flame retardancy, as
required by the "NEC" for use in plenum and riser areas of a
building.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] In one aspect, a pellet composition is disclosed, which
includes a base resin comprising a polymer and a plurality of
electrically conductive elements distributed within the base resin.
The polymer can be, for example, a fluoropolymer, a polyolefin, or
combinations thereof .DELTA.t least some of the electrically
conductive elements can be formed at least partially of a
metal.
[0009] In this embodiment and in other embodiments disclosed
herein, the electrically conductive elements can comprise any of
metal, metal oxide, or other electrically conductive materials,
such as carbon nanotubes, carbon fullerenes, carbon fibers, nickel
coated carbon fibers, single or multi-wall graphene, or copper
fibers, among others. By way of example, in some embodiments, the
electrically conductive inclusions include any of silver, aluminum,
copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, or
stainless steel. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive
inclusions can include metal alloys, such as tin alloys, gallium
alloys, or zinc alloys. In other embodiments, the electrically
conductive inclusions can include metal oxides, such as copper
oxide, bronze oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped indium
oxide, indium tin oxide, nickel oxide, or aluminum oxide. In some
embodiments, some of the electrically conductive inclusions are
formed of one material while others are formed of another material.
Further, in some embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusion
are formed of metals and are substantially free of any metal
oxides.
[0010] In some embodiments, the at least one base polymer, e.g.,
fluoropolymer, polyolefin, or combinations thereof, in the pellet
composition comprises at least about 50% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 60% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 70% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 75% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 80% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 85% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 90% by weight of the pellet
composition, or at least about 95% by weight of the pellet
composition.
[0011] In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the conductive
elements to the one or more fluoropolymers or polyolefins can be in
a range of about 1% to about 30%. In some embodiments the
electrically conductive elements comprise at least about 5% by
weight of the pellet composition, at least about 7% by weight of
the pellet composition, at least about 10% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 15% by weight of the pellet
composition, at least about 20% by weight of the pellet
composition, or at least about 25% by weight of the pellet
composition.
[0012] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive elements
can also have a plurality of different shapes. For example, a first
plurality of the conductive elements can have needle-like shapes
and a second plurality of the conductive elements can have
flake-like shapes (e.g., rectangular shapes).
[0013] In some embodiments, the at least one base polymer, e.g.,
fluoropolymer, polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can be
melt-processable at an elevated temperature. For example, the at
least one base fluoropolymer can be melt-processable at an elevated
temperature of at least about 600.degree. F.
[0014] In some embodiments, the at least one base polymer can be a
polyolefin or a fluoropolymer. The fluoropolymer can be a
perfluoropolymer, for example, a perfluoropolymer having a melting
temperature at least about 600.degree. F. For example, the
perfluoropolymer can be any of FEP (fluorinated ethylene
propylene), MFA (polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether)
and PFA (perfluoroalkoxy).
[0015] In some embodiments, at least some of the conductive
elements can be formed of a metal. In some embodiments, the metal
can include, without limitation, any of silver, aluminum, copper,
gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, and
stainless steel. In some embodiments, at least some of the
conductive elements can be formed of a metal oxide. In some
embodiments, the metal oxide can include, without limitation, any
of copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped
indium oxide, indium tin oxide, nickel oxide, and aluminum
oxide.
[0016] In some embodiments, the conductive elements can include a
plurality of metallic particles having an average particle size in
a range of about 10 microns to about 6000 microns. For example, the
conductive elements can include a plurality of fibrils.
[0017] In another aspect, a foamable composition is disclosed,
which comprises at least one base fluoropolymer or polyolefin, a
plurality of electrically conductive elements distributed within
the at least one base fluoropolymer or polyolefin, and a chemical
foaming agent distributed within the at least one base
fluoropolymer or polyolefin. In some embodiments, at least a
portion of the electrically conductive elements is formed of a
metal. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive elements
have a plurality of different shapes. For example, a first
plurality of the conductive elements have needle-like shapes and a
second plurality of the conductive elements have flake-like shapes,
e.g., rectangular shapes. In some embodiments, a first plurality of
the conductive elements have a shape primarily configured to
reflect electromagnetic radiation in a range of about 1 MHz to
about 40 GHz. In some embodiments, a second plurality of the
conductive elements have a shape primarily configured to dissipate
electromagnetic radiation in range of about 1 MHz to about 40
GHz.
[0018] In some embodiments of the above foamable composition having
a chemical foaming agent, the at least one base fluoropolymer or
polyolefin comprises at least about 50% by weight, or at least
about 60% by weight, or at least about 70% by weight, or at least
about 75% by weight, or at least about 80% by weight, or at least
about 85% by weight, or at least about 90% by weight, or at least
about 95% by weight of the foamable composition. In some
embodiments, the electrically conductive elements comprise at least
about 5% by weight, or at least about 7% by weight, or at least
about 10% by weight, or at least about 15% by weight, or at least
about 20% by weight, or at least about 25% by weight of the
foamable composition.
[0019] In some embodiments, in the above foamable composition, the
at least one base polymer can be a polyolefin or a fluoropolymer.
By way of example, the fluoropolymer can include a
perfluoropolymer, e.g., FEP, MFA and PFA. In some embodiments, the
foamable composition can include a perfluoropolymer that is
melt-processable at an elevated temperature, e.g., at an elevated
temperature of at least about 600.degree. F.
[0020] In some embodiments, the chemical foaming agent comprises at
least about 2% by weight of the foamable composition. In some
embodiments, the chemical foaming agent comprises at least about
3%, or at least about 4%, or at least about 5%, or at least about
10%, or at least about 15% by weight of the foamable
composition.
[0021] In some embodiments, wherein the chemical foaming agent
comprises talc.
[0022] In some embodiments, in the above foamable composition
having a chemical foaming agent, a weight ratio of the conductive
elements to the at least one base fluoropolymer or polyolefin is in
a range of about 1 percent to about 30 percent, e.g., in a range of
about 1 percent to about 20 percent, or in a range of about 1
percent to about 10 percent.
[0023] In a related aspect, a separator for use in a
telecommunications cable is disclosed, which comprises a plurality
of polymeric fibers assembled as a non-woven fabric, and a
plurality of electrically conductive elements distributed within
the non-woven fabric. In some embodiments, the electrically
conductive elements comprise at least about 5% by weight, or at
least about 7% by weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at
least about 15% by weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or by
at least about 25% by weight of the separator.
[0024] In some embodiments, the polymeric fibers are formed of a
fluoropolymer, polyolefin, or combinations thereof. In some
embodiments, the fluoropolymer can comprise a perfluoropolymer. In
some embodiments, the perfluoropolymer has a melting temperature of
at least about 600.degree. F. By way of example, the
perfluoropolymer comprises any of FEP, MFA and PFA.
[0025] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive elements
comprise a plurality of fibrils. In some embodiments, the fibrils
include a metal. In some embodiments, the metal comprises any of
silver, aluminum, copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel,
indium, gallium, and stainless steel. In some embodiments, the
fibrils include a metal oxide. In some embodiments, the metal oxide
comprises any of copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide,
zinc-doped indium oxide, indium tin oxide, nickel oxide, and
aluminum oxide.
[0026] In some embodiments, the separator includes electrically
conductive elements having a plurality of different shapes. For
example, a first plurality of the conductive elements can have a
needle-like shape and a second plurality of the conductive elements
can have a flake-like shape. In some embodiments, the separator
includes a first plurality of conductive elements having a shape
configured to primarily reflect electromagnetic radiation in a
range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz and a second plurality of
conductive elements having a shape configured to primarily
dissipate electromagnetic radiation in a range of about 1 MHz to
about 40 GHz.
[0027] In some embodiments, the conductive elements comprise a
plurality of particles having an average size in a range of about
10 microns to about 6000 microns, e.g., in a range of about 10
microns to about 50 microns, or in a range of about 50 microns to
about 500 microns, or in a range of about 500 microns to about 1000
microns.
[0028] In some embodiments, the above separator exhibits a DC
conductivity along an axial direction in a range of about
1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to about 3.5.times.10.sup.7
Siemens/meter. In some embodiments, the above separator exhibits a
sheet resistance in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per
square to about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms per square.
[0029] Communications Cable
[0030] In further aspects, a communications cable is disclosed,
which comprises at least a pair of insulated twisted conductors,
and a non-woven tape wrapped around the twisted pair of conductors,
wherein the non-woven tape comprises a polymer and a plurality of
electrically conductive elements distributed therein for
electromagnetically shielding the twisted pair. The polymer can be,
for example, a fluoropolymer, a polyolefin, or combinations
thereof.
[0031] In some embodiments, the non-woven tape is not adapted to be
electrically grounded. In some embodiments, the non-woven tape
comprises a plurality of polymeric fibers. In some embodiments, the
non-woven tape exhibits a DC electrical conductivity along an axial
direction in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to
about 3.5.times.10.sup.7 Siemens/meter. In some embodiments, the
non-woven tape exhibits a sheet resistance in a range of about
1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per square to about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms
per square.
[0032] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrically
conductive elements is formed of a metal. The metal can include,
without limitation, any any of silver, aluminum, copper, gold,
bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, and stainless
steel.
[0033] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the electrically
conductive elements is formed of a metal oxide. The metal oxide can
include, without limitation, any of copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin
oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, indium tin oxide,
nickel oxide, and aluminum oxide.
[0034] In some embodiments, the non-woven tape includes
electrically conductive elements having a plurality of different
shapes. For example, a first plurality of the conductive elements
can have a needle-like shape and a second plurality of the
conductive elements can have a flake-like shape. In some
embodiments, the non-woven tape includes a first plurality of
conductive elements have a shape configured to primarily reflect
electromagnetic radiation in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz
and a second plurality of conductive elements having a shape
configured to primarily dissipate electromagnetic radiation in a
range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz.
[0035] In some embodiments, the communications cable is an
unshielded cable. In some other embodiments, the cable is a
shielded cable.
[0036] In some embodiments, the communications cable further
comprises a jacket that at least partially surrounds the non-woven
tape and the twisted pair of conductors. In some embodiments, the
jacket can provide shielding of the electromagnetic radiation. By
way of example, the jacket can provide shielding of the
electromagnetic radiation at wavelengths in a range of about 1 MHz
to about 40 GHz.
[0037] Cable Jacket
[0038] In further aspects, a jacket for a cable is disclosed, which
comprises a polymeric shell extending from a proximal end to a
distal end and adapted for housing one or more conductors, and an
electrically conductive layer that is embedded in the polymeric
shell. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive layer is
adapted to provide electromagnetic shielding of the one or more
conductors.
[0039] In some embodiments, the conductors housed within the
polymeric shell are adapted for transmitting digital data.
[0040] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive layer
embedded in the polymeric shell is formed of a metal. In some
embodiments, the metal includes, without limitation, any of silver,
aluminum, copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium,
gallium, and stainless steel.
[0041] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive layer
comprises a continuous layer. In some embodiments, the electrically
conductive layer comprises a checkered layer.
[0042] In some embodiments, the polymeric shell comprises a
polymer. The polymer can be, for example, a fluoropolymer, a
polyolefin, or combinations thereof. By way of example, the
fluoropolymer can be a perfluoropolymer, such as FEP, MFA or
PFA.
[0043] In further aspects, a jacket for a cable is disclosed, which
comprises a polymeric shell extending from a proximal end to a
distal end and adapted for housing one or more conductors, and a
plurality of electrically conductive elements distributed within
the shell. In some embodiments, the electrically conductive
elements have a plurality of different shapes, e.g., some of them
can have a needle-like shape and some of the others a flake-like
shape.
[0044] Separators with Conductive Element
[0045] In further aspects, a separator for use in a
telecommunication cable is disclosed, which comprises a polymeric
preformed elongate support element extending from a proximal end to
a distal end and having at least one channel adapted for receiving
a plurality of conductors, wherein the elongate support element
comprises at least one base polymer and a plurality of electrically
conductive elements distributed in the at least one fluoropolymer.
The polymer can be, for example, a fluoropolymer, a polyolefin, or
combinations thereof.
[0046] In some embodiments, at least some of the electrically
conductive elements are formed at least partially of a metal. In
some embodiments, the electrically conductive elements have a
plurality of different shapes. For example, in some embodiments, a
first plurality of the conductive elements have needle-like shapes
and a second plurality of the conductive elements have flake-like
shapes (e.g., rectangular shapes). In some embodiments, a first
plurality of the conductive elements have a shape primarily
configured to reflect electromagnetic radiation in a range of about
1 MHz to about 40 GHz and a second plurality of the conductive
elements have a shape primarily configured to dissipate
electromagnetic radiation in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40
GHz.
[0047] In some embodiments, the separator exhibits a DC electrical
conductivity along an axial direction in a range of about
1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to about 3.5.times.10.sup.7
Siemens/meter. In some embodiments, the separator exhibits a sheet
resistance in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per square to
about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms per square.
[0048] In some embodiments, a weight ratio of the conductive
elements to the one or more polymers in the above separator is in a
range of about 1 percent to about 30 percent.
[0049] In some embodiments, the at least one base polymer, e.g.,
fluoropolymer, polyolefin, or combinations thereof, comprises at
least about 50% by weight, or at least about 60% by weight, or at
least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 75%, or
at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about 90%,
or at least about 95% of the separator.
[0050] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive elements
comprise at least about 5% by weight, or at least about 7% by
weight, or at least about 10% by weight, or at least about 15% by
weight, or at least about 20% by weight, or at least about 25% by
weight of the separator.
[0051] In further aspect, a separator for use in a cable is
disclosed, which comprises a polymeric structure axially extending
from a proximal end to a distal end and configured to provide at
least two channels each of which is adapted for receiving one or
more conductors. An electrically conductive element is embedded in
the polymeric structure to provide shielding between conductors
disposed in the at least two channels.
[0052] In further aspects, a separator for use in a cable is
disclosed, which comprises a polymeric structure axially extending
from a proximal end to a distal end and configured to provide at
least two channels each of which is adapted for receiving one or
more conductors, and an electrically conductive layer formed on at
least a portion of an outer surface of the polymeric structure. In
some embodiments, the electrically conductive layer is formed by a
process of electroless plating. In some embodiments, the
electrically conductive layer comprises a continuous layer while in
other embodiments, the electrically conductive layer comprises a
checkered layer.
[0053] Further understanding of various aspects of the invention
can be achieved by reference to the following detailed description
in conjunction with the associated drawings.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0054] FIG. 1 schematically depicts a plurality of pellets
according to an embodiment of the invention;
[0055] FIG. 2A schematically depicts a separator according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0056] FIG. 2B schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of the
separator of FIG. 2A taken along line A-A;
[0057] FIG. 3A schematically depicts a needle-like conductive
inclusion having an elongated shape suitable for use in some
implementations of the separator of FIGS. 2A and 2B;
[0058] FIG. 3B schematically depicts a flake-like conductive
inclusion having a pancake-like shape suitable for use in some
implementations of the separator of FIGS. 2A and 2B;
[0059] FIG. 4 schematically shows a method for measuring electrical
conductivity of a separator according to the teachings of the
invention in which a plurality of electrically conductive
inclusions are incorporated;
[0060] FIG. 5 schematically depicts a separator and a plurality of
conductors disposed in longitudinal channels provided by the
separator;
[0061] FIG. 6A schematically depicts an unshielded cable in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0062] FIG. 6B schematically depicts an unshielded cable in
accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0063] FIG. 7 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of
manufacturing a cellular article, such as a separator, according to
an embodiment of the invention;
[0064] FIG. 8A schematically depicts a separator having a metal
coating disposed on an external surface thereof according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0065] FIG. 8B schematically depicts a separator having a patchwork
of metal portions disposed on an external surface thereof according
to an embodiment of the invention;
[0066] FIG. 9 schematically depicts a separator having an
electrically conductive strip disposed therein according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0067] FIG. 10A schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having T-shaped flap portions according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0068] FIG. 10B schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having flap portions when the flaps are open according
to an embodiment of the invention;
[0069] FIG. 10C schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having flap portions when the flaps are closed
according to an embodiment of the invention;
[0070] FIG. 10D is an enlarged detail of a portion of the separator
depicted in FIG. 10C according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0071] FIG. 10E schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having open channels according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0072] FIG. 10F schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having substantially closed channels according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0073] FIG. 10G schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having offset arms according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0074] FIG. 10H schematically depicts a cross-sectional end view of
a separator having T-shaped arms according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0075] FIG. 11 schematically depicts a tape including a plurality
of conductive inclusions according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0076] FIG. 12 is a flow chart of an exemplary method of
manufacturing a cellular article, such as a tape, according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0077] FIG. 13A schematically depicts a multi-layer tape including
a polymeric substrate and a metallic layer, according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0078] FIG. 13B schematically depicts a multi-layer tape including
a polymeric substrate, a nonwoven fabric layer, and a metallic
layer, according to an embodiment of the invention;
[0079] FIG. 13C schematically depicts a multi-layer tape including
a polymeric substrate, a metallic layer, and a nonwoven fabric
layer, according to an embodiment of the invention;
[0080] FIG. 13D schematically depicts a multi-layer tape including
a metallic layer, and a nonwoven fabric layer, according to an
embodiment of the invention;
[0081] FIG. 14 schematically depicts a nonwoven material including
a plurality of conductive fibrils according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0082] FIG. 15A schematically depicts an exemplary embodiment of a
needlepunching apparatus according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0083] FIG. 15B schematically depicts an exemplary embodiment of a
calendar bonding apparatus according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0084] FIG. 16 schematically illustrates a cable including a tape
in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;
[0085] FIG. 17A schematically depicts a cable jacket according to
an embodiment of the invention;
[0086] FIG. 17B schematically depicts a cross-sectional view of the
cable jacket of FIG. 14A taken along line A-A;
[0087] FIG. 18A schematically depicts a cable jacket having a metal
layer embedded therein according to an embodiment of the
invention;
[0088] FIG. 18B schematically depicts a cable jacket having a
discontinuous metal layer embedded therein according to an
embodiment of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0089] Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to
provide an overall understanding of the principles of the
structure, function, manufacture, and use of the compositions,
devices, and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of
these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
Those skilled in the art will understand that the systems, devices
and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the
accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and
that the scope of the present invention is defined solely by the
claims. The features illustrated or described in connection with
one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the features of other
embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be
included within the scope of the present invention.
[0090] So that the invention may more readily be understood,
certain terms are first defined.
[0091] As used herein, the terms "about" or "approximately" for any
numerical values or ranges indicate a suitable dimensional
tolerance that allows the composition, part, or collection of
elements to function for its intended purpose as described herein.
These terms indicate a .+-.10% variation about a central value.
[0092] The term "non-woven fabric" is used herein consistent with
its common usage in the art to refer to a material, such as sheet
or web structure, made from fibers that are bonded together by
chemical, mechanical, heat of solvent treatment (e.g., by
entangling the fibers), which are neither woven or knitted.
[0093] The term "fibril" as used herein refers to a small slender
filament having a length equal or less than about 200 microns and
an aspect ratio defined as a ratio of length to width that is equal
to or greater than about 100.
[0094] The term "fluoropolymer" is used herein consistent with its
common usage in the art to refer a polymer having at least one
monomer that includes at least one fluorine atom.
[0095] The term "per(halo)polymer" is used herein consistent with
its common usage in the art to refer to a fluoropolymer that
includes monomers in which substantially all hydrogen atoms have
been replaced with halogen atoms (e.g., fluorine, chlorine or
bromine atoms).
[0096] The term "perfluoropolymer" is used herein consistent with
its common usage in the art to refer to a fluoropolymer in which
substantially all hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine
atoms.
[0097] The term "electrically conductive material" as used herein
refers to a material that exhibits an electrical surface
resistivity less than about 50 ohms per square or a volume
resistivity less than about 40 ohms-cm.
[0098] The term "inclusion" as used herein refers to a material
that is at least partially contained within another material.
[0099] The term "needle-like" as used herein refers to the art
recognized use of the term for a shape having a high aspect ratio,
e.g., an aspect ratio greater than about 75.
[0100] The term "nucleating agent" as used herein refers to a
material that can act as a nucleation site that facilitates
foaming.
[0101] The term "cross-talk" is used herein consistent with its
common usage in the art to refer to electromagnetic interference
between conductors, cables, or other electronic circuit
elements.
[0102] The present application relates generally to compositions,
methods and devices for providing shielding of communications
cables. For example, the various compositions, methods and devices
of the invention can be utilized to reduce or eliminate cross-talk
between conductors within a cable or alien cross-talk between
cables. As discussed in more detail below, in some aspects of the
invention various electrically conductive elements or electrically
conductive materials can be blended with polymeric materials to
generate pellets, separators (including pre-formed and non-woven
separators), or other structures. Various aspects of the invention
are described in more detail in the following subsections:
[0103] Polymer Compositions
[0104] In one aspect, the present invention provides polymeric
compositions, e.g., polymeric pellets, that include a polymer,
e.g., a thermoplastic polymer, and a plurality of electrically
conductive elements that are dispersed within the polymer. In one
embodiment, various electrically conductive elements can be blended
within a polymer to form the polymeric compositions.
[0105] FIG. 1 schematically depicts a polymeric composition 1, e.g.
a pellet, according to an embodiment of the invention that includes
a polymer base resin 2 in which a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions 3 are dispersed. In some embodiments, the
polymer base resin includes at least about 50 weight percent of the
composition. For example, the polymer base resin can include about
50 to about 95 weight percent of the composition, or about 60 to
about 85 weight percent, or about 60 weight percent to about 80
weight percent, or about 60 weight percent to about 75 weight
percent, of the polymeric composition.
[0106] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions
3 can include about 1 weight percent to about 30 weight percent, or
about 5 weight percent to about 20 weight percent, or about 5
weight percent to about 15 weight percent, or about 5 weight
percent to about 10 weight percent of the polymeric
composition.
[0107] Any suitable polymer can be used to as the polymer base for
forming the polymeric composition 1. In some embodiments,
melt-processable polymers such as polyolefins, fluoropolymers, or
combinations thereof can be used. For example, a variety of
fluoropolymers can be employed as the base polymer. In some
embodiments, the base polymer can include one or more
perfluoropolymers. By way of example, in some embodiments, the base
polymer can be any of MFA
(polytetrafluoroethylene-perfluoromethylvinylether), FEP
(fluorinated ethylene propylene), PFA (perfluoroalkoxy), PVF
(polyvinyl fluoride), PTFE (polytetrafluoroethylene), ETFE
(ethylene tetrafluoroethylene or
(poly(ethylene-co-tetrafluoroethylene)), ECTFE (ethylene
chlorotrifluoroethlyene), PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride).
[0108] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions
3 can comprise any of metal, metal oxide, or other electrically
conductive materials, such as carbon nanotubes carbon fullerenes,
carbon fibers, nickel coated carbon fibers, single or multi-wall
graphene, or copper fibers. By way of example, in some embodiments
the electrically conductive inclusions 3 include any of silver,
aluminum, copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium,
gallium, or stainless steel. In some embodiments the electrically
conductive inclusions 3 can include metal alloys, such as, for
example, tin alloys, gallium alloys, or zinc alloys. In other
embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions can include
metal oxides, such as, for example, copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin
oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, indium tin oxide,
nickel oxide, or aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, some of the
electrically conductive inclusions are formed of one material while
others are formed of another material. Further, in some
embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusion are formed of
metals and are substantially free of any metal oxides.
[0109] The electrically conductive inclusions 3 can have a variety
of shapes. For example, in some embodiments, the electrically
conductive inclusions are in the form of discrete particles having
a variety of geometrical shapes. For example, the electrically
conductive inclusions can comprise particles having any of
spherical, needle-like, or flake-like shapes. In some other
embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusion 3 are in the
form of agglomerates of an electrically conductive material without
a defined geometrical shape.
[0110] The electrically conductive inclusions can have a variety of
sizes and aspect ratios. By way of example, the electrically
conductive inclusions can include needle-like particles having an
aspect ratio in a range of about 10 to about 1000. In some
embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions can have a
maximum size in a range of about 10 microns to about 6000 microns,
or in a range of about 600 microns to about 6000 microns, or in a
range of about 10 microns to about 600 microns. By of example, the
electrically conductive inclusions can include needle-like
particles having a length in a range of about 10 microns to about
6000 microns or in a range of about 600 microns to about 6000
microns, or in a range of about 10 microns to about 600 microns.
Alternatively or in addition, the electrically conductive
inclusions can include spherical particles having a diameter in a
range of about 10 microns to about 6000 microns, or in a range of
about 600 microns to about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 10
microns to about 600 microns. In other embodiments, the
electrically conductive inclusions can include flake-like particles
having a maximum cross-sectional dimension in a range of about 10
microns to about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 600 microns
to about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 10 microns to about
600 microns.
[0111] In some embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions
can include particles of different shapes. For example, the
electrically conductive inclusions can include particles having two
different shapes. In some such embodiments, one type of the
particles are particularly suitable for reflecting electromagnetic
radiation incident thereon, e.g., electromagnetic radiation having
a frequency in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz or in a range
of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to
about 2 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about 1.5 GHz, and the
other type of particles are particularly suitable in dissipating
(e.g., via heat generation or eddy current generation) the
electromagnetic radiation incident thereon, e.g., electromagnetic
radiation having a frequency in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40
GHz or in a range, of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz, or in a range of
about 1 MHz to about 2 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about
1.5 GHz.
[0112] For example, in some embodiments, the polymeric composition
1 can include a plurality of needle-like metallic particles and a
plurality of flake-like metallic particles. In some such
embodiments, the needle-like metallic particles can primarily
reflect the incident electromagnetic radiation having one or more
frequencies in a range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz and the
flake-like metallic particles can primarily dissipate (e.g., via
absorption) the incident electromagnetic radiation having
frequencies in a range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz. In some such
embodiments, the fraction of particles having needle-like shape
relative to those having a flake-like shape, or vice versa, can be
about, e.g., 50/50, 40/60, 30/70, 20/80, or 10/90.
[0113] In another aspect, a polymeric composition is disclosed that
includes a base polymer, a plurality of electrically conductive
elements dispersed in the polymer, and at least one chemical
foaming agent that is also dispersed in the polymer.
[0114] In some embodiments, the base polymer can comprise at least
about 50 weight percent, or at least about 60 weight percent, or at
least about 70 weight percent, or at least about 80 weight percent,
or at least about 90 weight percent or at least about 95 weight
percent of the composition. The electrically conductive inclusions
can in turn comprise at least about 1 weight percent, or at least
about 2 weight percent, or at least about 3 weight percent, or at
least about 4 weight percent, or at least about 5 weight percent,
or at least about 6 weight percent, or at least about 7 weight
percent, or at least about 8 weight percent, or at least about 9
weight percent, or at least about 10 weight percent, or at least
about 15 weight percent, or at least about 20 weight percent of the
composition. For example, the electrically conductive inclusions
can comprise about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of
the composition. Further, the chemical foaming agent can comprise
at least about 1 weight percent, or at least about 2 weight
percent, or at least about 3 weight percent, or at least about 4
weight percent, or at least about 5 weight percent, or at least
about 6 weight percent, or at least about 7 weight percent, or at
least about 8 weight percent, or at least about 9 weight percent,
or at least about 10 weight percent, or at least about 15 weight
percent, or at least about 20 weight percent, or at least about 30
weight percent, of the composition.
[0115] A variety of polymers and metal inclusions, such as those
discussed above, can be utilized in the above polymeric
compositions having a chemical foaming agent. Further, a variety of
chemical foaming agents can be employed. By way of example, the
chemical foaming agent can include, without limitation, any of
magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, talc, MgSiOH, sodium
bicarbonate, members of the azo family of compounds,
azodicarbonamide, or other known chemical foaming agents and
combinations thereof, Further, in some embodiments, in addition to
or instead of, the chemical foaming agent, the above polymeric
compositions of the invention can include one or more nucleating
agents. In some embodiments, the nucleating agent can comprise at
least about 1 weight percent, or at least about 2 weight percent,
or at least about 3 weight percent, or at least about 4 weight
percent, or at least about 5 weight percent, or at least about 6
weight percent, or at least about 7 weight percent, or at least
about 8 weight percent, or at least about 9 weight percent, or at
least about 10 weight percent, or at least about 15 weight percent,
or at least about 20 weight percent, or at least about 30 weight
percent, of the composition. A variety of nucleating agents can be
employed. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleating agent
can be any of boron nitride, titanium dioxide, talc, nanoclays,
other known nucleating agents, and combinations thereof. In some
embodiments, the chemical foaming agent can also function as a
nucleating agent. By of way of example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,613
titled "Compositions for compounding, extrusion and melt processing
of foamable and cellular fluoropolymer," which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety, teaches that talc can
function both as a chemical foaming agent and a nucleating agent
when blended in melt-processable polymers, as such polyolefins,
fluoropolymers, or perfluoropolymers.
[0116] Further, in some embodiments, the metal inclusions
themselves can function as nucleating agents for providing
nucleating sites for foaming of the above polymeric
composition.
[0117] A variety of techniques can be employed to form the above
polymeric compositions. In some embodiments, a base polymer, e.g.,
a base fluoropolymer (e.g., PVDF, PVF, ECTFE, or ETFE), or a
perfluoropolymer (e.g., FEP, MFA or PFA) can be melted by exposure
to an elevated temperature, e.g., a temperature of at least about
600 F, and the electrically conductive inclusions, e.g., metal
particles, can be blended in the melted base polymer. Further, in
some embodiments, a chemical foaming agent and/or a nucleating
agent can also be blended in the melted base polymer. In some
embodiments, the blend can then be pellitized. For example, an
extruder, e.g., a twin-screw extruder, can be used to melt, blend
and pelletize the polymer compositions. The design of the extruder
can be such that there is sufficient heat and mechanical energy to
fully thermally melt the polymer composition with proper
distribution and dispersion during mixing for homogeneity, but yet
mild enough to keep the processing temperature of the composition
compound below that in which foaming occurs. The composition can be
strand extruded and pelletized or alternatively an underwater
pelletizing technique may be used.
[0118] The above polymeric compositions can be processed to form
various articles. Some examples of such articles include, without
limitation, woven and non-woven fabrics, pre-formed and tape
separators, insulative coating for electrical conductors, among
others.
[0119] A variety of processing methods can be employed to process
the above polymeric compositions to form the above articles. For
example, in some embodiments, polymeric pellets according to the
teachings of the invention, such as those discussed above, can be
extruded to form a variety of articles. For example, in some
embodiments, pellets having both metal inclusions and a chemical
foaming agent can be extruded to form cellular articles.
[0120] In the following sections, a variety of articles that can be
formed by using polymeric compositions according to the teachings
of the invention are discussed.
[0121] Separators
[0122] In one aspect, the invention provides separators, e.g., for
use in telecommunications cables, that include a plurality of
electrically conductive inclusions, e.g., metal particles, that are
distributed therein to provide shielding of electromagnetic
radiation. In some embodiments such separators can be formed into
predefined shapes, e.g., by extrusion via a die. For example, a die
with a cross-shaped opening can be used to form an elongated
separator that has an elongated cross-shaped form. In other
embodiments, the separators can be in the form of flexible
tapes.
[0123] By way of example, FIGS. 2A and 2B schematically depict a
pre-formed separator 10 according to one embodiment of the
invention that has an elongated cross-shaped form, which extends
from a proximal end 20 to a distal end 30. The separator 10
provides four elongated channels 40A, 40B, 40C, 40D, in each of
which a conductor, e.g., a twisted-pair wire, can be disposed. A
plurality of metal inclusions 50 are distributed throughout the
separator 10. While in some embodiments the metal inclusions 50 are
distributed substantially uniformly within the body of the
separator 10, e.g., as depicted in the cross-sectional view of FIG.
2B, in other embodiments, the spatial distribution of the metal
inclusions can be non-uniform. By way of example, in some
embodiments, the density of the metal inclusions 50 in the
proximity of the channel walls of the separator can be greater than
a respective density in the central portion of the separator. As
discussed in more detail below, the metal inclusions facilitate
shielding the conductors disposed in the channels from one another,
thereby minimizing and preferably eliminating cross-talk between
these conductors. In many embodiments, the separator 10 is
particularly effective in lowering the cross-talk in a frequency
range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz
to about 10 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about 2 GHz, or in
a range of about 1 MHz to about 1.5 GHz between the conductors
disposed in neighboring channels. In other embodiments, the
separator 10 is particularly effective in lowering cross-talk in a
frequency range of about 500 MHz to about 1 GHz, in a range of
about 500 MHz to about 10 GHz, in a range of about 1 MHz to about
40 GHz, in a range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz, in a range of
about 1 MHz to about 2 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about
1.5 GHz. These frequency ranges are particularly useful for
separators in cables used for high speed transmission of
information. For example, to transmit information through a cable
at a higher bit rates, a higher bandwidth is required which, in
turn, requires transmission of signals at higher frequencies.
Current data cabling performance requirements are defined by
ANSI-TIA-568-C.2. One performance requirement for communications
cables is known as "attenuation to crosstalk ratio, far end"
(ACRF). ACRF is a measure of how much signal is received at the far
end of a given cable as a ratio of the interfering signal induced
by adjacent conductor pairs in the cable. Table 1, below, lists the
minimum ACRF for Category 5e, Category 6, and Category 6A
cables.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Highest Frequency Defined Cable Type (MHz)
Minimum ACRF (dB) Category 5e 100 23.8 Category 6 250 19.8 Category
6A 500 13.8
[0124] Improved reduction of cross talk between conductors in a
cable can enable data transmission at higher frequencies than those
listed in Table 1. For example, cables the incorporate the
separators, tapes, and other materials according to embodiments of
the invention can reduce cross talk at a given frequency, raising
ACRF and thereby enabling high performance cable properties.
[0125] In this exemplary embodiment, the separator 10 is formed of
a polymeric material in which a plurality of metal inclusions 50,
e.g., metallic particles, are distributed. By way of example, in
some implementations, the separator 10 comprises a polyolefin, a
fluoropolymer (e.g., PVDF, PVF, ECTFE, or ETFE), or a
perfluoropolymer (e.g., FEP, MFA or PFA), and the metal inclusions
include a metal such as copper, silver, gold, aluminum, bronze,
tin, alloys of tin, zinc, alloys of zinc, iron, nickel, indium,
alloys of indium, gallium, alloys of gallium, or stainless steel.
In other embodiments, the inclusions include of metal oxides, such
as, for example, copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide,
zinc-doped indium oxide, indium tin oxide, nickel oxide, or
aluminum oxide. In some implementations, the separator comprises
two or more different polymers, such as two or more different
polyolefins and/or fluoropolymers, e.g., a blend of two of more of
FEP, MFA, and PFA. Further, in some cases, the metal inclusions can
exhibit a variety of different shapes and/or be formed of different
metals.
[0126] In some embodiments, one type of the metal inclusions
primarily reflect electromagnetic radiation within a frequency
range (e.g., a frequency range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz)
incident thereon while the other type of metal inclusions primarily
absorb the incident radiation in that frequency range. In this
manner, effective shielding of conductors, e.g., twisted-pair
wires, housed in the separator can be achieved.
[0127] By way of example, in this exemplary embodiment, the metal
inclusions 50 can include two types, one of which exhibits a
needle-like shape and the other a flat flake-like shape. By way of
illustration, FIG. 3A schematically depicts one of the needle-like
metal inclusions 50a that exhibits an elongated (needle-like)
shape. In some embodiments, the needle-like metal inclusions 50a
can have an average length (L) in a range of about 10 microns to
about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 10 microns to about 200
microns, or in a range of about 600 microns to about 1000 microns
(the average length can be an average of the lengths of an ensemble
of needle-like particles distributed within the separator). In some
embodiments, the needle-like metal inclusions 50a can exhibit an
aspect ratio greater than about 75, or in a range of about 75 to
about 200. The aspect ratio can be defined as the ratio of the
length of the inclusion relative to a maximum cross-sectional
dimension thereof, e.g., a maximum width (W) shown in FIG. 3A
[0128] FIG. 3B schematically depicts one of the flake-like metal
inclusions 50b depicting a pancake-like shape that can be
characterized by a maximum cross-sectional dimension (W) and a
thickness (T). In some embodiments, the flake-like metal inclusions
70 distributed throughout the separator 10 can exhibit an average
maximum cross-sectional dimension in a range of about 10 microns to
about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 600 microns to about
6000 microns, or in a range of about 10 microns to about 600
microns and an average length in a range of about 10 microns to
about 6000 microns, or in a range of about 600 microns to about
6000 microns, or in a range of about 10 microns to about 600
microns.
[0129] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 50 can comprise a
volume fraction of the separator 10 in a range of about 1% to about
40%, or in a range of about 2% to about 30%, or in a range of about
3% to about 20%, or in a range of about 4% to about 15%, or in a
range of about 5% to about 10%.
[0130] In some embodiments, the polymer, e.g., fluoropolymer,
polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can comprise at least about
30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least
about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at
least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% .of
the volume of the separator.
[0131] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 50 can comprise a
weight percent of the separator in a range of about 1% to about
30%, or in a range of about 5% to about 20%, or in a range of about
5% to about 15%, or in a range of about 10% to about 15%.
[0132] In some embodiments, the polymer, e.g., fluoropolymer,
polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can comprise at least about 30
weight percent, or at least about 40 weight percent, or at least
about 50 weight percent, or at least about 60 weight percent, or at
least about 70 weight percent, or at least about 80 weight percent,
or at least about 85 weight percent, or at least about 90 weight
percent, or at least about 95 weight percent, of the separator.
[0133] In some embodiments, the separator 10 exhibits an axial DC
(direct current) electrical conductivity that is in a range of
about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to about 3.5.times.10.sup.7
Siemens/meter Such an axial DC electrical conductivity (G) can be
measured between the proximal end and the distal end of the
separator 10 by applying a DC voltage (V) between the proximal and
distal ends of the separator, e.g., by employing a voltage source
60, and measuring the DC current (I) flowing axially (i.e., in a
direction from the proximal end to the distal end or vice versa) by
using a DC current meter 64, as shown schematically in FIG. 4.
Ohm's law can then be utilized to determine the DC electrical
conductivity according to the following relation:
.sigma. = I V Eq . 1 ##EQU00001## [0134] wherein, [0135] .sigma.
denotes electrical conductivity, [0136] V denotes DC voltage
applied across the separator, [0137] and I denotes DC current
flowing through the separator in response to application of the
voltage V.
[0138] In some embodiments, the separator 10 exhibits an AC
(alternating current) conductivity (60 (defined as the inverse of
AC impedance) in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to
about 3.5.times.10.sup.7 Siemens/meter for frequencies in a range
of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz. The AC conductivity can be measured
by applying an AC voltage axially across the separator (e.g.,
between the proximal end 20 and the distal end 30) and measuring
the AC current through the separator 20 by using an AC current
meter, e.g., in a manner shown in FIG. 4 with the DC voltage source
replaced with an AC voltage source and the DC current meter
replaced with an AC current meter. The AC conductivity can then be
determined by using the following relation:
.sigma. a c = I max V max Eq . 2 ##EQU00002##
[0139] wherein,
[0140] I.sub.max denotes the maximum of the measured AC current
and
[0141] V.sub.max denotes the maximum of the measured AC
voltage.
[0142] In some embodiments, the materials used to form the
separator 10 can exhibit a sheet resistance in a range of about
1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per square to about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms
per square, or preferably about 10 ohms per square. As one of skill
in the art will appreciate, the sheet resistance of a material will
change depending on the thickness of the material. For example,
sheet resistance (ohms per square) multiplied by the material's
thickness in centimeters equals the volume resistivity of the
material (ohms-cm). As a result, the volume resistivity needed to
achieve a given sheet resistance will depend on the thickness of
the material in question. For example, a thicker material will
provide the same volume resistivity with a less conductive material
as a thinner material that is more conductive. As a more specific
example, a tape with a thickness of 0.0254 cm (0.010 inches) can
have a volume resistivity of 0.254 ohms-cm and a surface resistance
of 10 ohms per square. If the thickness of the tape is reduced to
0.0127 cm (0.005 inches), the volume resistivity is reduced by half
to 0.127 ohms-cm to achieve the same surface resistance of 10 ohms
per square.
[0143] In some embodiments, the materials used to form the
separator 10 can have a shielding effectiveness in a range of about
15 dB to about 90 dB, or in a range of about 15 dB to about 50 dB,
or in a range of about 50 dB to about 90 dB. Shielding
effectiveness can be measured according to ASTM D4935-99: Standard
Test Method for Measuring the Electromagnetic Shielding
Effectiveness of Planar Materials, the contents of which are
incorporated herein by reference.
[0144] As shown schematically in FIG. 5, in use, a plurality of
conductors 84A, 84B, 84C, and 84 D (herein collectively referred to
as conductors 84) can be disposed in the channels 82A, 82B, 82C,
82D provided by the separator 80. The conductors can be, for
example, twisted pairs of wires. The separator 10 minimizes, and
preferably eliminates, cross-talk between the conductors disposed
in different channels. For example, when conductors 84A, 84B, 84C,
84D are used to transmit telecommunications data at rates up to
about 100 Gbits/sec, or in a range of about 1 Mbit/sec to about 100
Gbits/sec, or in a range of about 1 Mbit/sec to about 40
Gbits/sec., the metal inclusions 50, e.g., facilitate
electromagnetic shielding of the conductors disposed in neighboring
channels from one another. The shielding can in turn minimize, and
preferably eliminate, the cross-talk between the neighboring
conductors at frequencies corresponding to those emitted by the
conductors, e.g., frequencies in a range of about 500 MHz to about
1 GHz or a frequencies in a range of about 500 MHz to about 10
GHz.
[0145] While the separator 80 has a cross-shaped cross-sectional
profile, in other embodiments the separator 80 can have other
shapes. Other exemplary embodiments of separators are disclosed in
US Publication No. 2010/0206609, filed Apr. 6, 2010, entitled "High
Performance Support-Separators for Communications Cables Providing
Shielding for Minimizing Alien Crosstalk," US Publication No.
2007/0151745, filed Mar. 2, 2007, entitled "High Performance
Support-Separators for Communications Cables," US Publication No.
2008/0066947, filed Jul. 16, 2004, entitled "upport Separators for
Communications Cable," and U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,405, filed May 1,
2002, entitled "High Performance Support-Separator for
Communications Cables,", the teachings of which are each
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0146] While in the above separator 80, the electrically conductive
inclusions are formed of a metal, in other embodiments the
inclusions 86 can be formed of a metal oxide, such as, for example,
copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped
indium oxide, indium tin oxide, nickel oxide, or aluminum oxide. In
other embodiments, the electrically conductive inclusions can be
formed of carbon nanotubes, graphene, and/or fullerenes. As known
in the art, carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a
cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes are members of the fullerene
structural family, which also includes the spherical buckyballs,
and the ends of a nanotube may be capped with a hemisphere of the
buckyball structure.
[0147] The separator 80 can be used in a variety of cables,
including shielded and unshielded cables. By way of example, FIG.
6A schematically depicts a shielded cable 90 in which the separator
10 is disposed. The shielded cable 90 includes a metal braid, metal
tape, or both 92 that surrounds the separator 10 to provide
shielding of alien cross-talk. In some cases, in use, the metal
braid, metal tape, or both can be grounded. The metal braid, metal
tape, or both 92 is turn surrounded by a jacket 93, which can be
formed of a polymeric material. In some cases, the jacket can be
formed of a low-smoke PVC, halogenated polyolefin, or zero-halogen
polyolefin. In some cases, the jacket 93 is formed of a polymer,
such as a polyolefin, a fluoropolymer, e.g., FEP, MFA, PFA, ETFE,
ECTFE, PVDF, PVF, or combinations thereof.
[0148] By way of further illustration, FIG. 6B schematically
depicts an unshielded cable 94 that incorporates the separator 10.
The cable 94 further includes a jacket 95 that surrounds the
separator 10. In some embodiments, the jacket 95 can be in contact
with the outermost tips of the separator 10 to provide positional
stability. In other embodiments, a gap can exist between the
separator and the jacket 95.
[0149] The above separator 10, or other pre-formed cellular
articles, having a plurality of metal inclusions can be
manufactured in a variety of ways. By way of example, with
reference to the flow chart of FIG. 7, in one exemplary method of
manufacturing the separator 10, a plurality of polymer pellets,
e.g, fluoropolymer or polyolefin pellets, in which metal inclusions
are incorporated, such as the pellets discussed above, can be
melted (step 1) and the molten pellets can be extruded to form the
separator 10 (step 2). The resulting separator can be solid or can
include a plurality of cells, e.g., a cellular foam. For example,
the cellular foam can include cells having an open cell structure,
a closed cell structure, or a combination thereof. The average size
of the foam cells can vary. In some embodiments the foam cells can
have an average size in a range of about 0.0005 inches to about
0.003 inches with an average size of about 0.0008 inches. Further
exemplary embodiments of methods of manufacturing separators are
disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/221,280, filed Aug. 1,
2008, entitled "Compositions for Compounding, Extrusion, and Melt
Processing of Foamable and Cellular Fluoropolymers," now issued as
U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,613 and in U.S. application Ser. No.
12/590,471, filed Nov. 9, 2009, entitled "Compositions, additives,
and compounds for melt processable, foamable, and cellular
fluoroploymers," now published as U.S. Patent Publication No.
2010/0072644 the teachings of both of which are incorporated herein
by reference in their entirety.
[0150] In some embodiments, rather than or in addition to
distributing metal inclusions within a separator, an outer surface
of a separator can be coated with an electrically conductive
material, e.g. it can be metalized, to provide electromagnetic
shielding. By way of example, FIG. 8A schematically depicts an
embodiment of such a separator 96, which has a polymeric body
portion 98 having a T-shaped cross-sectional profile. A thin metal
coating 100 covers an outer surface of the body portion 98 to
provide electromagnetic shielding. In some embodiments, a thickness
of the metal coating can be, e.g., in a range of about 3 microns to
about 12 microns. While in some embodiments, the metal coating has
a substantially uniform thickness, in other embodiments, the
thickness of the metal coating can exhibit a variation over the
surface on which it is deposited. A number of metals can be
utilized to form the coating 100. By way of example, the metal
coating can be formed of any of copper, silver, aluminum, copper,
gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, or
stainless steel. In some embodiments, a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions (e.g., metal inclusions), discussed in more
detail above, can be distributed within the polymeric body portion
98.
[0151] While in this embodiment, the metal coating 100 covers
substantially the entire outer surface of the body portion 98, in
other embodiments, the metal coating can cover only portions of the
outer surface. By way of example, FIG. 8B schematically depicts a
separator 97 according to another embodiment having a metal coating
that is in the form of a patchwork of metal portions 101 deposited
on the outer surface of a polymeric body portion 99 of the
separator. Again, the thickness of each metal portion can be, e.g.,
in a range of about 3 microns to about 12 microns. In some cases,
the metal portions cover at least about 30%, or at least about 40%,
or at least about 50%, or at least about 60%, or at least about
70%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 90%, or at least
about 95% of the surface area of the separator. In some
embodiments, a plurality of electrically conductive inclusions,
e.g., metal inclusions, can be distributed within the polymeric
body portion 99.
[0152] The coating of conductive material can be applied using any
suitable process known in the art. For example, the coating can be
applied using a process of electroless plating. Other processes
that can be used to apply the coating of conductive material can
includes, for example, electroplating, vacuum deposition, sputter
coating, double-side plating, single-side plating. In some
embodiments, the coating can be applied as a film or foil bonded or
otherwise attached to or disposed on the separator. In other
embodiments, the coating can be applied by passing the separator
through a metal bath, e.g., a tin, bismuth-tin blend, or indium
alloy bath.
[0153] FIG. 9 schematically depicts a separator 100 according to
another embodiment of the invention that includes a polymeric body
portion 102 having a T-shaped cross section which provides 4
channels in which conductors can be disposed. The separator 100
further includes an electrically conductive strip 102 (e.g., a
metal strip) that is disposed internally within the body portion
101. In this embodiment, the metal strip extends along the length
of the separator from a proximal end to a distal end thereof to
provide electromagnetic shielding between conductors (not shown)
disposed within the channels formed by the separator. In some
embodiments, a thickness of the internal metal strip can be in a
range of about 6 microns to about 55 microns.
[0154] The above separator 100 can be manufactured in a variety of
ways. In one exemplary method of manufacturing the separator 100
the electrically conductive strip 102 can be co-extruded along with
a plurality of fluoropolymer or polyolefin pellets to form the
separator 100.
[0155] FIG. 10A schematically depicts a separator 300 according to
another embodiment of the invention that includes a body portion
302 having arms 304 that extend outward to T-shaped flap portions
305. The flap portions 305 are shaped to form a plurality of
channels 306 in which conductors 308 can be disposed. As discussed
above, the separator 300 can be formed of a polymeric material,
such as, FEP, PFA, MFA, and any of the other polymers discussed
above. Also as discussed above, a plurality of metal inclusions
310, e.g., metallic particles, can be distributed in the polymeric
material of the separator 300. In some embodiments, a shielding
material 310 can be wrapped around the separator 300. The shielding
material 310 can be formed of any material, such as the tape
materials discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, the
shielding material can be an aluminum mylar film. For other
embodiments, the shielding material can be a multi-layer tape
material, as discussed below with respect to FIGS. 13A, 13B, 13C,
13D, or a nonwoven material, as discussed below with respect to
FIG. 14.
[0156] FIG. 10B schematically depicts a separator 200 according to
another embodiment of the invention that includes an inner central
portion 202 and outer flap portions 204. The separator 200 can be
formed of a polymeric material, such as, FEP, PFA, MFA, and any of
the other polymers discussed above. The flap portions are shaped to
form a plurality of channels 206 in which conductors can be
disposed. The flap portions 204 can be initially in an open
position to allow insertion of electrical conductors, e.g., twisted
pair conductors, within the channels 206. The flap portions 204 can
then be sealed (e.g., via application of heat and/or pressure) as
shown schematically in FIG. 10C. For example, during manufacturing,
the flap portion 204 is in the opened position (e.g., as shown in
FIG. 10B) and closes as either pressure or heat or both are applied
(normally through a circular cavity during extrusion). Optionally,
a second heating die may be used to ensure closure of the flap-top
after initial extrusion of the separator or cable during
manufacture. Another possibility is the use of a simple metal ring
placed in a proper location that forces the flap-top down during
final separator or cable assembly once the conductors have been
properly inserted into the channels. The metal ring may be heated
to induce proper closure. Other techniques may also be employed as
the manufacturing process will vary based on separator and cable
requirements (i.e. number of conductors required, use of grounding
wire, alignment within the channels, etc.). As shown in more detail
in FIG. 10D, in one embodiment the flap portion 208 can be secured
to a recessed portion of one side of an opening of the cavity of
the separator 210, and closure occurs when the unsecured,
physically free end 208 is adjoined to and adhered with the other
end of the outer surface of the channel wall.
[0157] FIG. 10E schematically depicts a separator 350 according to
another embodiment of the invention that includes substantially
open channels 352 in which conductors 354 can be disposed. FIG. 10F
schematically depicts a separator 360 according to another
embodiment of the invention that includes substantially closed
channels 362. For example, the walls of the channels can encircle
the channels through an angle of about 200 degrees thereby leaving
openings of about 160 degrees, as shown in FIG. 10E. For another
example, the walls of the channels can encircle the channels
through an angle of about 350 degrees thereby leaving openings of
about 10 degrees, as shown in FIG. 10F. In some embodiments, the
walls of the channels can encircle the channels through an angle in
the range of about 200 degrees to about 350 degrees thereby leaving
openings in the range of about 160 degrees to about 10 degrees.
[0158] FIG. 10G schematically depicts a separator 370 according to
another embodiment of the invention that includes a body portion
371 having arms that extend outward to T-shaped flap portions 373.
The flap portions 373 are shaped to form a plurality of channels
372 in which conductors 374 can be disposed. The separator includes
at least two opposing arms 375, 377 that are offset from each other
relative to the center of the separator 370. In some embodiments,
the offset between opposing arms 375, 377 of the separator 370 can
reduce interference, e.g., crosstalk, between adjacent twisted
pairs of conductors by increasing the spacing between adjacent
twisted pairs that match in their twist orientation. For example,
the offset between opposing arms 375, 377 of the separator 370 can
provide an additional offset between twisted pairs running in
adjacent channels 372 of the separator 370. The arms 375, 377 can
be offset from the center of the separator by various distances.
For example, the arms 375, 377 can be offset from the midpoint of
the separator by a distance equal to about half the thickness of
the arms 375, 377. In some embodiments, the arms 375, 377 can be
offset from the midpoint of the separator by a distance equal to
about half the diameter of the conductors 374.
[0159] As discussed above, the separators 350, 360, 370 depicted in
FIGS. 10E, 10F, and 10G can be formed of a polymeric material, such
as, FEP, PFA, MFA, and any of the other polymers discussed above.
Further, as discussed above, the separators 350, 360, 370 can be
solid or can include a plurality of cells 356, 366, 376, e.g., a
cellular foam. For example, the cellular foam can include cells
have an open cell structure, a closed cell structure, or a
combination thereof. Also as discussed above, a plurality of metal
inclusions 370, 380, 390, e.g., metallic particles, can be
distributed in the polymeric material of the separator 350, 360,
370. In some embodiments, a shielding material 358, 368, 378 can be
wrapped around the separator 350, 360, 370. The shielding material
358, 368, 378 can be formed of any material, such as the tape
materials discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, the
shielding material can be an aluminum mylar film. For other
embodiments, the shielding material can be a multi-layer tape
material, as discussed below with respect to FIGS. 13A, 13B, 13C,
13D, or a nonwoven material, as discussed below with respect to
FIG. 14.
[0160] Other exemplary embodiments of separators are disclosed in
US Publication No. 2010/0206609, filed Apr. 6, 2010, entitled "High
Performance Support-Separators for Communications Cables Providing
Shielding for Minimizing Alien Crosstalk," US Publication No.
2007/0151745, filed Mar. 2, 2007, entitled "High Performance
Support-Separators for Communications Cables," US Publication No.
2008/0066947, filed Jul. 16, 2004, entitled "Support Separators for
Communications Cable," and U.S. Pat. No. 7,098,405, filed May 1,
2002, entitled "High Performance Support-Separator for
Communications Cables," the teachings of which are each
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0161] In some embodiments, the separator 200 can include a
plurality of electrically conductive inclusions 215 (e.g., metal
inclusions), as shown schematically in FIGS. 2A and 2B and
described in more detail above with respect to those figures. For
example, in some embodiments, the central portion 202 of the
separator can include a plurality of electrically conductive
inclusions. In some embodiments, the flap portions 204 can include
an electrically conductive coating or layer 217 that extends along
the length of that portion, e.g., as shown schematically in FIGS.
8A and 8B and described in more detail above with respect to those
figures. For example, the electrically conductive layer 217 can be
continuous or discontinuous. In some embodiments, the flap portions
204 of the separator 200 can include an electrically conductive
coating or layer 217 and the central portion 202 can include a
plurality of electrically conductive inclusions 215. The
electrically conductive coating or layer 217 can be disposed on the
outer surface 212 of each flap portion 204, on an inner surface 214
of the channel 206 formed by the flap portion 204, or on both the
inner surface 214 and the outer surface 212.
[0162] In another embodiment, the separator 200 can include an
electrically conductive strip 219, 221 (e.g., a metal strip). In
some embodiments, an electrically conductive strip 219 can be
disposed internally within the central portion 202. In other
embodiments an electrically conductive strip 221 can be disposed
internally within the flap portions 204. In some embodiments,
electrically conductive strips 219, 221 can be disposed internally
within both the central portion 202 and the flap portions 204. In
any of these embodiments, the metal strip 219, 221 can extend along
the length of the separator from a proximal end to a distal end
thereof to provide electromagnetic shielding between conductors
(not shown) disposed within the channels formed by the separator.
In some embodiments, a thickness of the internal metal strip can be
in a range of about 6 microns to about 55 microns.
[0163] In some embodiments, the flap portions 204 of the separator
200 can include an internal electrically conductive strip and the
central portion 202 can include a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions. In other embodiments, the flap portions 204
of the separator 200 can include a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions and the central portion 202 can include an
internal electrically conductive strip. In other embodiments, the
separator can include any combination of the electrically
conductive inclusions 215, the electrically conductive layers 217,
and the electrically conductive strips 219 discussed above with
respect to FIGS. 8A, 8B, 9, 10A 10B, 10C, and 10D.
[0164] While in some embodiments of the separators discussed above
the metal inclusions are distributed substantially uniformly within
the body of the separator, e.g., as schematically depicted in the
cross-sectional views of FIGS. 2A and 2B, in other embodiments, the
spatial distribution of the metal inclusions can be non-uniform.
For example, the density of inclusions, i.e., the number of
inclusions per unit volume, in the flap portions can be greater
than in the central portion. For another example, the density of
inclusions in the central portion can be greater than in the flap
portions.
[0165] Tapes
[0166] As discussed above, in another aspect, the invention
provides tapes, e.g., for use in telecommunications cables, in
which electrically conductive inclusions are incorporated. In some
embodiments, the tapes can include a plurality of metal particles
that are distributed therein to provide shielding of
electromagnetic radiation. In many embodiments, such tapes are
flexible so as to be configurable into a desired shape. For
example, in some embodiments a tape can be curved or bent along its
longitudinal axis so as to form a shape suitable for at least
partially surrounding (wrapping) one or more conductors, e.g., a
pair of twisted pair conductors. In some exemplary embodiments, a
tape can be used as an overall shield for a cable that includes
unshielded twisted pairs (with or without internal separators,
e.g., crosswebs). This type of use can be referred to as shielded,
unshielded twisted pair ("shielded UTP, or "S-UTP"). In some
exemplary embodiments, a tape according to the present teachings
can be used as an overall shield for a cable having shielded
conductors, e.g., individual conductors or twisted pairs of
conductors. The conductors can also be shielded using a tape
according to the present teachings. This type of use can be
referred to as shielded, individually shielded twisted pair,
"shielded ISTP." In other exemplary embodiments, a tape can be used
to shield the twisted pairs while the cable itself remains
unshielded. This type of use can be referred to as "PIMF" or
"PiMF," which traditionally refers to pairs in metal foil, but can
also be used to refer to embodiments in which the tapes disclosed
herein are used to shield the twisted pairs.
[0167] By way of example, FIG. 11 schematically depicts a tape 110
according to one embodiment of the invention that extends from a
proximal end 103 to a distal end 104. The exemplar tape has a
polymer body portion 106 in which a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions 112, e.g., metal particles, are
distributed.
[0168] In some embodiments, the tape 110 has a thickness less than
about 0.020 inches, e.g. in a range of about 0.001 inches to about
0.020 inches or in a range of about 0.001 inches to about 0.010
inches, or in a range of about 0.010 inches to about 0.020 inches.
In some embodiments, the tape is formed of non-woven polymeric
fabric in which a plurality of electrically conductive inclusions,
e.g., metal particles, are incorporated, as discussed in more
detail below.
[0169] In some embodiments, the tape can comprise a polymer, a
polyolefin, or a fluoropolymer, e.g., a perfluoropolymer, such as
FEP, MFA, PFA, and the metal inclusions are formed of a metal such
as silver, aluminum, copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel,
indium, gallium, or stainless steel. In some implementations, the
tape can include two or more different polymers, polyolefins,
fluoropolymers, such as perfluoropolymers, e.g., a blend of two of
more of FEP, MFA and PFA. Further, in some cases, the metal
inclusions can exhibit a variety of different shapes and/or be
formed of different metals.
[0170] In this embodiment, the metal inclusions 112 can include two
types, one of which exhibits a needle-like shape and the other a
flat flake-like shape, as discussed in more detail above and as
schematically depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B.
[0171] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 112 can comprise a
volume fraction of the tape 110 in a range of about 1% to about
40%, or in a range of about 2% to about 30%, or in a range of about
3% to about 20%, or in a range of about 4% to about 15%, or in a
range of about 5% to about 10%.
[0172] In some embodiments, the polymer, e.g., fluoropolymer,
polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can comprise at least about
30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least
about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at
least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of
the volume of the tape.
[0173] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 50 can comprise a
weight percent of the separator in a range of about 1% to about
30%, or in a range of about 5% to about 20%, or in a range of about
5% to about 15%, or in a range of about 10% to about 15%.
[0174] In some embodiments, the polymer, e.g., fluoropolymer,
polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can comprise at least about 30
weight percent, or at least about 40 weight percent, or at least
about 50 weight percent, or at least about 60 weight percent, or at
least about 70 weight percent, or at least about 80 weight percent,
or at least about 85 weight percent, or at least about 90 weight
percent, or at least about 95 weight percent, of the tape.
[0175] In some embodiments, the tape 110 exhibits an axial DC
(direct current) electrical conductivity that is in a range of
about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to about 3.5.times.10.sup.7
Siemens/meter. Such an axial DC electrical conductivity (.sigma.)
can be measured between the two points on the tape 110 by applying
a DC voltage (V) between the points e.g., by employing a voltage
source 60, and measuring the DC current (I) flowing axially (i.e.,
in a direction from one point to another or vice versa) by using a
DC current meter 64, e.g., in a manner shown in FIG. 4. Ohm's law
can then be utilized to determine the DC electrical conductivity
according to the following relation:
.sigma. = I V Eq . 1 ##EQU00003## [0176] wherein, [0177] .sigma.
denotes electrical conductivity, [0178] V denotes DC voltage
applied across the separator, [0179] and I denotes DC current
flowing through the separator in response to application of the
voltage V.
[0180] In some embodiments, the tape 110 exhibits an AC
(alternating current) conductivity (defined as the inverse of AC
impedance) in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.3 Siemens/meter to
about 3.5.times.10.sup.7 Siemens/meter for frequencies in a range
of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz. The AC conductivity can be measured
by applying an AC voltage between two points on the tape and
measuring the AC current through the tape 110 by using an AC
current meter, e.g., in a manner shown in FIG. 4 with the DC
voltage source 60 replaced with an AC voltage source and the DC
current meter 64 replaced with an AC current meter. The AC
conductivity can then be determined by using the following
relation:
.sigma. a c = I max V max Eq . 2 ##EQU00004##
[0181] wherein,
[0182] I.sub.max denotes the maximum of the measured AC current
and
[0183] V.sub.max denotes the maximum of the measured AC
voltage.
[0184] In some embodiments, the tape 110 can exhibit a sheet
resistance in a range of about 1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per square to
about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms per square, or preferably about 10 ohms
per square. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, the sheet
resistance of a material will change depending on the thickness of
the material. For example, sheet resistance (ohms per square)
multiplied by the material thickness in centimeters equals the
volume resistivity of the material (ohms-cm). As a result, the
volume resistivity needed to achieve a given sheet resistance will
depend on the thickness of the material in question. For example, a
thicker material will provide the same volume resistivity with a
less conductive material as a thinner material that is more
conductive. As a more specific example, a tape with a thickness of
0.0254 cm (0.010 inches) can have a volume resistivity of 0.254
ohms-cm and a surface resistance of 10 ohms per square. If the
thickness of the tape is reduced to 0.0127 cm (0.005 inches), the
volume resistivity must be reduced by half to 0.127 ohms-cm to
achieve the same surface resistance of 10 ohms per square.
[0185] In some embodiments, the tape 110 can have a shielding
effectiveness in a range of about 15 dB to about 90 dB, or in a
range of about 15 dB to about 50 dB, or in a range of about 50 dB
to about 90 dB. Shielding effectiveness can be measured according
to ASTM D4935-99: Standard Test Method for Measuring the
Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Planar Materials, the
contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
[0186] The tapes and separators discussed above can be made using
any techniques known in the art for processing polymers. In an
exemplary embodiment, the tapes and separators can be produced by
extruding the polymer compositions, as discussed above.
[0187] The above tape 110 having a plurality of electrically
conductive inclusions can be manufactured in a variety of ways. By
way of example, with reference to flow chart of FIG. 12, in one
exemplary method of manufacturing the tape 110, a plurality of
polymer pellets, e.g., fluoropolymer or polyolefin pellets, in
which metal inclusions are incorporated, such as the pellets
discussed above, can be melted (step 1) and the molten pellets can
be extruded to form the tape 110 (step 2).
[0188] FIG. 13A schematically depicts a multi-layered tape 113
according to an embodiment of the invention that includes a
substrate layer 115 formed from a polymeric material. By way of
example, in some embodiments, the substrate layer 115 is formed of
a fluoropolymer, e.g., a perfluoropolymer. Some examples of
suitable polyolefins or fluoropolymers for forming the substrate
layer 115 include, without limitation, FEP, MFA, PFA, PVF, PTFE,
ETFE, ECTFE, PVDF, combinations thereof, or other suitable
fluoropolymers or polyolefins. In some embodiments, the polymeric
substrate 115 is a foamed substrate, e.g., a substrate having
pockets of gas (e.g., air) formed therein. By way of example,
foamed polymeric compositions and methods for forming such
composition are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/221,280,
filed Aug. 1, 2008, entitled "Compositions for Compounding,
Extrusion, and Melt Processing of Foamable and Cellular
Fluoropolymers," now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,613, the
teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference, can be
employed in some embodiments for generating the polymeric substrate
115. Alternatively, in some other embodiments, the polymeric
substrate 115 can be a solid substrate. In other embodiments, the
polymeric substrate can be a non-woven polymeric fabric, as
discussed in more detail below. In some embodiments, the thickness
of the substrate layer can be less than about 0.020 inches, e.g. in
a range of about 0.001 inches to about 0.020 inches or in a range
of about 0.001 inches to about 0.010 inches, or in a range of about
0.010 inches to about 0.020 inches, though other thicknesses can
also be utilized.
[0189] The polymeric substrate 115 can be electrically insulative,
dissipative or conductive. In some embodiments, the polymeric
substrate 115 includes a plurality of electrically conductive
inclusions (e.g., metal inclusions) distributed therein, e.g., in a
manner discussed above. In some embodiments the density of the
electrically conductive (e.g., metal) inclusions are sufficiently
high such that the inclusions form an interconnected network to
form, e.g., an electrically conductive polymeric substrate. In
other embodiments the density of the metal inclusions can be less
such that the inclusions are substantially separated from one
another to form, e.g., a dissipative polymeric substrate.
[0190] The multi-layered tape 113 can further include a thin
metallic layer 117 (e.g., an aluminum foil layer in this
implementation) that is disposed over a surface of the underlying
substrate 115. The thin metallic layer can have a thickness, e.g.,
in a range of about 50 angstroms to about 300 angstroms.
[0191] FIG. 13B schematically depicts another embodiment of a
multi-layered tape 119 that includes a substrate layer 125 formed
from a polymeric material, e.g., as discussed in more detail above.
The multi-layer tape can further include a non-woven polymeric
fabric layer 127 disposed over the substrate layer 125. The
non-woven polymeric fabric layer can be electrically insulative,
dissipative or conductive. Non-woven polymeric materials suitable
for used in this and other embodiments are discussed in more detail
below.
[0192] In some embodiments, the non-woven polymeric layer includes
a plurality of electrically conductive inclusions (e.g., metal
inclusions) distributed therein, e.g., in a manner discussed above.
In some implementations, the metal inclusions can have a variety of
different shapes. For example, some metal inclusions can have a
shape (e.g., a needle-like shape) that is suitable for primarily
dissipating electromagnetic radiation incident thereon having a
frequency in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz or in a range
of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to
about 2 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about 1.5 GHz, while
some other inclusions can have a different shape (e.g., a
flake-like shape) that is suitable for primarily reflecting
electromagnetic radiation incident thereon having a frequency in a
range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz or in a range of about 1 MHz
to about 10 GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about 2 GHz, or in
a range of about 1 MHz to about 1.5 GHz.
[0193] In some embodiments, the density of the electrically
conductive inclusions (e.g., metal inclusions) distributed within
the non-woven fabric layer 127 is sufficiently high such that the
metal inclusions form an electrically conductive network so as to
form, e.g., an electrically conductive non-woven layer. In other
embodiments, the density of the electrically conductive inclusions
(e.g., metal inclusions) distributed within the non-woven fabric
layer is less and the inclusions are substantially separate from
one another so as to form, e.g., a dissipative non-woven layer.
[0194] In other embodiments, the non-woven layer 127 is free of
electrically conductive inclusions.
[0195] In some embodiments, the multi-layered tape can provide
shielding of electromagnetic radiation over a wide range of
frequencies, e.g., in a range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz. While
the thin metal layer can provide effective shielding at relatively
low frequencies (e.g., frequencies less than about 10 MHz), the
electrically conductive nonwoven layer and the polymeric substrate
can provide effective shielding at higher frequencies (e.g.,
frequencies greater than about 10 MHz). For example, the nonwoven
layer and the polymeric substrate, alone or in combination with
each other, can provide effective shielding in a frequency range of
about 500 MHz to about 1 GHz, in a range of about 500 MHz to about
10 GHz, in a range of about 1 MHz to about 40 GHz, in a range of
about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz, in a range of about 1 MHz to about 2
GHz, or in a range of about 1 MHz to about 1.5 GHz.
[0196] FIG. 13C schematically illustrates a modified version of the
multi-layered tape discussed above in connection with FIG. 13B in
which a thin metallic layer 133 (e.g., an aluminum foil layer) is
disposed between an underlying polymeric substrate 135 and a
non-woven fabric layer 137. Similar to the non-woven fabric layer
127 discussed above in connection with FIG. 13B, this non-woven
layer 137 can be formed of a polymeric material, such those
discussed above. While in some embodiments, the non-woven fabric
layer includes a plurality of electrically conductive inclusions
(e.g., metal inclusions) distributed therein, in other embodiments
the non-woven fabric layer 137 is free of such inclusions.
[0197] FIG. 13D depicts schematically another multi-layered tape
according to another embodiment of the invention that includes a
thin metallic layer 143 (e.g., an aluminum foil layer) over a
surface of which a non-woven fabric layer 147 is disposed. In some
embodiments, the thin metallic layer and the non-woven fabric layer
can be mechanically bonded to one another, as discussed in more
detail below. The non-woven fabric layer can be electrically
insulative, dissipative or conductive. In some embodiments, the
non-woven fabric layer 147 includes a plurality of electrically
conductive (e.g., metal) inclusions while in other embodiments the
non-woven fabric layer 147 is free of such inclusions. In some
embodiments in which the non-woven fabric layer 147 includes
electrically conductive inclusions, the inclusions form an
interconnected network while in other such embodiments the
inclusions are substantially separate from one another.
[0198] The multi-layered tapes discussed above can be used, for
example, to provide shielding in a cable, as discussed in more
detail below with respect to FIG. 16. In such applications the
multi-layered tapes can provide numerous benefits. For example,
multi-layered tapes according to the embodiments schematically
illustrated in FIGS. 13A, 13B, and 13C, 13D can provide the benefit
of reduced insertion loss when used in such a cable. For example,
when used to encircle conductors in a cable, the substrate layer,
115, 125, 135, provides a spacing between the conductive layer,
e.g., metallic layer 117, 123, 133 and the conductors encircled by
the tape. The spacing between conductors and the conductive layer
can reduce insertion loss in the cable.
[0199] Multi-layered tapes according to the embodiment
schematically illustrated in FIG. 13D can provide the benefit of
shielding over a wide frequency range. For example, an insulative,
dissipative, or conductive nonwoven layer can provide
electromagnetic shielding at a different frequency range than a
metallic layer. The combination of an insulative, dissipative, or
conductive nonwoven layer and a metallic layer can thus provide
effective shielding over a wide range of frequencies.
[0200] The multi-layer tapes discussed above can be manufactured in
a variety of ways. By way of example, the polymeric substrate
layer, e.g., layer 115 in FIG. 13A, can be manufactured in accord
with the methods discussed above for producing tapes from polymer,
e.g., fluoropolymer or polyolefin, pellets. The non-woven polymeric
fabric layer, e.g., layer 127 in FIG. 13B, can be manufactured in
accord with the methods discussed in more detail below for
producing non-woven materials. The various layers, e.g., polymeric
substrate layer, nonwoven fabric layer, and metallic layer can be
bonded to their adjacent layer using various techniques. In some
embodiments, the layers can be bonded using an adhesive or other
bonding agents. In other embodiments, the layers can be
mechanically affixed or bonded to one another. For example, the
metallic layer can be joined to a nonwoven layer by needlepunching,
as discussed in more detail below. For another example, the
polymeric layer and/or the nonwoven fabric layer can be thermally
bonded to each other or to the metallic layer by selectively
heating portions of the layers to a temperature sufficient to melt
the polymer components, e.g., by ultrasonic welding or calendar
bonding.
[0201] In other examples, the polymeric layer and/or the nonwoven
fabric layer can be thermally bonded to each other or to the
metallic layer by ultrasonic bonding. For example, the layers of
material can be drawn between a horn, which provides high frequency
sound waves, and a rotary calendar, referred to as an anvil. The
sound energy can generate localized heat through mechanical
vibration at the embossing points of the anvil, thereby fusing the
material.
[0202] Other exemplary embodiments of methods of manufacturing
tapes are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/221,280, filed
Aug. 1, 2008, entitled "Compositions for Compounding, Extrusion,
and Melt Processing of Foamable and Cellular Fluoropolymers," now
issued as U.S. Pat. No. 7,968,613, the teachings of which are
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0203] Nonwovens
[0204] In another aspect, the invention provides nonwoven fabrics
incorporating electrically conductive elements, e.g., electrically
conductive inclusions. The nonwoven fabrics can be used as tapes,
which can be used as an overall shield or as a shield for
individual conductors or pairs of conductors, as discussed in more
detail above. For example, FIG. 14 schematically depicts a nonwoven
fabric 120 including a plurality of conductive fibrils 122. The
conductive fibrils can be made of any suitable electrically
conductive material. In some embodiments, the conductive fibrils
can be formed of a metal such as copper, silver, aluminum, gold
bronze, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, indium, gallium, or stainless
steel. In some embodiments the conductive fibrils can be formed of
metal alloys, such as, for example, tin alloys, gallium alloys, or
zinc alloys. In other embodiments, the conductive fibrils can be
formed of metal oxides, such as, for example, copper oxide, bronze
oxide, tin oxide, zinc oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, indium tin
oxide, nickel oxide, or aluminum oxide. In some embodiments, the
conductive elements incorporated into the nonwoven fabric can be in
the form of electrically conductive fibers, such as monofilaments,
yarns, threads, braids, bundles, chopped foil, e.g., tinsel, or
combinations thereof.
[0205] The nonwoven fabric 120 can include interlocking layers or
networks of fibers, filaments, or film-like filamentary structures.
In some embodiments, the nonwoven fabric 122 can be formed from
webs of previously prepared/formed fibers, filaments, films, or
tapes processed into arranged networks of a desired structure. In
some embodiments, the previously prepared or formed fibers,
filaments, or films can be produced by extruding or otherwise
processing the polymer compositions discussed above, e.g., polymer
compositions comprising conductive inclusions.
[0206] For example, multi-filaments of yarns with individual
filament diameters in the range of about 0.0005 to about 0.005, or
in the range of about 0.001 inches to about 0.002 inches can be
chopped into staple fibers. The lengths of these staple fibers can
vary. For example, in some embodiments the staple fibers can have a
length in the range of about 0.24 inches to about 3 inches. The
staple fibers can be processed to form nonwoven fabric via various
web forming processes.
[0207] In some embodiments, the nonwoven fabric 120 can include
polymer fibers that are bonded together by processes other than
weaving or knitting. A variety of polymers, e.g., polyolefins or
fluoropolymers, including perfluoropolymers, can be employed to
form the fibers. By way of example, the fibers can be formed of any
of FEP, MFA, PFA, PVF, PTFE, ETFE, ECTFE, PVDF. In some
embodiments, some of the fibers are formed of one polymer and the
others are formed of another polymer.
[0208] Those having skill in the art will recognize that dry laid
nonwovens include those nonwovens formed by garneting, carding,
and/or aerodynamically manipulating dry fibers in the dry state.
Nonwovens can also be formed by extruding a polymer through a
linear or circular spinnerette. The extruded polymer streams are
then rapidly cooled and attenuated by air and/or mechanical
drafting rollers to form filaments of the desired diameter. The
filaments can then be laid down onto a conveyor belt to form a web.
The web can then be bonded to form a spunbonded web.
[0209] In other embodiments, nonwovens can also be formed by a melt
blowing process. In such a process, a polymer can be extruded
through a linear die containing a plurality of small orifices.
Convergent streams of hot air can then rapidly attenuate the
extruded polymer streams to form fibers with extremely fine
diameters. The attenuated fibers can then be blown by high velocity
air onto a collector screen to form a melt-blown web. The fibers in
the melt-blown web are laid together by a combination of
entanglement and cohesive sticking.
[0210] In addition, wet laid nonwovens are well known to be formed
from a fiber-containing slurry that is deposited on a surface, such
as a moving conveyor. The nonwoven web can be formed after removing
the aqueous component and drying the fibers. Hybrids of these
nonwovens can be formed by combining one or more layers of
different types of nonwovens by a variety of lamination
techniques.
[0211] In some embodiments, the nonwoven fabric 120 preferably has
a density and thickness, and other mechanical and electrical
characteristics, suitable for use as an insulating separator in
telecommunications cables. By way of example, in one embodiment,
the density of the nonwoven fabric, with or without electrically
conductive elements, can be in a range of about 0.1 g/cm.sup.3 to
about 9 g/cm.sup.3. For example, in some embodiments, the density
of the nonwoven material can be less than about 0.3 g/cm.sup.3, or
less than about 1.2 g/cm.sup.3, or less than about 2 g/cm.sup.3, or
less than about 9 g/cm.sup.3. The thickness of the nonwoven can be
in the range of about 0.05 mm to about 5 mm. For example, in some
embodiments, the thickness of the nonwoven can be in the range of
about 0.05 mm to about 2 mm. In other exemplary embodiments, the
thickness of the nonwoven can be in the range of about 0.2 mm to
about 1 mm. In other exemplary embodiments, the thickness of the
nonwoven can be in the range of about 1 mm to about 5 mm.
[0212] Exemplary embodiments of methods that can be used to form
nonwoven fabrics are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No.
12/586,658, filed Sep. 25, 2009, entitled "Apparatus and Method for
Melt Spun Production of Non-Woven Fluoropolymers of
Perfluoropolymers," now published as US Publication No.
2011/0076907, the teachings of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0213] The nonwoven fabric 120 including electrically conductive
fibrils 112 can be formed in a variety of ways. In some
embodiments, electrically conductive elements 112 can be combined
with a plurality of polymer fibers, e.g., polyolefin or
fluoropolymer, such as perfluoropolymer, before or during the
processing of the fibers into a nonwoven fabric. In other
embodiments, electrically conductive elements, such as electrically
conductive fibrils, can be applied to the nonwoven material itself,
e.g., by needle punching the fibrils into the nonwoven material. In
exemplary methods of needlepunching, barbed needles can be punched
through layers of material, e.g., a metallic layer disposed on a
non-woven layer. The needles hook tufts of fibers through the
layers of material, bonding the layers together. For example, in an
exemplary embodiment of a needle loom 160 schematically depicted in
FIG. 15A, a needle board 161 including a plurality of needles 162
can be used to bond a first layer of material 164, e.g., a metallic
layer, to a second layer of material 165, e.g., a nonwoven
material. The needles 162 disposed on the needle board 161 can be
driven so as to enter and leave the layers material 164, 165 while
they pass between two plates commonly referred to as a bed plate
166 and a stripper plate 167. The layers of material 164, 165 can
be pulled through the needle loom 160 by draw rollers 168, 169.
[0214] In other embodiments, electrically conductive elements can
be applied to a nonwoven material by thermally bonding an
electrically conductive material to the nonwoven material. For
example, electrically conductive material, e.g., metal particles or
chopped metal strands, or chopped metal foil, can be bonded to
regions of nonwoven web material by calendar bonding. FIG. 15 B
schematically depicts an exemplary embodiment of a calendar bonding
apparatus 170. The apparatus includes, for example, an embossed
cylinder 172 and a smooth cylinder 173. A web of nonwoven material
174 passes between the cylinders. The cylinders 172, 173 are
heated, e.g., to a temperature sufficient to soften the polymers
used to form the nonwoven material. A plurality of electrically
conductive elements 175 can be applied to the nonwoven web 174 as
it passes through the apparatus 170. The web 174 with the
electrically conductive elements 175 disposed thereon is drawn
between the heated cylinders 172, 173. The embossed pattern on the
embossed cylinder 172 exposes portions of the web 174 to heat and
pressure, thereby bonding the electrically conductive elements 175
to the web 174.
[0215] In some embodiments, the nonwoven materials discussed above
can exhibit a sheet resistance in a range of about
1.times.10.sup.-5 ohms per square to about 1.times.10.sup.5 ohms
per square, or preferably about 10 ohms per square. As one of skill
in the art will appreciate, the sheet resistance of a material will
change depending on the thickness of the material. For example,
sheet resistance (ohms per square) multiplied by the material
thickness in centimeters equals the volume resistivity of the
material (ohms-cm). As a result, the volume resistivity needed to
achieve a given sheet resistance will depend on the thickness of
the material in question. For example, a thicker material will
provide the same volume resistivity with a less conductive material
as a thinner material that is more conductive. As a more specific
example, a tape with a thickness of 0.0254 cm (0.010 inches) can
have a volume resistivity of 0.254 ohms-cm and a surface resistance
of 10 ohms per square. If the thickness of the tape is reduced to
0.0127 cm (0.005 inches), the volume resistivity must be reduced by
half to 0.127 ohms-cm to achieve the same surface resistance of 10
ohms per square.
[0216] In some embodiments, the nonwoven materials discussed above
can have a shielding effectiveness in a range of about 15 dB to
about 90 dB, or in a range of about 15 dB to about 50 dB, or in a
range of about 50 dB to about 90 dB. Shielding effectiveness can be
measured according to ASTM D4935-99: Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness of Planar
Materials, the contents of which are incorporated herein by
reference.
[0217] Cables
[0218] In another aspect, the invention provides cables, e.g.,
telecommunications cables. The cables can include any of the tapes,
the separators and the nonwoven fabrics discussed above to provide
electromagnetic shielding of conductors disposed in the cable. In
some embodiments, the cable can include various combinations of
tapes, separators and nonwoven fabrics.
[0219] By way of example, FIG. 16 schematically illustrates a cable
130 including two twisted pairs of conductors 132 and 134, and a
tape 136 that is wrapped around the conductors 132 and 134 to
provide electromagnetic shielding between the conductors 132 and
134.
[0220] As was discussed above, FIGS. 6A and 6B schematically
illustrate other exemplary embodiments of cables that include
separators. Other exemplary embodiments of cable in which
separators according to the teachings of the invention can be
employed are disclosed in U.S. application Ser. No. 12/754,737,
filed Apr. 6, 2010, entitled "High Performance Support-Separators
for Communications Cables Providing Shielding for Minimizing Alien
Crosstalk," now published as US Publication No. 2010/0206609, the
teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
[0221] Cable Jackets
[0222] In another aspect, the invention provides a jacket for a
cables, e.g., a telecommunications cable. In some embodiments, the
jacket can include a plurality of electrically conductive
inclusions, e.g., metal particles, that are distributed therein to
provide shielding of electromagnetic radiation. For example, the
jacket can be formed from any of the polymeric compositions
disclosed herein. In another exemplary embodiment, rather than or
in addition to distributing metal inclusions within a cable jacket,
an electrically conductive layer can be embedded in the polymeric
shell of the cable jacket. The electrically conductive layer can be
adapted to provide electromagnetic shielding of one or more
conductors.
[0223] By way of example, FIGS. 17A and 17B schematically depict a
cable jacket 140 according to one embodiment of the invention that
has an elongate tubular shape, which extends from a proximal end
142 to a distal end 144. The elongate tubular shape of the cable
jacket forms a shell, e.g., a polymeric shell, having an interior
lumen 146 adapted for housing one or more conductors. A plurality
of metal inclusions 148 are distributed throughout the cable jacket
140. While in some embodiments the metal inclusions 148 are
distributed substantially uniformly within the body of the cable
jacket 140, e.g., as depicted in the cross-sectional view of FIG.
17B, in other embodiments, the spatial distribution of the metal
inclusions can be non-uniform.
[0224] By way of example, in some embodiments, the density of the
metal inclusions 148 in the proximity of the inner or outer
surfaces, or both, of the wall of the jacket can be greater than a
respective density in the center of the wall of the jacket. As
discussed in more detail below, the metal inclusions facilitate
shielding the conductors disposed in the jacket from conductors in
other cables, thereby minimizing and preferably eliminating
cross-talk between cables, i.e., alien cross-talk. In many
embodiments, the cable jacket 140 is particularly effective in
lowering alien cross-talk at a frequency range of about 1 MHz to
about 10 GHz between neighboring cables.
[0225] In this exemplary embodiment, the cable jacket 140 is formed
of a polymeric material in which a plurality of metal inclusions
148, e.g., metallic particles, are distributed. By way of example,
in some implementations, the cable jacket 140 comprises a
polyolefin, fluoropolymer (e.g., PVDF, PVF, ECTFE, or ETFE), or a
perfluoropolymer (e.g., FEP, MFA or PFA) and the metal inclusions
are formed of a metal such as copper, silver, gold aluminum,
bronze, tin, alloys of tin, zinc, alloys of zinc, iron, nickel,
indium, alloys of indium, gallium, alloys of gallium, or stainless
steel. In other embodiments, the inclusions can be formed of metal
oxides, such as, for example, copper oxide, bronze oxide, tin
oxide, zinc oxide, nickel oxide, zinc-doped indium oxide, indium
tin oxide, or aluminum oxide. In some implementations, the cable
jacket comprises two or more different polymers, e.g., a blend of
two of more of FEP, MFA, and PFA. Further, in some cases, the metal
inclusions can exhibit a variety of different shapes and/or be
formed of different metals.
[0226] In some embodiments, one type of the metal inclusions
primarily reflect electromagnetic radiation within a frequency
range (e.g., a frequency range of about 1 MHz to about 10 GHz)
incident thereon while the other type of metal inclusions primarily
absorb the incident radiation in that wavelength range. In this
manner, effective shielding of conductors, e.g., twisted-pair
wires, housed in the cable jacket can be achieved.
[0227] By way of example, in this exemplary embodiment, the metal
inclusions 148 can include two types, one of which exhibits a
needle-like shape and the other a flat flake-like shape, as shown
in FIGS. 3A and 3B, and as discussed in more detail above.
[0228] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 148 can comprise a
volume fraction of the cable jacket 140 in a range of about 1% to
about 40%, or in a range of about 2% to about 30%, or in a range of
about 3% to about 20%, or in a range of about 4% to about 15%, or
in a range of about 5% to about 10%.
[0229] In some embodiments, the polymer, e.g., fluoropolymer,
polyolefin, or combinations thereof, can comprise at least about
30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%, or at least
about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about 80%, or at
least about 85%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% .of
the volume of the cable jacket.
[0230] In some embodiments, the metal inclusions 148 can comprise a
weight percent of the cable jacket in a range of about 1% to about
30%, or in a range of about 5% to about 20%, or in a range of about
5% to about 15%, or in a range of about 10% to about 15%.
[0231] The above cable jacket 140, or other pre-formed cellular
articles, having a plurality of metal inclusions can be
manufactured in a variety of ways. In one exemplary method of
manufacturing the separator 10, a plurality of polymer pellets in
which metal inclusions are incorporated, such as the pellets
discussed above, can be melted and the molten pellets can be
extruded to form the cable jacket 140.
[0232] FIGS. 18A and 18B schematically depict a cable jacket 150
according to another exemplary embodiment of the invention that has
an elongate tubular shape. The elongate tubular shape of the cable
jacket forms a shell 152, e.g., a polymeric shell, having an inner
lumen 154 adapted for housing one or more conductors. A metal layer
156 is embedded in the cable jacket 150. The thickness of the metal
layer can be, e.g., in a range of about 0.001 inches to about 0.010
inches. A number of metals can be utilized to form the metal layer
156. By way of example, the metal layer can be formed of any of
copper, silver, aluminum, copper, gold, bronze, tin, zinc, iron,
nickel, indium, gallium, or stainless steel.
[0233] In some embodiments, the metal layer can be a continuous
metal layer that extends along the length of the jacket from a
proximal end to a distal end thereof to provide electromagnetic
shielding between cables, e.g., as depicted in FIG. 18A. In other
embodiments, the metal layer can be discontinuous. For example, the
metal layer can be a checkered layer of metal 158, e.g., as
depicted in FIG. 18B. In some cases, the metal layer can comprise
at least about 30%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 50%,
or at least about 60%, or at least about 70%, or at least about
80%, or at least about 90%, or at least about 95% of the surface
area of the cable jacket.
[0234] The above cable jackets can be manufactured in a variety of
ways. In one exemplary method of manufacturing the cable jackets,
the metal layer can be co-extruded along with a plurality of
fluoropolymer pellets to form the jacket.
Examples
[0235] To further elucidate various aspects of the invention, the
following working examples are provided. The examples are provided
only for illustrative purposes and are not intended necessarily to
present optimal practice of the invention and/or optimal results
that may be obtained by practicing the invention.
[0236] Conductive elements were combined with base polymers in a
melt compounder and extruded into pelletized form. More
specifically, aluminum (Al) pellets marketed under the trade
designation Silvet 220-20-E, aluminum flakes marketed under the
trade designation K101 (600 micron by 1000 micron rectangular
pellets with a 25 micron thickness), stainless steel (SS) pellets
marketed under the trade designation STAPA WM REFLEXAL 212/80, and
copper powder marketed under the trade designation BR-83 UP COPPER
were employed as conductive element. One or two of these conductive
elements were incorporated into high density polyethylene (HDPE)
and low density polytethylene (LDPE) base polymers, as shown in the
following table, to generate pellets. The pellets were cast into
dumbbell, rectangular, and circular plaques, and were tested for
various properties, as shown in the Table 1 below:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Formulation 1 2 3 4 General Aluminum (Al) Al
Flakes Al Flakes & Stainless Steel Description Pellets Al
Pellets (SS) Pellets & Al Pellets Specific 75% LDPE & 75%
LDPE & 75% LDPE, 15% 75% LDPE, Recipe 25% SILVET 25% K101 K101
Al Flakes 15% Beki-Shield 220-20-E Al Flakes & 10% SILVET
GR75/C12-E/6 & Al Pigment 220-20-E 10% SILVET Al Pigment
220-20-E Al Pigment Source SILBERLINE Transmet Transmet BEKAERT
& Corporation Corporation & SILBERLINE SILBERLINE Specific
1.0396 1.0861 1.0641 1.0838 Gravity Tensile (psi) 2892 1203 1960
1600 Elongation 55% 46% 64% 109% % Metallic 20% 28% 22% 19% Content
Formulation 5 6 7 8 General Al Powder Al Powder & Copper Copper
& Al Description SS Pellets Pellets Specific 75% HDPE & 75%
HDPE, 75% HDPE & 75% HDPE, Recipe 25% STAPA 10% STAPA 25% BR-83
UP 10% BR-83 UP WM WM COPPER COPPER, & REFLEXAL REFLEXAL 15%
SILVET 212/80 212/80, & 15% 220-20-E Beki-Shield Al Pigment
GR75/C12-E/6 Source ECKART ECKART & ECKART ECKART & BEKAERT
SILBERLINE Specific 1.0693 1.0782 1.209 1.1149 Gravity Tensile
(psi) 2719 3093 2802 3381 Elongation 55% 36% 46% 46% % Metallic 20%
19% 25% 22% Content
[0237] One skilled in the art will appreciate further features and
advantages of the invention based on the above-described
embodiments. Accordingly, the invention is not to be limited by
what has been particularly shown and described, except as indicated
by the appended claims. All publications and references cited
herein are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their
entirety.
* * * * *