U.S. patent application number 14/595865 was filed with the patent office on 2016-02-11 for pharmaceutical compositions comprising poh derivatives.
The applicant listed for this patent is NEONC TECHNOLOGIES INC.. Invention is credited to Thomas Chen, Daniel Levin, Satish Pupalli.
Application Number | 20160038600 14/595865 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 55266613 |
Filed Date | 2016-02-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160038600 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chen; Thomas ; et
al. |
February 11, 2016 |
PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING POH DERIVATIVES
Abstract
The present invention provides for a perillyl alcohol (POH)
carbamate, such as POH-Rolipram. The present invention also
provides for a method of treating a disease such as cancer, by
delivering to a patient a therapeutically effective amount of
POH-Rolipram.
Inventors: |
Chen; Thomas; (La Canada,
CA) ; Levin; Daniel; (La Canada, CA) ;
Pupalli; Satish; (Glendora, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
NEONC TECHNOLOGIES INC. |
Los Angeles |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
55266613 |
Appl. No.: |
14/595865 |
Filed: |
January 13, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14455293 |
Aug 8, 2014 |
|
|
|
14595865 |
|
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
514/423 ;
548/531; 600/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 35/00 20180101;
A61K 9/0043 20130101; A61N 5/10 20130101; C07D 207/26 20130101;
A61K 31/4015 20130101; A61K 47/54 20170801; C07D 487/04 20130101;
C07D 231/12 20130101; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61K 47/55 20170801;
A61K 31/415 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 47/48 20060101
A61K047/48; A61N 5/10 20060101 A61N005/10; A61K 45/06 20060101
A61K045/06; A61K 31/4015 20060101 A61K031/4015; A61K 9/00 20060101
A61K009/00 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising a perillyl alcohol carbamate, wherein
the perillyl alcohol carbamate comprises perillyl alcohol
conjugated with rolipram.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the perillyl alcohol
carbamate is 4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy
phenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester.
3. A method for treating a glioblastoma in a mammal, comprising
delivering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a
perillyl alcohol carbamate, wherein the perillyl alcohol carbamate
comprises perillyl alcohol conjugated with rolipram.
4. The method of claim 3, further comprising treating the mammal
with radiation.
5. The method of claim 3, further comprising delivering to the
mammal a chemotherapeutic agent.
6. The method of claim 3, wherein the perillyl alcohol carbamate is
administered by inhalation, intranasally, orally, intravenously,
subcutaneously or intramuscularly.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the perillyl alcohol carbamate is
administered intranasally using an atomizer.
8. The method of claim 3, wherein the perillyl alcohol carbamate is
4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy
phenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester.
9. A method for treating a disease in a mammal, comprising
administering to the mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a
perillyl alcohol carbamate using a nasal delivery device, wherein
the perillyl alcohol carbamate comprises perillyl alcohol
conjugated with rolipram.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the nasal delivery device is
selected from the group consisting of an intranasal inhaler, an
intranasal spray device, an atomizer, a nebulizer, a metered dose
inhaler (MDI), a pressurized dose inhaler, an insufflator, a unit
dose container, a pump, a dropper, a nasal spray bottle, a squeeze
bottle and a bi-directional device.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the disease is cancer.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the cancer is a tumor of the
nervous system.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the tumor is a
glioblastoma.
14. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of treating
the mammal with radiation.
15. The method of claim 9, further comprising the step of
delivering to the mammal a chemotherapeutic agent.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S.
application Ser. No. 14/455,293, filed Aug. 8, 2014, which is a
continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/566,731 filed Aug. 3,
2012, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,916,545, issued Dec. 23, 2014, which is a
continuation of International Application No. PCT/US2011/049392
filed Aug. 26, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application Nos. 61/377,747 (filed Aug. 27, 2010) and 61/471,402
(filed Apr. 4, 2011).
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates to POH derivatives. The
present invention further relates to methods of using POH
derivatives such as POH carbamates to treat a disease, such as
cancer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Malignant gliomas, the most common form of central nervous
system (CNS) cancers, is currently considered essentially
incurable. Among the various malignant gliomas, anaplastic
astrocytomas (Grade III) and glioblastoma multiforme (GBM; Grade
IV) have an especially poor prognosis due to their aggressive
growth and resistance to currently available therapies. The present
standard of care for malignant gliomas consists of surgery,
ionizing radiation, and chemotherapy. Despite recent advances in
medicine, the past 50 years have not seen any significant
improvement in prognosis for malignant gliomas. Wen et al.
Malignant gliomas in adults. New England J Med. 359: 492-507, 2008.
Stupp et al. Radiotherapy plus concomitant and adjuvant
temozolomide for glioblastoma. New England J Med. 352: 987-996,
2005.
[0004] Additionally, acquired resistance of initially
well-responding tumors and unwanted side effects are other problems
that frequently thwart long-term treatment using chemotherapeutic
agents. Hence, various analogues of chemotherapeutic agents have
been prepared in an effort to overcome these problems. The
analogues include novel therapeutic agents which are hybrid
molecules of at least two existing therapeutic agents. For example,
cisplatin has been conjugated with Pt-(II) complexes with cytotoxic
codrugs, or conjugated with bioactive shuttle components such as
porphyrins, bile acids, hormones, or modulators that expedite the
transmembrane transport or the drug accumulation within the cell.
(6-Aminomethylnicotinate) dichloridoplatinum(II) complexes
esterified with terpene alcohols were tested on a panel of human
tumor cell lines. The terpenyl moieties in these complexes appeared
to fulfill a transmembrane shuttle function and increased the rate
and extent of the uptake of these conjugates into various tumor
cell lines. Schobert et al. Monoterpenes as Drug Shuttles:
Cytotoxic (6-minomethylnicotinate) dichloridoplatinum(II) Complexes
with Potential To Overcome Cisplatin Resistance. J. Med. Chem.
2007, 50, 1288-1293.
[0005] Perillyl alcohol (POH), a naturally occurring monoterpene,
has been suggested to be an effective agent against a variety of
cancers, including CNS cancer, breast cancer, pancreatic cancer,
lung cancer, melanomas and colon cancer. Gould, M. Cancer
chemoprevention and therapy by monoterpenes. Environ Health
Perspect. 1997 June; 105 (Suppl 4): 977-979. Hybrid molecules
containing both perillyl alcohol and retinoids were prepared to
increase apoptosis-inducing activity. Das et al. Design and
synthesis of potential new apoptosis agents: hybrid compounds
containing perillyl alcohol and new constrained retinoids.
Tetrahedron Letters 2010, 51, 1462-1466.
[0006] There is still a need to prepare perillyl alcohol
derivatives including perillyl alcohol conjugated with other
therapeutic agents, and use this material in the treatment of
cancers such as malignant gliomas, as well as other brain disorders
such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Perillyl alcohol
derivatives may be administered alone or in combination with other
treatment methods including radiation, standard chemotherapy, and
surgery. The administration can also be through various routes
including intranasal, oral, oral-tracheal for pulmonary delivery,
and transdermal.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention provides for a pharmaceutical
composition comprising a perillyl alcohol carbamate. The perillyl
alcohol carbamate may be perillyl alcohol conjugated with a
therapeutic agent, such as a chemotherapeutic agent. The
chemotherapeutic agent may be rolipram. In one embodiment, the
perillyl alcohol carbamate may 4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy
phenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester (POH-Rolipram).
[0008] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may
be administered before, during or after radiation. The
pharmaceutical compositions may be administered before, during or
after the administration of a chemotherapeutic agent. The routes of
administration of the pharmaceutical compositions include
inhalation, intranasal, oral, intravenous, subcutaneous or
intramuscular administration.
[0009] The invention further provides for a method for treating a
disease in a mammal, comprising the step of delivering to the
mammal a therapeutically effective amount of a perillyl alcohol
carbamate. The method may further comprise the step of treating the
mammal with radiation, and/or further comprise the step of
delivering to the mammal a chemotherapeutic agent. The diseases
treated may be cancer, including a tumor of the nervous system,
such as a glioblastoma. The routes of administration of the
perillyl alcohol carbamate include inhalation, intranasal, oral,
intravenous, subcutaneous or intramuscular administration.
[0010] The present invention also provides for a process for making
a POH carbamate, comprising the step of reacting a first reactant
of perillyl chloroformate with a second reactant, which may be
rolipram. The reaction may be carried out in the presence of
tetrahydrofuran and a catalyst of n-butyl lithium. The perillyl
chloroformate may be prepared by reacting perillyl alcohol with
phosgene.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of dimethyl celecoxib (DMC) in killing
U87, A172 and U251 human glioma cells.
[0012] FIG. 2 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-DMC conjugate in killing U87,
A172 and U251 human glioma cells according to the present
invention.
[0013] FIG. 3 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of temozolomide (TMZ) in killing U87,
A172 and U251 human glioma cells.
[0014] FIG. 4 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-TMZ conjugate in killing U87,
A172, and U251 human glioma cells according to the present
invention.
[0015] FIG. 5 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-Rolipram conjugate and
Rolipram in killing A172 human glioma cells.
[0016] FIG. 6 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-Rolipram conjugate and
Rolipram in killing U87 human glioma cells.
[0017] FIG. 7 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-Rolipram conjugate and
Rolipram in killing U251 human glioma cells.
[0018] FIG. 8 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-Rolipram conjugate and
Rolipram in killing L229 human glioma cells.
[0019] FIGS. 9A and 9B show the inhibition of tumor growth by
butyryl-POH in mouse models. FIG. 9A shows the images of
subcutaneous U-87 gliomas in nude mice treated with butyryl-POH,
purified (S)-perillyl alcohol having a purity greater than 98.5%
("Purified POH"), POH purchased from Sigma chemicals ("Sigma"), or
phosphate buffered saline ("PBS"; negative control). FIG. 9B shows
average tumor growth over time (total time period of 60 days).
[0020] FIG. 10 shows the results of a Colony forming Assay (CFA)
demonstrating the cytotoxic effect of TMZ and TMZ-POH on TMZ
sensitive (U251) and TMZ resistant (U251TR) U251 cells.
[0021] FIG. 11 shows the results of a Colony forming Assay (CFA)
demonstrating the cytotoxic effect of POH on TMZ sensitive (U251)
and TMZ resistant (U251TR) U251 cells.
[0022] FIG. 12 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-TMZ conjugate in killing U251
cells, U251TR cells, and normal astrocytes.
[0023] FIG. 13 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of the POH-TMZ conjugate in killing
normal astrocytes, brain endothelial cells (BEC; confluent and
subconfluent), and tumor brain endothelial cells (TuBEC).
[0024] FIG. 14 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of TMZ and the POH-TMZ conjugate in
killing USC-04 glioma cancer stem cells.
[0025] FIG. 15 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of POH in killing USC-04 glioma cancer
stem cells.
[0026] FIG. 16 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of TMZ and the POH-TMZ conjugate in
killing USC-02 glioma cancer stem cells.
[0027] FIG. 17 shows the results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays
demonstrating the efficacy of POH in killing USC-02 glioma cancer
stem cells.
[0028] FIG. 18 shows a western blot demonstrating that TMZ-POH
induces ER stress (ERS) in TMZ sensitive ("U251-TMZs") and
resistant ("U251-TMZr") U251 glioma cells.
[0029] FIG. 19 shows Alarmar blue assay results of three different
glioblastoma cell lines after 48 hours of treating the cell lines
by different concentrations of POH-Rolipram.
[0030] FIGS. 20A-20D show MTT assay results of different
glioblastoma cell lines (U251, U251TR, LN229, and LN229TR)
demonstrating the effective killing of drug-resistant glioblastoma
cells by POH-Rolipram.
[0031] FIG. 21 shows MTT assay results of T98G glioblastoma cells
glioblastoma cells demonstrating the effective killing of a
drug-resistant glioblastoma cell line by POH-Rolipram.
[0032] FIGS. 22A-22B show colony-formation assay results of T98G
and LN18 glioblastoma cell lines demonstrating long term
effectiveness of POH-Rolipram in killing these drug-resistant
glioblastoma cells.
[0033] FIGS. 23A-23D show colony-formation assay results of
different glioblastoma cell lines (U251, LN229, U251TR and LN229TR)
demonstrating the long term effectiveness of POH-Rolipram in
killing glioblastoma cells.
[0034] FIGS. 24A-24C show ELISA assay results demonstrating the
effectiveness of POH-Rolipram in inducing cell death in U251
glioblastoma cells as well as chemo-resistant glioblastoma lines
U251TR and T98G.
[0035] FIGS. 25A-25B show Alamar blue assay results demonstrating
the tolerability of POH-Rolipram.
[0036] FIG. 26 shows Western blot assay results demonstrating the
impact of POH-Rolipram on certain intracellular signaling pathways
of cancer cells.
[0037] FIG. 27 shows Western blot assay results demonstrating the
impact of POH-Rolipram on certain intracellular signaling pathways
of cancer cells.
[0038] FIGS. 28-30 show Western blot assay results comparing of the
effects of POH-Rolipram and rolipram on intracellular
processes.
[0039] FIG. 31 shows Western blot assay results depicting the time
course of effects of POH-Rolipram on intracellular processes.
[0040] FIG. 32 depicts cell membrane localization of death receptor
5 (DR5) after treatment of cells with POH-Rolipram
(immuno-cyto-chemistry).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0041] The present invention provides for a derivative of
monoterpene or sesquiterpene, such as a perillyl alcohol
derivative. The present invention also provides for a
pharmaceutical composition comprising a derivative of monoterpene
or sesquiterpene, such as a perillyl alcohol derivative. For
example, the perillyl alcohol derivative may be a perillyl alcohol
carbamate. The perillyl alcohol derivative may be perillyl alcohol
conjugated with a therapeutic agent such as a chemotherapeutic
agent. The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative may be
formulated into a pharmaceutical composition, where the monoterpene
(or sesquiterpene) derivative is present in amounts ranging from
about 0.01% (w/w) to about 100% (w/w), from about 0.1% (w/w) to
about 80% (w/w), from about 1% (w/w) to about 70% (w/w), from about
10% (w/w) to about 60% (w/w), or from about 0.1% (w/w) to about 20%
(w/w). The present compositions can be administered alone, or may
be co-administered together with radiation or another agent (e.g.,
a chemotherapeutic agent), to treat a disease such as cancer.
Treatments may be sequential, with the monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) derivative being administered before or after the
administration of other agents. For example, a perillyl alcohol
carbamate may be used to sensitize a cancer patient to radiation or
chemotherapy. Alternatively, agents may be administered
concurrently. The route of administration may vary, and can
include, inhalation, intranasal, oral, transdermal, intravenous,
subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. The present invention also
provides for a method of treating a disease such as cancer,
comprising the step of delivering to a patient a therapeutically
effective amount of a derivative of monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene).
[0042] The compositions of the present invention may contain one or
more types of derivatives of monoterpene (or sesquiterpene).
Monoterpenes include terpenes that consist of two isoprene units.
Monoterpenes may be linear (acyclic) or contain rings. Derivatives
of monoterpenoids are also encompassed by the present invention.
Monoterpenoids may be produced by biochemical modifications such as
oxidation or rearrangement of monoterpenes. Examples of
monoterpenes and monoterpenoids include, perillyl alcohol (S(-))
and (R(+)), ocimene, myrcene, geraniol, citral, citronellol,
citronellal, linalool, pinene, terpineol, terpinen, limonene,
terpinenes, phellandrenes, terpinolene, terpinen-4-ol (or tea tree
oil), pinene, terpineol, terpinen; the terpenoids such as p-cymene
which is derived from monocyclic terpenes such as menthol, thymol
and carvacrol; bicyclic monoterpenoids such as camphor, borneol and
eucalyptol.
[0043] Monoterpenes may be distinguished by the structure of a
carbon skeleton and may be grouped into acyclic monoterpenes (e.g.,
myrcene, (Z)- and (E)-ocimene, linalool, geraniol, nerol,
citronellol, myrcenol, geranial, citral a, neral, citral b,
citronellal, etc.), monocyclic monoterpenes (e.g., limonene,
terpinene, phellandrene, terpinolene, menthol, carveol, etc.),
bicyclic monoterpenes (e.g., pinene, myrtenol, myrtenal, verbanol,
verbanon, pinocarveol, carene, sabinene, camphene, thujene, etc.)
and tricyclic monoterpenes (e.g. tricyclene). See Encyclopedia of
Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Volume 23, page 834-835.
[0044] Sesquiterpenes of the present invention include terpenes
that consist of three isoprene units. Sesquiterpenes may be linear
(acyclic) or contain rings. Derivatives of sesquiterpenoids are
also encompassed by the present invention. Sesquiterpenoids may be
produced by biochemical modifications such as oxidation or
rearrangement of sesquiterpenes. Examples of sesquiterpenes include
farnesol, farnesal, farnesylic acid and nerolidol.
[0045] The derivatives of monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) include,
but are not limited to, carbamates, esters, ethers, alcohols and
aldehydes of the monoterpene (or sesquiterpene). Monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) alcohols may be derivatized to carbamates, esters,
ethers, aldehydes or acids.
[0046] Carbamate refers to a class of chemical compounds sharing
the functional group
##STR00001##
based on a carbonyl group flanked by an oxygen and a nitrogen.
R.sup.1, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 can be a group such as alkyl, aryl,
etc., which can be substituted. The R groups on the nitrogen and
the oxygen may form a ring. R.sup.1--OH may be a monoterpene, e.g.,
POH. The R.sup.2--N--R.sup.3 moiety may be a therapeutic agent.
[0047] Carbamates may be synthesized by reacting isocyanate and
alcohol, or by reacting chloroformate with amine. Carbamates may be
synthesized by reactions making use of phosgene or phosgene
equivalents. For example, carbamates may be synthesized by reacting
phosgene gas, diphosgene or a solid phosgene precursor such as
triphosgene with two amines or an amine and an alcohol. Carbamates
(also known as urethanes) can also be made from reaction of a urea
intermediate with an alcohol. Dimethyl carbonate and diphenyl
carbonate are also used for making carbamates. Alternatively,
carbamates may be synthesized through the reaction of alcohol
and/or amine precursors with an ester-substituted diaryl carbonate,
such as bismethylsalicylcarbonate (BMSC). U.S. Patent Publication
No. 20100113819.
[0048] Carbamates may be synthesized by the following approach:
##STR00002##
Suitable reaction solvents include, but are not limited to,
tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, acetone, and
diisopropyl ether. The reaction may be performed at a temperature
ranging from about -70.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C., or from
about -65.degree. C. to about 50.degree. C. The molar ratio of
perillyl chloroformate to the substrate R--NH.sub.2 may range from
about 1:1 to about 2:1, from about 1:1 to about 1.5:1, from about
2:1 to about 1:1, or from about 1.05:1 to about 1.1:1. Suitable
bases include, but are not limited to, organic bases, such as
triethylamine, potassium carbonate, N,N'-diisopropylethylamine,
butyl lithium, and potassium-t-butoxide.
[0049] Alternatively, carbamates may be synthesized by the
following approach:
##STR00003##
Suitable reaction solvents include, but are not limited to,
dichloromethane, dichloroethane, toluene, diisopropyl ether, and
tetrahydrofuran. The reaction may be performed at a temperature
ranging from about 25.degree. C. to about 110.degree. C., or from
about 30.degree. C. to about 80.degree. C., or about 50.degree. C.
The molar ratio of perillyl alcohol to the substrate
R--N.dbd.C.dbd.O may range from about 1:1 to about 2:1, from about
1:1 to about 1.5:1, from about 2:1 to about 1:1, or from about
1.05:1 to about 1.1:1.
[0050] Esters of the monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) alcohols of the
present invention can be derived from an inorganic acid or an
organic acid. Inorganic acids include, but are not limited to,
phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, and nitric acid. Organic acids
include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid such as benzoic
acid, fatty acid, acetic acid and propionic acid, and any
therapeutic agent bearing at least one carboxylic acid functional
group Examples of esters of monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) alcohols
include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acid esters (such as
benzoate esters, fatty acid esters (e.g., palmitate ester,
linoleate ester, stearate ester, butyryl ester and oleate ester),
acetates, propionates (or propanoates), and formates), phosphates,
sulfates, and carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl).
[0051] A specific example of a monoterpene that may be used in the
present invention is perillyl alcohol (commonly abbreviated as
POH). The derivatives of perillyl alcohol include, perillyl alcohol
carbamates, perillyl alcohol esters, perillic aldehydes,
dihydroperillic acid, perillic acid, perillic aldehyde derivatives,
dihydroperillic acid esters and perillic acid esters. The
derivatives of perillyl alcohol may also include its oxidative and
nucleophilic/electrophilic addition derivatives. U.S. Patent
Publication No. 20090031455. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,133,324 and
3,957,856. Many examples of derivatives of perillyl alcohol are
reported in the chemistry literature (see Appendix A: CAS Scifinder
search output file, retrieved Jan. 25, 2010).
[0052] In certain embodiments, a POH carbamate is synthesized by a
process comprising the step of reacting a first reactant of
perillyl chloroformate with a second reactant such as dimethyl
celocoxib (DMC), temozolomide (TMZ) and rolipram. The reaction may
be carried out in the presence of tetrahydrofuran and a base such
as n-butyl lithium. Perillyl chloroformate may be made by reacting
POH with phosgene. For example, POH conjugated with temozolomide
through a carbamate bond may be synthesized by reacting
temozolomide with oxalyl chloride followed by reaction with
perillyl alcohol. The reaction may be carried out in the presence
of 1,2-dichloroethane.
[0053] POH carbamates encompassed by the present invention include,
but not limited to, 4-(bis-N,N'-4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyloxy carbonyl[5-(2,5-dimethyl
phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide,
4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy
phenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester, and (3-methyl
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-8-carbonyl)carbamic
acid-4-isopropenyl cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester. The details of the
chemical reactions generating these compounds are described in the
Examples below.
[0054] In certain embodiments, perillyl alcohol derivatives may be
perillyl alcohol fatty acid esters, such as palmitoyl ester of POH
and linoleoyl ester of POH, the chemical structures of which are
shown below.
##STR00004##
Hexadecanoic acid 4-isopropenyl-cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester
(Palmitoyl ester of POH)
##STR00005##
Octadeca-9,12-dienoic acid 4-isopropenyl-cyclohex-1-enylmethyl
ester (Linoleoyl ester of POH)
[0055] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative may be a
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) conjugated with a therapeutic agent.
A monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) conjugate encompassed by the
present invention is a molecule having a monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) covalently bound via a chemical linking group to a
therapeutic agent. The molar ratio of the monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) to the therapeutic agent in the monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) conjugate may be 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, 2:1, 3:1, 4:1,
or any other suitable molar ratios. The monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) and the therapeutic agent may be covalently linked
through carbamate, ester, ether bonds, or any other suitable
chemical functional groups. When the monoterpene (or sesquiterpene)
and the therapeutic agent are conjugated through a carbamate bond,
the therapeutic agent may be any agent bearing at least one
carboxylic acid functional group, or any agent bearing at least one
amine functional group. In a specific example, a perillyl alcohol
conjugate is perillyl alcohol covalently bound via a chemical
linking group to a chemotherapeutic agent.
[0056] According to the present invention, the therapeutic agents
that may be conjugated with monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) include,
but are not limited to, chemotherapeutic agents, therapeutic agents
for treatment of CNS disorders (including, without limitation,
primary degenerative neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's,
Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder or ADHD, psychological disorders, psychosis and
depression), immunotherapeutic agents, angiogenesis inhibitors, and
anti-hypertensive agents. Anti-cancer agents that may be conjugated
with monoterpene or sesquiterpene can have one or more of the
following effects on cancer cells or the subject: cell death;
decreased cell proliferation; decreased numbers of cells;
inhibition of cell growth; apoptosis; necrosis; mitotic
catastrophe; cell cycle arrest; decreased cell size; decreased cell
division; decreased cell survival; decreased cell metabolism;
markers of cell damage or cytotoxicity; indirect indicators of cell
damage or cytotoxicity such as tumor shrinkage; improved survival
of a subject; or disappearance of markers associated with
undesirable, unwanted, or aberrant cell proliferation. U.S. Patent
Publication No. 20080275057.
[0057] Also encompassed by the present invention is admixtures
and/or coformulations of a monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) and at
least one therapeutic agent.
[0058] Chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, DNA
alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, endoplasmic reticulum
stress inducing agents, a platinum compound, an antimetabolite,
vincalkaloids, taxanes, epothilones, enzyme inhibitors, receptor
antagonists, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, boron radiosensitizers
(i.e. velcade), and chemotherapeutic combination therapies.
[0059] Non-limiting examples of DNA alkylating agents are nitrogen
mustards, such as Cyclophosphamide (Ifosfamide, Trofosfamide),
Chlorambucil (Melphalan, Prednimustine), Bendamustine, Uramustine
and Estramustine; nitrosoureas, such as Carmustine (BCNU),
Lomustine (Semustine), Fotemustine, Nimustine, Ranimustine and
Streptozocin; alkyl sulfonates, such as Busulfan (Mannosulfan,
Treosulfan); Aziridines, such as Carboquone, Triaziquone,
Triethylenemelamine; Hydrazines (Procarbazine); Triazenes such as
Dacarbazine and Temozolomide (TMZ); Altretamine and
Mitobronitol.
[0060] Non-limiting examples of Topoisomerase I inhibitors include
Campothecin derivatives including SN-38, APC, NPC, campothecin,
topotecan, exatecan mesylate, 9-nitrocamptothecin,
9-aminocamptothecin, lurtotecan, rubitecan, silatecan, gimatecan,
diflomotecan, extatecan, BN-80927, DX-8951f, and MAG-CPT as
decribed in Pommier Y. (2006) Nat. Rev. Cancer 6(10):789-802 and
U.S. Patent Publication No. 200510250854; Protoberberine alkaloids
and derivatives thereof including berberrubine and coralyne as
described in Li et al. (2000) Biochemistry 39(24):7107-7116 and
Gatto et al. (1996) Cancer Res. 15(12):2795-2800; Phenanthroline
derivatives including Benzo[i]phenanthridine, Nitidine, and
fagaronine as described in Makhey et al. (2003) Bioorg. Med. Chem.
11 (8): 1809-1820; Terbenzimidazole and derivatives thereof as
described in Xu (1998) Biochemistry 37(10):3558-3566; and
Anthracycline derivatives including Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, and
Mitoxantrone as described in Foglesong et al. (1992) Cancer
Chemother. Pharmacol. 30(2):123-]25, Crow et al. (1994) J. Med.
Chem. 37(19):31913194, and Crespi et al. (1986) Biochem. Biophys.
Res. Commun. 136(2):521-8. Topoisomerase II inhibitors include, but
are not limited to Etoposide and Teniposide. Dual topoisomerase I
and II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Saintopin and
other Naphthecenediones, DACA and other Acridine-4-Carboxamindes,
Intoplicine and other Benzopyridoindoles, TAS-I03 and other
7H-indeno[2,1-c]Quinoline-7-ones, Pyrazoloacridine, XR 11576 and
other Benzophenazines, XR 5944 and other Dimeric compounds,
7-oxo-7H-dibenz[f,ij]Isoquinolines and
7-oxo-7H-benzo[e]pyrimidines, and Anthracenyl-amino Acid Conjugates
as described in Denny and Baguley (2003) Curr. Top. Med. Chem.
3(3):339-353. Some agents inhibit Topoisomerase II and have DNA
intercalation activity such as, but not limited to, Anthracyclines
(Aclarubicin, Daunorubicin, Doxorubicin, Epirubicin, Idarubicin,
Amrubicin, Pirarubicin, Valrubicin, Zorubicin) and Antracenediones
(Mitoxantrone and Pixantrone).
[0061] Examples of endoplasmic reticulum stress inducing agents
include, but are not limited to, dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC),
nelfinavir, celecoxib, and boron radiosensitizers (i.e. velcade
(Bortezomib)).
[0062] Platinum based compounds are a subclass of DNA alkylating
agents. Non-limiting examples of such agents include Cisplatin,
Nedaplatin, Oxaliplatin, Triplatin tetranitrate, Satraplatin,
Aroplatin, Lobaplatin, and JM-216. (see McKeage et al. (1997) J.
Clin. Oncol. 201: 1232-1237 and in general, CHEMOTHERAPY FOR
GYNECOLOGICAL NEOPLASM, CURRENT THERAPY AND NOVEL APPROACHES, in
the Series Basic and Clinical Oncology, Angioli et al. Eds.,
2004).
[0063] "FOLFOX" is an abbreviation for a type of combination
therapy that is used to treat colorectal cancer. It includes 5-FU,
oxaliplatin and leucovorin. Information regarding this treatment is
available on the National Cancer Institute's web site, cancer.gov,
last accessed on Jan. 16, 2008.
[0064] "FOLFOX/BV" is an abbreviation for a type of combination
therapy that is used to treat colorectal cancer. This therapy
includes 5-FU, oxaliplatin, leucovorin and Bevacizumab.
Furthennore, "XELOX/BV" is another combination therapy used to
treat colorectal cancer, which includes the prodrug to 5-FU, known
as Capecitabine (Xeloda) in combination with oxaliplatin and
bevacizumab. Infonnation regarding these treatments are available
on the National Cancer Institute's web site, cancer.gov or from 23
the National Comprehensive Cancer Network's web site, nccn.org,
last accessed on May 27, 2008.
[0065] Non-limiting examples of antimetabolite agents include Folic
acid based, i.e. dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors, such as
Aminopterin, Methotrexate and Pemetrexed; thymidylate synthase
inhibitors, such as Raltitrexed, Pemetrexed; Purine based, i.e. an
adenosine deaminase inhibitor, such as Pentostatin, a thiopurine,
such as Thioguanine and Mercaptopurine, a
halogenated/ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor, such as Cladribine,
Clofarabine, Fludarabine, or a guanine/guanosine: thiopurine, such
as Thioguanine; or Pyrimidine based, i.e. cytosine/cytidine:
hypomethylating agent, such as Azacitidine and Decitabine, a DNA
polymerase inhibitor, such as Cytarabine, a ribonucleotide
reductase inhibitor, such as Gemcitabine, or a thymine/thymidine:
thymidylate synthase inhibitor, such as a Fluorouracil (5-FU).
Equivalents to 5-FU include prodrugs, analogs and derivative
thereof such as 5'-deoxy-5-fluorouridine (doxifluroidine),
1-tetrahydrofuranyl-5-fluorouracil (ftorafur), Capecitabine
(Xeloda), S-I (MBMS-247616, consisting of tegafur and two
modulators, a 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxypyridine and potassium
oxonate), ralititrexed (tomudex), nolatrexed (Thymitaq, AG337),
LY231514 and ZD9331, as described for example in Papamicheal (1999)
The Oncologist 4:478-487.
[0066] Examples of vincalkaloids, include, but are not limited to
Vinblastine, Vincristine, Vinflunine, Vindesine and
Vinorelbine.
[0067] Examples of taxanes include, but are not limited to
docetaxel, Larotaxel, Ortataxel, Paclitaxel and Tesetaxel. An
example of an epothilone is iabepilone.
[0068] Examples of enzyme inhibitors include, but are not limited
to farnesyltransferase inhibitors (Tipifarnib); CDK inhibitor
(Alvocidib, Seliciclib); proteasome inhibitor (Bortezomib);
phosphodiesterase inhibitor (Anagrelide; rolipram); IMP
dehydrogenase inhibitor (Tiazofurine); and lipoxygenase inhibitor
(Masoprocol). Examples of receptor antagonists include, but are not
limited to ERA (Atrasentan); retinoid X receptor (Bexarotene); and
a sex steroid (Testolactone).
[0069] Examples of tyrosine kinase inhibitors include, but are not
limited to inhibitors to ErbB: HER1/EGFR (Erlotinib, Gefitinib,
Lapatinib, Vandetanib, Sunitinib, Neratinib); HER2/neu (Lapatinib,
Neratinib); RTK class III: C-kit (Axitinib, Sunitinib, Sorafenib),
FLT3 (Lestaurtinib), PDGFR (Axitinib, Sunitinib, Sorafenib); and
VEGFR (Vandetanib, Semaxanib, Cediranib, Axitinib, Sorafenib);
bcr-abl (Imatinib, Nilotinib, Dasatinib); Src (Bosutinib) and Janus
kinase 2 (Lestaurtinib).
[0070] "Lapatinib" (Tykerb.RTM.) is an dual EGFR and erbB-2
inhibitor. Lapatinib has been investigated as an anticancer
monotherapy, as well as in combination with trastuzumab,
capecitabine, letrozole, paclitaxel and FOLFIRI (irinotecan,
5-fluorouracil and leucovorin), in a number of clinical trials. It
is currently in phase III testing for the oral treatment of
metastatic breast, head and neck, lung, gastric, renal and bladder
cancer.
[0071] A chemical equivalent of lapatinib is a small molecule or
compound that is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) or alternatively
a HER-1 inhibitor or a HER-2 inhibitor. Several TKIs have been
found to have effective antitumor activity and have been approved
or are in clinical trials. Examples of such include, but are not
limited to, Zactima (ZD6474), Iressa (gefitinib), imatinib mesylate
(STI571; Gleevec), erlotinib (OSI-1774; Tarceva), canertinib (CI
1033), semaxinib (SU5416), vatalanib (PTK787/ZK222584), sorafenib
(BAY 43-9006), sutent (SUI 1248) and lefltmomide (SU101).
[0072] PTK/ZK is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor with broad specificity
that targets all VEGF receptors (VEGFR), the platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF) receptor, c-KIT and c-Fms. Drevs (2003) Idrugs
6(8):787-794. PTK/ZK is a targeted drug that blocks angiogenesis
and lymphangiogenesis by inhibiting the activity of all known
receptors that bind VEGF including VEGFR-I (Flt-1), VEGFR-2
(KDR/Flk-1) and VEGFR-3 (Flt-4). The chemical names of PTK/ZK are
1-[4-Chloroanilino]-4-[4-pyridylmethyl]phthalazine Succinate or
1-Phthalazinamine,
N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(4-pyridinylmethyl)-butanedioate (1:1).
Synonyms and analogs of PTK/TK are known as Vatalanib, CGP79787D,
PTK787/ZK 222584, CGP-79787, DE-00268, PTK-787, PTK787A, VEGFR-TK
inhibitor, ZK 222584 and ZK.
[0073] Chemotherapeutic agents that can be conjugated with
monoterpene or sesquiterpene may also include amsacrine,
Trabectedin, retinoids (Alitretinoin, Tretinoin), Arsenic trioxide,
asparagine depleter Asparaginase/Pegaspargase), Celecoxib,
Demecolcine, Elesclomol, Elsamitrucin, Etoglucid, Lonidamine,
Lucanthone, Mitoguazone, Mitotane, Oblimersen, Temsirolimus, and
Vorinostat.
[0074] The monoterpene or sesquiterpene derivative may be
conjugated with angiogenesis inhibitors. Examples of angiogenesis
inhibitors include, but are not limited to, angiostatin, angiozyme,
antithrombin III, AG3340, VEGF inhibitors, batimastat, bevacizumab
(avastin), BMS-275291, CAI, 2C3, HuMV833 Canstatin, Captopril,
carboxyamidotriazole, cartilage derived inhibitor (CDI), CC-5013,
6-O-(chloroacetyl-carbonyl)-fumagillol, COL-3, combretastatin,
combretastatin A4 Phosphate, Dalteparin, EMD 121974 (Cilengitide),
endostatin, erlotinib, gefitinib (Iressa), genistein, halofuginone
hydrobromide, Id1, Id3, IM862, imatinib mesylate, IMC-IC11
Inducible protein 10, interferon-alpha, interleukin 12, lavendustin
A, LY317615 or AE-941, marimastat, mspin, medroxpregesterone
acetate, Meth-1, Meth-2, 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), neovastat,
oteopontin cleaved product, PEX, pigment epithelium growth factor
(PEGF), platelet factor 4, prolactin fragment, proliferin-related
protein (PRP), PTK787/ZK 222584, ZD6474, recombinant human platelet
factor 4 (rPF4), restin, squalamine, SU5416, SU6668, SU11248
suramin, Taxol, Tecogalan, thalidomide, thrombospondin, TNP-470,
troponin-1, vasostatin, VEG1, VEGF-Trap, and ZD6474.
[0075] Non-limiting examples of angiogenesis inhibitors also
include, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as inhibitors of the
tyrosine kinase receptors Flt-1 (VEGFR1) and Flk-1/KDR (VEGFR2),
inhibitors of epidermal-derived, fibroblast-derived, or platelet
derived growth factors, MMP (matrix metalloprotease) inhibitors,
integrin blockers, pentosan polysulfate, angiotensin II
antagonists, cyclooxygenase inhibitors (including non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as aspirin and ibuprofen, as
well as selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors such as celecoxib and
rofecoxib), and steroidal anti-inflammatories (such as
corticosteroids, mineralocorticoids, dexamethasone, prednisone,
prednisolone, methylpred, betamethasone).
[0076] Other therapeutic agents that modulate or inhibit
angiogenesis and may also be conjugated with monoterpene or
sesquiterpene include agents that modulate or inhibit the
coagulation and fibrinolysis systems, including, but not limited
to, heparin, low molecular weight heparins and carboxypeptidase U
inhibitors (also known as inhibitors of active thrombin activatable
fibrinolysis inhibitor [TAFIa]). U.S. Patent Publication No.
20090328239. U.S. Pat. No. 7,638,549.
[0077] Non-limiting examples of the anti-hypertensive agents
include angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (e.g., captopril,
enalapril, delapril etc.), angiotensin II antagonists (e.g.,
candesartan cilexetil, candesartan, losartan (or Cozaar), losartan
potassium, eprosartan, valsartan (or Diovan), termisartan,
irbesartan, tasosartan, olmesartan, olmesartan medoxomil etc.),
calcium antagonists (e.g., manidipine, nifedipine, amlodipine (or
Amlodin), efonidipine, nicardipine etc.), diuretics, renin
inhibitor (e.g., aliskiren etc.), aldosterone antagonists (e.g.,
spironolactone, eplerenone etc.), beta-blockers (e.g., metoprolol
(or Toporol), atenolol, propranolol, carvedilol, pindolol etc.),
vasodilators (e.g., nitrate, soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator
or activator, prostacycline etc.), angiotensin vaccine, clonidine
and the like. U.S. Patent Publication No. 20100113780.
[0078] Other therapeutic agents that may be conjugated with
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) include, but are not limited to,
Sertraline (Zoloft), Topiramate (Topamax), Duloxetine(Cymbalta),
Sumatriptan (Imitrex), Pregabalin (Lyrica), Lamotrigine (Lamictal),
Valaciclovir (Valtrex), Tamsulosin (Flomax), Zidovudine (Combivir),
Lamivudine (Combivir), Efavirenz (Sustiva), Abacavir (Epzicom),
Lopinavir (Kaletra), Pioglitazone (Actos), Desloratidine
(Clarinex), Cetirizine (Zyrtec), Pentoprazole (Protonix),
Lansoprazole (Prevacid), Rebeprazole (Aciphex), Moxifloxacin
(Avelox), Meloxicam (Mobic), Dorzolamide (Truspot), Diclofenac
(Voltaren), Enlapril (Vasotec), Montelukast (Singulair), Sildenafil
(Viagra), Carvedilol (Coreg), Ramipril (Delix).
[0079] Table 1 lists pharmaceutical agents that can be conjugated
with monoterpene (or sesquiterpene), including structure of the
pharmaceutical agent and the preferred derivative for
conjugation.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Brand Generic Preferred Name Name Activity
Structure Derivative Zoloft Sertraline Depression ##STR00006##
Carbamate Topamax Topiramate Seizures ##STR00007## Carbamate
Cymbalta Duloxetine Depression ##STR00008## Carbamate Imitrex
Sumatriptan Migraine ##STR00009## Carbamate Lyrica Pregabalin
Neuropathic pain ##STR00010## Carbamate or Ester Lamictal
Lamotrigine Seizures ##STR00011## Carbamate Valtrex Valaciclovir
Herpes ##STR00012## Carbamate Tarceva Erlotinib Non-small cell lung
cancer ##STR00013## Carbamate Flomax Tamsulosin Benign prostatic
Cancer ##STR00014## Carbamate Gleevec Imatinib Leukemia
##STR00015## Carbamate Combivir Zidovudine HIV infection
##STR00016## Carbamate Combivir Lamivudine HIV infection
##STR00017## Carbonate Sustiva Efavirenz HIV infection ##STR00018##
Carbamate Epzicom Abacavir HIV infection ##STR00019## Carbamate
Kaletra Lopinavir HIV infection ##STR00020## Carbamate Actos
Pioglitazone Type-2 diabetes ##STR00021## Carbamate Clarinex
Desloratidine Allergic rhinitis ##STR00022## Carbamate Zyrtec
Cetirizine Allergic ##STR00023## Ester Protonix Pentoprazole
Gastrointestinal ##STR00024## Carbamate Prevacid Lansoprazole
Gastrointestinal ##STR00025## Carbamate Aciphex Rebeprazole
Gastrointestinal ##STR00026## Carbamate Diovan Valsartan
Hypertension ##STR00027## Carbamate Cozaar Losartan Hypertension
##STR00028## Carbamate Avelox Moxifloxacin Bacterial infection
##STR00029## Carbamate or Ester Mobic Meloxicam Osteoarthritis
##STR00030## Carbamate Truspot Dorzolamide Intraocular pressure
##STR00031## Carbamate Voltaren Diclofenac Osteoarthritis &
rheumatoid arthritis ##STR00032## Carbamate or Ester Vasotec
Enlapril Hypertension ##STR00033## Carbamate or Ester Singulair
Montelukast Asthma ##STR00034## Ester Amlodin Amlodipine
Hypertension ##STR00035## Carbamate Toporol Metoprolol Hypertension
##STR00036## Carbamate Viagra Sildenafil Erectile dysfunction
##STR00037## Carbamate Coreg Carvedilol Hypertension ##STR00038##
Carbamate Delix Ramipril Hypertension ##STR00039## Carbamate or
Ester Sinemet (Parcopa, Atamet) L-DOPA Neurological disorders
##STR00040## Carbamate or Ester
[0080] The purity of the monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivatives
may be assayed by gas chromatography (GC) or high pressure liquid
chromatography (HPLC). Other techniques for assaying the purity of
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivatives and for determining the
presence of impurities include, but are not limited to, nuclear
magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS),
GC-MS, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and thin layer chromatography
(TLC). Chiral purity can be assessed by chiral GC or measurement of
optical rotation.
[0081] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivatives may be
purified by methods such as crystallization, or by separating the
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative from impurities according
to the unique physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility or
polarity) of the derivative. Accordingly, the monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) derivative can be separated from the monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) by suitable separation techniques known in the art,
such as preparative chromatography, (fractional) distillation, or
(fractional) crystallization.
[0082] The invention also provides for methods of using
monoterpenes (or sesquiterpenes) derivatives to treat a disease,
such as cancer or other nervous system disorders. A monoterpenes
(or sesquiterpenes) derivative may be administered alone, or in
combination with radiation, surgery or chemotherapeutic agents. A
monoterpene or sesquiterpene derivative may also be co-administered
with antiviral agents, anti-inflammatory agents or antibiotics. The
agents may be administered concurrently or sequentially. A
monoterpenes (or sesquiterpenes) derivative can be administered
before, during or after the administration of the other active
agent(s).
[0083] The monoterpene or sesquiterpene derivative may be used in
combination with radiation therapy. In one embodiment, the present
invention provides for a method of treating tumor cells, such as
malignant glioma cells, with radiation, where the cells are treated
with an effective amount of a monoterpene derivative, such as a
perillyl alcohol carbamate, and then exposed to radiation.
Monoterpene derivative treatment may be before, during and/or after
radiation. For example, the monoterpene or sesquiterpene derivative
may be administered continuously beginning one week prior to the
initiation of radiotherapy and continued for two weeks after the
completion of radiotherapy. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,587,402 and
5,602,184.
[0084] In one embodiment, the present invention provides for a
method of treating tumor cells, such as malignant glioma cells,
with chemotherapy, where the cells are treated with an effective
amount of a monoterpene derivative, such as a perillyl alcohol
carbamate, and then exposed to chemotherapy. Monoterpene derivative
treatment may be before, during and/or after chemotherapy.
[0085] Monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivatives may be used for
the treatment of nervous system cancers, such as a malignant glioma
(e.g., astrocytoma, anaplastic astrocytoma, glioblastoma
multiforme), retinoblastoma, pilocytic astrocytomas (grade I),
meningiomas, metastatic brain tumors, neuroblastoma, pituitary
adenomas, skull base meningiomas, and skull base cancer. As used
herein, the term "nervous system tumors" refers to a condition in
which a subject has a malignant proliferation of nervous system
cells.
[0086] Cancers that can be treated by the present monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) derivatives include, but are not limited to, lung
cancer, ear, nose and throat cancer, leukemia, colon cancer,
melanoma, pancreatic cancer, mammary cancer, prostate cancer,
breast cancer, hematopoietic cancer, ovarian cancer, basal cell
carcinoma, biliary tract cancer; bladder cancer; bone cancer;
breast cancer; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma; colon and rectum
cancer; connective tissue cancer; cancer of the digestive system;
endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; eye cancer; cancer of the
head and neck; gastric cancer; intra-epithelial neoplasm; kidney
cancer; larynx cancer; leukemia including acute myeloid leukemia,
acute lymphoid leukemia, chronic myeloid leukemia, chronic lymphoid
leukemia; liver cancer; lymphoma including Hodgkin's and
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; myeloma; fibroma, neuroblastoma; oral
cavity cancer (e.g., lip, tongue, mouth, and pharynx); ovarian
cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; retinoblastoma;
rhabdomyosarcoma; rectal cancer; renal cancer; cancer of the
respiratory system; sarcoma; skin cancer; stomach cancer;
testicular cancer; thyroid cancer; uterine cancer; cancer of the
urinary system, as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas. U.S. Pat.
No. 7,601,355.
[0087] The present invention also provides methods of treating CNS
disorders, including, without limitation, primary degenerative
neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's,
psychological disorders, psychosis and depression. Treatment may
consist of the use of a monoterpene or sesquiterpene derivative
alone or in combination with current medications used in the
treatment of Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, or psychological disorders.
The present invention also provides a method of improving
immunomodulatory therapy responses comprising the steps of exposing
cells to an effective amount of a monoterpene or sisquiterpene
derivative, such as a perillyl alcohol carbamate, before or during
immunomodulatory treatment. Preferred immunomodulatory agents are
cytokines, such interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, interfereons
and chemokines.
[0088] The present composition may be administered by any method
known in the art, including, without limitation, intranasal, oral,
transdermal, ocular, intraperitoneal, inhalation, intravenous, ICV,
intracisternal injection or infusion, subcutaneous, implant,
vaginal, sublingual, urethral (e.g., urethral suppository),
subcutaneous, intramuscular, intravenous, rectal, sub-lingual,
mucosal, ophthalmic, spinal, intrathecal, intra-articular,
intra-arterial, sub-arachinoid, bronchial and lymphatic
administration. Topical formulation may be in the form of gel,
ointment, cream, aerosol, etc; intranasal formulation can be
delivered as a spray or in a drop; transdermal formulation may be
administered via a transdermal patch or iontorphoresis; inhalation
formulation can be delivered using a nebulizer or similar device.
Compositions can also take the form of tablets, pills, capsules,
semisolids, powders, sustained release formulations, solutions,
suspensions, elixirs, aerosols, or any other appropriate
compositions.
[0089] To prepare such pharmaceutical compositions, one or more of
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivatives may be mixed with a
pharmaceutical acceptable carrier, adjuvant and/or excipient,
according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in the
present compositions encompass any of the standard pharmaceutical
carriers, such as a phosphate buffered saline solution, water, and
emulsions, such as an oil/water or water/oil emulsion, and various
types of wetting agents. The compositions can additionally contain
solid pharmaceutical excipients such as starch, cellulose, talc,
glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk,
silica gel, magnesium stearate, sodium stearate, glycerol
monostearate, sodium chloride, dried skim milk and the like. Liquid
and semisolid excipients may be selected from glycerol, propylene
glycol, water, ethanol and various oils, including those of
petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, e.g., peanut oil,
soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil, etc. Liquid carriers,
particularly for injectable solutions, include water, saline,
aqueous dextrose, and glycols. For examples of carriers,
stabilizers and adjuvants, see Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
edited by E. W. Martin (Mack Publishing Company, 18th ed., 1990).
The compositions also can include stabilizers and
preservatives.
[0090] As used herein, the term "therapeutically effective amount"
is an amount sufficient to treat a specified disorder or disease or
alternatively to obtain a pharmacological response treating a
disorder or disease. Methods of determining the most effective
means and dosage of administration can vary with the composition
used for therapy, the purpose of the therapy, the target cell being
treated, and the subject being treated. Treatment dosages generally
may be titrated to optimize safety and efficacy. Single or multiple
administrations can be carried out with the dose level and pattern
being selected by the treating physician. Suitable dosage
formulations and methods of administering the agents can be readily
determined by those of skill in the art. For example, the
composition are administered at about 0.01 mg/kg to about 200
mg/kg, about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 mg/kg, or about 0.5 mg/kg to
about 50 mg/kg. When the compounds described herein are
co-administered with another agent or therapy, the effective amount
may be less than when the agent is used alone.
[0091] Transdermal formulations may be prepared by incorporating
the active agent in a thixotropic or gelatinous carrier such as a
cellulosic medium, e.g., methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl
cellulose, with the resulting formulation then being packed in a
transdermal device adapted to be secured in dermal contact with the
skin of a wearer. If the composition is in the form of a gel, the
composition may be rubbed onto a membrane of the patient, for
example, the skin, preferably intact, clean, and dry skin, of the
shoulder or upper arm and or the upper torso, and maintained
thereon for a period of time sufficient for delivery of the
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative to the blood serum of the
patient. The composition of the present invention in gel form may
be contained in a tube, a sachet, or a metered pump. Such a tube or
sachet may contain one unit dose, or more than one unit dose, of
the composition. A metered pump may be capable of dispensing one
metered dose of the composition.
[0092] This invention also provides the compositions as described
above for intranasal administration. As such, the compositions can
further comprise a permeation enhancer. Southall et al.
Developments in Nasal Drug Delivery, 2000. The monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) derivative may be administered intranasally in a
liquid form such as a solution, an emulsion, a suspension, drops,
or in a solid form such as a powder, gel, or ointment. Devices to
deliver intranasal medications are well known in the art. Nasal
drug delivery can be carried out using devices including, but not
limited to, intranasal inhalers, intranasal spray devices,
atomizers, nasal spray bottles, unit dose containers, pumps,
droppers, squeeze bottles, nebulizers, metered dose inhalers (MDI),
pressurized dose inhalers, insufflators, and bi-directional
devices. The nasal delivery device can be metered to administer an
accurate effective dosage amount to the nasal cavity. The nasal
delivery device can be for single unit delivery or multiple unit
delivery. In a specific example, the ViaNase Electronic Atomizer
from Kurve Technology (Bethell, Wash.) can be used in this
invention (http://www.kurvetech.com). The compounds of the present
invention may also be delivered through a tube, a catheter, a
syringe, a packtail, a pledget, a nasal tampon or by submucosal
infusion. U.S. Patent Publication Nos. 20090326275, 20090291894,
20090281522 and 20090317377.
[0093] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative can be
formulated as aerosols using standard procedures. The monoterpene
(or sesquiterpene) derivative may be formulated with or without
solvents, and formulated with or without carriers. The formulation
may be a solution, or may be an aqueous emulsion with one or more
surfactants. For example, an aerosol spray may be generated from
pressurized container with a suitable propellant such as,
dichlorodifluoromethane, trichlorofluoromethane,
dichlorotetrafluoroethane, hydrocarbons, compressed air, nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, or other suitable gas. The dosage unit can be
determined by providing a valve to deliver a metered amount. Pump
spray dispensers can dispense a metered dose or a dose having a
specific particle or droplet size. As used herein, the term
"aerosol" refers to a suspension of fine solid particles or liquid
solution droplets in a gas. Specifically, aerosol includes a
gas-borne suspension of droplets of a monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene), as may be produced in any suitable device, such as
an MDI, a nebulizer, or a mist sprayer. Aerosol also includes a dry
powder composition of the composition of the instant invention
suspended in air or other carrier gas. Gonda (1990) Critical
Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems 6:273-313. Raeburn et
al., (1992) Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods 27:143-159.
[0094] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative may be
delivered to the nasal cavity as a powder in a form such as
microspheres delivered by a nasal insufflator. The monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) derivative may be absorbed to a solid surface, for
example, a carrier. The powder or microspheres may be administered
in a dry, air-dispensable form. The powder or microspheres may be
stored in a container of the insufflator. Alternatively the powder
or microspheres may be filled into a capsule, such as a gelatin
capsule, or other single dose unit adapted for nasal
administration.
[0095] The pharmaceutical composition can be delivered to the nasal
cavity by direct placement of the composition in the nasal cavity,
for example, in the form of a gel, an ointment, a nasal emulsion, a
lotion, a cream, a nasal tampon, a dropper, or a bioadhesive strip.
In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to prolong the
residence time of the pharmaceutical composition in the nasal
cavity, for example, to enhance absorption. Thus, the
pharmaceutical composition can optionally be formulated with a
bioadhesive polymer, a gum (e.g., xanthan gum), chitosan (e.g.,
highly purified cationic polysaccharide), pectin (or any
carbohydrate that thickens like a gel or emulsifies when applied to
nasal mucosa), a microsphere (e.g., starch, albumin, dextran,
cyclodextrin), gelatin, a liposome, carbamer, polyvinyl alcohol,
alginate, acacia, chitosans and/or cellulose (e.g., methyl or
propyl; hydroxyl or carboxy; carboxymethyl or hydroxylpropyl).
[0096] The composition containing the purified monoterpene (or
sesquiterpene) can be administered by oral inhalation into the
respiratory tract, i.e., the lungs.
[0097] Typical delivery systems for inhalable agents include
nebulizer inhalers, dry powder inhalers (DPI), and metered-dose
inhalers (MDI).
[0098] Nebulizer devices produce a stream of high velocity air that
causes a therapeutic agent in the form of liquid to spray as a
mist. The therapeutic agent is formulated in a liquid form such as
a solution or a suspension of particles of suitable size. In one
embodiment, the particles are micronized. The term "micronized" is
defined as having about 90% or more of the particles with a
diameter of less than about 10 .mu.m. Suitable nebulizer devices
are provided commercially, for example, by PARI GmbH (Starnberg,
Germany). Other nebulizer devices include Respimat (Boehringer
Ingelheim) and those disclosed in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos.
7,568,480 and 6,123,068, and WO 97/12687. The monoterpenes (or
sesquiterpenes) can be formulated for use in a nebulizer device as
an aqueous solution or as a liquid suspension.
[0099] DPI devices typically administer a therapeutic agent in the
form of a free flowing powder that can be dispersed in a patient's
air-stream during inspiration. DPI devices which use an external
energy source may also be used in the present invention. In order
to achieve a free flowing powder, the therapeutic agent can be
formulated with a suitable excipient (e.g., lactose). A dry powder
formulation can be made, for example, by combining dry lactose
having a particle size between about 1 .mu.m and 100 .mu.m with
micronized particles of the monoterpenes (or sesquiterpenes) and
dry blending. Alternatively, the monoterpene can be formulated
without excipients. The formulation is loaded into a dry powder
dispenser, or into inhalation cartridges or capsules for use with a
dry powder delivery device. Examples of DPI devices provided
commercially include Diskhaler (GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle
Park, N.C.) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,035,237); Diskus
(GlaxoSmithKline) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,378,519; Turbuhaler
(AstraZeneca, Wilmington, Del.) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No.
4,524,769); and Rotahaler (GlaxoSmithKline) (see, e.g., U.S. Pat.
No. 4,353,365). Further examples of suitable DPI devices are
described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,415,162, 5,239,993, and 5,715,810 and
references therein.
[0100] MDI devices typically discharge a measured amount of
therapeutic agent using compressed propellant gas. Formulations for
MDI administration include a solution or suspension of active
ingredient in a liquefied propellant. Examples of propellants
include hydrofluoroalklanes (HFA), such as
1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFA 134a) and
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoro-n-propane, (HFA 227), and
chlorofluorocarbons, such as CCl.sub.3F. Additional components of
HFA formulations for MDI administration include co-solvents, such
as ethanol, pentane, water; and surfactants, such as sorbitan
trioleate, oleic acid, lecithin, and glycerin. (See, for example,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,225,183, EP 0717987, and WO 92/22286). The
formulation is loaded into an aerosol canister, which forms a
portion of an MDI device. Examples of MDI devices developed
specifically for use with HFA propellants are provided in U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,006,745 and 6,143,227. For examples of processes of
preparing suitable formulations and devices suitable for inhalation
dosing see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,268,533, 5,983,956, 5,874,063, and
6,221,398, and WO 99/53901, WO 00/61108, WO 99/55319 and WO
00/30614.
[0101] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative may be
encapsulated in liposomes or microcapsules for delivery via
inhalation. A liposome is a vesicle composed of a lipid bilayer
membrane and an aqueous interior. The lipid membrane may be made of
phospholipids, examples of which include phosphatidylcholine such
as lecithin and lysolecithin; acidic phospholipids such as
phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylglycerol; and
sphingophospholipids such as phosphatidylethanolamine and
sphingomyelin. Alternatively, cholesterol may be added. A
microcapsule is a particle coated with a coating material. For
example, the coating material may consist of a mixture of a
film-forming polymer, a hydrophobic plasticizer, a surface
activating agent or/and a lubricant nitrogen-containing polymer.
U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,313,176 and 7,563,768.
[0102] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative may also be
used alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutic agents via
topical application for the treatment of localized cancers such as
breast cancer or melanomas. The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene)
derivative may also be used in combination with narcotics or
analgesics for transdermal delivery of pain medication.
[0103] This invention also provides the compositions as described
above for ocular administration. As such, the compositions can
further comprise a permeation enhancer. For ocular administration,
the compositions described herein can be formulated as a solution,
emulsion, suspension, etc. A variety of vehicles suitable for
administering compounds to the eye are known in the art. Specific
non-limiting examples are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,261,547;
6,197,934; 6,056,950; 5,800,807; 5,776,445; 5,698,219; 5,521,222;
5,403,841; 5,077,033; 4,882,150; and 4,738,851.
[0104] The monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative can be given
alone or in combination with other drugs for the treatment of the
above diseases for a short or prolonged period of time. The present
compositions can be administered to a mammal, preferably a human.
Mammals include, but are not limited to, murines, rats, rabbit,
simians, bovines, ovine, porcine, canines, feline, farm animals,
sport animals, pets, equine, and primates.
[0105] The invention also provides a method for inhibiting the
growth of a cell in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo, where a cell, such
as a cancer cell, is contacted with an effective amount of the
monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative as described herein.
[0106] Pathological cells or tissue such as hyperproliferative
cells or tissue may be treated by contacting the cells or tissue
with an effective amount of a composition of this invention. The
cells, such as cancer cells, can be primary cancer cells or can be
cultured cells available from tissue banks such as the American
Type Culture Collection (ATCC). The pathological cells can be cells
of a systemic cancer, gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, or
a CNS metastasis from a systemic cancer, lung cancer, prostate
cancer, breast cancer, hematopoietic cancer or ovarian cancer. The
cells can be from a vertebrate, preferably a mammal, more
preferably a human. U.S. Patent Publication No. 2004/0087651.
Balassiano et al. (2002) Intern. J. Mol. Med. 10:785-788. Thorne,
et al. (2004) Neuroscience 127:481-496. Fernandes, et al. (2005)
Oncology Reports 13:943-947. Da Fonseca, et al. (2008) Surgical
Neurology 70:259267. Da Fonseca, et al. (2008) Arch. Immunol. Ther.
Exp. 56:267-276. Hashizume, et al. (2008) Neuroncology
10:112-120.
[0107] In vitro efficacy of the present composition can be
determined using methods well known in the art. For example, the
cytoxicity of the present monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) and/or the
therapeutic agents may be studied by MTT
[3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide]
cytotoxicity assay. MTT assay is based on the principle of uptake
of MTT, a tetrazolium salt, by metabolically active cells where it
is metabolized into a blue colored formazon product, which can be
read spectrometrically. J. of Immunological Methods 65: 55 63,
1983. The cytoxicity of the present monoterpene (or sesquiterpene)
derivative and/or the therapeutic agents may be studied by colony
formation assay. Functional assays for inhibition of VEGF secretion
and IL-8 secretion may be performed via ELISA. Cell cycle block by
the present monoterpene (or sesquiterpene) derivative and/or the
therapeutic agents may be studied by standard propidium iodide (PI)
staining and flow cytometry. Invasion inhibition may be studied by
Boyden chambers. In this assay a layer of reconstituted basement
membrane, Matrigel, is coated onto chemotaxis filters and acts as a
barrier to the migration of cells in the Boyden chambers. Only
cells with invasive capacity can cross the Matrigel barrier. Other
assays include, but are not limited to cell viability assays,
apoptosis assays, and morphological assays.
[0108] The following are examples of the present invention and are
not to be construed as limiting.
EXAMPLES
Example 1
Synthesis of Dimethyl Celecoxib bisPOH Carbamate
(4-(bis-N,N'-4-isopropenyl cyclohex-1-enylmethyloxy
carbonyl[5-(2,5-dimethyl phenyl)-3-trifluoromethyl
pyrazol-1-yl]benzenesulfonamide)
[0109] The reaction scheme is the following:
##STR00041##
[0110] Phosgene (20% in toluene, 13 ml, 26.2 mmol) was added to a
mixture of perillyl alcohol (2.0 grams, 13.1 mmol) and potassium
carbonate (5.4 grams, 39.1 mmol) in dry toluene (30 mL) over a
period of 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature between
10.degree. C. to 15.degree. C. The reaction mixture was allowed to
warm to room temperature and stirred for 8.0 hours under N.sub.2.
The reaction mixture was quenched with water (30 mL) and the
organic layer was separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with
toluene (20 mL) and the combined organic layer was washed with
water (50 mL.times.2), brine (15%, 30 mL) and dried over sodium
sulfate (20 grams). The filtered organic layer was concentrated
under vacuum to give perillyl chloroformate as an oil. Weight: 2.5
grams; Yield: 89%. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 1.5
(m, 1H), 1.7 (s, 3H), 1.8 (m, 1H), 2.0 (m, 1H), 2.2 (m, 4H), 4.7
(dd, 4H); 5.87 (m, 1H).
[0111] Perillyl chloroformate (0.11 grams, 0.55 mmol) was added
slowly to a mixture of dimethyl celecoxib (0.2 grams, 0.50 mmol)
and potassium carbonate (0.13 grams, 1.0 mmol) in dry acetone (10
mL) over a period of 5 minutes under N.sub.2. The reaction mixture
was heated to reflux and maintained for 3 hours. Since TLC analysis
indicated the presence of dimethyl celecoxib (>60%), another 1.0
equivalent of perillyl chloroformate was added and refluxed for an
additional 5 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled and acetone was
concentrated under vacuum to give a residue.
[0112] The resulting residue was suspended in water (15 mL) and
extracted with ethyl acetate (3.times.15 mL). The combined organic
layer was washed with water (20 mL) followed by brine (15%, 20 mL)
and dried over sodium sulfate. The filtered organic layer was
concentrated under vacuum to give a residue which was purified by
column chromatography [column dimensions: diameter: 1.5 cm, height:
10 cm, silica: 230-400 mesh] and eluted with hexanes (100 mL)
followed by a mixture of hexanes/ethyl acetate (95:5, 100 mL). The
hexane/ethyl acetate fractions were combined and concentrated under
vacuum to give a gummy mass.
[0113] The product POH carbamate exhibited a weight of 120 mg and a
yield of 31%. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 0.9 (m,
2H), 1.4 (m, 2H), 1.7 (m, 7H*), 1.95 (m, 8H*), 2.1 (m, 4H), 2.3 (s,
3H), 4.4 (d, 2H), 4.7 (dd, 2H), 5.6 (br d, 2H), 6.6 (s, 1H), 7.0
(br s, 1H), 7.12 (d, 1H), 7.19 (d, 1H), 7.4 (d, 2H), 7.85 (d, 2H);
MS, m/e: 751.8 (M.sup.+ 3%), 574.3 (100%), 530.5 (45%), 396 (6%). *
N.B. further 2H overlapping from presumed impurity discounted in
NMR integration.
Example 2
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Dimethyl Celecoxib bisPOH
Carbamate (POH-DMC)
[0114] First cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with dimethyl-celecoxib (DMC) alone. FIG. 1 shows the
results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on human malignant
glioma cells U87, A172 and U251 with DMC alone.
[0115] Then U87, A172 and U251 cells were treated with dimethyl
celecoxib bisPOH carbamate (POH-DMC) (e.g., synthesized by the
method in Example 1), and the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed
(FIG. 2). The results suggest that POH carbamate POH-DMC exhibited
much better cytotoxicity than DMC alone.
Example 3
Synthesis of Temozolomide POH Carbamate (3-methyl
4-oxo-3,4-dihydroimidazo[5,1-d][1,2,3,5]tetrazine-8-carbonyl)-carbamic
acid-4-isopropenyl cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester)
[0116] The reaction scheme is the following:
##STR00042##
[0117] Oxalyl chloride (0.13 grams, 1.0 mmol) was added slowly to a
mixture of temozolomide (OChem Incorporation, 0.1 grams, 0.5 mmol)
in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL) over a period of 2 minutes while
maintaining the temperature at 10.degree. C. under N.sub.2. The
reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and then
heated to reflux for 3 hours. The excess of oxalyl chloride and
1,2-dichloroethane were removed by concentration under vacuum. The
resulting residue was re-dissolved in 1,2-dichlorethane (15 mL) and
the reaction mixture was cooled to 10.degree. C. under N.sub.2. A
solution of perillyl alcohol (0.086 grams, 0.56 mmol) in
1,2-dichloroethane (3 mL) was added over a period of 5 minutes. The
reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and
stirred for 14 hours. 1,2-dichloroethane was concentrated under
vacuum to give a residue, which was triturated with hexanes. The
resulting yellow solid was filtered and washed with hexanes.
Weight: 170 mg; Yield: 89%. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3):
.delta. 1.4-2.2 (m, 10H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 4.6-4.8 (m, 4H), 5.88 (br
s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 9.31 (br s, 1H); MS, no molecular ion peak
was observed. m/e: 314 (100%), 286.5 (17%), 136 (12%).
[0118] Alternatively, temozolomide POH carbamate was synthesized
according to the following procedure. Oxalyl chloride (0.13 grams,
1.0 mmol) was added slowly to a mixture of temozolomide (OChem
Incorporation, 0.1 grams, 0.5 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (10 mL)
over a period of 2 minutes while maintaining the temperature at
10.degree. C. under N.sub.2. The reaction mixture was allowed to
warm to room temperature and then heated to reflux for 3 hours. The
excess of oxalyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethane were removed by
concentration under vacuum. The resulting residue was re-dissolved
in 1,2-dichlorethane (15 mL) and the reaction mixture was cooled to
10.degree. C. under N.sub.2. A solution of perillyl alcohol (0.086
grams, 0.56 mmol) in 1,2-dichloroethane (3 mL) was added over a
period of 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to
room temperature and stirred for 14 hours. 1,2-Dichloroethane was
concentrated under vacuum to give a residue, which was purified by
a short silica-plug column (column dimensions: diameter: 2 cm,
height: 3 cm, silica: 230-400 mesh) and eluted with a mixture of
hexanes/ethyl acetate (1:1, 100 mL). The hexane/ethyl acetate
fractions were combined and concentrated under vacuum to give a
white solid residue which was triturated with heptanes and filtered
to obtain a white solid. Weight: 170 mg; Yield: 89%. .sup.1H-NMR
(400 MHz, CDCl3): 1.4-2.2 (m, 10H), 4.06 (s, 3H), 4.6-4.8 (m, 4H),
5.88 (br s, 1H), 8.42 (s, 1H), 9.31 (br s, 1H); MS, no molecular
ion peak was observed, m/e: 314 (100%), 286.5 (17%), 136 (12%).
Example 4
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide POH Carbamate
(POH-TMZ)
[0119] First cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with temozolomide (TMZ) alone, the standard alkylating
agent used in the treatment of malignant gliomas. FIG. 3 shows the
results of the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on human malignant
glioma cells U87, A172 and U251 with TMZ alone. Increasing
concentrations of TMZ had minimal cytotoxicity towards the cell
lines tested.
[0120] Then TMZ-resistant glioma cell lines U87, A172 and U251
cells were treated with temozolomide POH carbamate (POH-TMZ) (e.g.,
synthesized by the method in Example 3). The MTT assay results
(FIG. 4) showed that POH carbamate POH-TMZ exhibited substantially
higher kill rates of the various human glioma cells compared to TMZ
alone.
Example 5
Synthesis of Rolipram POH Carbamate (4-(3-cyclopentyloxy-4-methoxy
phenyl)-2-oxo-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylic acid 4-isopropenyl
cyclohex-1-enylmethyl ester)
[0121] The reaction scheme is the following:
##STR00043##
[0122] Phosgene (20% in toluene, 13 ml, 26.2 mmol) was added to a
mixture of perillyl alcohol (2.0 grams, 13.1 mmol) and potassium
carbonate (5.4 grams, 39.1 mmol) in dry toluene (30 mL) over a
period of 30 minutes while maintaining the temperature between
10.degree. C. to 15.degree. C. The reaction mixture was allowed to
warm to room temperature and stirred for 8.0 hours under N.sub.2.
The reaction mixture was quenched with water (30 mL) and the
organic layer separated. The aqueous layer was extracted with
toluene (20 mL) and the combined organic layer washed with water
(50 mL.times.2), brine (15%, 30 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate
(20 grams). The filtered organic layer was concentrated under
vacuum to give perillyl chloroformate as an oil. Weight: 2.5 grams;
Yield: 89%. .sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 1.5 (m, 1H),
1.7 (s, 3H), 1.8 (m, 1H), 2.0 (m, 1H), 2.2 (m, 4H), 4.7 (dd, 4H);
5.87 (m, 1H).
[0123] Butyl lithium (2.5 M, 0.18 mL, 0.45 mmol) was added to a
solution of rolipram (GL synthesis, Inc., 0.1 grams, 0.36 mmol) in
dry THF at -72.degree. C. over a period of 5 minutes under N.sub.2.
After the reaction mixture was stirred for 1.0 hours at -72.degree.
C., perillyl chloroformate (dissolved in 4 mL THF) was added over a
period of 15 minutes while maintaining the temperature at
-72.degree. C. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2.5 hours and
quenched with saturated ammonium chloride (5 mL). The reaction
mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and extracted with
ethyl acetate (2.times.15 mL). The combined organic layer was
washed with water (15 mL), brine (15%, 15 mL), and then dried over
sodium sulfate. The filtered organic layer was concentrated to give
an oil which was purified by column chromatography [column
dimensions: diameter: 1.5 cm, height: 10 cm, silica: 230-400 mesh]
and eluted with a mixture of 8% ethyl acetate/hexanes (100 mL)
followed by 12% ethyl acetate/hexanes (100 mL). The 12% ethyl
acetate/hexanes fractions were combined and concentrated under
vacuum to yield a gummy solid. Weight: 142 mg; Yield: 86%.
.sup.1H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3): .delta. 1.5 (m, 1H), 1.6 (m,
2H), 1.7 (s, 3H), 1.9 (m, 6H), 2.2 (m, 5H), 2.7 (m, 1H), 2.9 (m,
1H), 3.5 (m, 1H), 3.7 (m, 1H), 3.8 (s, 3H), 4.2 (m, 1H), 4.7 (m,
6H), 5.8 (br s, 1H), 6.8 (m, 3H); MS, m/e: 452.1 (M.sup.+1 53%),
274.1 (100%), 206.0 (55%).
Example 6
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Rolipram POH Carbamate
(POH-Rolipram)
[0124] To compare the cytotoxicity of Rolipram POH Carbamate
(POH-Rolipram) (e.g., synthesized by the method in Example 5) with
rolipram, a type IV phosphodiesterase inducing differentiation and
apoptosis in glioma cells, A172, U87, U251 and LN229 human glioma
cells were treated with either POH-Rolipram or rolipram for 48
hours. The MTT assay results are shown in FIGS. 5 to 8.
POH-Rolipram exhibited substantially higher kill rates compared to
rolipram alone for each of the several different human glioma cell
types. FIG. 5 shows the MTT assay for increasing concentrations of
rolipram and POH-rolipram for A-172 cells. Rolipram alone
demonstrates an IC50 of approximately 1000 uM (1 mM). In the
presence of POH-rolipram, IC50 is achieved at concentrations as low
as 50 uM. FIG. 6 shows the MTT assay for increasing concentrations
of rolipram with U-87 cells. IC50 is not met at 1000 uM. On the
other hand, IC50 iss achieved at 180 uM with POH-rolipram. FIG. 7
shows that IC50 for rolipram alone for U251 cells is achieved at
170 uM; plateau cytotoxicity is reached at 60%. POH-rolipram
achieves IC50 at 50 uM, with almost 100% cytoxicity at 100 uM. FIG.
8 shows that IC50 for rolipram alone for LN229 cells is not
achieved even at 100 uM. On the other hand, IC50 for POH-rolipram
is achieved at 100 uM, with almost 100% cytotoxicity at 10 uM.
Example 7
In Vivo Tumor Growth Inhibition by POH Fatty Acid Derivatives
[0125] Inhibition of tumor growth by butyryl-POH was studied in a
nude mouse subcutaneous glioma model. Mice were injected with U-87
glioma cells (500,000 cells/injection) and allowed to form a
palpable nodule over two weeks. Once palpable nodule was formed,
the mice were treated with local application of various compounds
as indicated in FIGS. 9A and 9B via a Q-tip (1 cc/application/day)
over a period of 8 weeks. FIG. 9A shows the images of subcutaneous
U-87 gliomas in nude mice treated with butyryl-POH, purified
(S)-perillyl alcohol having a purity greater than 98.5% ("purified
POH"), POH purchased from Sigma chemicals, or phosphate buffered
saline (PBS; negative control). FIG. 9B shows average tumor growth
over time (total time period of 60 days). Butyryl-POH demonstrated
the greatest inhibition of tumor growth, followed by purified POH
and Sigma POH.
Example 8
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide (TMZ) and
Temozolomide POH Carbamate (POH-TMZ) on TMZ Sensitive and Resistant
Glioma Cells
[0126] Colony forming assays were carried out after cells were
treated with TMZ alone, POH alone, and the TMZ-POH conjugate. The
colony forming assays were carried out as described in Chen T C, et
al. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate enhances therapeutic
efficacy of temozolomide in orthotopic mouse glioblastoma models.
Cancer Lett. 2011 Mar. 28; 302(2):100-8. FIG. 10 shows the results
of the colony forming assays performed on TMZ sensitive (U251) and
TMZ resistant (U251TR) U251 cells with TMZ or TMZ-POH. TMZ
demonstrated cytotoxicity towards TMZ sensitive U251 cells, but had
minimal cytotoxicity towards TMZ resistant U251 cells. TMZ-POH
demonstrated cytotoxicity towards both TMZ sensitive and TMZ
resistant U251 cells.
[0127] FIG. 11 shows the results of the colony forming assays
performed on TMZ sensitive (U251) and TMZ resistant (U251TR) U251
cells with POH. POH demonstrated cytotoxicity towards both TMZ
sensitive and TMZ resistant U251 cells. POH-TMZ (FIG. 10) exhibited
substantially greater potency compared to POH alone (FIG. 11) in
the colony forming assays.
Example 9
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide POH Carbamate
(POH-TMZ) on U251 Cells, U251TR Cells, and Normal Astrocytes
[0128] MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with the TMZ-POH conjugate. The MTT cytotoxicity assays
were carried out as described in Chen T C, et al. Green tea
epigallocatechin gallate enhances therapeutic efficacy of
temozolomide in orthotopic mouse glioblastoma models. Cancer Lett.
2011 Mar. 28; 302(2):100-8. FIG. 12 shows the results of the MTT
cytotoxicity assays performed on TMZ sensitive cells (U251), TMZ
resistant cells (U251TR) and normal astrocytes. TMZ-POH
demonstrated cytotoxicity towards both TMZ sensitive and TMZ
resistant U251 cells, but not towards normal astrocytes.
Example 10
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide POH Carbamate
(POH-TMZ) on BEC, TuBEC, and Normal Astrocytes
[0129] MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with the TMZ-POH conjugate. The MTT cytotoxicity assays
were carried out as described in Chen T C, et al. Green tea
epigallocatechin gallate enhances therapeutic efficacy of
temozolomide in orthotopic mouse glioblastoma models. Cancer Lett.
2011 Mar. 28; 302(2):100-8. FIG. 13 shows the results of the MTT
cytotoxicity assays performed on normal astrocytes, brain
endothelial cells (BEC; confluent and subconfluent), and tumor
brain endothelial cells (TuBEC). TMZ-POH did not induce significant
cytotoxicity on normal astrocytes, confluent BEC, or TuBEC. Mild to
moderate cytotoxicity was demonstrated in subconfluent BEC at high
concentrations of TMZ-POH.
Example 11
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide (TMZ) and
Temozolomide POH Carbamate (POH-TMZ) on USC-04 Glioma Cancer Stem
Cells
[0130] MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with the TMZ alone, POH alone, or the TMZ-POH conjugate.
The MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out as described in Chen T
C, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate enhances therapeutic
efficacy of temozolomide in orthotopic mouse glioblastoma models.
Cancer Lett. 2011 Mar. 28; 302(2):100-8. FIG. 14 shows the results
of the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on USC-04 glioma cancer
stem cells. TMZ did not induce significant cytotoxicity with
increasing concentrations (0-400 uM). TMZ-POH demonstrated evidence
of cytotoxicity with 1050 at 150 uM. FIG. 15 shows the results of
the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on USC-04 glioma cancer stem
cells treated with POH. POH demonstrated cytotoxicity on USC-04
with increasing concentrations (0-2 mM).
Example 12
In Vitro Cytotoxicity Studies of Temozolomide (TMZ) and
Temozolomide POH Carbamate (POH-TMZ) on USC-02 Glioma Cancer Stem
Cells
[0131] MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out after cells were
treated with the TMZ alone, POH alone, or the TMZ-POH conjugate.
The MTT cytotoxicity assays were carried out as described in Chen T
C, et al. Green tea epigallocatechin gallate enhances therapeutic
efficacy of temozolomide in orthotopic mouse glioblastoma models.
Cancer Lett. 2011 Mar. 28; 302(2):100-8. FIG. 16 shows the results
of the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on USC-02 glioma cancer
stem cells. TMZ did not induce significant cytotoxicity with
increasing concentrations (0-400 uM). TMZ-POH demonstrated evidence
of cytotoxicity with 1050 at 60 uM. FIG. 17 shows the results of
the MTT cytotoxicity assays performed on USC-02 glioma cancer stem
cells treated with POH. POH demonstrated cytotoxicity on USC-02
with increasing concentrations (0-2 mM).
Example 13
In Vitro Studies of ER stress by Temozolomide POH Carbamate
(POH-TMZ) on TMZ Sensitive and Resistant Glioma Cells
[0132] Western blots were performed after TMZ sensitive and
resistant glioma cells were treated with the TMZ-POH conjugate for
18 hr. FIG. 18 shows a western blot demonstrating that TMZ-POH
induces ER stress (ERS) in TMZ sensitive and resistant U251 glioma
cells. Activation of the proapoptic protein CHOP was shown at
concentrations as low as 60 uM of TMZ-POH.
Example 14
In Vitro and In Vivo Studies POH-Rolipram
[0133] In this example, POH-Rolipram is also referred to as
NEO214.
[0134] Three different established glioblastoma cell lines were
exposed to this NEO214, and then the viability of these cells were
measured 48 hours later. As shown in FIG. 19, increasing
concentrations of NEO214 exerted strong cytotoxic activity against
all three cell lines, with an IC50 (i.e., concentration that kills
50% of cells) in the range of 40-60 micromolar. NEO214 was
similarly potent against all three cell lines, which is noteworthy
in light of the fact that one of these cell lines, T98G, is known
to be highly chemoresistant against the commonly used brain cancer
drug, temozolomide, due to the overexpression of a DNA repair
protein called MGMT (O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase).
[0135] The observed tumor-cell killing activity of NEO214 was then
compared to the activity of its individual components. Different
glioblastoma cells were treated with increasing concentrations of
NEO214, rolipram, POH, or rolipram mixed with POH (or rolipram plus
POH, noted as R+P). After 48 hours, cell viability was measured via
MTT assay. As shown in FIGS. 20A-20D, NEO214 was by far the most
cytotoxic treatment and killed these cancer cells much more
effectively than either rolipram, or POH, or a mix of the two
individual agents.
[0136] Intriguingly, NEO214 was equally effective in chemoresistant
cells: U251TR cells (FIG. 20B) and LN229TR cells (FIG. 20D) are
sublines derived from U251 cells (FIG. 20A) and LN229 cells (FIG.
20C) that are highly resistant against the chemotherapeutic effect
of temozolomide, the standard treatment for malignant glioma. Yet,
as shown, NEO214 was very effective against these cells as
well.
[0137] T98G glioblastoma cells, which are well-characterized
temozolomide-resistant cells, were treated with increasing
concentrations of NEO214, or with POH alone, rolipram alone, or a
mix of rolipram plus POH (R+P). After 48 hours, cell viability was
measured via MTT assay. As shown in FIG. 21, NEO214 was highly
effective in these cells, despite their drug resistance status. As
well, NEO214 was substantially more effective than its individual
components (rolipram alone or POH alone) or a mix of its components
(rolipram plus POH).
[0138] The results shown in FIGS. 19-21 were derived from
short-term experiments, where the tumoricidal effects of NEO214
were investigated within a 48-hour time frame. The long-term
effects of treatment with NEO214 were also performed by performing
experiments to determine whether tumor cells could withstand the
toxic effects of this compound and possible recover at a later
time, after NEO214 was removed from the cell culture medium.
Towards this goal, colony-formation assays were performed to
investigate whether NEO214-treated cells could recover within two
weeks after an initial 48-hour treatment with this agent. T98G and
LN18 are glioblastoma cells that are resistant against treatment
with temozolomide, the current chemotherapeutic standard of care of
patients with glioblastoma. U251 and LN229 are glioblastoma cell
lines; U251 TR and LN229TR are sublines that are highly resistant
against temozolomide. All the cell lines were treated with
increasing concentrations of NEO214, or with POH alone, rolipram
alone, or a mix of rolipram plus POH (R+P). After 48 hours, the
drugs were removed and the cells received fresh medium without any
drugs added. The cells were left undisturbed for 12 days, after
which time the number of newly formed colonies was determined. The
number of colonies from those cultures that had not received any
drugs, or had received vehicle only, was set at 100%. As shown in
FIGS. 22A-22B and 23A-23D, NEO214 was highly effective in all of
these cell lines, despite their drug resistance status. As well,
NEO214 was substantially more effective than its individual
components (rolipram alone or POH alone) or a mix of its components
(rolipram plus POH). FIGS. 22A-B and 23A-23D also show that, in
fact, none of the tumor cells was able to recover from NEO214
treatment. The IC50 (i.e., the concentration that kills 50% of the
cells) of NEO214 was somewhat lower in this long-term investigation
(2 weeks) of drug effects, as compared to the experiments shown in
FIGS. 19-21 (48 hours). Here, the IC50 of NEO214 ranged from about
30 to 55 micromolar.
[0139] It is noteworthy that in these long-term experiments (2
weeks) shown in FIGS. 22A-22B and 23A-23D, tumor cell survival
after treatment with NEO214 at sufficient concentration dropped all
the way to zero, meaning that no tumor cells were able to survive
treatment with NEO214 in the long term. As well, as observed before
in FIGS. 19-21, highly chemoresistant cells were as effectively
killed by NEO214, as were their more chemosensitive counterparts.
LN18 and T98G cells (FIGS. 22A-B) are chemoresistant due to the
overexpression of the DNA repair protein MGMT, whereas U251TR and
LN229TR cells (FIGS. 23B, 23D) are chemoresistant based on other
cellular resistance mechanisms. This latter observation indicates
that NEO214 may exert potency against tumor cells that have
developed different mechanisms of conventional drug resistance.
[0140] The potent tumor cell killing ability of NEO214 was further
confirmed by cell death ELISA assays, which quantitate the extent
of programmed cell death/apoptosis. U251 glioblastoma cells as well
as chemo-resistant glioblastoma lines U251TR and T98G were treated
with increasing concentrations of NEO214 for 24 hours. Then, cell
death ELISA was performed to determine the percentage of dead and
dying cells. The results from these assays, as shown in FIG.
24A-24C, validate the strong potency of NEO214 to kill glioblastoma
cells, including the chemoresistant lines U215TR and T98G. As well,
FIGS. 24A-24C shows that NEO214 is vastly more potent than
rolipram, which does not exert any cytotoxic effects at similar
concentrations.
[0141] An important consideration for the clinical efficacy of any
cancer drug is its tolerability, i.e., its ability to kill the
intended tumor target, but not healthy normal organs. The
specificity of NEO 214 for tumor cells were investigated by
exposing normal cells derived from the human brain to this
compound. In particular, normal human astrocytes and brain
endothelial cells (BEC) were exposed to increasing concentrations
of NEO214 or rolipram for 72 hours. In parallel, U251 glioblastoma
cells were also used. As shown in FIGS. 25A-25B, NEO214 potently
killed the U251 tumor cells (with an IC50 of 50 micromolar, and 100
micromolar NEO214 killed >90% of the tumor cells), but had not
toxic effect on the normal cells (astrocytes, BEC) even at
concentrations as high as 200 micromolar. In comparison, rolipram
had no toxic effect on any of these cells, neither the normal cells
nor the tumor cells. This result demonstrates that NEO214 is highly
selective: it kills tumor cells very effectively, but spares normal
cells, such as astrocytes or cells of the tumor vasculature.
[0142] Further studies were performed to investigate which
molecular components and intracellular pathways of cancer cells are
targeted by NEO214. To this end, response of six cellular processes
that are critically involved in controlling cell growth, cell death
and survival, as well as overall cellular functioning and integrity
were studied: (i) Cell cycle, as represented by its key components
cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin E; (ii) Mitogenic control, as
exerted by Akt/PKB (protein kinase B), MEK (mitogen-activated
protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase),
P70S6K (S6 protein kinase), and S6RP (S6 ribosomal protein); (iii)
Apoptosis, as indicated by PARP (poly ADP-ribose polymerase) and
caspase 7 (C7); (iv) ER (endoplasmic reticulum) stress, as revealed
by GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein of molecular mass 78), GRP94,
CHOP (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein), and ATF3
(activating transcription factor 3); (v) Autophagy, as shown by LC3
(microtubule-associated protein 1A and 1B light chain) and p62
(SQSTM1); and (vi) DNA damage, as indicated by H2AX (histone 2A
family member X).
[0143] U251 glioblastoma cells were treated with increasing
concentrations of NEO214 for 24 hours. Thereafter, cellular lysates
were prepared and analyzed by Western blot with specific
antibodies. For cell cycle analysis, the following antibodies were
used: cyclin A, cyclin D1, and cyclin E. For mitogenic pathways,
antibodies that were specific for the phosphorylated form (i.e.,
the active form of the protein) of Akt, MEK, P70S6K, and S6RP were
used. In all cases, an antibody against actin was used as the
loading control to confirm equal amounts of protein used in each
lane. For apoptosis analysis, the following antibodies were used:
PARP (appearance of a second, lower band indicates initiation of
cell death) and cleaved caspase 7 (increased intensity indicates
that the cells are dying). For ER stress, we used antibodies
against GRP78, GRP94, CHOP, and ATF3; the increase in CHOP and ATF3
indicates the presence of pro-apoptotic ER stress. The presence of
DNA damage was verified by increased amounts of phosphorylated H2AX
(p-H2AX). Autophagy markers analyzed were LC3 and p62; the
appearance of a second, lower band of LC3 indicates increased
autophagic activity. In all cases, an antibody against actin was
used as the loading control to confirm equal amounts of protein
used in each lane.
[0144] As shown in FIG. 26, treatment of glioblastoma cells with
NEO214 resulted in the down-regulation of cyclin A and cyclin E,
and an increase in the expression of cyclin D. This result
indicates growth-inhibitory effects of NEO214 and arrest in the G1
phase of the cell cycle. Under the same treatment conditions, there
was prominent inhibition of MEK1/2 activity, as indicated by the
down-regulation of the phosphorylated (p-MEK, i.e., activated) form
of MEK, which reveals blockage of this key mitogenic pathway. There
was a weak enhancement of Akt activity (indicated by a slight
increase of its phosphorylated, p-Akt, form), and also an increase
in the phosphorylation (i.e., activity) of P70S6K and S6RP.
[0145] As shown in FIG. 27, treatment of glioblastoma cells with
NEO214 resulted cleavage of PARP (i.e., appearance of a second,
faster-migrating signal) and strong induction of cleaved C7, both
of which represent established indicators of ongoing cell
death/apoptosis. NEO214 also triggered severe endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) stress, as indicated by the increased expression of the ER
stress markers GRP78, CHOP, and ATF3. There was a weak induction of
autophagy, as revealed by the appearance of a faster-migrating
second signal for LC3. NEO214 also caused DNA damage, which is
indicated by the strong induction of the DNA damage marker p-H2AX.
Altogether, these results demonstrate potent impact of NEO214 on
several cellular processes that are key for maintaining cell
homeostasis.
[0146] The potency of NEO214 was compared to the potency of
rolipram. U251 glioblastoma cells were treated with increasing
concentrations of NEO214 or rolipram for 24 hours. Thereafter,
cellular lysates were prepared and analyzed by Western blot with
specific antibodies. As summarized in FIGS. 28-30, rolipram caused
some of the same effects as NEO214 on these various markers of
cellular homeostasis. However, NEO214 was strikingly more potent
than rolipram. For example, 50 .mu.M NEO214 was sufficient to
trigger activation (i.e., cleavage) of the cell death indicator C7,
whereas rolipram required more than 10-times higher concentrations
for the same effect (FIG. 28); the stress proteins CHOP and ATF3
were potently induced by NEO214 concentrations as low as 40 .mu.M,
whereas rolipram required 500 to 1,000 .mu.M for a similar outcome
(FIG. 29); in the case of the key mitotic stimulatory protein ERK,
50 .mu.M NEO214 caused complete inhibition, whereas 1,000 .mu.M
rolipram was unable to mimic this inhibitory effect (FIG. 30).
[0147] U251 glioblastoma cells were treated with NEO214 for
different lengths of time up to 24 hours. Thereafter, cellular
lysates were prepared and analyzed by Western blot with specific
antibodies. As shown in FIG. 31, the effects of NEO214 became
visible as early as 1 hour after the onset of treatment, and
increased in strength over the 24-hour time period.
[0148] Intriguingly, treatment of glioblastoma cells with NEO214
caused a prominent stimulation of expression of DR5 (death receptor
5), as seen in FIGS. 30 and 31. This is particularly noteworthy
because DR5 belongs to the superfamily of tumor necrosis factor
receptors (TNFRs), which trigger extrinsic apoptotic cell death
upon binding of ligands, such as TRAIL (TNF-related
apoptosis-inducing ligand). DR5, in its active form, is localized
at the cell surface, where it receives death-inducing signals, such
as TRAIL. U251 glioblastoma cells were treated either with vehicle
alone (left) or with 100 .mu.M NEO214 for 24 hours. Thereafter,
cells were stained in situ with an antibody against DR5. As shown,
NEO214 caused prominent induction of DR5 and presence of DR5 at the
surface of the cell. Treatment of glioblastoma cells with NEO214
(U251 glioblastoma cells were treated either with vehicle alone
(FIG. 32, left) or with 100 .mu.M NEO214 for 24 hours (FIG. 32,
right)) showed strongly increased cell surface localization of DR5.
Thereafter, cells were stained in situ with an antibody against
DR5. indicating the possibility that NEO214 might be able to
sensitize tumor cells to much further increased cell death upon
combination with the DR5 ligand TRAIL.
[0149] In summary, NEO214 exhibited striking in vitro anticancer
activity in several different tumor cell lines, including strongly
drug-resistant glioblastoma cells, and its tumor cell killing
potency is substantially greater than either of its individual
components, POH or Rolipram alone. It was also shown that NEO214
was not toxic to normal cells, which suggests that this compound
might be well tolerated by patients. Its mechanisms of action
appears to involve several key intracellular pathways. These
characteristics of NEO214 are desirable for providing effective
tumor cell killing by a multipronged, simultaneous attack of the
drug on several processes that are crucial for tumor cell
homeostasis.
[0150] The scope of the present invention is not limited by what
has been specifically shown and described hereinabove. Those
skilled in the art will recognize that there are suitable
alternatives to the depicted examples of materials, configurations,
constructions and dimensions. Numerous references, including
patents and various publications, are cited and discussed in the
description of this invention. The citation and discussion of such
references is provided merely to clarify the description of the
present invention and is not an admission that any reference is
prior art to the invention described herein. All references cited
and discussed in this specification are incorporated herein by
reference in their entirety. Variations, modifications and other
implementations of what is described herein will occur to those of
ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. While certain embodiments of the present
invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to
those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made
without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The
matter set forth in the foregoing description and accompanying
drawings is offered by way of illustration only and not as a
limitation.
* * * * *
References