U.S. patent application number 14/856780 was filed with the patent office on 2016-01-14 for method and apparatus for assigning radio resources and controlling transmission parameters on a random access channel.
This patent application is currently assigned to InterDigital Technology Corporation. The applicant listed for this patent is InterDigital Technology Corporation. Invention is credited to Christopher R. Cave, Rocco Di Girolamo, Paul Marinier, Vincent Roy.
Application Number | 20160014817 14/856780 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 39319704 |
Filed Date | 2016-01-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20160014817 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Cave; Christopher R. ; et
al. |
January 14, 2016 |
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ASSIGNING RADIO RESOURCES AND CONTROLLING
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS ON A RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL
Abstract
A method and apparatus for assigning radio resources and
controlling parameters for transmission over a random access
channel in wireless communications by enhancing a random access
channel is disclosed.
Inventors: |
Cave; Christopher R.;
(Dollard-des-Ormeaux, CA) ; Marinier; Paul;
(Brossard, CA) ; Roy; Vincent; (Longueuil, CA)
; Di Girolamo; Rocco; (Laval, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
InterDigital Technology Corporation |
Wilmington |
DE |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
InterDigital Technology
Corporation
Wilmington
DE
|
Family ID: |
39319704 |
Appl. No.: |
14/856780 |
Filed: |
September 17, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14222823 |
Mar 24, 2014 |
9167602 |
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14856780 |
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13155514 |
Jun 8, 2011 |
8718020 |
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14222823 |
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11924493 |
Oct 25, 2007 |
8014359 |
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13155514 |
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60863276 |
Oct 27, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
370/329 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W 74/0833 20130101;
H04W 52/322 20130101; H04W 72/0446 20130101; H04W 72/0466 20130101;
H04W 52/367 20130101; H04W 72/04 20130101; H04W 52/267 20130101;
H04W 28/18 20130101; H04W 74/0891 20130101; H04W 52/16
20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04W 74/08 20060101
H04W074/08; H04W 72/04 20060101 H04W072/04 |
Claims
1. A method comprising: receiving an indication that comprises a
maximum resource allocation; and sending data in accordance with
the maximum resource allocation.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication is received via
broadcast signaling.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the maximum resource allocation
indicates a maximum amount of transmission time.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein data is sent on an enhanced
random access channel (RACH).
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the indication further comprises
at least one of: a maximum transmission rate that can be used for
transmitting a random access channel (RACH) frame; a maximum power
that can be used for transmitting the RACH frame; a maximum ratio
of a RACH data part power to a power of a preamble; an absolute
maximum total power for transmission of the RACH frame; a maximum
power for transmission of the RACH frame relative to the power of a
preamble; a maximum RACH transport block size; or a transmission
time interval (TTI) size.
6. A method comprising: receiving, via broadcast signaling, an
indication that comprises an initial serving grant value; and
sending in enhanced uplink in accordance with the initial serving
grant value.
7. The method of claim 6, wherein the initial serving grant value
comprises an indication of a maximum ratio of data part power to
control part power.
8. The method of claim 6, further comprising: receiving, via an
enhanced absolute grant channel (E-AGCH), a second indication that
comprises a second initial serving grant value; and sending in
enhanced uplink in accordance with the second initial serving grant
value.
9. The method of claim 6 further comprising: receiving, via an
enhanced relative grant channel (E-RGCH), a second indication that
comprises a second initial serving grant value; and sending in
enhanced uplink in accordance with the second initial serving grant
value.
10. The method of claim 6, further comprising: sending a plurality
of physical random access channel (PRACH) slots, each PRACH slot
comprising a data part and a control part; and sending data using
more than one spreading factor for channelization codes used in the
data part.
11. The method of claim 6, further comprising: sending a plurality
of physical random access channel (PRACH) slots, each PRACH slot
comprising a data part and a control part; and varying a number of
channelization codes used in the data part.
12. The method of claim 6, further comprising: sending a plurality
of physical random access channel (PRACH) slots, each PRACH slot
comprising a data part and a control part; and varying modulation
in the data part.
13. The method of claim 6, further comprising: sending a plurality
of physical random access channel (PRACH) slots, each PRACH slot
comprising a data part and a control part; and varying transmission
power in at least one of the data part or the control part.
14. A wireless transmit and receive unit (WTRU) comprising: a
processor configured to: receive, via broadcast signaling, an
indication that comprises an initial serving grant value; and send
in enhanced uplink in accordance with the initial serving grant
value.
15. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the initial serving grant value
comprises an indication of a maximum ratio of data part power to
control part power.
16. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the processor is further
configured to: receive, via an enhanced absolute grant channel
(E-AGCH), a second indication that comprises a second initial
serving grant value; and send in enhanced uplink in accordance with
the second initial serving grant value.
17. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the processor is further
configured to: receive, via an enhanced relative grant channel
(E-RGCH), a second indication that comprises a second initial
serving grant value; and send in enhanced uplink in accordance with
the second initial serving grant value.
18. The WTRU of claim 14, wherein the processor is further
configured to: send a plurality of physical random access channel
(PRACH) slots, each PRACH slot comprising a data part and a control
part; and perform at least one of: sending data using more than one
spreading factor for channelization codes used in the data part,
varying a number of channelization codes used in the data part;
varying modulation in the data part; or varying transmission power
in at least one of the data part or the control part.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser.
No. 14/222,823 filed on Mar. 24, 2014, which is a continuation of
U.S. application Ser. No. 13/155,514 filed on Jun. 8, 2011, now
U.S. Pat. No. 8,718,020 issued on May 6, 2014, which is a
continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/924,493 filed on Oct.
25, 2007, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,014,359 issued on Sep. 6, 2011, which
claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/863,276
filed on Oct. 27, 2006, all of which are incorporated herein by
reference as if fully set forth.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is related to wireless
communications.
BACKGROUND
[0003] In 3GPP UMTS (Third Generation Partnership Project Universal
Mobile Telecommunication System) wireless systems, the Random
Access Channel (RACH) is an uplink (UL) transport channel that is
used for transfer of data and/or control information in the absence
of a dedicated radio link. The RACH is mapped to the physical
random access channel (PRACH).
[0004] Access to the RACH by a wireless transmit-receive unit
(WTRU) is based on a slotted-Aloha approach, with acquisition
indication received from a radio access network (RAN). The WTRU
must first acquire the channel by transmitting a preamble, which
comprises a signature sequence that is randomly selected among a
set of predetermined sequences. The transmit power of the initial
preamble is determined by open loop power control, with parameters
determined and broadcast by the RAN.
[0005] The WTRU then waits for an acquisition indication from a
Node B, which is signaled in the Downlink (DL) on the Acquisition
Indicator Channel (AICH). When the Node B detects the PRACH
preamble associated with RACH attempt, it echoes on the AICH an
identical signature sequence to indicate to the WTRU to transmit
over PRACH.
[0006] In the case where no AICH is detected, the WTRU increases
its transmission power by a predetermined amount and retransmits
the preamble in the next available transmission slot. The process
is repeated until the AICH is detected by the WTRU, or until a
maximum number of preamble transmissions is reached. If a negative
acknowledgement is received or the maximum number of transmissions
is reached, RACH access has failed and a backoff procedure is
performed at the medium access (MAC) layer.
[0007] In the case where a positive AICH is transmitted by the Node
B, the WTRU transmits the PRACH frame, which consists of a control
part 10 and data part 15 as shown in FIG. 1A.
[0008] The preamble and AICH procedure provide a way to for the
WTRU to reserve the RACH as well as determine the right power for
transmission. The power of the control part 10 is set with a fixed
offset from the power of the last transmitted preamble. The
transmission power of the data part 15 is set using a gain factor
with respect to the control part, which is determined in the same
way as other UL dedicated physical channels. The gain factor
depends on the spreading factor that is used for the data part.
Spreading factors 256, 128, 64 and 32 are allowed for the PRACH
data part.
[0009] Referring to FIG. 2, the AICH consists of a sequence of
consecutive access slots 20. Each access slot consists of two
parts, an Acquisition-Indicator (AI) part 25 and a part 30 of
duration 1024 chips with no transmission. The part of the slot with
no transmission 30 is reserved for possible future use. The
spreading factor (SF) used for channelization of the AICH is
256.
[0010] The transmission rate for RACH/PRACH is limited (single code
with spreading factor 32) in existing 3GPP systems. One reason for
the limitation is to avoid excessive UL interference caused by
WTRUs when transmitting high rate bursts over RACH/PRACH. When a
WTRU gains RACH access, it must independently select the transport
format for transmission. There is no way for the RAN to dynamically
control the transmission rate of WTRUs over RACH/PRACH.
SUMMARY
[0011] Disclosed is a method and apparatus for assigning radio
resources and controlling parameters for transmission over a
contention-based channel that is used by a WRTU to transfer data
and/or control information in an uplink to a radio access network
(RAN). In one embodiment, a method and apparatus are disclosed for
increasing the rate of data transmission over the channel while
limiting any resulting increase of noise.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] FIG. 1A shows an existing frame format for a physical random
access channel (PRACH).
[0013] FIG. 1B shows a frame format for a physical random access
channel (PRACH) according to the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2 shows a frame structure for an existing acquisition
indicator channel (AICH).
[0015] FIG. 3 shows a structure for an AICH according to the
present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram of a portion of a
representative wireless communication system with a WTRU and a
Node-B.
[0017] FIG. 5 shows a method for distinguishing among different
PRACH types according to the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Hereafter, a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) includes
but is not limited to a user equipment, mobile station, fixed or
mobile subscriber unit, pager, or any other type of device capable
of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter,
a base station includes but is not limited to a Node-B, site
controller, access point or any other type of interfacing device in
a wireless environment.
[0019] Although described within the scope of 3GPP UMTS and UMTS
Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) wireless communication systems, the
following embodiments and teachings are applicable to other
wireless communications technologies, including those systems
employing random access channels for uplink transmission.
[0020] FIG. 1B shows a proposed frame format for a physical random
access channel (PRACH). FIG. 1B indicates several methods, not to
be considered exhaustive, which may be used individually or in any
combination to increase the transmission rate of PRACH frames. A
first method includes decreasing a spreading factor (SF) used on
the data part 17. A second method includes increasing the number of
channelization codes used for the data part 17. A third method
includes increasing the order of modulations (e.g. using 8-PSK,
16-QAM, 64-QAM) and variable coding rates (i.e. MSC) for the data
part 17. Optionally, the control part of the PRACH frame 12 may be
modified to support the higher data rates. An increase in the
transmission power of the control part is proposed to improve the
reliability of the pilot field when high data rates are used.
Specifically, the power offset between the last preamble and the
PRACH control part (Pp-m=P.sub.message-control-P.sub.preamble) may
be transmission rate dependant, rather than having a single
value.
[0021] Such an increase in achievable rates of RACH/PRACH may
result in a significant increase in the number of transport formats
(i.e. slot formats) that need to be supported on the Data portion
of the PRACH. The slot format for the Control part 10 of the
existing PRACH only provides two bits in the transport format
combination index (TFCI) field 35. This currently limits to four
the number of transport formats that can be supported on the Data
portion of the PRACH. To circumvent this limitation, a new slot
format is proposed for the control part 12 of the PRACH, shown in
FIG. 1B. This new slot format may provide more than two bits in the
TFCI field 37. For example, having 8 bits in the TFCI field 35
would allow for up to 2.sup.8=256 different slot formats on the
Data portion 17 of the PRACH.
[0022] For backward compatibility this newly defined slot format,
containing more than two bits in the TFCI field 37, will need to
coexist with the former slot format which only provided for two
bits in the TFCI field 35. Having two different PRACH types
coexist, the PRACH and an Enhanced-PRACH, brings a challenge for a
base station to properly decode a PRACH since the base station
currently has no means by which it can learn which PRACH type a
particular WTRU uses for the control part 10 and data part 15 of
its PRACH transmission.
[0023] This backward compatibility issue can be addressed by
performing a segregation of the radio resources used by the PRACH
in two groups. One group is reserved for the PRACH transmissions
using the old PRACH format and another group is reserved for the
Enhanced PRACH transmissions using the new PRACH format. This
segregation can be ensured by the RAN through dedicated radio
resource channel (RRC) signaling or broadcast RRC signaling. Three
examples, not to be considered exhaustive or limiting, follow.
[0024] A first example, illustrated in FIG. 5, is segregation in
the time slots available for PRACH transmissions. The RAN could
reserve a certain number of slots for PRACH transmission using a
given PRACH format while reserving another set of slots for PRACH
transmission using another PRACH slot format. FIG. 5 illustrates
one particular example of segmentation by access slot; other
examples are possible.
[0025] A second example is segregation of the scrambling codes used
for PRACH transmissions. The RAN could reserve a certain number of
scrambling codes for PRACH transmission using a given PRACH format
(e.g. traditional PRACH) while reserving another set of scrambling
codes for PRACH transmission using another PRACH format (e.g.
Enhanced PRACH). The assignment of scrambling codes may be signaled
by higher layers and by RRC broadcast signaling.
[0026] A third example is segregation of signature sequences used
in the PRACH preamble. The RAN could reserve a certain number of
signature sequences for PRACH transmission using a given PRACH
format (e.g. traditional PRACH) while reserving another set of
signature sequences for PRACH transmission using another PRACH
format (e.g. Enhanced PRACH). An example of how signature sequences
can be segregated is shown in the Table 1, where P0 to P8 are
reserved for PRACH and P9 to P15 are reserved for Enhanced PRACH.
Note that this is just one realization of segregation by signature
sequence; others are possible.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 PRACH Preamble Value of n Type signature 0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 PRACH P.sub.0(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 P.sub.1(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
P.sub.2(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 P.sub.3(n) 1 -1
-1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 P.sub.4(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 P.sub.5(n) 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1
1 P.sub.6(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 P.sub.7(n) 1
-1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 P.sub.8(n) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 Enhanced P.sub.9(n) 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 PRACH P.sub.10(n) 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
-1 1 1 P.sub.11(n) 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
P.sub.12(n) 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 P.sub.13(n) 1
-1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 P.sub.14(n) 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 P.sub.15(n) 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1
-1 -1 1
[0027] Increasing the data rate according to the disclosed method
may increase the amount of noise generated. In order to avoid
excessive noise rise caused by high data rate RACH/PRACH bursts,
the RAN may be configured to control the interference generated by
the WTRUs. Specifically, the RAN may indicate to the WTRU, prior to
WTRU transmission of the PRACH frame, the maximum transmission rate
and/or power that can be used for transmitting the PRACH frame.
Alternatively, a grant may be pre-configured (e.g. through RRC
broadcast signaling) to allow the WTRU to start transmission and,
optionally, the grant may be readjusted by the UTRA Network (UTRAN)
while the WTRU is transmitting over the Enhanced RACH.
[0028] The information signaled from the RAN to the WTRU may
effectively limit the system impact caused by the PRACH frame,
while allowing the WTRU to select the highest transport block size
and maximize the efficiency of the RACH access. A grant-type
signaling mechanism is disclosed, where the RAN indicates to the
WTRU the maximum amount of UL resources that can be consumed for
transmission of the PRACH frame. The following non-exhaustive list
of example metrics and parameters is proposed, the metrics to be
used individually or in any combination to determine what UL
resources should be granted for enhanced PRACH transmission.
[0029] A first example is maximum power ratio, which indicates the
maximum power ratio between the enhanced PRACH data part 17 and the
control part 12, or the maximum power ratio between the enhanced
PRACH data part 17 and the preamble power. The maximum power ratio
is one possible measure of the transmission power of the WTRU.
Controlling the power of the WTRU is one way of controlling noise
rise or interference caused by the WTRU in the UL. This power
control may be performed by the base station.
[0030] A second example of a metric for determining what UL
resources should be granted for enhanced PRACH transmission is
maximum transmission power, which indicates the maximum total power
that the WTRU can use for transmission of the PRACH frame with
enhanced data part 17 and control part 12. The maximum total power
can be determined as an absolute value (e.g. 20 dBm), or as a
relative power with respect to the preamble power. As with the
previous example, controlling the power of the WTRU effectively
controls the noise rise or interference that is caused by the WTRU
in the UL. This power control may be performed by the base
station.
[0031] A third example of a metric is maximum RACH transport block
size. Determination of this quantity allows the UTRAN to control
interference that is generated by the WTRU by controlling the
amount of time that the RACH is used.
[0032] A fourth example of a metric is transmission time interval
(TTI) size.
[0033] A fifth example of a metric is a maximum amount of time
(e.g. number of TTI) the WTRU can transmit.
[0034] The value of the grant may be mapped to an index, where the
mapping is known by the WTRU and RAN. The mapping may be broadcast
by the RAN over BCCH/BCH, configured through higher layer signaling
or pre-configured in WTRU devices.
[0035] Various mechanisms are proposed in the following, to allow
the RAN to convey the information described above. These mechanisms
can be used individually or in any combination.
[0036] In one embodiment, shown in FIG. 3, the control information
is conveyed to the WTRU using an existing AICH or similar channel.
Specifically, the RAN takes advantage of an acquisition indication
that is sent between the preamble and the PRACH frame to indicate
to the WTRU the maximum transmission rate. A proposed structure of
an AICH is shown in FIG. 3. The first part 50 of the AICH access
slot may have the same meaning as in the existing AICH, whereas the
last part 40 which was previously the reserved part 30 contains the
control information.
[0037] In one example embodiment, the number of chips in the above
examples may be retained: the first part, or AI part, 50 of the
AICH may contain 4096 chips and the second part 40 may contain 1024
chips. Using a SF256 channelization code, a sequence of 8
real-valued signals can be transmitted over the 1024 chips. A
predefined sequence of symbols, e.g. signature sequence, can be
defined for each of the control information levels. The mapping
between symbol sequence and control information index should be
known at the RAN and the WTRU; this mapping may be broadcast by the
RAN, configured through higher layer signaling or
pre-configured.
[0038] Alternatively, the last 1024 chips 40 of the AICH slot can
be interpreted as a new bit field (e.g. 4 bits) which contains the
index of the control information, where channel coding may be used
to increase decoding reliability of the bit field.
[0039] Alternatively, the control grant may be conveying using any
of: existing enhanced access gate channel (E-AGCH) and enhanced
reverse gate channel (E-RGCH) to indicate "grant" for PRACH frames;
the forward access channel (FACH) transport channel or similar
channel; and the broadcast control channel (BCCH) logical channel,
which is mapped to the broadcast channel (BCH) transport channel.
In this case, the control information is broadcast throughout the
cell and may be either common to all WTRUs using the PRACH, or
signaled individually to WTRUs using RACH/PRACH. In addition one
may use other new or existing physical layer signaling and/or L2
control channel to convey the control grant.
[0040] The RAN may make a decision as to the WTRU maximum
transmission rate and/or power for each WTRU that has successfully
acquired the RACH through the preamble mechanism. This decision may
be made autonomously or be directed by the WTRU.
[0041] The RAN could make this decision independently for each WTRU
that has successfully acquired the channel. An example of a metric
for this is a limit on the UL interference. Although effective when
a single WTRU has acquired the RACH channel, it may lead to
inefficiencies when more than one WTRU transmits on the RACH. In
the latter case, a WTRU may be assigned a higher rate/power but may
not need it. The extra assignment to this WTRU would be lost, as no
other WTRU could use it.
[0042] In this approach, the RAN tries to assign the capacity among
the WTRUs based on limiting UL interference, while at the same time
maximizing the probability that this extra capacity will be used.
In order to achieve this, the RAN may require an indication as to
the WTRU buffer occupancy. A higher occupancy would imply a higher
probability of using the extra capacity. The WTRU need only provide
a coarse indication of buffer occupancy (e.g. low, medium, high,
very high). This information could be signaled during the RACH
preamble in several alternative ways. As one example, a trailer may
be appended to the preamble message with the buffer occupancy
indication. Alternatively, the information may be coded in the
preamble signature sequences; that is, reserving a set of signature
sequences for each of the buffer occupancy levels.
[0043] FIG. 4 is a functional block diagram 300 of a portion of a
representative wireless communication system with a WTRU 210 and a
Node-B, or base station 220. The WTRU 210 and base station 220 are
in two-way communication with each other, and are both configured
to perform a method such as one of the embodiments described above
for increasing a data transmission rate over a random access
channel.
[0044] In addition to the components that may be found in a typical
WTRU, the WTRU 210 includes a processor 215, a receiver 216, a
transmitter 217, and an antenna 218. The processor 215 is
configured to perform a method such as one of the embodiments
described above for increasing a data transmission rate over a
random access channel. The receiver 216 and the transmitter 217 are
in communication with the processor 215. The antenna 218 is in
communication with both the receiver 216 and the transmitter 217 to
facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless data.
[0045] In addition to the components that may be found in a typical
Node-B, the Node-B 220 includes a processor 225, a receiver 226, a
transmitter 227, and an antenna 228. The processor 225 is
configured to perform a method such as one of the embodiments
described above for increasing a data transmission rate over a
random access channel. The receiver 226 and the transmitter 227 are
in communication with the processor 225. The antenna 228 is in
communication with both the receiver 226 and the transmitter 227 to
facilitate the transmission and reception of wireless data.
[0046] By way of example, embodiments may be implemented in a base
station, wireless network controller, at the data link layer or the
network layer, in the form of software or hardware in a WCDMA FDD
or long term evolution (LTE).
[0047] Although features and elements are described above in
particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone
without the other features and elements or in various combinations
with or without other features and elements. The methods or flow
charts provided herein may be implemented in a computer program,
software, or firmware tangibly embodied in a computer-readable
storage medium for execution by a general purpose computer or a
processor. Examples of computer-readable storage mediums include a
read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), a register,
cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as
internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and
optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and digital versatile disks
(DVDs).
[0048] Suitable processors include, by way of example, a general
purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional
processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in association with a
DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application Specific
Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)
circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), and/or a state
machine.
[0049] A processor in association with software may be used to
implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a wireless
transmit receive unit (WTRU), user equipment (UE), terminal, base
station, radio network controller (RNC), or any host computer. The
WTRU may be used in conjunction with modules, implemented in
hardware and/or software, such as a camera, a video camera module,
a videophone, a speakerphone, a vibration device, a speaker, a
microphone, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, a
keyboard, a Bluetooth.RTM. module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio
unit, a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit, an organic
light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit, a digital music player, a
media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser,
and/or any wireless local area network (WLAN) module.
* * * * *