Floating Barrier

Abstract

The invention concerns one or more floating barriers for use together with a conventional floating barrier for use in collecting oil on a water surface. The floating barriers are of the kind where the submerged part is partially penetrable for water and oil, thereby providing an impeding but not blocking effect on a passing flow of water. The function of the floating barriers is based on the fact that by disposition upstream relative to the conventional floating barrier and together with the latter they will constitute a total system which can be moved through an oil-contaminated body of water with substantially greater speed than a conventional floating barrier, without leaking oil behind the floating barrier system. The invention particularly concerns conditions of the geometry, spacing and draught of the water-penetrable liquid barriers.

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] The present invention concerns a floating barrier system including a conventional floating barrier and at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers, where the at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers are arranged in front of a conventional floating barrier, and where the liquid-penetrating effect is achieved by a given degree of perforation, wherein the conventional liquid barrier as well as the at least two liquid-penetrable floating barriers extend over a horizontal length from a first end to a second end at a vertical depth from an upper edge to an lower edge.

[0003] 2. Description of Related Art

[0004] By prior art conventional floating barriers, the submerged part is typically constituted by an approximately vertical impenetrable wall which will block a given liquid flow that may try to pass it. As the liquid flow is also prevented from passing over the submerged part due to the overwater part, which is typically constituted by buoyant bodies, the liquid flow is forced to pass under the submerged part. This entails a local increase in speed of the water flow which is to pass under the submerged part. This means that a conventional floating barrier which is moved through a liquid flow at e.g. 0.5 m/s locally can have liquid flows around the submerged part, particularly in a zone in front of the floating barrier (head wave effect), with double or triple speed. This occurs in particular in a zone upstream in relation to the floating barrier and in a area where a possible oil contamination can be located. By exceeding about 1 m/s in difference of the speed in the boundary layer between the oil layer and the water flow, entrainment of oil drops will begin, the drops being moved under the submerged part of the conventional floating barrier which hereby is provided a leakage. By increased difference in speed, this effect will be increased and large amounts of oil will be entrained down under the floating barrier. For many years, this phenomenon has been known as the limiting element in the use of floating barriers which has caused the used towing vessels to be limited in manoeuvring and the oil collecting operation to be very time-consuming as well.

[0005] Use of supplementary, partially penetrable floating barriers in order to counteract the above limitations to the efficiency of floating barriers has been described and tested in the period 1990-1999 by various research groups. By these tests it has appeared that it is possible to increase the operational speed by a factor 2-3, but by using the present invention this factor is increased to more than 4.

[0006] U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,662 discloses a solution where a plurality of successive floating barriers are applied where the rearmost floating barrier is a traditional floating barrier and where at the upper edge of two floating barriers in front are arranged a series of uniform apertures. Water and oil flow from the surface through these uniform openings when the floating barrier is towed through the water. These are very solid floating barriers which only can be moved at a low speed in order not to form a so-called head wave effect where water and oil are forced to speed up so to say and to be entrained in a flow under the floating barriers.

[0007] In order to avoid the inexpedient effect of head wave and oil escaping the floating barrier, a bottom is arranged in U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,662 between two floating barriers such that in principle a basin is formed between the latter. This bottom is arranged at an angle with horizontal such that the depth increases towards the rearmost of the two floating barriers in question. All water is thus to flow through a relatively small number of apertures in the floating barrier at its upper edge and out of the mentioned basin through a number of apertures at the bottom of it and close to the rearmost of the floating barriers in question. Thus it is the area of the mentioned apertures that determine how fast the floating barrier can be moved and still be usable for efficient collection.

[0008] U.S. Pat. No. 3,771,662 indicates a solution with large resistance when drawn through the water and which only will have a collecting effect at a very low speed, which obviously means that this is a less efficient solution which does not live up to the present demands to a rapid and efficient solution which in that case can prevent a natural catastrophe by rapid collection of spilled oil.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] It is the purpose of the invention to indicate a floating barrier system where the above mentioned drawbacks are counteracted and where it is possible to perform collection of e.g. oil from a water surface at a speed which is preferably about 300 to 400% greater than hitherto.

[0010] As mentioned in the introduction, the invention concerns one or more floating barriers for use together with a conventional floating barrier for use in collecting oil on a water surface. The floating barriers are of the kind where the submerged part is partially penetrable for water and oil, thereby providing an impeding but not blocking effect on a passing flow of water. The function of the floating barriers is based on the fact that by disposition upstream relative to the conventional floating barrier and together with the latter they will constitute a total system which can be moved through an oil-contaminated body of water with substantially greater speed than a conventional floating barrier, without leaking oil behind the floating barrier system. The invention particularly concerns conditions of the geometry, spacing and draught of the water-penetrable liquid barriers. The new feature of a floating barrier system according to the invention as indicated in claim 1 is that at least one of the at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers is made with a degree of perforation which is different from at least one other liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier. Hereby is achieved a graduated retardation of the water whereby an appreciably increased speed can be applied during towing of the floating barrier system by collection of spilled oil.

[0011] In a preferred variant of a floating barrier system according to the invention, the floating barrier system is arranged with a front/first liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier with a first degree of perforation, and at least with one other liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier with a second degree of perforation, wherein the front liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier is provided with a greater degree of perforation than a subsequent liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier. Hereby is introduced a graduated degree of penetrability between two or more floating barriers (auxiliary barriers) disposed upstream. However, this is so that the floating barrier encountering the liquid flow first has the greatest penetrability and thereby the lowest blocking action, the next slightly lower penetrability and possibly a third with even lower penetrability. This means that a passing liquid flow is gradually decelerated, thus encountering the conventional blocking floating barrier at a speed which does not give any problems with regard to entrainment of oil and thereby leakage in the system. At the same time, the graduated retardation effect means that none of the penetrable auxiliary barriers will encounter the liquid flow at a critical speed relative to the "head wave" effect.

[0012] In an embodiment of the invention, a floating barrier system will be adapted such that that the degree of perforation of a liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier is substantially uniform in its full horizontal length.

[0013] In another embodiment of the invention, a floating barrier system may be adapted such that that the degree of perforation of a liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier varies over its horizontal length. By this variant of the invention is avoided that the effect of an unavoidable angling relative to the direction of flow is avoided. It is thus possible to adapt the size of the perforations of the auxiliary barrier such that the projected area facing in the direction of movement is more or less uniform irrespective of the auxiliary barrier having a U-shape, as it appears from the subsequent Figures.

[0014] In another embodiment of this embodiment, graduation of the draught of upstream disposed penetrable floating barriers forms a part. A floating barrier system according to the invention can be arranged such that the individual liquid-penetrable floating barriers have different vertical depth and where the front/first liquid-penetrable floating barrier is provided with the greatest depth. However, it may also be so that the front/first liquid-penetrable floating barrier has the lesser depth and that a subsequent liquid-penetrable floating barrier is provided with the greater depth. This will also entail a desirable graduated deceleration of the liquid flow.

[0015] In yet a preferred embodiment of this invention, at least one liquid-penetrable floating barrier may include one or more vertical crossbars extending from the upper edge of the at least one liquid-penetrable floating barrier towards its lower edge. The vertical crossbar or crossbars is/are disposed with suitable spacing with the object of ensuring vertical straightness of the auxiliary barriers in the liquid flow. This means that the penetrability of the auxiliary barriers is kept constant in vertical direction without needing graduation of the perforation.

[0016] Finally, the invention includes a characterisation of the mutual spacing of the constituent penetrable floating barriers and the distance to the blocking conventional floating barrier behind. A preferred embodiment of a floating barrier system according to the invention can be adapted such that the spacing between the individual auxiliary barriers is made such that the spacing (b) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (c), and that the spacing (a) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (b).

[0017] The invention is explained in more detail in the following with reference to the drawings, wherein:

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0018] FIG. 1 shows a complete floating barrier system with three partially penetrable auxiliary barriers disposed upstream.

[0019] FIG. 2 shows a segment of the floating barrier system showing that the individual auxiliary barriers can have varying degree of perforation.

[0020] FIG. 3 shows a segment of the floating barrier system showing that the individual auxiliary barriers have horizontally varying degrees of perforation.

[0021] FIG. 4 shows a segment of the floating barrier system showing that the individual auxiliary barriers have varying draught.

[0022] FIG. 5 shows a segment of the floating barrier system showing that the individual auxiliary barriers have built-in vertical crossbars.

[0023] FIG. 6 shows a segment of the floating barrier system showing that the individual auxiliary barriers are provided with varying spacing.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0024] In the explanation of the Figures, identical or corresponding elements will be provided with the same designations in different Figures. Therefore, no explanation of all details will be given in connection with each single Figure/embodiment.

[0025] In FIGS. 1-5 is seen the conventional floating barrier 1 which in this system is arranged in U-shape. To this is fastened auxiliary barriers 2, 3, and 4 in upstream direction. The conventional floating barrier is provided with consecutive buoyant bodies 5 which may be air-filled or with a permanent buoyancy means, e.g. plastic foam. These have the purpose of ensuring a stable position for the floating barrier at sea, also by possible wave action. The submerged part 6 is constituted by an impenetrable wall of e.g. reinforced rubber or plastic film. Typically, the wall has a draught corresponding to 0.5 to 1.5 times the diameter of the buoyant bodies (the freeboard). Along the lower edge of the wall is fastened a ballast 7 which can be in the form of an iron chain, lead rope or bolted metal blocks. The purpose of the ballast is to contribute to the stable position of the floating barrier at sea and to ensure vertical position of the submerged part. The auxiliary barriers 2, 3 and 4 on FIGS. 1-5 are also provided with buoyancy means 8 and ballast 9 which have the same functions as in the conventional floating barrier.

[0026] In FIG. 2 is shown that the auxiliary barriers 2, 3 and 4 have different degree of perforation 10, 11 and 12 providing varying penetrability for a liquid flow. The degree of perforation of the auxiliary barriers will typically be between 60 and 90%. This means that the open area constitutes between 60 and 90% of the total area of the submerged part. In the embodiment shown here, auxiliary barrier 2 which is disposed farthest upstream has a preferred degree of perforation of 75-85%, auxiliary barrier 3 a degree of perforation of 70-80% and auxiliary barrier 4 a degree of perforation of 65-75%.

[0027] In FIG. 3 is shown that the auxiliary barriers 2, 3 and 4 have horizontally varied degree of perforation 13 and 14, respectively. The preferred embodiment of the latter entails that the flanks of the auxiliary barrier will have an angling relative to the liquid flow encountering the centre line of the floating barrier system will have a degree of perforation which compensates for this fact. This means that the projected degree of perforation becomes the same as in the central part of the auxiliary barrier. The performed perforation can either be made as stepwise variations or as a successive variation.

[0028] In FIG. 4 is shown that the auxiliary barriers have varied draughts 15, 16, and 17, respectively. In the embodiment preferred here, auxiliary barrier 15 is reduced to between 60 ad 90% of the draught of the conventional floating barrier. Auxiliary draught 16 is reduced to between 70 and 100% and auxiliary barrier 17 to between 80 and 100%.

[0029] In FIG. 5 appears that the individual auxiliary barriers are provided with vertical crossbars 18. In the embodiment shown here, these are disposed with spacing (d) corresponding to 100-450% of the total height (e) of the auxiliary barriers.

[0030] In FIG. 6 is shown that the spacing (a) and (b) of the individual auxiliary barriers and the distance to the conventional floating barrier (c) are varied. In the preferred embodiment here, the spacings between the individual auxiliary barriers 2, 3 and 4 are made such that the spacing (b) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (c), and the spacing (a) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (b).

Claims

1. A floating barrier system including a conventional floating barrier and at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers, where the at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers are arranged in front of a conventional floating barrier, and where the liquid-penetrating effect is achieved by a given degree of perforation, wherein the conventional liquid barrier as well as the at least two liquid-penetrable floating barriers extend over a horizontal length from one end to another end at a vertical depth from an upper edge to an lower edge, wherein at least one of the at least two liquid-penetrable auxiliary barriers are made with a degree of perforation which is different from at least one other liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier.

2. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein the liquid-penetrable system is arranged with a front/first liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier with a first degree of perforation, and at least with one other liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier with a second degree of perforation, wherein the front liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier is provided with a greater degree of perforation than a subsequent liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier.

3. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein the degree of perforation of a liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier is substantially uniform in its full horizontal length.

4. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein the degree of perforation of a liquid-penetrable auxiliary barrier varies over the horizontal length.

5. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein the individual liquid-penetrable floating barriers have different vertical depths.

6. A floating barrier system according to claim 5, wherein the front/first liquid-penetrable floating barrier is provided with a greater depth than a subsequent liquid-penetrable floating barrier.

7. A floating barrier system according to claim 5, wherein the front/first liquid-penetrable floating barrier is provided with a lesser depth than a subsequent liquid-penetrable floating barrier.

8. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein at least one liquid-penetrable floating barrier includes one or more vertical crossbars extending from the upper edge of the at least one liquid-penetrable floating barrier towards its lower edge.

9. A floating barrier system according to claim 1, wherein the spacing between the individual auxiliary barriers is made such that the spacing (b) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (c), and that the spacing (a) is between 80 and 150% of the spacing (b).