U.S. patent application number 14/877881 was filed with the patent office on 2016-01-28 for methods for controlling sex of oviparous embryos using light sources.
The applicant listed for this patent is ONCE INNOVATIONS, INC.. Invention is credited to Zdenko GRAJCAR.
Application Number | 20160021854 14/877881 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50879591 |
Filed Date | 2016-01-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160021854 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
GRAJCAR; Zdenko |
January 28, 2016 |
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING SEX OF OVIPAROUS EMBRYOS USING LIGHT
SOURCES
Abstract
The sex of embryos in eggs is influenced or controlled through
the application of light having selected wavelengths in order to
promote the development of embryos of a selected sex. An incubating
device is provided having an interior cavity that can be sealed
from an outside, and having a plurality of lighting elements
disposed on each of a plurality of trays disposed in the interior
cavity. Eggs are disposed on the trays, and pre-determined
environmental conditions are applied to the interior cavity to
promote hatching of the eggs. Concurrently with the application of
the environmental conditions, the eggs are irradiated according to
pre-determined lighting conditions. The lighting conditions include
applying light having wavelengths substantially concentrated in
selected ranges, such as light wavelengths within the 390-419 nm,
410-450 nm, 420-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or other narrow range.
Inventors: |
GRAJCAR; Zdenko; (Orono,
MN) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
ONCE INNOVATIONS, INC. |
PLYMOUTH |
MN |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50879591 |
Appl. No.: |
14/877881 |
Filed: |
October 7, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14103798 |
Dec 11, 2013 |
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14877881 |
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61845466 |
Jul 12, 2013 |
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61813905 |
Apr 19, 2013 |
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61802826 |
Mar 18, 2013 |
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61759536 |
Feb 1, 2013 |
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61746475 |
Dec 27, 2012 |
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61735786 |
Dec 11, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
119/218 ;
119/300; 119/311; 119/6.8 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01K 41/02 20130101;
Y02A 40/816 20180101; Y02A 40/81 20180101; A01K 61/17 20170101;
A01K 45/007 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A01K 41/02 20060101
A01K041/02; A01K 61/00 20060101 A01K061/00 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: disposing a plurality of eggs in an
incubating device configured to receive eggs for incubation;
providing at least one lighting element to emit light on at least
one egg in the incubating device, wherein the at least one lighting
element emits light having a spectrum substantially concentrated
within a pre-determined narrow range of wavelengths; applying
pre-determined environmental conditions to the plurality of eggs in
the incubating device, wherein the environmental conditions are
selected to promote hatching of the plurality of eggs; and applying
pre-determined lighting conditions including lighting having a
spectrum substantially concentrated within the pre-determined
narrow range of wavelengths within the incubating device, wherein
the lighting conditions are applied during the application of the
environmental conditions selected to promote hatching of the
plurality of eggs.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the environmental conditions are
applied according to a pre-determined schedule, and the lighting
conditions are applied according to the same pre-determined
schedule.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one lighting element
emits light with wavelengths substantially concentrated within the
range of 410-450 nm.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one lighting element
emits light with wavelengths substantially concentrated within the
range of 450-495 nm.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the applying pre-determined
lighting conditions within the incubating device comprises
separately activating the lighting elements of first and second
pluralities of lighting elements with respective lighting
intensities and according to respective schedules for irradiating
the eggs.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the eggs are fish eggs.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the eggs are avian eggs.
8. An incubating device comprising: a body configured to receive a
plurality of eggs for incubation; at least one lighting element
positioned to irradiate at least one egg of the plurality of eggs
received within the body; said at least one lighting element
emitting light having a spectrum substantially concentrated within
a pre-determined narrow wavelength range to promote hatching of the
at least one egg.
9. The incubating device of claim 8, further comprising: a lighting
controller electrically connected to the at least one lighting
element to activate the at least one lighting element at a
pre-determined lighting intensity and according to a pre-determined
schedule to irradiate the at least one egg with light having a
spectrum substantially concentrated within the pre-determined
wavelength range and having the pre-determined lighting intensity
according to the pre-determined schedule.
10. The incubating device of claim 9, wherein: the at least one
lighting element comprises a plurality of lighting elements, said
plurality of lighting elements comprising: a first plurality of
lighting elements emitting light having a spectrum substantially
concentrated within a first pre-determined wavelength range; and a
second plurality of lighting elements emitting light having a
spectrum substantially concentrated within a second pre-determined
wavelength range different from the first pre-determined wavelength
range, and the lighting controller is electrically connected to the
first and second pluralities of lighting elements and separately
activates the lighting elements of the first and second pluralities
of lighting elements with respective lighting intensities and
according to respective schedules for irradiating the plurality of
eggs.
11. The incubating device of claim 8, wherein the lighting elements
emit light with wavelengths substantially concentrated within the
range of 410-450 nm.
12. The incubating device of claim 8, wherein the lighting elements
emit light with wavelengths substantially concentrated within the
range of 450-495 nm.
13. The incubating device of claim 8, wherein the lighting elements
are light emitting diodes (LEDs).
14. The incubating device of claim 8, wherein the eggs are fish
eggs.
15. The incubating device of claim 8, wherein the eggs are avian
eggs.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/103,798, filed on Dec. 11, 2013, which in
turn claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/735,786, filed on Dec. 11, 2012; U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/746,475, filed on Dec. 27, 2012; U.S.
Provisional Patent Application No. 61/759,536 filed on Feb. 1,
2013, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/802,826 filed on
Mar. 18, 2013; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/813,905
filed on Apr. 19, 2013; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.
61/845,466 filed on Jul. 12, 2013, all to Grajcar, the disclosures
of which are incorporated herein in their entireties.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] This disclosure relates to controlling the sex of avians,
fish, or other oviparous animals at the embryonic stage. More
specifically, this disclosure is directed to applying selected
wavelengths of light and/or electromagnetic radiation to eggs in
order to influence the sex of embryos within the eggs.
BACKGROUND
[0003] While sex (or gender) in higher vertebrates is determined at
fertilization, sex determining genes in chicken become active at a
later stage during embryogenesis to induce the formation of testes
or ovaries. This has led to the long-standing belief that much of
the underlying genetic pathway is conserved through the later stage
of embryogenesis. However, comparative studies on sex determination
in the chicken embryo have revealed both conserved and divergent
elements in the pathway. For example, the gonads of chicken embryos
are morphologically indistinguishable between the sexes, and thus
"indifferent" or "bipotential," at days 3.5-4.5.
[0004] In the poultry and other animal-production markets,
including but not limited to chickens, turkeys, and the like, the
ability to control or affect the sex of the animals would greatly
enhance the production and efficiency of production. For example,
in egg laying operations only hens or females are desired. Thus,
when a flock of avian is born, only female avians are retained and
often male avians are euthanized or otherwise disposed of. Because
males and females are born at an approximate 50/50 sex ratio,
approximately half of all avian born at such operations are thus
lost and unproductive or provide diminished production.
[0005] A need thus exists for controlling, promoting, or otherwise
influencing the sex of the avians before hatching in order to
selectively produce more male or female avians, and thereby
increase production and decrease waste and costs. A need also exist
for robust cost effective lighting fixtures that can achieve such
results.
SUMMARY
[0006] The teachings herein alleviate one or more of the above
noted problems with established incubation methods, by enabling the
sex of embryos in eggs to be influenced or controlled through the
application of light having selected wavelengths.
[0007] According to one aspect of the disclosure, a method of
promoting production of embryos of a selected sex in eggs is
provided. The method includes incubating a plurality of fertilized
eggs to promote hatching of the eggs, and irradiating the plurality
of fertilized eggs with light having a spectrum substantially
concentrated within a narrow range of wavelengths while the
plurality of fertilized eggs are incubated.
[0008] The narrow range of wavelengths may be one of a 410-450 nm
wavelength range and a 450-495 nm wavelength range.
[0009] The method may further include selecting the narrow range of
wavelengths for the spectrum of light irradiating the eggs based on
the selected sex of embryos being promoted in the eggs. In one
example, the narrow range of wavelengths may be selected to be the
410-450 nm wavelength range when production of female embryos is
promoted. In another example, the narrow range of wavelengths may
be selected to be the 450-495 nm wavelength range when production
of male embryos is promoted.
[0010] The plurality of fertilized eggs may be irradiated with
light having the spectrum substantially concentrated within the
narrow range of wavelengths during the first 6 days of
incubation.
[0011] The plurality of fertilized eggs may only be irradiated with
light having the spectrum substantially concentrated within the
narrow range of wavelengths while the plurality of fertilized eggs
are incubated. Optionally, the method may thus include shielding
the plurality of fertilized eggs from light having a spectrum
substantially concentrated outside of the narrow range of
wavelengths while the plurality of fertilized eggs are
incubated.
[0012] The irradiating of the eggs may include irradiating the
plurality of fertilized eggs with light having an intensity of 3
lumens or less while the plurality of fertilized eggs are
incubated.
[0013] According to another aspect of the disclosure, an incubating
device is provided that includes a body having an interior cavity
that can be sealed from an outside of the body, a plurality of
trays disposed in the interior cavity and configured to receive
eggs for incubation, a plurality of lighting elements disposed on
each tray of the plurality of trays and configured to emit light
having a spectrum substantially concentrated within a
pre-determined narrow wavelength range for irradiating the eggs,
and a lighting controller electrically connected to the plurality
of lighting elements and configured to activate the lighting
elements at a pre-determined lighting intensity and according to a
pre-determined schedule to irradiate the eggs with light having a
spectrum substantially concentrated within the pre-determined
wavelength range and having the pre-determined lighting intensity
according to the pre-determined schedule.
[0014] The plurality of lighting elements can include a first
plurality of lighting elements disposed on each tray of the
plurality of trays and configured to emit light having a spectrum
substantially concentrated within a first pre-determined wavelength
range, and a second plurality of lighting elements disposed on each
tray of the plurality of trays and configured to emit light having
a spectrum substantially concentrated within a second
pre-determined wavelength range different from the first
pre-determined wavelength range. The lighting controller can be
electrically connected to the first and second pluralities of
lighting elements and configured to separately activate the
lighting elements of the first and second pluralities of lighting
elements with respective lighting intensities and according to
respective schedules for irradiating the eggs.
[0015] Each tray of the plurality of trays can have an upper
surface configured to have the eggs disposed thereon and a lower
surface opposite to the upper surface, and the plurality of
lighting elements can include lighting elements disposed on the
lower surface of at least one tray. The plurality of lighting
elements can further include lighting elements disposed on the
upper and lower surfaces of at least one tray.
[0016] The lighting elements may be configured to emit light with
wavelengths substantially concentrated within narrow bands of
wavelengths including but not limited to the range of 410-450 nm
and/or 450-495 nm.
[0017] The lighting elements can be light emitting diodes
(LEDs).
[0018] The incubating device can include at least one tray actuator
mechanically coupled to each of the plurality of trays, and
operative to move the trays having the eggs for incubation. Each
tray of the plurality of trays may be rotatable about an axis, and
the at least one tray actuator may be configured to rotate the
trays to cause the trays to tilt in response to a control signal
received by the actuator. The device may further include a
controller electrically connected to the at least one tray actuator
and including the lighting controller, and the controller may be
configured to control the operation of the at least one tray
actuator and the plurality of lighting elements according to the
pre-determined schedule.
[0019] The incubating device can further include a magnetic field
source disposed in the interior cavity and configured to produce a
magnetic flux in the interior cavity for application to the
eggs.
[0020] According to another aspect of the disclosure, a method
includes disposing, in an incubating device having an interior
cavity that can be sealed from an outside, a plurality of lighting
elements on each of a plurality of trays disposed in the interior
cavity and configured to receive eggs for incubation, wherein each
lighting element of the plurality of lighting elements is
configured to emit light having a spectrum substantially
concentrated within a pre-determined narrow range of wavelengths. A
plurality of eggs is disposed on each of the plurality of trays
having lighting elements disposed thereon, and pre-determined
environmental conditions are applied to the interior cavity of the
incubating device, wherein the environmental conditions are
selected to promote hatching of the plurality of eggs.
Pre-determined lighting conditions including lighting having a
spectrum substantially concentrated within the pre-determined
narrow range of wavelengths are further applied to the interior
cavity of the incubating device, wherein the lighting conditions
are applied during the application of the environmental conditions
selected to promote hatching of the plurality of eggs.
[0021] The pre-determined lighting conditions can be selected to
promote production of embryos of a selected sex in the eggs, and
the narrow range of wavelengths is selected based on the selected
sex.
[0022] The environmental conditions can be applied according to a
pre-determined schedule, and the lighting conditions can be applied
according to the same pre-determined schedule.
[0023] The lighting elements may be configured to emit light with
wavelengths substantially concentrated within ranges 410-450 nm
and/or 450-495 nm.
[0024] The disposing the plurality of lighting elements on each of
the plurality of trays can include disposing, on each tray of the
plurality of trays, a first plurality of lighting elements
configured to emit light having wavelengths substantially
concentrated within a first pre-determined wavelength range, and a
second plurality of lighting elements configured to emit light
having wavelengths substantially concentrated within a second
pre-determined wavelength range different from the first
pre-determined wavelength range. The applying pre-determined
lighting conditions to the interior cavity of the incubating device
can include separately activating the lighting elements of the
first and second pluralities of lighting elements with respective
lighting intensities and according to respective schedules for
irradiating the eggs.
[0025] Each tray can have an upper surface configured to have the
eggs disposed thereon and a lower surface opposite to the upper
surface, and the disposing the plurality of lighting elements on
each of the trays can include disposing lighting elements on the
lower surface of at least one tray.
[0026] The applying pre-determined lighting conditions to the
interior cavity of the incubating device can include causing the
lighting elements to emit light having an intensity of 3 lumens or
less.
[0027] Additional advantages and novel features will be set forth
in part in the description which follows, and in part will become
apparent to those skilled in the art upon examination of the
following and the accompanying drawings or may be learned by
production or operation of the examples. The advantages of the
present teachings may be realized and attained by practice or use
of various aspects of the methodologies, instrumentalities and
combinations set forth in the detailed examples discussed
below.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] The drawing figures depict one or more implementations in
accord with the present teachings, by way of example only, not by
way of limitation. In the figures, like reference numerals refer to
the same or similar elements.
[0029] FIGS. 1A, 1B, 1C, and 1D are schematic diagrams of an
incubating device in accordance with the inventive concepts
described herein.
[0030] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing steps of a method for
controlling the sex of oviparous embryos using light sources.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] In the following detailed description, numerous specific
details are set forth by way of examples in order to provide a
thorough understanding of the relevant teachings. However, it
should be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present
teachings may be practiced without such details. In other
instances, well known methods, procedures, components, and/or
circuitry have been described at a relatively high-level, without
detail, in order to avoid unnecessarily obscuring aspects of the
present teachings.
[0032] The various systems and methods disclosed herein relate to
controlling or influencing the sex of embryos in eggs in order to
promote the development of embryos of a selected sex.
[0033] The systems and methods rely on the application of light
having selected wavelengths to incubated eggs in order to influence
the sex ratios of embryos in development within the eggs. The
systems include an incubating device having an interior cavity in
which lighting elements emitting light having the selected
wavelengths are mounted. The lighting elements are mounted on trays
designed to hold the eggs, such that light emitted by the lighting
elements irradiates the eggs. The lighting elements illuminate the
eggs during an early incubation period, and thereby promote the
production of eggs of a selected sex.
[0034] Various studies have been performed on sex-determination in
avians. In one study, the localization of P450 (17-alpha) and P450
aromatase (P450arom) mRNA expression was studied in the gonads of
chicken embryos at days 4-9. The first detection of P450 (17-alpha)
mRNA was at days 5-6 of incubation in the genetic male and female
gonads, and the first detection of P450arom at day 6.5 in the
female gonad with none in the male gonad. Thus sex determination in
chickens appears not to occur until several days after
incubation.
[0035] Further, estrogen synthesis plays a critical role in avian
sex determination. The two terminal enzymes necessary for estrogen
synthesis, P-450 aromatase and 17.beta.HSD are expressed only in ZW
(female) gonads at the onset of morphological differentiation (day
6-6.5). Aromatase and 17.beta.HSD are therefore the key sexually
dimorphic components.
[0036] Enzyme synthesis is very sensitive to environmental stimuli.
One known environmental stimuli is temperature, as observed in
temperature-dependent sex determination (TSD). TSD is a type of
environmental sex determination in which the temperatures
experienced during embryonic development determine the sex of the
offspring. It is most prevalent and common among amniote
vertebrates that are classified under the reptile class. For that
matter, studies have shown that increased incubation temperature in
very specific H&H stages (a series of normal stages in the
development of the chick embryo as provided by Hamburger V,
Hamilton HL Dev. Dyn. 1992 Dec., 195(4): 231-272) changes the
gender of poultry; however, such increase in temperature causes a
decrease in hatchability to the point where such a gender change is
not economically beneficial.
[0037] Specific wavelengths of light are known to cause
photoisomerization such that enzymatic activity can be effectively
controlled by wavelength of light. In particular a recent study
showed that restriction endonucleases could be used as a molecular
scissors to cut the phosphodiester bond to generate a double
stranded break. In this manner the catalytic activity of the
orthodox restriction endonuclease PvuII by light was provided.
[0038] Additionally, research has shown that by using RNA
interference to reduce DMRT1 (doublesex-mab-3-related transcription
factor 1) protein expression leads to feminization of the embryonic
gonads in genetically male embryos causing partial sex reversal.
DMRT1 has a zinc finger core which may absorb near UV light (e.g.,
light having a wavelength of approximately 430 nm, such as light
having wavelengths in the 410 nm-430 nm range), and may thereby
similarly reduce DMRT1 protein expression. Thus, the resulting
lower levels of DMRT1 lead to fewer male offspring and more female
offspring.
[0039] Reference now is made in detail to the examples illustrated
in the accompanying drawings and discussed below.
[0040] FIG. 1A show an incubating device 10 that has a body 12. In
the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1A, the body 12 has a generally
rectangular cuboid shape having first and second sidewalls 14 and
16 parallel to each other. The first and second sidewalls 14 and 16
are connected to and orthogonal to top and bottom walls 18 and 20
that are themselves in parallel to each other. A back wall 22
defines a hollow interior cavity 24 of the body 12. A front wall or
door 26 is hingedly connected to one of the sidewalls 14 and 16 to
allow access to the interior cavity 24 of the body 12, while also
enabling the interior cavity 24 to be isolated from the outside
environment when the door 26 is closed. In some examples, the door
26 is made of a transparent material and/or includes a window to
allow a user to view the interior cavity 24 while the door 26 is
closed. In other examples, the door 26 completely encloses the
interior cavity 24. The door 26 may further be formed of one-way
window such that a user can view the interior cavity 24 from
outside, while light from outside of the cavity 24 does not enter
the cavity 24 through the window. The body 12 generally shields the
inside of the incubating device 10 and eggs located in the
incubating device 10 from radiation, including light, that is
present outside of the incubating device 10.
[0041] A plurality of holding members or trays 28 are disposed
within the interior cavity 24. The trays 28 are configured to
receive and stably hold a plurality of eggs 30. As shown, each tray
28 can include a plurality of slots, holes 35, or other cups each
configured to stably hold one egg. The trays 28 are mounted to the
interior of the body 12. In some examples, the trays 28 are mounted
on one or more actuators that enable the trays 28 to move with
respect to the body 12. In one example, each tray 28 is mounted on
a rotatable axle 37 mounted to and controlled by a rotational
actuator 39 (see FIG. 1B). The actuator 39 is itself mounted to the
body 12, and is operative to move the trays 28 with respect to the
body 12. The actuator may continuously or periodically move the
trays 28 having the eggs 30 disposed thereon. In the one example,
the actuator 39 is operative to rotate the tray between a
horizontal position (as shown) and angled positions in the
clockwise and counter-clockwise directions. The angled positions
may correspond to angles measured from the horizontal, and may
range between 0.degree. and a maximum angle (e.g., 15.degree. or
30.degree.). The maximum angle is generally selected such that even
when the tray is rotated to the maximum angle, any eggs 30 disposed
on the tray 28 are not dislodged from their slots, holes 35, or
cups.
[0042] The eggs 30 can be of any avian species, including, but not
limited to chicken eggs, turkey eggs, and the like. Reptilian and
other species' eggs may also be used. The trays 28 rotate or tilt
to various angles in response to actuators 39 to simulate the
movement the egg would encounter in nature, for example as the egg
is laid upon by a hen or subject to other environmental
conditions.
[0043] FIG. 1C provides a detailed top view of a tray 28, while
FIG. 1D provides a cross-sectional view through multiple trays 28.
Note that in some embodiments, the top and bottom views of a tray
28 are substantially identical, and in such embodiments a bottom
view of a tray 28 may thus be substantially identical to the view
shown in FIG. 1C.
[0044] As shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D, a plurality of lighting
elements 32 are disposed on one or both surfaces of each tray 28.
In one example, the lighting elements 32 are disposed only on an
underside of each tray 28. In another example, the lighting
elements 32 are disposed only on an upper surface of each tray 28
(corresponding to a surface on which the eggs 30 are disposed). In
other examples, the lighting elements 32 are disposed on both the
underside and the upper surface of each tray 28, as shown in FIG.
1D. Lighting elements 32 can additionally or alternatively be
disposed on surfaces of the body 12 (e.g., surfaces of the interior
cavity 24), or other locations from which light and/or radiation
emitted by the lighting elements 32 reaches the eggs 30.
[0045] In general, the lighting elements 32 are disposed such that
they can provide a high lighting intensity to each egg 30 disposed
in the incubating device 10. The lighting elements 32 may thus be
disposed in close proximity to the slots, holes 35, or cups holding
the eggs 30, as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D. Further, the lighting
elements 32 are disposed such that light emitted by the elements 32
can reach all or substantially all surfaces of each egg 30. Hence,
as shown in FIG. 1D, an egg 30 can receive light emitted by the
elements 32 from all sides. The trays 28 and of the slits, holes
35, or cups for holding the eggs 30 can also be designed so as to
enable substantially all surfaces of each egg 30 to receive
light.
[0046] The lighting elements 32 are electrically connected to one
another and to an electrical power source 33 (shown in FIG. 1B). In
a preferred embodiment the plurality of lighting elements 32 are
light emitting diode (LED) elements that receive an AC voltage
and/or AC current waveform at their terminals for activation. In
particular, the assembly formed of the lighting elements 32 and
power source 33 can incorporate AC driven LED technology from any
one of the following patent applications: U.S. Pat. Pub. No.
2011/0101883 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0109244 to
Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0210678 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub.
No. 2011/0228515 to Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0241559 to
Grajcar; U.S. Pat. Pub. No. 2011/0273098 to Grajcar; U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/452332 to Grajcar; and/or U.S. Pat. Prov.
Appl. No. 61/570,552 to Grajcar, which are all incorporated in
their entirety herein.
[0047] The incubating device 10 can include various systems for
controlling conditions within the interior cavity 24 of the device
10. FIG. 1B is a block diagram of some systems operative to control
environmental and other conditions within the interior cavity 24.
As shown in FIG. 1B, the incubating device 10 can thus include a
heater 38 and/or cooler for controlling a temperature in the
interior cavity 24, and/or a humidifier 36 and/or de-humidifier for
controlling a level of moisture in the interior cavity 24. An
optional magnetic field source 40 can further be used to apply a
constant and/or time-varying magnetic field or flux within the
interior cavity 24 in response to an excitation current applied to
the source 40. In embodiments including a magnetic field source 40,
the walls of the body 12 and/or the interior walls of the cavity 24
may provide magnetic shielding and provide a return path for the
magnetic field or flux applied to the cavity 24. Tray actuators 39
may further be mounted to the trays 28 so as to be operative to
continually or periodically move, rotate, or shake the trays 28. As
noted previously, the incubating device further includes lighting
elements 32 configured to emit light and/or other radiation for
application to eggs 30 disposed in the interior cavity 24. Each of
the systems receives power for operation from power source 33.
[0048] A controller 31 is operative to operate the systems
operative to control environmental and other conditions within the
interior cavity 24. The controller 31 can activate and de-activate
each system, and can further regulate the operation of the systems
to reach a pre-determined temperature, humidity, magnetic field or
flux, or the like. The controller 31 may include or be electrically
coupled to sensors (not shown) located in the interior cavity 24
and providing the controller 31 with information on current
environmental conditions including temperature, humidity, and the
like. In some embodiments, the controller 31 includes a clock and
is operative to control the systems according to a pre-determined
schedule. The controller 31 may thus operate the systems on a
periodic basis (e.g., by repeating an activation pattern each day),
or on another time-varying basis (e.g., by activating the systems
according to different patterns on each day of incubation).
[0049] A lighting controller 34 is operative to control operation
of the lighting elements 32. The lighting controller 34 can be
separate from the controller 31 (as shown), or the lighting
controller 34 can be integrated within the controller 31. The
lighting controller 34 is operative to control the intensity and
wavelength of light emitted by each lighting element 32. The
lighting controller 34 can further activate and/or dim the lighting
elements 32 on a continuous or on a time-varying basis (e.g., a
periodic or an aperiodic basis), as described in further detail
below.
[0050] The lighting controller 34 can operate the lighting elements
32 in unison, such that all lighting elements are synchronously
activated and de-activated, and/or such that all lighting elements
are activated with a same lighting intensity or dimming.
Alternatively, the lighting controller 34 can operate different
sets of lighting elements 32 differently, for example to cause a
first set of lighting elements 32 to be activated for a particular
period of time (and/or at a particular intensity level) and cause a
second set of lighting elements 32 to be activated for a different
period of time (and/or a different intensity level).
[0051] In some embodiments, the lighting controller 34 is operative
to control a wavelength of light emitted by the lighting elements
32. In particular, the plurality of lighting elements 32 may
include multiple sets of lighting elements 32 each operative to
produce light having a different wavelength. For example, the
plurality of lighting elements 32 can include a first set of
lighting elements operative to produce light having a wavelength
within a first range of wavelengths (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm,
or other narrow wavelength range), and a second set of lighting
elements operative to produce light having a wavelength within a
second range of wavelengths (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or other
narrow wavelength range) different from and non-overlapping with
the first range. Note that a light sources is operative to produce
light having a spectrum substantially concentrated within the
specified range of wavelength (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or
other narrow wavelength range) when over 90% or over 95% of the
lighting energy emitted by the light source is within the specified
narrow range of wavelengths. In some examples, the light source may
thus also emit a small amount of light (e.g., less than 10%, or
less than 5% of lighting energy) outside of the specified range.
The plurality of lighting elements 32 can further include
additional sets of lighting elements operative to produce light
having other wavelengths. The lighting controller 34 is operative
to control each set of lighting elements 23 separately, and can
thereby adjust the range of wavelengths of light that is emitted by
the plurality of lighting elements 23 by selectively activating the
different sets of lighting elements 23 at respective lighting
intensities.
[0052] In general, the eggs disposed inside of the incubating
device 10 are shielded from light and other radiation that is
present outside of the incubating device 10. As a result of the
shielding, including the shielding provided by the incubating
device 10, the eggs 30 may therefore be only exposed (or
substantially only exposed) to the range of wavelengths of light
emitted by the lighting elements 23 in the incubating device 10
that are activated during the incubating period. Furthermore, the
lighting controller 34 may be operative to ensure that no lighting
elements 23 producing light with wavelengths substantially
concentrated outside of the specified range are activated during
the incubation period, or during the period in which the specified
range of wavelengths are applied to the eggs.
[0053] For example, in region `r` of tray 28 shown in FIG. 1C, two
different sets of lighting elements 32 are provided: a first set of
lighting elements 32a is operative to emit light within one range
of wavelengths, while a second set of light elements 32b is
operative to emit light within another range of wavelengths. The
lighting controller 34 is operative to separately control the sets
of lighting elements 32a and 32b such that each set can be
activated at a different time and with a different intensity than
other sets of lighting elements. Different sets of lighting
elements can similarly be provided on the rest of the tray 28
outside of region `r`, including on another surface of tray 28.
[0054] In one embodiment, the plurality of lighting element 32
includes lighting elements 32 emitting blue wavelength (450-495 nm)
light, ultraviolet light, or electromagnetic radiation. The
lighting elements 32 are controlled by lighting controller 34 that
is operative to dim the intensity of the light so as to reduce the
intensity to less than 3 lumens. Thus, a constant low intensity
wavelength light is emitted throughout the interior cavity 24. The
light can be of a narrow frequency or monochromatic to direct the
exact wavelength of light desired. In addition, while described as
low intensity, a higher intensity wavelength of light can be
provided if needed by the controller 34. Further, in the embodiment
where LED elements are utilized as lighting elements 32 because of
the properties of LED lighting elements, the lights can be left on
for long durations of time.
[0055] In the same or another embodiment, the plurality of lighting
elements 32 includes lighting elements 32 emitting light have
wavelengths ranging from 410-450 nm. The lighting elements 32
further are controlled by the lighting controller 34 that is
operative to dim the intensity of the light so as to reduce the
intensity to less than 3 lumens. Thus, a constant low intensity
wavelength light is emitted through the interior cavity 24. In
addition, while described as low intensity, a higher intensity
wavelength of light can be provided if needed by the controller
34.
[0056] While the intensity of the light can be reduced to less than
3 lumens, the intensity of the light similarly can be increased to
outputs of 800 lumens, 1000 lumens, or more. Similarly, while light
duration can be for long periods of time such as days, weeks, or
months, the duration between light and dark periods can also be
controlled to a precision of hours, minutes, seconds, and even
milliseconds by the lighting controller 34.
[0057] In other embodiments, the plurality of lighting elements 32
includes on a same tray 28 lighting elements emitting
electromagnetic radiation and light in the ultraviolet/blue
wavelength range, as well as lighting elements emitting light in
the red wavelength range.
[0058] The humidifier 36 is also associated with the interior
cavity 24 and is preferably attached to the top wall 18. The
humidifier 36 has a tubing element that can increase the humidity
level within the interior cavity 24 when the door 26 is closed. The
humidifier 36 can include a water input port for receiving water.
In this manner, the humidity within the interior cavity 24 can be
controlled to provide any relative humidity from 0% humidity to
100% humidity, such that the humidity with the interior cavity 24
is pre-determined. Preferably the humidity is maintained within a
range of 50%-80% humidity. In some examples, a dehumidifier can
also be used to maintain humidity within the pre-determined
range.
[0059] The heater 38 is also electrically connected to the power
source 33, and is disposed within the interior cavity 24 to provide
a predetermined amount of heat within the interior cavity.
Preferably, the interior cavity 24 of the incubation device 10 is
kept at a temperature of between 90 and 110 degrees Fahrenheit
during incubation.
[0060] In one embodiment, the magnetic field source 40 is
associated with the incubating device 10, and is mounted within the
interior cavity 24 to form a predetermined magnetic flux through or
affecting eggs 30 disposed in the cavity 24.
[0061] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram showing steps of a method 200 for
controlling the sex of oviparous embryos using light sources. The
method can be performed using an incubating device such as
incubating device 10, or using any other appropriate device.
[0062] Method 200 begins with step 201 in which lighting elements
(e.g., lighting elements 23, such as LEDs) are disposed along egg
support trays. In embodiments in which incubating device 10 is
used, the egg support trays are trays 28. Lighting elements can be
mounted on the egg support trays as shown in FIGS. 1C and 1D,
including on upper and/or lower surfaces of the egg support trays.
Alternatively or additionally, lighting elements can be mounted on
side surfaces of the interior cavity 24 so as to be disposed along
the egg support trays and to illuminate upper and/or lower surfaces
of the egg support trays. Lighting elements may emit light within a
pre-determined wavelength range, and different sets of lighting
elements emitting light in different wavelength ranges may be
disposed along the support trays.
[0063] In step 203, eggs are disposed on the egg support trays
alongside of which the lighting elements have been disposed. In
embodiments in which incubating device 10 is used, the eggs 30 are
disposed within slits, holes 35, or cups located on or in the trays
28 and configured to hold the eggs 30 in place. The eggs are
disposed so as to be spaced apart and evenly distributed on the egg
support trays to ensure that light emitted by the lighting elements
can reach substantially the entire outer surface of each egg
30.
[0064] Once the eggs are in place on the support trays,
pre-determined environmental conditions are applied to the eggs in
step 205. The environmental conditions can include pre-determined
levels of humidity and temperature. The environmental conditions
can further include application of a magnetic field. The
environmental conditions can additionally include movement or
actuation, for example provided by tray actuators 39 operative to
rotate trays 28 on rotational axles 37. In general, the
environmental conditions are applied according to a pre-determined
multi-day schedule, such that different environmental conditions
can be applied on different days and/or at different times during
each day. The environmental conditions are generally selected to
promote hatching of the plurality of eggs.
[0065] In addition to environmental conditions, pre-determined
lighting conditions are applied to the eggs in step 207 during the
application of the environmental conditions. The lighting
conditions are selected to promote production of embryos of a
selected sex in the eggs. The lighting conditions can include
pre-determined wavelengths of light being provided to the eggs 30
by the lighting elements, and pre-determined lighting intensities
being provided for each wavelength. The lighting conditions are
generally applied according to a multi-day schedule, such that
different lighting conditions can be applied on different days
and/or at different times during each day in accordance with
environmental conditions applied over the multi-day schedule. The
lighting conditions can include irradiating the eggs 30 with light
having a spectrum substantially concentrated within a specified
range of wavelength (e.g., 410-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or other narrow
wavelength range), such that over 90% or over 95% of the lighting
energy irradiating the eggs is within the specified narrow range of
wavelengths. Note that the eggs may also receive a small amount of
light (e.g., less than 10%, or less than 5% of lighting energy)
outside of the specified range.
[0066] Steps 205 and 207 may be repeatedly performed as adjustments
to the environmental conditions and/or lighting conditions are
determined and applied to the eggs 30. When the incubation period
of the eggs disposed on the support trays has expired, the eggs 30
and/or hatchlings from the eggs 30 are removed from the environment
in step 209.
[0067] In operation, the pre-determining lighting conditions
applied to the eggs in step 207 can be selected to control the sex
of embryos contained in the eggs 30. For example, when an increase
in the percentage of female avian offspring, such as turkeys, is
desired from a plurality of eggs 30 or embryos, the eggs or embryos
are illuminated by a predetermined electromagnetic radiation, UV,
or blue light. Further, a predetermined humidity and magnetic field
are also provided within the incubation device 10. As a result,
enzymatic activity in the eggs is controlled in a reversible
manner.
[0068] Specifically, the "P450" of P450 aromatase was derived from
its spectral absorption characteristics (Photonic 450 nm). If this
molecule absorbs light it has to convert it to another form of
energy. The absorbed energy is not used to power a chemical
reaction, nor converted to radiation. Thus heat, or possibly
electron low to high spin transition must be the byproduct. This
causes an enhancement or control of the enzyme converting potential
male avian into female avian.
[0069] In another embodiment DMRT1 protein expression is reduced to
cause sex reversal. Specifically, the eggs 30 are irradiated with
near-UV light or blue light (e.g., light having a wavelength of
approximately 430 nm, such as light having wavelengths
substantially concentrated in the 410 nm-450 nm range) during the
first days of incubation (e.g., during days 0-6 of incubation) to
thereby reduce DMRT1 protein expression. Thus, the lower levels of
DMRT1 in the eggs 30 resulting from the eggs 30 being exposed to
the near-UV light or the blue light leads to fewer male offspring
and more female offspring developing in the eggs.
[0070] In this manner, wavelength of light can be used to control
the synthesis of P-450 Aromatase or reduce DMRT1 protein expression
and thus control or divert the sex of avian during the
fertilization period so that either a larger percentage of female
animals or a larger percentage of male animals result from
incubation, as compared to a control group of a plurality of eggs
that are not illuminated with the electromagnetic radiation, UV, or
blue light. In one embodiment, an increase of at least 5% in the
ratio of females to males is obtained relative to the ratio found
in a control group in which illumination in the specified
wavelength range is not applied. In another embodiment, the
increase is of at least 10% in the ratio of females to males among
the illuminated eggs relative to the ratio observed in control
group eggs.
[0071] In particular, an experimental test was conducted using both
fertilized turkey eggs and fertilized chicken eggs. The eggs were
placed in an incubating device such as incubating device 10 having
lighting elements 32 disposed on trays 28 surrounding the eggs
during the incubation period. Specifically, LED lighting elements
producing monochromatic blue light at approximately 450 nm were
mounted on the trays and used to illuminate the eggs during the
incubation period for approximately the first 84 hours (3.5 days)
of incubation. The incubation device 10 was placed in an
environment such that only light from the lighting elements 32 of
trays 28 reached the eggs, and the eggs were placed in close
proximity to the lighting elements 32 within the incubation device.
Prior to placement within the incubation device 10, the turkey eggs
were stored at temperatures of approximately 40-50.degree. F. for
several hours and then brought to room temperature before being
placed into the incubating device 10.
[0072] In the experimental test, the turkey eggs were first loaded
into the incubating device 10 on the first day of incubation and
the chicken eggs were added on the second day of incubation. The
humidity, incubation temperature in the device 10, and ambient room
temperature outside of the device 10 were recorded during each day
of incubation. The humidity was kept at approximately 56%, and the
incubation temperature at between 98-100.degree. F. The room
temperature typically varied between 67.degree. and 73.degree. F.,
though the room did reach temperatures in the 80.degree.
-90.degree. F. range on a few occasions. After approximately three
weeks of incubation, the eggs were removed from the incubating
device, and the sex of the embryos in the eggs was determined.
[0073] During initial testing, the ratio of female turkey embryos
to male turkey embryos was determined to be approximately 2:1. In
addition, during the initial test, numerous hermaphroditic turkey
embryos were discovered. Upon further analysis, the hermaphroditic
turkeys were determined to be female, and a ratio of female turkey
embryos to male turkey embryos of 3:1 was obtained. This ratio is
in sharp contrast to an approximately 1:1 ratio of females to males
obtained for incubated turkey eggs according to typical incubation
methodologies in which the pre-determined lighting conditions
described herein are not applied. In addition, the turkey eggs in
the experiment had 100% hatchability, as compared to hatchability
levels of around 85% in the industry using typical incubation
methodologies, thus showing that application of the blue wavelength
light improves hatchability in avians such as turkeys.
[0074] For the chicken eggs, a number of the eggs sexed were
determined to be hermaphrodites. As evidenced by the 3:1 sex ratio
observed among the turkey embryos and by the hermaphroditic chicken
embryos, light can be used to control or influence the sex of
embryos in eggs notably in avian species. While the experimental
test used only blue light, application of other wavelengths of
light including but not limited to ultraviolet, green, yellow,
orange, red, and infrared light, can also be used to control the
sex of embryos in eggs to varying degrees.
[0075] According to preferred protocols, the eggs or embryos are
illuminated in step 207 with light having a selected wavelength
range (e.g., 390-419 nm, 410-450 nm, 420-450 nm, 450-495 nm, or
another appropriate range) at least for a period of one hour per
day during the first six-and-a-half (6.5) days of incubation. In
one embodiment, the embryos are illuminated for at least one hour
per day using light having the selected wavelengths during the
first three-and-a-half (3.5) or four-and-a-half (4.5) days of the
incubation period. Alternatively, the embryos are illuminated with
light having the selected wavelength range for twenty-four (24)
hours per day on days zero (0) through six-and-a-half (6.5) of
incubation. Alternatively, other periods of illumination applied
each day (or on another appropriate periodic basis) during the
first six-and-a-half day period (6.5) of incubation is
contemplated.
[0076] While different wavelengths of light can be used to increase
the ratio of male-to-female or to increase the ratio of
female-to-male avian embryos (as compared to control group ratios),
similarly the intensity of light or lumen output applied to eggs
can have an effect. Thus, depending on the avian species, whether
turkey, chicken, duck, or the like, the exact wavelength and
intensity (e.g., amount or number of lumens) can be determined to
optimize the increase in the percentage of males or females born
from a plurality of eggs when using lighting as compared to the
percentage provided in a similar control situation (in which light
of the selected wavelengths and intensity is not applied).
[0077] Similarly, the systems and methods described herein can be
applied to eggs of other oviparous species, including fish,
amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and the like. In one embodiment,
lighting elements 32 are a plurality of underwater lighting
apparatuses similar to those disclosed in U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 13/715,904 to Grajcar et al. which is incorporated in full
herein. The lighting elements 32 provide different wavelength of
light to fish eggs located in their vicinity. The light is received
by eggs of underwater life such as salmon, and is used to control
the sex of the salmon or other species. In one embodiment, light
having a blue wavelength of approximately 450 nm is applied to the
eggs and causes an increase in the ratio of females to males as
compared to a control group to which such wavelengths of light are
not applied. Similarly, in another embodiment, light with
wavelengths in the Soret band of visible absorption (from about 390
nm-419 nm) causes an increase in the ratio of males to females, as
compared to a control group to which such wavelengths of light are
not applied. Other wavelengths of light may similarly be utilized
and emitted to optimize effects and to take into account the effect
of the light traveling through water.
[0078] Thus provided is a method and apparatus of accomplishing the
same for controlling the sex of embryos including avian embryos. In
particular, through the use of lighting assemblies that preferably
are AC driven LED lighting assemblies, different wavelength and
intensity light is provided to a plurality of avian embryos. Other
influencers can include the exposure of the eggs to predetermined
humidity and magnetic properties. As a result, the percentage of
either males or females from the plurality of embryos is increased
at least 5% as compared to embryos not receiving such wavelength
and intensity of light. Thus, for egg laying operations, the ratio
of female animals obtained from a plurality of eggs can be
increased, maximizing the amount of egg layers obtained from the
plurality of eggs. This thereby decreases the number of avians that
must be euthanized or lost, increasing efficiencies and maximizing
profits.
[0079] Unless otherwise stated, all measurements, values, ratings,
positions, magnitudes, sizes, and other specifications that are set
forth in this specification, including in the claims that follow,
are approximate, not exact. They are intended to have a reasonable
range that is consistent with the functions to which they relate
and with what is customary in the art to which they pertain.
[0080] The scope of protection is limited solely by the claims that
now follow. That scope is intended and should be interpreted to be
as broad as is consistent with the ordinary meaning of the language
that is used in the claims when interpreted in light of this
specification and the prosecution history that follows and to
encompass all structural and functional equivalents.
Notwithstanding, none of the claims are intended to embrace subject
matter that fails to satisfy the requirement of Sections 101, 102,
or 103 of the Patent Act, nor should they be interpreted in such a
way. Any unintended embracement of such subject matter is hereby
disclaimed.
[0081] Except as stated immediately above, nothing that has been
stated or illustrated is intended or should be interpreted to cause
a dedication of any component, step, feature, object, benefit,
advantage, or equivalent to the public, regardless of whether it is
or is not recited in the claims.
[0082] It will be understood that the terms and expressions used
herein have the ordinary meaning as is accorded to such terms and
expressions with respect to their corresponding respective areas of
inquiry and study except where specific meanings have otherwise
been set forth herein. Relational terms such as first and second
and the like may be used solely to distinguish one entity or action
from another without necessarily requiring or implying any actual
such relationship or order between such entities or actions. The
terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variation thereof,
are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a
process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of
elements does not include only those elements but may include other
elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method,
article, or apparatus. An element proceeded by "a" or "an" does
not, without further constraints, preclude the existence of
additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or
apparatus that comprises the element.
[0083] The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to allow the
reader to quickly ascertain the nature of the technical disclosure.
It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to
interpret or limit the scope or meaning of the claims. In addition,
in the foregoing Detailed Description, it can be seen that various
features are grouped together in various embodiments for the
purpose of streamlining the disclosure. This method of disclosure
is not to be interpreted as reflecting an intention that the
claimed embodiments require more features than are expressly
recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claims reflect,
inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of a single
disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are hereby
incorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim
standing on its own as a separately claimed subject matter.
[0084] While the foregoing has described what are considered to be
the best mode and/or other examples, it is understood that various
modifications may be made therein and that the subject matter
disclosed herein may be implemented in various forms and examples,
and that the teachings may be applied in numerous applications,
only some of which have been described herein. It is intended by
the following claims to claim any and all applications,
modifications and variations that fall within the true scope of the
present teachings.
* * * * *