U.S. patent application number 14/834597 was filed with the patent office on 2016-02-04 for compact and low loss y-junction for submicron silicon waveguide.
The applicant listed for this patent is Coriant Advanced Technology, LLC. Invention is credited to Thomas Wetteland Baehr-Jones, Michael J. Hochberg, Yang Liu, Yangjin Ma, Ruizhi Shi, Shuyu Yang, Yi Zhang.
Application Number | 20160033765 14/834597 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50974769 |
Filed Date | 2016-02-04 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160033765 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Liu; Yang ; et al. |
February 4, 2016 |
COMPACT AND LOW LOSS Y-JUNCTION FOR SUBMICRON SILICON WAVEGUIDE
Abstract
A compact, low-loss and wavelength insensitive Y-junction for
submicron silicon waveguides. The design was performed using FDTD
and particle swarm optimization (PSO). The device was fabricated in
a 248 nm CMOS line. Measured average insertion loss is 0.28.+-.0.02
dB across an 8-inch wafer. The device footprint is less than 1.2
.mu.m.times.2 .mu.m, orders of magnitude smaller than MMI and
directional couplers.
Inventors: |
Liu; Yang; (Elmhurst,
NY) ; Ma; Yangjin; (Brooklyn, NY) ; Shi;
Ruizhi; (New York, NY) ; Hochberg; Michael J.;
(New York, NY) ; Zhang; Yi; (Elkton, DE) ;
Yang; Shuyu; (Newark, DE) ; Baehr-Jones; Thomas
Wetteland; (Arcadia, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Coriant Advanced Technology, LLC |
New York |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50974769 |
Appl. No.: |
14/834597 |
Filed: |
August 25, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14093263 |
Nov 29, 2013 |
9217829 |
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14834597 |
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61731502 |
Nov 30, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
716/129 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 30/20 20200101;
G02B 6/125 20130101; G02B 6/1228 20130101; G02B 27/0012 20130101;
G02B 6/1223 20130101; G02B 2006/12038 20130101; G06F 30/394
20200101; G02B 6/107 20130101; G06F 30/23 20200101; G06N 3/126
20130101; G02B 2006/1215 20130101; G02B 6/2808 20130101; G02B
2006/12061 20130101 |
International
Class: |
G02B 27/00 20060101
G02B027/00; G02B 6/125 20060101 G02B006/125; G06F 17/50 20060101
G06F017/50; G02B 6/10 20060101 G02B006/10 |
Goverment Interests
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY FUNDED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] This invention was made with government support under Grant
No FA9550-10-1-0053 awarded by the Air Force Office of Scientific
Research (AFOSR). The government has certain rights in the
invention.
Claims
1-8. (canceled)
9. A method of designing a photonic device, the method comprising:
identifying fabrication design rules of a fabrication process;
generating an initial device design constrained by the fabrication
design rules; and iteratively optimizing a device design starting
with the initial device design.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein iteratively optimizing
the device design comprises: generating a smoothed geometry of the
device design; and simulating a functionality of the device
utilizing the smoothed geometry of the device design.
11. A method according to claim 10 wherein iteratively optimizing
the device design comprises utilizing particle swarm optimization
on the device design.
12. A method according to claim 10 wherein generating the smoothed
geometry of the device design comprises spline interpolation.
13. A method according to claim 10 wherein iteratively optimizing
the device design is performed in accordance with the fabrication
design rules.
14. A method according to claim 13 wherein the fabrication design
rules comprise a minimum feature size.
15. A method according to claim 10 wherein generating an initial
device design comprises determining a plurality of I/O ports and
segments along a direction of optical signal propagation, the
plurality of segments characterized by a corresponding respective
plurality of widths.
16. A method according to claim 15 wherein iteratively optimizing
the device design comprises utilizing an optimization algorithm on
the plurality of widths.
17. A method according to claim 16 wherein the optimization
algorithm comprises a particle swarm optimization algorithm.
18. A method according to claim 16 wherein the optimization
algorithm comprises a genetic algorithm.
19. A method according to claim 16 wherein simulating a
functionality of the device comprises determining at least one
figure of merit (FOM), wherein iteratively optimizing the device
design comprises evaluating optimization criteria with use of the
at least one FOM, and for each iteration of said iteratively
optimizing for which optimization criteria has not been met,
modifying at least one of the plurality of widths according to the
optimization algorithm.
20. A method according to claim 19 wherein simulating a
functionality of the device comprises simulating the
electromagnetic response of the device using a finite difference
time domain (FDTD) method.
21. A method according to claim 20 wherein generating a smoothed
geometry of the device design comprises spline interpolation.
22. A method according to claim 21 wherein the photonic device
comprises a Y-junction and wherein the fabrication design rules
comprise a minimum feature size of 200 nm.
23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the at least one FOM
comprises power in TEO mode at either branch.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of
co-pending U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/731,502,
filed Nov. 30, 2012, which application is incorporated herein by
reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The invention relates to optical waveguide components in
general and particularly to a Y-junction for use with submicron
silicon waveguides.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The last decade witnessed series of break-throughs in
silicon photonics. Key components such as the electrically pumped
laser (see, for example, R. Camacho-Aguilera, et al, "An
electrically pumped germanium laser," Opt. Express 20, 11316-11320
(2012)), the high-speed modulator (see, for example, G. T. Reed, G.
Mashanovish, F. Y. Gardes and D. J. Thomson, "Silicon optical
modulators," Nat. Photonics 4, 518-526 (2010)) and the
photodetector (see, for example, J. Michel, J. Liu, and L. C.
Kimerling, "High-performance Ge-on-Si photodetectors," Nat.
Photonics, 4, 527- 534 (2010)) have been successfully demonstrated.
Foundry services are also becoming available to the community,
making it easier to explore system level functionalities (see, for
example, Y. Zhang, T. Baehr-Jones, R. Ding, T. Pinguet, Z. Xuan, M.
Hochberg, "Silicon multi-project wafer platforms for optoelectronic
system integration," Proc. 9th IEEE Intern. Conf. GFP, 2012, and
the web sites of opsisfoundry.org and epixfab.eu). The intrinsic
advantage of silicon as a photonic material system is its high
refractive index contrast over silicon dioxide, allowing submicron
waveguides and tight bends, as well as the state-of-the-art CMOS
fabrication infrastructure developed by the electronics industry.
However, these two advantages do not always go in parallel. For
example, a Y-junction is theoretically lossless, while this is
generally not the case due to limited resolution of micro
fabrication. Sharp corners favored by photonics designs usually
violate the minimum feature size rule of a CMOS process, which can
be easily caught by design rule checking (DRC) routines. The
possible detrimental effects of this violation in fabrication
includes peeling off of photoresists, shallower etch in the narrow
gap, and voids in subsequent oxide cladding deposition. All the
above degrade device performance and lower yield.
[0005] A Y-junction formed by circular bends with a butt waveguide
in between to avoid the sharp corner has over 1 dB insertion loss.
Mach-Zehnder modulators having two such Y-branches readily have
more than 2 dB insertion loss in the budget, regardless of other
losses from free carrier absorption and on-and-off chip light
coupling, making them less competitive to their III-V counterparts.
In addition, complicated integrated optical circuits cannot be
built on such lossy components. Moreover, the abrupt waveguide
discontinuity causes light scattering and back-reflection. Implicit
resonance cavities formed by these scattering sites degrade the
system spectrum response.
[0006] As one the most basic building blocks, a low loss and
compact Y-junction is very important for silicon photonic circuits.
Recently a number of authors have demonstrated attractive device
performance for Y-junctions (see, for example, A. Sakai, T.
Fukazawa, and T. Baba, "Low loss ultra-small branches in a silicon
photonic wire waveguide," IEICE Trans. Electron. E85-C, 1033-1038
(2002)), MMI couplers (see, for example, D. Van Thourhout, W.
Bogaerts, P. Dumon, G. Roelkens, J. Van Campenhout, R. Baets,
"Functional silicon wire waveguides," Proc. Integrated Photonics
Research and Applications (2006)), cascaded splitters (see, for
example, Z. Wang, Z. Fan, J. Xia, S. Chen and J. Yu, "1.times.8
cascaded multimode interference splitter in silicon-on-insulator,"
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 43, 5085-5087 (2004) and S. H. Tao, Q. Fang, J.
F. Song, M. B. Yu, G. Q. Lo, and D. L. Kwong, "Cascaded wide-angle
Y-junction 1.times.16 power splitter based on silicon wire
waveguides on silicon-on-insulator," Opt. Express 16, 21456-21461
(2008)), photonic crystal 3 dB couplers (see, for example, L. H.
Frandsen, et al, "Ultralow-loss 3 dB photonic crystal waveguide
splitter," Opt. Lett. 29, 1623-1625 (2004)) and directional
couplers (see, for example, H. Yamada, T. Chu, S. Ishida, and Y.
Arakawa, "Optical directional coupler based on Si-wire waveguides,"
IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 17, 585-587 (2005)). However, a
Y-junction with low excess loss, low wavelength sensitivity, small
footprint, and dimensions clearly within the typical design rules
of a modern CMOS photonics process has remained elusive.
[0007] The 1.times.3 power splitter function can be achieved by
multi-mode interference (MMI) couplers or directional couplers.
Usually these devices have large insertion loss, large footprint,
high wavelength sensitivity or low compatibility with CMOS
fabrication methods.
[0008] There is a need for an efficient Y-junction device that can
be manufactured easily.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] According to one aspect, the invention features a 1.times.2
power splitter for use in submicron silicon waveguides. The
1.times.2 power splitter comprises an input port configured to
receive an optical signal having a power of substantially P watts;
and a pair of output ports configured to provide substantially
equal output signals each having a power of substantially P/2
Watts; the 1.times.2 power splitter having a footprint of less than
1.2 .mu.m.times.2 .mu.m in area.
[0010] In one embodiment, the input port has a taper width of 0.5
.mu.m.
[0011] In another embodiment, at least one of the output ports has
taper width of 0.5 .mu.m.
[0012] In yet another embodiment, the 1.times.2 power splitter has
a total output width of 1.2 .mu.m.
[0013] In still another embodiment, the 1.times.2 power splitter
has a minimum feature size of 200 nm.
[0014] In a further embodiment, the 1.times.2 power splitter is
configured to be manufactured using a CMOS fabrication process.
[0015] In yet a further embodiment, the CMOS fabrication process is
a process conducted using a 248 nm stepper.
[0016] In an additional embodiment, the CMOS fabrication process is
a process conducted using a 193 nm stepper.
[0017] The foregoing and other objects, aspects, features, and
advantages of the invention will become more apparent from the
following description and from the claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The objects and features of the invention can be better
understood with reference to the drawings described below, and the
claims. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead
generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the
invention. In the drawings, like numerals are used to indicate like
parts throughout the various views.
[0019] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the device layout.
[0020] FIG. 1B is a diagram showing the contour plot of the
simulated electric field intensity distribution at 1550 nm
wavelength.
[0021] FIG. 2A is a graph showing the simulated power transmission
as a function of wavelength.
[0022] FIG. 2B is a graph showing the simulated reflection as a
function of wavelength.
[0023] FIG. 3A is a diagram showing the Y-junction characterization
structure for a plurality of cascaded Mach-Zehnder structures to
measure insertion loss.
[0024] FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the Y-junction characterization
structure for a single Y-junction to measure coupling ratio and
spectrum response.
[0025] FIG. 4A is a graph showing the typical measured spectra of
the test structure in FIG. 3A for different numbers of cascaded
Mach-Zehnders.
[0026] FIG. 4B is a graph showing the typical measured spectra of
the test structure in FIG. 3B.
[0027] FIG. 5A is a graph of power loss as a function of the number
of Y-junctions in a cascade. The dots are measured peak optical
power from test structure in shown FIG. 3A on Die (0,0). The line
is a linear fitting curve.
[0028] FIG. 5B is a plot of the measured cross-wafer insertion loss
of Y-junctions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0029] We have designed a compact, low-loss and wavelength
insensitive Y-junction for submicron silicon waveguide using FDTD
and particle swarm optimization (PSO), and fabricated the device in
a 248 nm CMOS line. We have measured an average insertion loss of
0.28.+-.0.02 dB across an 8-inch wafer. The device footprint is
less than 1.2 .mu.m.times.2 .mu.m, orders of magnitude smaller than
MMI and directional couplers. The function of the invention is to
provide a 1.times.2 power splitter for submicron silicon
waveguides.
[0030] Our device has very low loss, small footprint, low
wavelength sensitivity and was successfully fabricated by 248 nm
CMOS with good cross-wafer uniformity.
[0031] The device can be part of a more complicated optoelectronic
device, such as a Mach-Zehnder modulator, or a basic building block
of integrated silicon photonic circuit.
[0032] The device can be a useful component of the process design
kit (PDK) of a silicon photonics foundry. Companies commercializing
silicon photonics technology, such as modulators and transceivers
can also integrate this device in their products.
[0033] The device achieves low loss, compact, and wavelength
insensitive 1.times.2 power splitting for submicron silicon
waveguides. It interfaces with 500 nm.times.200 nm silicon
waveguide. The power splitter can be readily inserted into other
silicon photonic device or circuits as a basic building block. It
can be used as a standard GDS cell, similar to p-cells in
electronic circuit, such as transistors and resistors.
[0034] We modeled the electro-magnetic response of the structure
using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method, and optimized
the device geometry using particle swarm simulation (PSO).
[0035] We have designed and fabricated a Y-junction for submicron
silicon waveguide with a taper less than 1.2 .mu.m.times.2 .mu.m,
and cross-wafer average insertion loss 0.28.+-.0.02 dB, comparable
to the result demonstrated by electron beam lithography (EBL) and
MMIs with much larger footprint. The coupling ratio is wavelength
insensitive. The device has a minimum feature size of 200 nm, and
successfully fabricated using 248 nm lithography.
Design and Fabrication
Design and Optimization
[0036] The goal was to design a compact, low loss and wavelength
insensitive Y-junction for submicron silicon waveguide, compatible
with typical CMOS photonic processes, where 193 nm or 248 nm
steppers are commonly used. A minimum feature size of 200 nm was
assumed during the design, which will not break the designs rules,
thus ensure yield. Silicon waveguide geometry is 500 nm.times.220
nm. So the taper width is 0.5 .mu.m at input and 1.2 .mu.m at
output, as shown in FIG. 1A. The length of the taper connecting
input and output waveguides was set to 2 .mu.m to keep the device
compact. The size of Ge-on-Si photodetectors is usually on the
order of 10 .mu.m, and p-n junction modulator with phase shifter
length of 50 .mu.m has been demonstrated (see, for example, H. C.
Nguyen, S. Hashimoto, M. Shinkawa and T. Baba, "Compact and fast
photonic crystal silicon optical modulators," Opt. Express 20,
22465-22474 (2012)). A simple passive component like Y-junction
should be compact enough to be part of a more complicated active
device or an integrated optical circuit. The Y-junction is
symmetric in the propagation direction to ensure balanced output at
two branches.
[0037] The electromagnetic response of dielectric structures of
size on the order of wavelength of interest can be simulated by
Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. FDTD can be coupled
with optimization algorithms to for design optimization. Sanchis et
al demonstrated a waveguide crossing with 0.2 dB insertion loss and
-40 dB cross-talk designed by FDTD and Genetic Algorithm (GA) (see,
for example, P. Sanchis, et al, "Highly efficient crossing
structure for silicon-on-insulator waveguides," Opt. Lett. 34,
2760-2762 (2009)). We utilized a different optimization algorithm,
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), in this design. PSO is initially
inspired by the social behavior of flocks of birds or schools of
fish (see, for example, J. Kennedy and R. Eberhart, "Particle swarm
optimization," Proc. IEEE Intern. Conf. Neural Networks (1995)),
and has been successfully applied to electromagnetic optimization
problems (see, for example, J. Robinson and Y. Rhamat-Samii,
"Particle swarm optimization in electromagnetics," IEEE Trans.
Antennas Propag. 52,397-407 (2004)). In PSO, the potential
solutions, called particles or agents, are initialized at random
positions with random velocities in the parameter space. A figure
of merit function is defined to evaluate the particle position
according to the optimization goal. The best position for each
individual particle is recorded, as well as a global best position
ever achieved by any particle in the swarm. The position of a
particle is updated by the following equation,
x.sub.n=x.sub.n+.DELTA.t*v.sub.n (1)
v.sub.n=.omega.*v.sub.n+c.sub.1*rand()*(p.sub.best,n-x.sub.n)+c.sub.2*ra-
nd()*(g.sub.best,n-x.sub.n) (2)
where v.sub.n and x.sub.n are particle's velocity and position in
nth dimension of the parameter space, and p.sub.best,n and
g.sub.best,n are individual and global best positions. As is
apparent from Eq. 2, the new velocity is the old velocity scaled by
.omega. and increased the direction of p.sub.best,n and
g.sub.best,n.
[0038] co , known as the inertial weight, is a measurement of how
much a particle would like to stay at the old velocity. c.sub.1
determines how much a particle is influenced by the memory of its
best position, thus sometimes called cognitive rates. And c.sub.2
is a factor demining how much the particle is affected by the
global best position of the whole swarm, hence called social rates.
The two random numbers are used to simulate the unpredictable
behavior of natural swarm. It can be seen that the particle
velocity is large when it is far from p.sub.best,n and g.sub.best,n
, becomes smaller as it is closer to the best position and gets
pulled back after flying over. The optimization is stopped when the
figure of merit is good enough or a large number of iteration is
reached.
[0039] FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of the device layout.
[0040] FIG. 1B is a diagram showing the contour plot of the
simulated electric field intensity distribution at 1550 nm
wavelength.
[0041] In this design, the taper was first digitalized into 13
segments of equal length. The width of each segment, labeled as w1
to w13 in FIG. 1A, was optimized to achieve low loss coupling.
Taper geometry is defined by spline interpolation of these 13
points. The optimization figure of merit (FOM) was the power in TEO
mode at either branch. It was calculated by the overlap integral of
TEO mode of a 500 nm.times.220 nm waveguide with the detected field
at the output branch. Note that it is not proper to set the total
detected power to be FOM, since higher order modes will leak out of
the waveguide along the way. Maximizing the power effectively
reduced the scattering and back-reflection. The swarm population
was set to 30. 2D FDTD was used as an approximation of 3D FDTD for
computation efficiency during optimization. A commercially
available code wad used (available from
http://www.lumerical.com/tcad-products/fdtd/ [16]. Within 50
iterations, one solution with sub-0.2 dB insertion loss emerged, as
shown in Table 1. Then 3D FDTD was run on this solution to double
check the result with a mesh equal to 1/34 of the free space
wavelength. The insertion loss was determined to be 0.13 dB. No
noticeable scattering is seen in the contour plot of electric field
intensity as shown in FIG. 1b. There is an interference pattern at
the input end, indicating non-zero back-reflection. Due to the root
square relationship between field magnitude and optical intensity,
very weak back-reflection is necessary to create clear interference
patterns. The normalized transmission and reflection power as a
function of wavelength is plotted in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B. It can be
seen that both the transmission and reflection are wavelength
insensitive, with variation below 1% and 0.5% over wavelength range
from 1500 nm to 1580 nm.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Taper width in .mu.m w1 w2 w3 w4 w5 w6 w7 w8
w9 w10 w11 w12 w13 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.9 1.26 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.31
1.2 1.2
[0042] FIG. 2A is a graph showing the simulated power transmission
as a function of wavelength.
[0043] FIG. 2B is a graph showing the simulated reflection as a
function of wavelength.
Device Fabrication
[0044] Starting substrate was an 8-inch SOI wafer, with 220 nm, 10
ohm-cm p-type top silicon film, 2 .mu.m buried oxide on top of a
silicon handle. Waveguides were patterned using 248 nm UV
lithography followed by dry etching. Then a few microns of oxide
were deposited as top cladding. Light coupling on and off chip was
achieved by grating couplers (GC). Two kinds of characterization
structures are laid out, as shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B. A cascade
of Mach-Zehnder structures formed by butt coupled Y-junctions were
used to measure the insertion loss, similar those used in A. Mekis,
et al, "A grating-coupler-enabled CMOS photonics platform," IEEE J.
Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 17, 597-608 (2011). The other structure
has the three terminals of the Y-junction connected to three
grating couplers to measure the output directly. In both cases, the
bend radius of waveguide is 10 .mu.m. And grating coupler pitch is
127 .mu.m, determined by the pitch of fiber array. Simple GC loops,
i.e. two GCs connected by a U-turn waveguide, were used as a
reference structure. Tiles used around the devices to achieve a
certain filling ratio are not shown.
[0045] FIG. 3A is a diagram showing the Y-junction characterization
structure for a plurality of cascaded Mach-Zehnder structures to
measure insertion loss.
[0046] FIG. 3B is a diagram showing the Y-junction characterization
structure for a single Y-junction to measure coupling ratio and
spectrum response.
Results and Discussion
Testing Configuration
[0047] Devices were measured on a wafer scale setup that can map
the wafer coordinate to the stage coordinate, so that any device
can be easily probed after initial alignment. Light from a tunable
laser was coupled into the device under test (DUT) via a though a
polarization maintaining (PM) fiber and grating coupler, then to a
photodetector through another grating coupler and PM fiber. Chuck
temperature was set to 35.degree. C., slightly higher than room
temperature. The device performance reported in this paper is not
expected as a strong function of temperature. Reticle size on the
wafer is 2.5 cm.times.3.2 cm. Test structures shown in FIG. 3A and
FIG. 3B in each die were tested to characterize the cross-wafer
performance.
[0048] FIG. 4A is a graph showing the typical measured spectra of
the test structure in FIG. 3A for different numbers of cascaded
Mach-Zehnders.
[0049] FIG. 4B is a graph showing the typical measured spectra of
the test structure in FIG. 3B.
[0050] Typical spectra structures in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B are shown
in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B respectively. The parabolic-like shape is
determined by the grating coupler spectrum response. The grating
coupler design used here works only for TE mode and is highly
polarization selective. Due to the non-perfect polarization of
input light, fringes appear on the spectra. The fringes are usually
0.5 dB peak to peak, and can be reduced by using a polarization
controller.
Device Performance
[0051] It is difficult to measure sub-0.5 dB insertion loss from a
single device. Therefore, test structures with different numbers of
Y-junctions in the loop were used to figure out the insertion loss.
The measured peak power as a function of number of Y-junctions in
the loop is plotted in FIG. 5A. Dots are test data, and the line is
linear fitting. The slope of the line gives insertion loss in dB
per Y-junction. Loop baseline losses, such as grating coupler
insertion loss, are the same for all structures, thus won't affect
the slope of the fitting line. We measured the insertion loss of
all Y-junctions across the wafer.
[0052] A contour plot of insertion loss is shown in FIG. 5B. From
the contour, we can see that our device performance is uniform
across the wafer, with an average of 0.28.+-.0.02 dB. Low
cross-wafer variation confirms that our device is not fabrication
sensitive, and can be reliable component of an integrated photonic
system.
[0053] We also note that the spectra of characterization structures
in FIG. 4A do not deviate from a reference GC spectrum, with only a
linear offset in y-axis, even with a large number of Y-junctions in
the loop. This validates our estimation that although there is an
interference pattern in FIG. 1B the back-reflection is negligible
and won't degrade the system spectrum response.
[0054] It is shown in S. H. Tao, Q. Fang, J. F. Song, M. B. Yu, G.
Q. Lo, and D. L. Kwong, "Cascaded wide-angle Y-junction 1.times.16
power splitter based on silicon wire waveguides on
silicon-on-insulator," Opt. Express 16, 21456-21461 (2008) that
etch residues or air voids in the gap defined by sharp corners in
the layout will lead to non-uniform output at two branches of the
Y-junction. In FIG. 4B, the spectra of two branches overlaps over
the whole testing wavelength range, indicating balanced output
power. So our design fully addressed the DRC violation issue of
conventional Y-junctions.
[0055] The spectra in FIG. 4A and FIG. 4B also validate the
simulation results in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, that the device
performance is wavelength insensitive.
[0056] FIG. 5A is a graph of power loss as a function of the number
of Y-junctions in a cascade. The dots are measured peak optical
power from test structure in shown FIG. 3A on Die (0,0). The line
is a linear fitting curve.
[0057] FIG. 5B is a plot of the measured cross-wafer insertion loss
of Y-junctions.
Design Methodology
[0058] Our result also confirms PSO as an efficient optimization
algorithm for silicon photonic device design and optimization. We
utilized moderate swarm population and iteration cycle. It is
possible that even better device geometry will emerge with more
dedicated optimization. This design method can be readily used
address other challenges such as non-uniform grating couplers and
distributed brag gratings (DBRs).
Optical Waveguides and Their Uses
[0059] We have described various optical waveguide systems and
application, as well as fabrication techniques for such waveguides
in a number of patent documents, including U.S. Pat. Nos.
7,200,308, 7,424,192, 7,480,434, 7,643,714, and 7,760,970.
Definitions
[0060] Unless otherwise explicitly recited herein, any reference to
an electronic signal or an electromagnetic signal (or their
equivalents) is to be understood as referring to a non-volatile
electronic signal or a non-volatile electromagnetic signal.
[0061] Recording the results from an operation or data acquisition,
such as for example, recording results at a particular frequency or
wavelength is understood to mean and is defined herein as writing
output data in a non-transitory manner to a storage element, to a
machine-readable storage medium, or to a storage device.
Non-transitory machine-readable storage media that can be used in
the invention include electronic, magnetic and/or optical storage
media, such as magnetic floppy disks and hard disks; a DVD drive, a
CD drive that in some embodiments can employ DVD disks, any of
CD-ROM disks (i.e., read-only optical storage disks), CD-R disks
(i.e., write-once, read-many optical storage disks), and CD-RW
disks (i.e., rewriteable optical storage disks); and electronic
storage media, such as RAM, ROM, EPROM, Compact Flash cards, PCMCIA
cards, or alternatively SD or SDIO memory; and the electronic
components (e.g., floppy disk drive, DVD drive, CD/CD-R/CD-RW
drive, or Compact Flash/PCMCIA/SD adapter) that accommodate and
read from and/or write to the storage media. Unless otherwise
explicitly recited, any reference herein to "record" or "recording"
is understood to refer to a non-transitory record or a
non-transitory recording.
[0062] As is known to those of skill in the machine-readable
storage media arts, new media and formats for data storage are
continually being devised, and any convenient, commercially
available storage medium and corresponding read/write device that
may become available in the future is likely to be appropriate for
use, especially if it provides any of a greater storage capacity, a
higher access speed, a smaller size, and a lower cost per bit of
stored information. Well known older machine-readable media are
also available for use under certain conditions, such as punched
paper tape or cards, magnetic recording on tape or wire, optical or
magnetic reading of printed characters (e.g., OCR and magnetically
encoded symbols) and machine-readable symbols such as one and two
dimensional bar codes. Recording image data for later use (e.g.,
writing an image to memory or to digital memory) can be performed
to enable the use of the recorded information as output, as data
for display to a user, or as data to be made available for later
use. Such digital memory elements or chips can be standalone memory
devices, or can be incorporated within a device of interest.
"Writing output data" or "writing an image to memory" is defined
herein as including writing transformed data to registers within a
microcomputer.
[0063] "Microcomputer" is defined herein as synonymous with
microprocessor, microcontroller, and digital signal processor
("DSP"). It is understood that memory used by the microcomputer,
including for example instructions for data processing coded as
"firmware" can reside in memory physically inside of a
microcomputer chip or in memory external to the microcomputer or in
a combination of internal and external memory. Similarly, analog
signals can be digitized by a standalone analog to digital
converter ("ADC") or one or more ADCs or multiplexed ADC channels
can reside within a microcomputer package. It is also understood
that field programmable array ("FPGA") chips or application
specific integrated circuits ("ASIC") chips can perform
microcomputer functions, either in hardware logic, software
emulation of a microcomputer, or by a combination of the two.
Apparatus having any of the inventive features described herein can
operate entirely on one microcomputer or can include more than one
microcomputer.
[0064] General purpose programmable computers useful for
controlling instrumentation, recording signals and analyzing
signals or data according to the present description can be any of
a personal computer (PC), a microprocessor based computer, a
portable computer, or other type of processing device. The general
purpose programmable computer typically comprises a central
processing unit, a storage or memory unit that can record and read
information and programs using machine-readable storage media, a
communication terminal such as a wired communication device or a
wireless communication device, an output device such as a display
terminal, and an input device such as a keyboard. The display
terminal can be a touch screen display, in which case it can
function as both a display device and an input device. Different
and/or additional input devices can be present such as a pointing
device, such as a mouse or a joystick, and different or additional
output devices can be present such as an enunciator, for example a
speaker, a second display, or a printer. The computer can run any
one of a variety of operating systems, such as for example, any one
of several versions of Windows, or of MacOS, or of UNIX, or of
Linux. Computational results obtained in the operation of the
general purpose computer can be stored for later use, and/or can be
displayed to a user. At the very least, each microprocessor-based
general purpose computer has registers that store the results of
each computational step within the microprocessor, which results
are then commonly stored in cache memory for later use, so that the
result can be displayed, recorded to a non-volatile memory, or used
in further data processing or analysis.
[0065] Many functions of electrical and electronic apparatus can be
implemented in hardware (for example, hard-wired logic), in
software (for example, logic encoded in a program operating on a
general purpose processor), and in firmware (for example, logic
encoded in a non-volatile memory that is invoked for operation on a
processor as required). The present invention contemplates the
substitution of one implementation of hardware, firmware and
software for another implementation of the equivalent functionality
using a different one of hardware, firmware and software. To the
extent that an implementation can be represented mathematically by
a transfer function, that is, a specified response is generated at
an output terminal for a specific excitation applied to an input
terminal of a "black box" exhibiting the transfer function, any
implementation of the transfer function, including any combination
of hardware, firmware and software implementations of portions or
segments of the transfer function, is contemplated herein, so long
as at least some of the implementation is performed in
hardware.
Theoretical Discussion
[0066] Although the theoretical description given herein is thought
to be correct, the operation of the devices described and claimed
herein does not depend upon the accuracy or validity of the
theoretical description. That is, later theoretical developments
that may explain the observed results on a basis different from the
theory presented herein will not detract from the inventions
described herein.
[0067] Any patent, patent application, patent application
publication, journal article, book, published paper, or other
publicly available material identified in the specification is
hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. Any
material, or portion thereof, that is said to be incorporated by
reference herein, but which conflicts with existing definitions,
statements, or other disclosure material explicitly set forth
herein is only incorporated to the extent that no conflict arises
between that incorporated material and the present disclosure
material. In the event of a conflict, the conflict is to be
resolved in favor of the present disclosure as the preferred
disclosure.
[0068] While the present invention has been particularly shown and
described with reference to the preferred mode as illustrated in
the drawing, it will be understood by one skilled in the art that
various changes in detail may be affected therein without departing
from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the
claims.
* * * * *
References