U.S. patent application number 14/766364 was filed with the patent office on 2015-12-24 for compositions comprising gougerotin and an insecticide.
The applicant listed for this patent is BAYER CROPSCIENCE LP. Invention is credited to Wolfram ANDERSCH, Reed Nathan ROYALTY, Bernd SPRINGER, Wolfgang THIELERT.
Application Number | 20150366199 14/766364 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50156967 |
Filed Date | 2015-12-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150366199 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
ANDERSCH; Wolfram ; et
al. |
December 24, 2015 |
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING GOUGEROTIN AND AN INSECTICIDE
Abstract
The present invention relates to a composition comprising
isolated gougerotin and at least one insecticide in a
synergistically effective amount, with the proviso that the
insecticide is not gougerotin. Furthermore, the present invention
relates to the use of this composition as well as a method for
reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts.
Inventors: |
ANDERSCH; Wolfram; (Monheim,
DE) ; ROYALTY; Reed Nathan; (West Sacramento, CA)
; SPRINGER; Bernd; (Monheim, DE) ; THIELERT;
Wolfgang; (Monheim, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
BAYER CROPSCIENCE LP |
Research Triangle Park |
NC |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50156967 |
Appl. No.: |
14/766364 |
Filed: |
February 10, 2014 |
PCT Filed: |
February 10, 2014 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US14/15589 |
371 Date: |
August 6, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61763130 |
Feb 11, 2013 |
|
|
|
61767156 |
Feb 20, 2013 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
504/100 ; 514/28;
514/49 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01N 43/16 20130101;
A01N 43/78 20130101; A01N 43/12 20130101; A01N 47/22 20130101; C12R
1/465 20130101; A01N 43/54 20130101; A01N 43/50 20130101; A01N
43/56 20130101; A01N 47/14 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N
63/10 20200101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 63/10 20200101; A01N
47/22 20130101; A01N 43/653 20130101; A01N 53/00 20130101; A01N
47/24 20130101; A01N 51/00 20130101; A01N 41/10 20130101; A01N
47/22 20130101; A01N 41/10 20130101; A01N 43/653 20130101; A01N
43/22 20130101; A01N 47/02 20130101; A01N 43/713 20130101; A01N
41/10 20130101; A01N 43/22 20130101; A01N 47/22 20130101; A01N
47/40 20130101; A01N 43/12 20130101; A01N 43/12 20130101; A01N
53/00 20130101; A01N 43/713 20130101; A01N 47/24 20130101; A01N
43/713 20130101; A01N 51/00 20130101; A01N 47/24 20130101; A01N
51/00 20130101; A01N 47/02 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N
53/00 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 47/40 20130101; A01N
43/653 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 47/02 20130101; A01N
43/56 20130101; A01N 43/56 20130101; A01N 47/40 20130101; A01N
43/12 20130101; A01N 43/22 20130101; A01N 37/22 20130101; A01N
63/00 20130101; Y02A 50/356 20180101; A01N 53/00 20130101; A01N
43/40 20130101; A01N 63/00 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A01N 43/54 20060101
A01N043/54; A01N 43/16 20060101 A01N043/16; A01N 53/00 20060101
A01N053/00; A01N 43/56 20060101 A01N043/56; A01N 43/50 20060101
A01N043/50; A01N 47/14 20060101 A01N047/14; A01N 43/40 20060101
A01N043/40; A01N 43/78 20060101 A01N043/78; A01N 47/22 20060101
A01N047/22; A01N 43/12 20060101 A01N043/12; A01N 37/22 20060101
A01N037/22 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising a) isolated gougerotin of the formula
##STR00002## and b) at least one insecticide in a synergistically
effective amount with the proviso that the at least one insecticide
is not gougerotin.
2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the fungicide is a
synthetic fungicide.
3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said insecticide
is selected from the group consisting of Abamectin, Acephate,
Acetamiprid, Acrinathrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin, Beta-Cyfluthrin,
Bifenthrin, Buprofezin, Clothianidin, Chlorantraniliprole,
Chlorfenapyr, Chlorpyrifos, Carbofuran, Cyantraniliprole,
Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumentofen, Cyfluthrin, Cypermethrin,
Deltamethrin, Diafenthiuron, Dinotefuran, Emamectin-benzoate,
Ethiprole, Fenpyroximate, Fipronil, Flometoquin, Flubendiamide,
Fluensulfone, Fluopyram, Flupyradifurone, Gamma-Cyhalothrin,
Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb, Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Lufenuron,
Metaflumizone, Methiocarb, Methoxyfenozide, Milbemectin,
Profenofos, Pyflubumide, Pyrifluquinazone, Spinetoram, Spinosad,
Spirodiclofen, Spiromesifen, Spirotetramate, Sulfoxaflor,
Tebufenpyrad, Tefluthrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Thiodicarb,
Triflumuron,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine and Afidopyropen.
4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein said insecticide
is selected from the group consisting of Methiocarb, Thiodicarb,
Fipronil, .beta.-Cyfluthrin, Tefluthrin, Clothianidin,
Imidacloprid, Thiacloprid, Sulfoxaflor, Spinetoram, Spinosad,
Chlorantraniliprole, Cyantraniliprole, Flubendiamide,
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (I277) and
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide.
5. The composition according to claim 1, further comprising at
least one fungicide, with the proviso that the fungicide is not
gougerotin.
6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one
insecticide is spiromesifen.
7. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the fungicide is
selected from the group consisting of inhibitors of the ergosterol
biosynthesis, inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or
II, inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex III, inhibitors
of the mitosis and cell division, compounds capable to induce a
host defense, inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein
biosynthesis, inhibitors of the ATP production, inhibitors of the
cell wall synthesis, inhibitors of the lipid and membrane
synthesis, inhibitors of the melanine biosynthesis, inhibitors of
the nucleic acid synthesis, inhibitors of the signal transduction,
and compounds capable to act as an uncoupler.
8. The composition according to claim 1 additionally comprising at
least one auxiliary selected from the group consisting of
extenders, solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers,
dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants.
9. A seed treated with the composition according to claim 1.
10. A seed according to claim 9, wherein the insecticide in the
composition is selected from the group consisting of Abamectin, B.
firmus, Carbofuran, Clothianidin, Cyazypyr, Cycloxaprid,
Cypermethrin, Ethiprole, Fipronil, Fluopyram, Imidacloprid,
Methiocarb, Rynaxypyr, Spinosad, Spiromesifen, Sulfoxaflor,
Tefluthrin, Thiametoxam, and Thiodicarb.
11-13. (canceled)
14. A method for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts
as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens comprising the step
of simultaneously or sequentially applying a) isolated gougerotin;
b) at least one insecticide selected from the group consisting of
Abamectin, Acephate, Acetamiprid, Acrinathrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin,
Beta-Cyfluthrin, Bifenthrin, Buprofezin, Clothianidin,
Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorfenapyr, Chlorpyrifos, Carbofuran,
Cyantraniliprole, Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumentofen, Cyfluthrin,
Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Diafenthiuron, Dinotefuran,
Emamectin-benzoate, Ethiprole, Fenpyroximate, Fipronil,
Flometoquin, Flubendiamide, Fluensulfone, Fluopyram,
Flupyradifurone, Gamma-Cyhalothrin, Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb,
Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Lufenuron, Metaflumizone, Methiocarb,
Methoxyfenozide, Milbemectin, Profenofos, Pyflubumide,
Pyrifluquinazone, Spinetoram, Spinosad, Spirodiclofen,
Spiromesifen, Spirotetramate, Sulfoxaflor, Tebufenpyrad,
Tefluthrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Thiodicarb, Triflumuron,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine and Afidopyropen; and c)
optionally at least one fungicide on the plant, plant parts,
harvested fruits, vegetables and/or plant's locus of growth in a
synergistically effective amount, with the proviso that the at
least one fungicide is not gougerotin.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the optional
fungicide is a synthetic fungicide.
16. The composition according to claim 5, wherein the fungicide is
selected from the group consisting of binapacryl, dinocap,
ferimzone, fluazinam, meptyldinocap, benthiazole, bethoxazin,
capsimycin, carvone, chinomethionat, pyriofenone (chlazafenone),
cufraneb, cyflufenamid, cymoxanil, cyprosulfamide, dazomet,
debacarb, dichlorophen, diclomezine, difenzoquat, difenzoquat
methylsulphate, diphenylamine, ecomate, fenpyrazamine, flumetover,
fluoroimide, flusulfamide, flutianil, fosetyl-aluminium,
fosetyl-calcium, fosetyl-sodium, hexachlorobenzene, irumamycin,
methasulfocarb, methyl isothiocyanate, metrafenone, mildiomycin,
natamycin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, nitrothal-isopropyl,
octhilinone, oxamocarb, oxyfenthiin, pentachlorophenol and salts,
phenothrin, phosphorous acid and its salts, propamocarb-fosetylate,
propanosine-sodium, proquinazid, pyrimorph,
(2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one,
(2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one, pyrrolnitrine, tebufloquin, tecloftalam,
tolnifanide, triazoxide, trichlamide, zarilamid,
(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-Risobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2--
yl}carbonyl)aminol-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl
2-methylpropanoate,
1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone,
1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl-
]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyra-
zol-1-yl]ethanone,
1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol--
2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethan-
one, 1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl
1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate,
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine,
2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one,
2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7
(2H,6H)-tetrone,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone,
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-di-
hydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone,
2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one,
2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazo-
l-5-yl]pyridine, 2-phenylphenol and salts,
3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinolone,
3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile,
3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine,
3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine,
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine,
5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol,
5-chloro-N'-phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide,
5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine,
5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine,
5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, ethyl
(2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enoate,
N'-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-
-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide,
N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,
N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)pheny-
l]propanamide,
N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxami-
de,
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carbo-
xamide,
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine--
3-carboxamide,
N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide,
N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide,
N'-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylpheny-
l}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamid-
e,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}pip-
eridin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-car-
boxamide,
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ace-
tyl}piperidin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazol-
e-4-carboxamide, pentyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]py-
ridin-2-yl}carbamate, phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, quinolin-8-ol,
quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1), tert-butyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyri-
din-2-yl}carbamate,
1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyr-
azole-4-carboxamide,
N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carb-
oxamide,
N-(2',4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-py-
razole-4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyra-
zole-4-carboxamide,
N-(2',5'-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole--
4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyraz-
ole-4-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-meth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H--
pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-car-
boxamide,
N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carbox-
amide,
4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1-
,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide,
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]--
1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide,
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide,
(5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)-
methanone,
N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl-
)ethyl]-N2-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide
4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, but-3-yn-1-yl
{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]-
pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, 4-Amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-ol, propyl
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and oryzastrobin.
Description
[0001] The present invention relates to a composition comprising
gougerotin and at least one insecticide in a synergistically
effective amount, with the proviso that the insecticide is not
gougerotin. Furthermore, the present invention relates to the use
of this composition as well as a method for reducing overall damage
of plants and plant parts.
[0002] Synthetic insecticides or fungicides often are non-specific
and therefore can act on organisms other than the target ones,
including other naturally occurring beneficial organisms. Because
of their chemical nature, they may be also toxic and
non-biodegradable. Consumers worldwide are increasingly conscious
of the potential environmental and health problems associated with
the residuals of chemicals, particularly in food products. This has
resulted in growing consumer pressure to reduce the use or at least
the quantity of chemical (i. e. synthetic) pesticides. Thus, there
is a need to manage food chain requirements while still allowing
effective pest control.
[0003] A further problem arising with the use of synthetic
insecticides or fungicides is that the repeated and exclusive
application of an insecticide or fungicides often leads to
selection of resistant microorganisms. Normally, such strains are
also cross-resistant against other active ingredients having the
same mode of action. An effective control of the pathogens with
said active compounds is then not possible any longer. However,
active ingredients having new mechanisms of action are difficult
and expensive to develop.
[0004] The risk of resistance development in pathogen populations
as well as environmental and human health concerns have fostered
interest in identifying alternatives to synthetic insecticides and
fungicides for managing plant diseases. The use of biological
control agents (BCAs) is one alternative. In some cases the
effectiveness of BCAs is not at the same level as for conventional
insecticides and fungicides, especially in case of severe infection
pressure. Consequently, in some circumstances, biological control
agents, their mutants and metabolites produced by them are, in
particular in low application rates, not entirely satisfactory.
[0005] Thus, there is a constant need for developing new,
alternative plant protection agents which in some areas at least
help to fulfill the above-mentioned requirements.
[0006] WO 2009/037242 A2 relates to a fungicidal composition of one
of two specific fungicidal bacterial strains, namely Bacillus
subtilis and Bacillus pumilus, and a synthetic fungicide for
controlling phytopathogenic harmful fungi. However, the control of
insects is not mentioned at all.
[0007] WO 2010/108973 A2 describes a method for controlling harmful
fungi comprising different sequential treatment blocks of plants
with at least one fungicidal biological control agent and at least
one synthetic fungicide. Consequently, the control of insects is
not addressed in this patent application.
[0008] In view of this, it was in particular an object of the
present invention to provide compositions which exhibit activity
against insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. Moreover,
it was a further particular object of the present invention, to
reduce the application rates and broaden the activity spectrum of
the biological control agents and insecticides, and thereby to
provide a composition which, preferably at a reduced total amount
of active compounds applied, has improved activity against insects,
mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens. In particular, it was a
further object of the present invention to provide a composition
which, when applied to a crop, results in a decreased amount of
residues in the crop, thereby reducing the risk of resistance
formation and nevertheless provides efficient disease control.
[0009] Accordingly, it was found that these objects at least partly
are solved by the compositions according to the invention as
defined in the following. The composition according to the present
invention preferably fulfills the above-described needs. It has
been surprisingly discovered that the application of the
composition according to the present invention in a simultaneous or
sequential way to plants, plant parts, harvested fruits, vegetables
and/or plant's locus of growth preferably allows better control of
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens than it is possible
with the strains, their mutants and/or at least one metabolite
produced by the strains on the one hand and with the individual
insecticides on the other hand, alone (synergistic mixtures). By
applying isolated gougerotin and the insecticide according to the
invention the activity against insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens is preferably increased in a superadditive
manner.
[0010] As a consequence, the composition according to the present
invention preferably allows a reduced total amount of both isolated
gougerotin and the insecticide to be used and thus the crops which
have been treated by this composition preferably show a decreased
amount of residues in the crop. Accordingly, the risk of resistance
formation of harmful microorganisms is decreased.
[0011] The present invention is directed to a composition
comprising (a) isolated gougerotin and (b) at least one insecticide
in a synergistically effective amount, with the proviso that the at
least one insecticide is not gougerotin.
[0012] Furthermore, the present invention relates to a kit of parts
comprising isolated gougerotin and at least one insecticide. The
present invention is further directed to the use of said
composition for reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts
as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by
insects, mites, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0013] Moreover, the present invention provides a method for
reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses
in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, mites,
nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0014] In the present invention, "isolated gougerotin" refers to
the compound
1-(4-Amino-2-oxo-1(2H)-pyrimidinyl)-1,4-dideoxy-4-[[N--(N-methyl-
glycyl)-D-seryl]amino]-b-D-glucopyranuronamide, also known by its
trivial name gougerotin. The chemical structure of gougerotin is
depicted in the following.
##STR00001##
[0015] Gougerotin was first isolated as a water soluble, basic
antibiotic from culture filtrates of the fermentation broth of
Streptomyces gougerotii, No. 21544 (Toshiko Kanzaki et al., Journal
of Antibiotics, Ser. A, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 1961, cf, also U.S.
Pat. No. 3,849,398) but has later also been obtained by total
synthesis (Fox & Watanabe, Pure Appl. Chem. 1971, Vol. 28, page
475; Lichtenthaler, et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1975, page 3527). More
recently, Migawa et al, ORGANIC LETTERS 2005 Vol. 7, No. 16, pages
3429-3432 have described an efficient synthesis of gougerotin using
solid- and solution-phase methodology. Gougerotin is known for its
parasiticidal activity (for example, for its inhibitory effect on
the ovulation of pin worms, see U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,398) and its
acaricidal (miticidal) effect (see Japanese Patent Application No.
JP 53109998 (A)). The gougerotin used in the present invention can
be from any known source, for example, produced by fermentation and
subsequent isolation from the culture broth, or made by chemical
synthesis as described above.
[0016] In accordance with the above, "isolated gougerotin" as used
herein refers to the purified chemical molecule that in case of
fermentation has been isolated from the fermentation broth or in
case of chemical synthesis has been obtained as the end result of
this chemical synthesis and is available in essentially pure form.
"Essentially pure" means that gougerotin in the main product that
has been freed from impurities and side products. The gougerotin
used in compositions of the invention may thus be at least 80%
pure, at least 90% pure, at least 95% pure, at least 98% pure or
even purer.
[0017] In general "pesticidal" means the ability of a substance to
increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of plant pests. The
term is used herein, to describe the property of a substance to
exhibit activity against insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens. In the sense of the present invention the term
"pests" include insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens.
[0018] As used herein, "biological control" is defined as control
of a pathogen and/or insect and/or an acarid and/or a nematode by
the use of a second organism. Known mechanisms of biological
control include bacteria that control root rot by out-competing
fungi for space or nutrients on the surface of the root. Bacterial
toxins, such as antibiotics, have been used to control pathogens.
The toxin can be isolated and applied directly to the plant or the
bacterial species may be administered so it produces the toxin in
situ.
[0019] Other means of exerting biological control include the
application of certain fungi producing ingredients active against a
target phytopathogen, insect, mite or nematode, or attacking the
target pest/pathogen. "Biological control" as used in connection
with the present invention may also encompass microorganisms having
a beneficial effect on plant health, growth, vigor, stress response
or yield. Application routes include spray application, soil
application and seed treatment.
[0020] The term "metabolite" refers to any compound, substance or
byproduct of a fermentation of a said microorganism that has
pesticidal activity. One such metabolite produced e.g. by strain
NRRL B-50550 and its mutants according to the invention (such as
Streptomyces microflavus strain M) is gougerotin that may be
isolated for use in compositions of this invention. Said metabolite
may also be contained in and isolated from a fermentation broth
such as fermentation broth containing said metabolite, e. g.
gougerotin, at concentrations of at least about 1 g/L, at least
about 2 g/L, at least about 3 g/L, at least about 4 g/L, at least
about 5 g/L at least about 6 g/L, at least about 7 g/L or at least
about 8 g/L. In other embodiments the fermentation broth contains
gougerotin in a concentration ranging from about 2 g/L to about 15
g/L, including in a concentration of about 3 g/L, of about 4 g/L,
of about of about 5 g/L, of about 6 g/L, of about 7 g/L, of about 8
g/L, of about 9 g/L, of about of 10 g/L, of about 11 g/L, of about
12 g/L, of about 13 g/L, and of about 14 g/L.
[0021] The term "mutant" refers to a variant of the parental strain
as well as methods for obtaining a mutant or variant in which the
pesticidal activity of its metabolites, such as nematicidal or
insecticidal activity is greater than that expressed by the
parental strain. The "parent strain" is defined herein as the
original strain before mutagenesis or the deposited strain. To
obtain such mutants the parental strain may be treated with a
chemical such as N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine,
ethylmethanesulfone, or by irradiation using gamma, x-ray, or
UV-irradiation, or by other means well known to those skilled in
the art. In one embodiment, a phytophagous-miticidal mutant strain
of the Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL B-50550 is used. The
term "mutant" refers to a genetic variant derived from Streptomyces
microflavus strain NRRL B-50550. In one embodiment, the mutant has
one or more or all the identifying (functional) characteristics of
Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL B-50550. In a particular
instance, the mutant or a fermentation product thereof controls (as
an identifying functional characteristic) mites at least as well as
the gougerotin containing fermentation product of the parent
Streptomyces microflavus NRRL B-50550 strain. In addition, the
mutant or a fermentation product thereof may have one, two, three,
four or all five of the following characteristics: translaminar
activity in relation to the miticidal activity, residual activity
in relation to the miticidal activity, ovicidal activity,
insecticide activity, in particular against diabrotica, or activity
against fungal phytopathogens, in particular against mildew and
rust disease. Such mutants may be genetic variants having a genomic
sequence that has greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%,
greater than about 95%, greater than about 98%, or greater than
about 99% sequence identity to Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL
B-50550. Mutants may be obtained by treating Streptomyces
microflavus strain NRRL B-50550 cells with chemicals or irradiation
or by selecting spontaneous mutants from a population of NRRL
B-50550 cells (such as phage resistant or antibiotic resistant
mutants) or by other means well known to those practiced in the
art.
[0022] Suitable chemicals for mutagenesis of Streptomcyes
microflavus include hydroxylamine hydrochloride, methyl
methanesulfonate (MMS), ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS),
4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide (NQO), mitomycin C or
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), to mention only a few
(cf., for example, Stonesifer & Baltz, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA Vol. 82, pp. 1180-1183, February 1985). The mutagenesis of
Streptomyces strains by, for example, NTG, using spore solutions of
the respective Streptomcyes strain is well known to the person
skilled in the art. See, for example Delic et al, Mutation
Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis,
Volume 9, Issue 2, February 1970, pages 167-182, or Chen et al., J
Antibiot (Tokyo), 2001 November; 54(11), pages 967-972.). In more
detail, Streptomyces microflavus can be subjected to mutation by
NTG using the protocol described in Kieser, T., et al., 2000,
supra. Practical Streptomyces Genetics, Ch. 5 John Innes Centre,
Norwich Research Park, England (2000), pp. 99-107. Mutagenesis of
spores of Streptomyces microflavus by ultraviolet light (UV) can be
carried out using standard protocols. For example, a spore
suspension of the Streptomyces strain (freshly prepared or frozen
in 20% glycerol) can be suspended in a medium that does not absorb
UV light at a wave length of 254 nm (for example, water or 20%
glycerol are suitable). The spore suspension is then placed in a
glass Petri dish and irradiated with a low pressure mercury vapour
lamp that emits most of its energy at 254 nm with constant
agitation for an appropriate time at 30.degree. C. (the most
appropriate time of irradiation can be determined by first plotting
a dose-survival curve). Slants or plates of non-selective medium
can, for example, then be inoculated with the dense irradiated
spore suspension and the so obtained mutant strains can be assessed
for their properties as explained in the following. See Kieser, T.,
et al., 2000, supra.
[0023] The mutant strain used in the present invention can be any
mutant strain that has one or more or all the identifying
characteristics of Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL B-50550 and
in particular miticidal activity of its fermentation product that
is comparable or better than that of Streptomyces microflavus NRRL
B-50550, such as Streptomyces microflavus Strain M. The miticidal
activity of the fermentation product can, for example, be
determined against two-spotted spider mites ("TSSM") as explained
in Example 1 herein, meaning culture stocks of the mutant strain of
Streptomyces microflavus NRRL B-50550 can be grown in 1 L shake
flasks in Media 1 or Media 2 of Example 1 at 20-30.degree. C. for
3-5 days, and the diluted fermentation product can then be applied
on top and bottom of lima bean leaves of two plants, after which
treatment, plants can be infested on the same day with 50-100 TSSM
and left in the greenhouse for five days.
[0024] A "variant" is a strain having all the identifying
characteristics of the NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers as indicated
in this text and can be identified as having a genome that
hybridizes under conditions of high stringency to the genome of the
NRRL or ATCC Accession Numbers.
[0025] "Hybridization" refers to a reaction in which one or more
polynucleotides react to form a complex that is stabilized via
hydrogen bonding between the bases of the nucleotide residues. The
hydrogen bonding may occur by Watson-Crick base pairing, Hoogstein
binding, or in any other sequence-specific manner. The complex may
comprise two strands forming a duplex structure, three or more
strands forming a multi-stranded complex, a single self-hybridizing
strand, or any combination of these. Hybridization reactions can be
performed under conditions of different "stringency". In general, a
low stringency hybridization reaction is carried out at about
40.degree. C. in 10.times.SSC or a solution of equivalent ionic
strength/temperature. A moderate stringency hybridization is
typically performed at about 50.degree. C. in 6.times.SSC, and a
high stringency hybridization reaction is generally performed at
about 60.degree. C. in 1.times.SSC.
[0026] A variant of the indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number may
also be defined as a strain having a genomic sequence that is
greater than 85%, more preferably greater than 90% or more
preferably greater than 95% sequence identity to the genome of the
indicated NRRL or ATCC Accession Number. A polynucleotide or
polynucleotide region (or a polypeptide or polypeptide region) has
a certain percentage (for example, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%,
98% or 99%) of "sequence identity" to another sequence means that,
when aligned, that percentage of bases (or amino acids) are the
same in comparing the two sequences. This alignment and the percent
homology or sequence identity can be determined using software
programs known in the art, for example, those described in Current
Protocols in Molecular Biology (F. M. Ausubel et al., eds., 1987)
Supplement 30, section 7.7.18, Table 7.7.1.
[0027] NRRL is the abbreviation for the Agricultural Research
Service Culture Collection, an international depositary authority
for the purposes of deposing microorganism strains under the
Budapest treaty on the international recognition of the deposit of
microorganisms for the purposes of patent procedure, having the
address National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research,
Agricultural Research service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815
North university Street, Peroira, Ill. 61604 USA.
[0028] ATCC is the abbreviation for the American Type Culture
Collection, an international depositary authority for the purposes
of deposing microorganism strains under the Budapest treaty on the
international recognition of the deposit of microorganisms for the
purposes of patent procedure, having the address ATCC Patent
Depository, 10801 University Blvd., Manassas, Va. 10110 USA.
[0029] Several Streptomyces strains have been described for use in
agriculture. In relation to a possible agricultural use,
Streptomyces strains have been predominantly described in
publications from the late 1960's and early 1970's. See, for
example, the British Patent No. GB 1 507 193 that describes the
Streptomyces rimofaciens strain No. B-98891, deposited as ATCC
31120, which produces the antibiotic B-98891. According to GB 1 507
193, filed March 1975, the antibiotic B-98891 is the active
ingredient that provides antifungal activity of the Streptomyces
rimofaciens strain No. B-98891 against powdery mildew. U.S. Pat.
No. 3,849,398, filed Aug. 2, 1972, describes that the strain
Streptomyces toyocaensis var. aspiculamyceticus produces the
antibiotic aspiculamycin which is also known as gougerotin (see,
Tom Ikeuchi et al., 25 J. ANTIBIOTICS 548 (September 1972).
According to U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,398, gougerotin has parasiticidal
action against parasites on animals, such as pin worm and the like,
although gougerotin is said to show a weak antibacterial activity
against gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria and tubercule
bacillus. Similarly, Japanese Patent Application No. JP 53109998
(A), published 1978, reports the strain Streptomyces toyocaensis
(LA-681) and its ability to produce gougerotin for use as miticide.
However, it is to be noted that no miticidal product based on such
Streptomcyes strains is commercially available.
[0030] Besides the Streptomyces strains listed above also other
Streptomyces strains may be used within the scope of the present
invention, such as Streptomyces coelicolor strain M1146 harboring a
modified gene cluster for gougerotin production as described in Du
et al. (Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97(14)) and Streptomyces
graminearus as described in Niu et al. (Chem Ciol 2013; 20(1)).
Other gougerotin-producing Streptomyces species that may be used
within the scope of the present invention are S. microflavus, S.
griseus, S. anulatus, S. fimicarius, S. parvus, S. lavendulae, S.
alboviridis, S. puniceus, or S. graminearus.
[0031] According to one embodiment of the present invention the
isolated gougerotin is derived from a whole broth culture of
isolated, pure cultures of the respective microorganisms or a
metabolite-containing supernatant or a purified metabolite obtained
from whole broth culture of the strain. "Whole broth culture"
refers to a liquid culture containing both cells and media.
"Supernatant" refers to the liquid broth remaining when cells grown
in broth are removed by centrifugation, filtration, sedimentation,
or other means well known in the art.
[0032] Compositions of the present invention can be obtained from
synthetically made gougerotin. Alternatively. compositions of the
present invention can be obtained by means of culturing
Streptomyces strains such as Streptomyces microflavus NRRL B-50550
or mutants derived from it using conventional large-scale microbial
fermentation processes, such as submerged fermentation, solid state
fermentation or liquid surface culture, including the methods
described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,398; British Patent
No. GB 1 507 193; Toshiko Kanzaki et al., Journal of Antibiotics,
Ser. A, Vol. 15, No. 2, June 1961, pages 93 to 97; or Tom Ikeuchi
et al., Journal of Antibiotics, (September 1972), pages 548 to 550,
and subsequent isolation of gougerotin from the fermentation broth.
For example, gougerotin can be isolated from the filtered
fermentation broth as described by Toshiko Kanzaki et al, supra or
as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,398 after adjustment of the pH
of the fermentation broth to acidic to neutral together with filter
aids such as diatomaceous earth, removing mycelium, passing the
filtrate onto a cation exchange, thereby to have gougerotin
adsorbed on the cation exchange and then eluting the adsorbed
gougerotin with an appropriate acid, alkali or inorganic salt
solution. The so obtained gougerotin may be further purified from
other chemicals contained in the eluate such as tetraene or
toyocamycin by subsequent steps as also described in Toshiko
Kanzaki et al, supra or U.S. Pat. No. 3,849,398. Fermentation is
configured to obtain high levels of live biomass, particularly
spores, and desirable secondary metabolites including gougerotin in
the fermentation vessels. Specific fermentation methods that are
suitable for the strain Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL
B-50550 or for the strain Streptomyces microflavus strain M that
may be used in the present invention to achieve high levels of
sporulation, cfu (colony forming units), and secondary metabolites,
including gougerotin, are described in the Examples section.
[0033] The bacterial cells, spores and metabolites in culture broth
resulting from fermentation (the "whole broth" or "fermentation
broth") may be used directly for isolation of gougerotin.
Alternatively, for the isolation of gougerotin the whole broth may
be concentrated by conventional industrial methods, such as
centrifugation, filtration, and evaporation, or processed into dry
powder and granules by spray drying, drum drying and freeze drying,
for example.
[0034] The terms "whole broth" and "fermentation broth," as used
herein, refer to the culture broth resulting from fermentation
(including the production of a culture broth that contains
gougerotin in a concentration of at least about 1 g/L) before any
downstream treatment. The whole broth encompasses the gougerotin
producing microorganism (e.g., Streptomyces microflavus NRRL
B-50550 or a phytophagous-miticidal mutant strain thereof) and its
component parts, unused raw substrates, and metabolites produced by
the microorganism during fermentation. The term "broth
concentrate," as used herein, refers to whole broth (fermentation
broth) that has been concentrated by conventional industrial
methods, as described above, but remains in liquid form. The term
"fermentation solid," as used herein, refers to dried fermentation
broth. The term "fermentation product," as used herein, refers to
whole broth, broth concentrate and/or even fermentation solids.
Compositions of the present invention include fermentation
products. In some embodiments, the concentrated fermentation broth
is washed, for example, via a diafiltration process, to remove
residual fermentation broth and metabolites.
[0035] In another embodiment, the fermentation broth or broth
concentrate can be dried with or without the addition of carriers,
inerts, or additives using conventional drying processes or methods
such as spray drying, freeze drying, tray drying, fluidized-bed
drying, drum drying, or evaporation.
[0036] A sample of a Streptomyces microflavus strain that can be
used in the invention has been deposited with the Agricultural
Research Service Culture Collection located at the National Center
for Agricultural Utilization Research, Agricultural Research
Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1815 North University
Street, Peoria, Ill. 61604 under the Budapest Treaty on Aug. 19,
2011 and has been assigned the following depository designation:
NRRL B-50550.
[0037] A sample of a mutant of Streptomyces microflavus strain NRRL
B-50550 (designated herein as Streptomyces microflavus strain M and
also known as AQ6121.002) that can also be used in the present
invention has been deposited with the International Depositary
Authority of Canada located at 1015 Arlington Street Winnipeg,
Manitoba Canada R3E 3R2 on Oct. 9, 2013 and has been assigned
Accession No. 091013-02.
Insecticides
[0038] "Insecticides" as well as the term "insecticidal" refers to
the ability of a substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth
rate of insects. As used herein, the term "insects" includes all
organisms in the class "Insecta". The term "pre-adult" insects
refers to any form of an organism prior to the adult stage,
including, for example, eggs, larvae, and nymphs.
[0039] "Nematicides" and "nematicidal" refers to the ability of a
substance to increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of
nematodes. In general, the term "nematode" comprises eggs, larvae,
juvenile and mature forms of said organism.
[0040] "Acaricide" and "acaricidal" refers to the ability of a
substance to increase mortality or inhibit growth rate of
ectoparasites belonging to the class Arachnida, sub-class
Acari.
[0041] The active ingredients specified herein by their "common
name" are known and described, for example, in the Pesticide Manual
("The Pesticide Manual", 14th Ed., British Crop Protection Council
2006) or can be searched in the internet (e.g.
www.alanwood.net/pesticides).
[0042] According to one embodiment of the present invention
preferred insecticides are selected from the group consisting
of
(1) Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors, for example carbamates,
e.g. Alanycarb (I1), Aldicarb (I2), Bendiocarb (I3), Benfuracarb
(I4), Butocarboxim (I5), Butoxycarboxim (I6), Carbaryl (I7),
Carbofuran (I8), Carbosulfan (I9), Ethiofencarb (I10), Fenobucarb
(I11), Formetanate (I12), Furathiocarb (I13), Isoprocarb (I14),
Methiocarb (I15), Methomyl (I16), Metolcarb (I17), Oxamyl (I18),
Pirimicarb (I19), Propoxur (I20), Thiodicarb (I21), Thiofanox
(I22), Triazamate (I23), Trimethacarb (I24), XMC (I25), and
Xylylcarb (I26); or organophosphates, e.g. Acephate (I27),
Azamethiphos (I28), Azinphos-ethyl (I29), Azinphos-methyl (I30),
Cadusafos (I31), Chlorethoxyfos (I32), Chlorfenvinphos (I33),
Chlormephos (I34), Chlorpyrifos (I35), Chlorpyrifos-methyl (I36),
Coumaphos (I37), Cyanophos (I38), Demeton-S-methyl (I39), Diazinon
(I40), Dichlorvos/DDVP (I41), Dicrotophos (I42), Dimethoate (I43),
Dimethylvinphos (I44), Disulfoton (I45), EPN (I46), Ethion (I47),
Ethoprophos (I48), Famphur (I49), Fenamiphos (I50), Fenitrothion
(I51), Fenthion (I52), Fosthiazate (I53), Heptenophos (I54),
Imicyafos (I55), Isofenphos (I56), Isopropyl
O-(methoxyaminothio-phosphoryl) salicylate (I57), Isoxathion (I58),
Malathion (I59), Mecarbam (I60), Methamidophos (I61), Methidathion
(I62), Mevinphos (I63), Monocrotophos (I64), Naled (I65), Omethoate
(I66), Oxydemeton-methyl (I67), Parathion (I68), Parathion-methyl
(I69), Phenthoate (I70), Phorate (I71), Phosalone (I72), Phosmet
(I73), Phosphamidon (I74), Phoxim (I75), Pirimiphos-methyl (I76),
Profenofos (I77), Propetamphos (I78), Prothiofos (I79), Pyraclofos
(I80), Pyridaphenthion (I81), Quinalphos (I82), Sulfotep (I83),
Tebupirimfos (I84), Temephos (I85), Terbufos (I86),
Tetrachlorvinphos (I87), Thiometon (I88), Triazophos (I89),
Trichlorfon (I90), and Vamidothion (I91); (2) GABA-gated chloride
channel antagonists, for example cyclodiene organochlorines, e.g.
Chlordane (I92) and Endosulfan (I93); or phenylpyrazoles
(fiproles), e.g. Ethiprole (I94) and Fipronil (I95); (3) Sodium
channel modulators/voltage-dependent sodium channel blockers, for
example pyrethroids, e.g. Acrinathrin (I96), Allethrin (I97),
d-cis-trans Allethrin (I98), d-trans Allethrin (I99), Bifenthrin
(I100), Bioallethrin (I101), Bioallethrin S-cyclopentenyl isomer
(I102), Bioresmethrin (I103), Cycloprothrin (I104), Cyfluthrin
(I105), beta-Cyfluthrin (I106), Cyhalothrin (I107),
lambda-Cyhalothrin (I108), gamma-Cyhalothrin (I109), Cypermethrin
(I110), alpha-Cypermethrin (I111), beta-Cypermethrin (I112),
theta-Cypermethrin (I113), zeta-Cypermethrin (I114), Cyphenothrin
[(1R)-transisomers] (I115), Deltamethrin (I116), Empenthrin
[(EZ)-(1R) isomers) (I117), Esfenvalerate (I118), Etofenprox
(I119), Fenpropathrin (I120), Fenvalerate (I121), Flucythrinate
(I122), Flumethrin (I123), tau-Fluvalinate (I124), Halfenprox
(I125), Imiprothrin (I126), Kadethrin (I127), Permethrin (I128),
Phenothrin [(1R)-trans isomer) (I129), Prallethrin (I130),
Pyrethrine (pyrethrum) (I131), Resmethrin (I132), Silafluofen
(I133), Tefluthrin (I134), Tetramethrin (I135), Tetramethrin [(1R)
isomers)] (I136), Tralomethrin (I137), and Transfluthrin (I138); or
DDT (I139); or Methoxychlor (I140); (4) Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) agonists, for example neonicotinoids, e.g.
Acetamiprid (I141), Clothianidin (I142), Dinotefuran (I143),
Imidacloprid (I144), Nitenpyram (I145), Thiacloprid (I146), and
Thiamethoxam (I147); or Nicotine (I148); or Sulfoxaflor (I149). (5)
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) allosteric activators, for
example spinosyns, e.g. Spinetoram (I150) and Spinosad (I151); (6)
Chloride channel activators, for example avermectins/milbemycins,
e.g. Abamectin (I152), Emamectin benzoate (I153), Lepimectin
(I154), and Milbemectin (I155); (7) Juvenile hormone mimics, for
example juvenile hormone analogues, e.g. Hydroprene (I156),
Kinoprene (I157), and Methoprene (I158); or Fenoxycarb (I159); or
Pyriproxyfen (I160); (8) Miscellaneous non-specific (multi-site)
inhibitors, for example alkyl halides, e.g. Methyl bromide (I161)
and other alkyl halides; or Chloropicrin (I162); or Sulfuryl
fluoride (I163); or Borax (I164); or Tartar emetic (I165); (9)
Selective homopteran feeding blockers, e.g. Pymetrozine (I166); or
Flonicamid (I167); (10) Mite growth inhibitors, e.g. Clofentezine
(I168), Hexythiazox (I169), and Diflovidazin (I170); or Etoxazole
(I171); (11) Microbial disruptors of insect midgut membranes, e.g.
Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies israelensis (I172), Bacillus
thuringiensis subspecies aizawai (I173), Bacillus thuringiensis
subspecies kurstaki (I174), Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies
tenebrionis (I175), and B.t. crop proteins: Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, Cry1Fa,
Cry1A.105, Cry2Ab, Vip3A, mCry3A, Cry3Ab, Cry3Bb, Cry34 Ab1/35Ab1
(I176); or Bacillus sphaericus (I177); (12) Inhibitors of
mitochondrial ATP synthase, for example Diafenthiuron (I178); or
organotin miticides, e.g. Azocyclotin (I179), Cyhexatin (I180), and
Fenbutatin oxide (I181); or Propargite (I182); or Tetradifon
(I183); (13) Uncouplers of oxidative phoshorylation via disruption
of the proton gradient, for example Chlorfenapyr (I184), DNOC
(I185), and Sulfluramid (I186); (14) Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) channel blockers, for example Bensultap (I187),
Cartap hydrochloride (I188), Thiocyclam (I189), and
Thiosultap-sodium (I190); (15) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis,
type 0, for example Bistrifluron (I191), Chlorfluazuron (I192),
Diflubenzuron (I193), Flucycloxuron (I194), Flufenoxuron (I195),
Hexaflumuron (I196), Lufenuron (I197), Novaluron (I198),
Noviflumuron (I199), Teflubenzuron (I200), and Triflumuron (I201);
(16) Inhibitors of chitin biosynthesis, type 1, for example
Buprofezin (I202); (17) Moulting disruptors, for example Cyromazine
(I203); (18) Ecdysone receptor agonists, for example Chromafenozide
(I204), Halofenozide (I205), Methoxyfenozide (I206), and
Tebufenozide (I207); (19) Octopamine receptor agonists, for example
Amitraz (I208); (20) Mitochondrial complex III electron transport
inhibitors, for example Hydramethylnon (I209); or Acequinocyl
(I210); or Fluacrypyrim (I211); (21) Mitochondrial complex I
electron transport inhibitors, for example METI acaricides, e.g.
Fenazaquin (I212), Fenpyroximate (I213), Pyrimidifen (I214),
Pyridaben (I215), Tebufenpyrad (I216), and Tolfenpyrad (I217); or
Rotenone (Derris) (I218); (22) Voltage-dependent sodium channel
blockers, e.g. Indoxacarb (I219); or Metaflumizone (I220); (23)
Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase, for example tetronic and
tetramic acid derivatives, e.g. Spirodiclofen (I221), Spiromesifen
(I222), and Spirotetramat (I223); (24) Mitochondrial complex IV
electron transport inhibitors, for example phosphines, e.g.
Aluminium phosphide (I224), Calcium phosphide (I225), Phosphine
(I226), and Zinc phosphide (I227); or Cyanide (I228); (25)
Mitochondrial complex II electron transport inhibitors, for example
beta-ketonitrile derivatives, e.g. Cyenopyrafen (I229) and
Cyflumetofen (I230); (28) Ryanodine receptor modulators, for
example diamides, e.g. Chlorantraniliprole (I231), Cyantraniliprole
(I232), and Flubendiamide (I233);
[0043] Further active ingredients with unknown or uncertain mode of
action, for example Amidoflumet (I234), Azadirachtin (I235),
Benclothiaz (I236), Benzoximate (I237), Bifenazate (I238),
Bromopropylate (I239), Chinomethionat (I240), Cryolite (I241),
Dicofol (I242), Diflovidazin (I243), Fluensulfone (I244),
Flufenerim (I245), Flufiprole (I246), Fluopyram (I247), Fufenozide
(I248), Imidaclothiz (I249), Iprodione (I250), Meperfluthrin
(I251), Pyridalyl (I252), Pyrifluquinazon (I253),
Tetramethylfluthrin (I254), and iodomethane (I255); furthermore
products based on Bacillus firmus (including but not limited to
strain CNCM I-1582, such as, for example, VOTiVO.TM., BioNem)
(I256) or one of the following known active compounds:
3-bromo-N-{2-bromo-4-chloro-6-[(1-cyclopropylethyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}-1-(3-
-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (I257) (known from
WO2005/077934),
4-{[(6-bromopyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I258) (known from WO2007/115644),
4-{[(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I259) (known from WO2007/115644),
4-{[(2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-on-
e (I260) (known from WO2007/115644),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I261) (known from WO2007/115644), Flupyradifurone (I262),
4-{[(6-chlor-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I263) (known from WO2007/115643),
4-{[(5,6-dichloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2-fluoroethyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I264) (known from WO2007/115646),
4-{[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)--
one (I265) (known from WO2007/115643),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I266) (known from EP-A-0 539 588),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}furan-2(5H)-one
(I267) (known from EP-A-0 539 588),
{[1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-.lamda.4-sulfanylidene}cyan-
amide (I268) (known from WO2007/149134) and its diastereomers
{[(1R)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-.lamda.4-sulfanylidene-
}cyanamide (A) (I269), and
{[(1S)-1-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)ethyl](methyl)oxido-.lamda.4-sulfanylidene-
}cyanamide (B) (I270) (also known from WO2007/149134) as well as
diastereomers [(R)-methyl(oxido)
{(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-.lamda.4-sulfanylidene]cy-
anamide (A1) (I271), and [(S)-methyl(oxido)
{(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-.lamda.4-sulfanylidene]cy-
anamide (A2) (I272), referred to as group of diastereomers A (known
from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751),
[(R)-methyl(oxido){(1S)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-.lamda.-
4-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B1) (I273), and
[(S)-methyl(oxido){(1R)-1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}.lamda.4-
-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (B2) (I274), referred to as group of
diastereomers B (also known from WO2010/074747, WO2010/074751), and
11-(4-chloro-2,6-dimethylphenyl)-12-hydroxy-1,4-dioxa-9-azadispiro[4.2.4.-
2]tetradec-11-en-10-one (I275) (known from WO2006/089633),
3-(4'-fluoro-2,4-dimethylbiphenyl-3-yl)-4-hydroxy-8-oxa-1-azaspiro[4.5]de-
c-3-en-2-one (I276) (known from WO2008/067911),
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (I277) (known from
WO2006/043635), Afidopyropen
[(3S,4aR,12R,12aS,12bS)-3-[(cyclopropylcarbonyl)oxy]-6,12-dihydroxy-4,12b-
-dimethyl-11-oxo-9-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4,4a,5,6,6a,12,12a,12b-decahydro-2H,-
11H-benzo[f]pyrano[4,3-b]chromen-4-yl]methyl
cyclopropanecarboxylate (I278) (known from WO2008/066153),
2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N,N-dimethylbenzenesulfonamide (I279)
(known from WO2006/056433),
2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-methylbenzenesulfonamide (I280)
(known from WO2006/100288),
2-cyano-3-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethylbenzenesulfonamide (I281) (known
from WO2005/035486),
4-(difluoromethoxy)-N-ethyl-N-methyl-1,2-benzothiazol-3-amine
1,1-dioxide (I282) (known from WO2007/057407),
N-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)-2-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]-4,5-dihydro-1,3-th-
iazol-2-amine (I283) (known from WO2008/104503),
{1'-[(2E)-3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]-5-fluorospiro[indole-3,4'-pip-
eridin]-1(2H)-yl}(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)methanone (I284) (known from
WO2003/106457),
3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-4-hydroxy-8-methoxy-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-2--
one (I285) (known from WO2009/049851),
3-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-8-methoxy-2-oxo-1,8-diazaspiro[4.5]dec-3-en-4-yl
ethyl carbonate (I286) (known from WO2009/049851),
4-(but-2-yn-1-yloxy)-6-(3,5-dimethylpiperidin-1-yl)-5-fluoropyrimidine
(I287) (known from WO2004/099160),
(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)malononitrile
(I288) (known from WO2005/063094),
(2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoropentyl)(3,3,4,4,4-pentafluorobutyl)malononitri-
le (I289) (known from WO2005/063094),
8-[2-(cyclopropylmethoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-3-[6-(trifluorometh-
yl)pyridazin-3-yl]-3-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane (I290) (known from
WO2007/040280), Flometoquin (I291), PF1364 (CAS-Reg. No.
1204776-60-2) (I292) (known from JP2010/018586),
5-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl-
]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (I293) (known from
WO2007/075459),
5-[5-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3--
yl]-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)benzonitrile (I294) (known from
WO2007/075459),
4-[5-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl-
]-2-methyl-N-{2-oxo-2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
(I295) (known from WO2005/085216),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](cyclopropyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one
(I296),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](2,2-difluoroethyl)amino}-1,3-ox-
azol-2(5H)-one (I297),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](ethyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)-one
(I298),
4-{[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl](methyl)amino}-1,3-oxazol-2(5H)--
one (I299) (all known from WO2010/005692), Pyflubumide
N-[4-(1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-methoxypropan-2-yl)-3-isobutylphenyl]-N-is-
obutyryl-1,3,5-trimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (I300) (known
from WO2002/096882), methyl
2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)--
5-chloro-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (I301)
(known from WO2005/085216), methyl
2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)--
5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (I302) (known
from WO2005/0852 16), methyl
2-[2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carbonyl}amino)--
5-cyano-3-methylbenzoyl]-2-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (I303) (known
from WO2005/085216), methyl
2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carb-
onyl}amino)benzoyl]-1,2-diethylhydrazinecarboxylate (I304) (known
from WO2005/085216), methyl
2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carb-
onyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethylhydrazinecarboxylate (I305) (known from
WO2005/085216),
(5RS,7RS;5RS,7SR)-1-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-1,2,3,5,6,7-hexahydro-7-me-
thyl-8-nitro-5-propoxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine (I306) (known from
WO2007/101369),
2-{6-[2-(5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine
(I307) (known from WO2010/006713),
2-{6-[2-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-5-yl]pyridin-2-yl}pyrimidine
(I308) (known from WO2010/006713),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I309) (known from WO2010/069502),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I310) (known from WO2010/069502),
N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-y-
l)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxam-
ide (I311) (known from WO2010/069502),
N-[2-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)-4-cyano-6-methylphenyl]-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-y-
l)-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxam-
ide (I312) (known from WO2010/069502),
(1E)-N-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-N'-cyano-N-(2,2-difluoroethyl)ethan-
imidamide (I313) (known from WO2008/0093 60),
N-[2-(5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-4-chloro-6-methylphenyl]-3-bromo-1-(-
3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide (I314) (known from
CN102057925), methyl
2-[3,5-dibromo-2-({[3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazol-5-yl]carb-
onyl}amino)benzoyl]-2-ethyl-1-methylhydrazinecarboxylate (I315)
(known from WO2011/049233) and (I316) pesticidal terpene mixtures
comprising the three terpenes .alpha.-terpinene, p-cymene and
limonene, and optionally minor terpene ingredients, including
simulated natural pesticides comprising a mixture of three
terpenes, i.e. .alpha.-terpinene, p-cymene and limonene sold as
Requiem.RTM.. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention
the insecticide is a synthetic insecticide. As used herein, the
term "synthetic" defines a compound that has not been obtained from
a biological control agent. Especially a synthetic insecticide or
fungicide is no metabolite of the biological control agents
according to the present invention.
[0044] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
the insecticide is selected from the group consisting of Abamectin
(I152), Acephate (I27), Acetamiprid (I141), Acrinathrin (I96),
Alpha-Cypermethrin (I111), Beta-Cyfluthrin (I106), Bifenthrin
(I100), Buprofezin (I202), Clothianidin (I142), Chlorantraniliprole
(I231), Chlorfenapyr (I184), Chlorpyrifos (I35), Carbofuran (I8),
Cyantraniliprole (I232), Cyenopyrafen (I229), Cyflumentofen (I230),
Cyfluthrin (I105), Cypermethrin (I110), Deltamethrin (I116),
Diafenthiuron (I178), Dinotefuran (I143), Emamectin-benzoate
(I153), Ethiprole (I94), Fenpyroximate (I213), Fipronil (I95),
Flometoquin (I291), Flubendiamide (I233), Fluensulfone (I244),
Fluopyram (I247), Flupyradifurone (I262), Gamma-Cyhalothrin (I109),
Imidacloprid (I144), Indoxacarb (I219), Lambda-Cyhalothrin (I108),
Lufenuron (I197), Metaflumizone (I220), Methiocarb (I15),
Methoxyfenozide (I206), Milbemectin (I155), Profenofos (I77),
Pyflubumide (I300), Pyrifluquinazone (I253), Spinetoram (I150),
Spinosad (I151), Spirodiclofen (I221), Spiromesifen (I222),
Spirotetramate (I223), Sulfoxaflor (I149), Tebufenpyrad (I216),
Tefluthrin (I134), Thiacloprid (I146), Thiamethoxam (I147),
Thiodicarb (I21), Triflumuron (I201),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I309) (known from WO2010/069502),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I310) (known from WO2010/069502) and
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (I277), Afidopyropen (I278).
[0045] In one embodiment of the present invention, the insecticide,
e.g., the insecticide for use in seed treatment, is selected from
the group consisting of Abamectin (I152), B. firmus (I256),
Carbofuran (I8), Clothianidin (I142), Cyazypyr, Cycloxaprid,
Cypermethrin (I110), Ethiprole (I94), Fipronil (I95), Fluopyram
(I247), Imidacloprid (I144), Methiocarb (I15), Rynaxypyr, Spinosad
(I151), Sulfoxaflor (I149), Tefluthrin (I134), Thiametoxam (I147),
Thiodicarb (I21).
[0046] In another embodiment of the present invention, the
insecticide, e.g., the insecticide for use in seed treatment, is
selected from the group consisting of Methiocarb (I15), Thiodicarb
(I21), Fipronil (I95), 13-Cyfluthrin (I105), Tefluthrin (I134),
Clothianidin (I142), Imidacloprid (I144), Thiacloprid (I146),
Sulfoxaflor (I149), Spinetoram (I150), Spinosad (I151),
Chlorantraniliprole (I231), Cyantraniliprole (I232), Flubendiamide
(I233),
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (I277),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I310),
[0047] In one embodiment of the present invention the composition
comprises two or more insecticides. In a preferred embodiment the
composition comprises two or more of the above-mentioned preferred
insecticides. In particular, the preferred two or more insecticides
are selected from the group consisting of Abamectin (I152),
Acephate (I27), Acetamiprid (I141), Acrinathrin (I96),
Alpha-Cypermethrin (I111), Beta-Cyfluthrin (I106), Bifenthrin
(I100), Buprofezin (I202), Clothianidin (I142), Chlorantraniliprole
(I231), Chlorfenapyr (I184), Chlorpyrifos (I35), Carbofuran (I8),
Cyantraniliprole (I232), Cyenopyrafen (I229), Cyflumentofen (I230),
Cyfluthrin (I105), Cypermethrin (I110), Deltamethrin (I116),
Diafenthiuron (I178), Dinotefuran (I143), Emamectin-benzoate
(I153), Ethiprole (I94), Fenpyroximate (I213), Fipronil (I95),
Flometoquin (I291), Flubendiamide (I233), Fluensulfone (I244),
Fluopyram (I247), Flupyradifurone (I262), Gamma-Cyhalothrin (I109),
Imidacloprid (I144), Indoxacarb (I219), Lambda-Cyhalothrin (I108),
Lufenuron (I197), Metaflumizone (I220), Methiocarb (I15),
Methoxyfenozide (I206), Milbemectin (I155), Profenofos (I77),
Pyflubumide (I300), Pyrifluquinazone (I253), Spinetoram (I150),
Spinosad (I151), Spirodiclofen (I221), Spiromesifen (I222),
Spirotetramate (I223), Sulfoxaflor (I149), Tebufenpyrad (I216),
Tefluthrin (I134), Thiacloprid (I146), Thiamethoxam (I147),
Thiodicarb (I21), Triflumuron (I201),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I309) (known from WO2010/069502),
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide
(I310) (known from WO2010/069502) and
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine (I277).
COMPOSITIONS ACCORDING TO THE PRESENT INVENTION
[0048] According to the present invention the composition comprises
gougerotin that has been isolated from from the group consisting of
a Streptomyces spp. strain, preferably a gougerotin-producing
Streptomyces spp. strain such as Streptomyces microflavus strain
NRRL B-50550 or from a mutant thereof having all the identifying
characteristics of the respective strain, such as Streptomyces
microflavus strain M and at least one insecticide in a
synergistically effective amount, with the proviso that the
insecticide is not gougerotin. In one embodiment the
gougerotin-producing Streptomyces species strain used herein is S.
microflavus, S. griseus, S. anulatus, S. fimicarius, S. parvus, S.
lavendulae, S. alboviridis, S. puniceus, or S. graminearus. A
"synergistically effective amount" according to the present
invention represents a quantity of a combination of isolated
gougerotin and an insecticide that is statistically significantly
more effective against insects, mites, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens than isolated gougerotin or the insecticide only.
Isolated gougerotin is sometimes referred to herein as B1.
[0049] In a preferred embodiment the composition according to the
present invention comprises the following combinations:
B1+I1, B1+I2, B1+I3, B1+I4, B1+I5, B1+I6, B1+I7, B1+I8, B1+I9,
B1+B10, B1+I11, B1+I12, B1+I13, B1+I14, B1+I15, B1+I16, B1+I17,
B1+I18, B1+I19, B1+I20, B1+I21, B1+I22, B1+I23, B1+I24, B1+I25,
B1+I26, B1+I27, B1+I28, B1+I29, B1+I30, B1+I31, B1+I32, B1+I33,
B1+I34, B1+I35, B1+I36, B1+I37, B1+I38, B1+I39, B1+I40, B1+I41,
B1+I42, B1+I43, B1+I44, B1+I45, B1+I46, B1+I47, B1+I48, B1+I49,
B1+I50, B1+I51, B1+I52, B1+I53, B1+I54, B1+I55, B1+I56, B1+I57,
B1+I58, B1+I59, B1+I60, B1+I61, B1+I62, B1+I63, B1+I64, B1+I65,
B1+I66, B1+I67, B1+I68, B1+I69, B1+I70, B1+I71, B1+I72, B1+I73,
B1+I74, B1+I75, B1+I76, B1+I77, B1+I78, B1+I79, B1+I80, B1+I81,
B1+I82, B1+I83, B1+I84, B1+I85, B1+I86, B1+I87, B1+I88, B1+I89,
B1+I90, B1+I91, B1+I92, B1+I93, B1+I94, B1+I95, B1+I96, B1+I97,
B1+I98, B1+I99, B1+I100, B1+I101, B1+I102, B1+I103, B1+I104,
B1+I105, B1+I106, B1+I107, B1+I108, B1+I109, B1+I110, B1+I111,
B1+I112, B1+I113, B1+I114, B1+I115, B1+I116, B1+I117, B1+I118,
B1+I119, B1+I120, B1+I121, B1+I122, B1+I123, B1+I124, B1+I125,
B1+I126, B1+I127, B1+I128, B1+I129, B1+I130, B1+I131, B1+I132,
B1+I133, B1+I134, B1+I135, B1+I136, B1+I137, B1+I138, B1+I139,
B1+I140, B1+I141, B1+I142, B1+I143, B1+I144, B1+I145, B1+I146,
B1+I147, B1+I148, B1+I149, B1+I150, B1+I151, B1+I152, B1+I153,
B1+I154, B1+I155, B1+I156, B1+I157, B1+I158, B1+I159, B1+I160,
B1+I161, B1+I162, B1+I163, B1+I164, B1+I165, B1+I166, B1+I167,
B1+I168, B1+I169, B1+I170, B1+I171, B1+I172, B1+I173, B1+I174,
B1+I175, B1+I176, B1+I177, B1+I178, B1+I179, B1+I180, B1+I181,
B1+I182, B1+I183, B1+I184, B1+I185, B1+I186, B1+I187, B1+I188,
B1+I189, B1+I190, B1+I191, B1+I192, B1+I193, B1+I194, B1+I195,
B1+I196, B1+I197, B1+I198, B1+I199, B1+I200, B1+I201, B1+I202,
B1+I203, B1+I204, B1+I205, B1+I206, B1+I207, B1+I208, B1+I209,
B1+I210, B1+I211, B1+I212, B1+I213, B1+I214, B1+I215, B1+I216,
B1+I217, B1+I218, B1+I219, B1+I220, B1+I221, B1+I222, B1+I223,
B1+I224, B1+I225, B1+I226, B1+I227, B1+I228, B1+I229, B1+I230,
B1+I231, B1+I232, B1+I233, B1+I234, B1+I235, B1+I236, B1+I237,
B1+I238, B1+I239, B1+I240, B1+I241, B1+I242, B1+I243, B1+I244,
B1+I245, B1+I246, B1+I247, B1+I248, B1+I249, B1+I250, B1+I251,
B1+I252, B1+I253, B1+I254, B1+I255, B1+I256, B1+I257, B1+I258,
B1+I259, B1+I260, B1+I261, B1+I262, B1+I263, B1+I264, B1+I265,
B1+I266, B1+I267, B1+I268, B1+I269, B1+I270, B1+I271, B1+I272,
B1+I273, B1+I274, B1+I275, B1+I276, B1+I277, B1+I278, B1+I279,
B1+I280, B1+I281, B1+I282, B1+I283, B1+I284, B1+I285, B1+I286,
B1+I287, B1+I288, B1+I289, B1+I290, B1+I291, B1+I292, B1+I293,
B1+I294, B1+I295, B1+I296, B1+I297, B1+I298, B1+I299, B1+I300,
B1+I301, B1+I302, B1+I303, B1+I304, B1+I305, B1+I306, B1+I307,
B1+I308, B1+I309, B1+I310, B1+I311, B1+I312, B1+I313, B1+I314,
B1+I315 or B1+I316;
[0050] Preferably, the composition according to the present
invention is selected from the group of combinations consisting
of:
[0051] B1+I8, B1+I15, B1+I21, B1+I27, B1+I35, B1+I77, B1+I94,
B1+I95, B1+I96, B1+I100, B1+I105, B1+I106, B1+I108, B1+I109,
B1+I110, B1+I111, B1+I116, B1+I134, B1+I141, B1+I142, B1+I143,
B1+I144, B1+I146, B1+I147, B1+I149, B1+I150, B1+I151, B1+I152,
B1+I153, B1+I155, B1+I178, B1+I184, B1+I197, B1+I201, B1+I202,
B1+I206, B1+I213, B1+I213, B1+I216, B1+I219, B1+I220, B1+I221,
B1+I222, B1+I223, B1+I229, B1+I230, B1+I231, B1+I232, B1+I233,
B1+I244, B1+I253, B1+I262, B1+I272, B1+I277, B1+I278, B1+I291,
B1+I300, B1+I309 or B1+I310.
[0052] In a more preferred embodiment, the composition according to
the present invention comprises the following combinations:
B1+I15, B1+I21, B1+I95, B1+I105, B1+I134, B1+I142, B1+I144,
B1+I146, B1+I149, B1+I150, B1+I151, B1+I231, B1+I232, B1+I233,
B1+I277 or B1+I310.
[0053] In a highly preferred embodiment the present invention
relates to a composition comprising isolated gougerotin and at
least one insecticide selected from the group consisting of
Abamectin, Acephate, Acetamiprid, Acrinathrin, Alpha-Cypermethrin,
Beta-Cyfluthrin, Bifenthrin, Buprofezin, Clothianidin,
Chlorantraniliprole, Chlorfenapyr, Chlorpyrifos, Carbofuran,
Cyantraniliprole, Cyenopyrafen, Cyflumentofen, Cyfluthrin,
Cypermethrin, Deltamethrin, Diafenthiuron, Dinotefuran,
Emamectin-benzoate, Ethiprole, Fenpyroximate, Fipronil,
Flometoquin, Flubendiamide, Fluensulfone, Fluopyram,
Flupyradifurone, Gamma-Cyhalothrin, Imidacloprid, Indoxacarb,
Lambda-Cyhalothrin, Lufenuron, Metaflumizone, Methiocarb,
Methoxyfenozide, Milbemectin, Profenofos, Pyflubumide,
Pyrifluquinazone, Spinetoram, Spinosad, Spirodiclofen,
Spiromesifen, Spirotetramate, Sulfoxaflor, Tebufenpyrad,
Tefluthrin, Thiacloprid, Thiamethoxam, Thiodicarb, Triflumuron,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-tetrazol-1-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-2-methyl-6-(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide,
1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2-trifluorethyl)sulfinyl]phenyl}-3-(trifluor-
omethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazol-5-amine and Afidopyropen in a
synergistically effective amount.
[0054] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the
composition further comprises at least one fungicide, with the
proviso that the fungicide is not gougerotin.
Fungicides
[0055] In general, "fungicidal" means the ability of a substance to
increase mortality or inhibit the growth rate of fungi.
[0056] The term "fungus" or "fungi" includes a wide variety of
nucleated sporebearing organisms that are devoid of chlorophyll.
Examples of fungi include yeasts, molds, mildews, rusts, and
mushrooms.
[0057] According to one embodiment of the present invention
preferred fungicides are selected from the group consisting of
(1) Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (F1)
aldimorph (1704-28-5), (F2) azaconazole (60207-31-0), (F3)
bitertanol (55179-31-2), (F4) bromuconazole (116255-48-2), (F5)
cyproconazole (113096-99-4), (F6) diclobutrazole (75736-33-3), (F7)
difenoconazole (119446-68-3), (F8) diniconazole (83657-24-3), (F9)
diniconazole-M (83657-18-5), (F10) dodemorph (1593-77-7), (F11)
dodemorph acetate (31717-87-0), (F12) epoxiconazole (106325-08-0),
(F13) etaconazole (60207-93-4), (F14) fenarimol (60168-88-9), (F15)
fenbuconazole (114369-43-6), (F16) fenhexamid (126833-17-8), (F17)
fenpropidin (67306-00-7), (F18) fenpropimorph (67306-03-0), (F19)
fluquinconazole (136426-54-5), (F20) flurprimidol (56425-91-3),
(F21) flusilazole (85509-19-9), (F22) flutriafol (76674-21-0),
(F23) furconazole (112839-33-5), (F24) furconazole-cis
(112839-32-4), (F25) hexaconazole (79983-71-4), (F26) imazalil
(60534-80-7), (F27) imazalil sulfate (58594-72-2), (F28)
imibenconazole (86598-92-7), (F29) ipconazole (125225-28-7), (F30)
metconazole (125116-23-6), (F31) myclobutanil (88671-89-0), (F32)
naftifine (65472-88-0), (F33) nuarimol (63284-71-9), (F34)
oxpoconazole (174212-12-5), (F35) paclobutrazol (76738-62-0), (F36)
pefurazoate (101903-30-4), (F37) penconazole (66246-88-6), (F38)
piperalin (3478-94-2), (F39) prochloraz (67747-09-5), (F40)
propiconazole (60207-90-1), (F41) prothioconazole (178928-70-6),
(F42) pyributicarb (88678-67-5), (F43) pyrifenox (88283-41-4),
(F44) quinconazole (103970-75-8), (F45) simeconazole (149508-90-7),
(F46) spiroxamine (118134-30-8), (F47) tebuconazole (107534-96-3),
(F48) terbinafine (91161-71-6), (F49) tetraconazole (112281-77-3),
(F50) triadimefon (43121-43-3), (F51) triadimenol (89482-17-7),
(F52) tridemorph (81412-43-3), (F53) triflumizole (68694-11-1),
(F54) triforine (26644-46-2), (F55) triticonazole (131983-72-7),
(F56) uniconazole (83657-22-1), (F57) uniconazole-p (83657-17-4),
(F58) viniconazole (77174-66-4), (F59) voriconazole (137234-62-9),
(F60) 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)cycloheptanol
(129586-32-9), (F61) methyl
1-(2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-1-yl)-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylate
(110323-95-0), (F62)
N'-{5-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)propoxy]phenyl}-N-et-
hyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F63)
N-ethyl-N-methyl-N'-{2-methyl-5-(trifluoromethyl)-4-[3-(trimethylsilyl)pr-
opoxy]phenyl}imidoformamide, (F64)
0-[1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl]1H-imidazole-1-carbothioat-
e (111226-71-2); (2) inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex
I or II, for example (F65) bixafen (581809-46-3), (F66) boscalid
(188425-85-6), (F67) carboxin (5234-68-4), (F68) diflumetorim
(130339-07-0), (F69) fenfuram (24691-80-3), (F70) fluopyram
(658066-35-4), (F71) flutolanil (66332-96-5), (F72) fluxapyroxad
(907204-31-3), (F73) furametpyr (123572-88-3), (F74) furmecyclox
(60568-05-0), (F75) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric racemate
1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR) (881685-58-1),
(F76) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR), (F77)
isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S), (F78) isopyrazam
(anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (F79) isopyrazam (syn epimeric
racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (F80) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer
1R,4S,9R), (F81) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9S),
(F82) mepronil (55814-41-0), (F83) oxycarboxin (5259-88-1), (F84)
penflufen (494793-67-8), (F85) penthiopyrad (183675-82-3), (F86)
sedaxane (874967-67-6), (F87) thifluzamide (130000-40-7), (F88)
1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-p-
yrazole-4-carboxamide, (F89)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[2-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)phenyl]-1H-py-
razole-4-carboxamide, (F90)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4-fluoro-2-(1,1,2,3,3,3-hexafluoropropoxy)phenyl]-1-
-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F91)
N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-meth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (1092400-95-7), (F92)
5,8-difluoro-N-[2-(2-fluoro-4-{[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-2-yl]oxy}pheny-
l)ethyl]quinazolin-4-amine (1210070-84-0), (F93) benzovindiflupyr,
(F94)
N-[(1S,4R)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-
-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F95)
N-[(1R,4S)-9-(dichloromethylene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1,4-methanonaphthalen-
-5-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F96)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)--
1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F97)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-1H-pyrazol--
4-carboxamid, (F98)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-(1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-
-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F99)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1S)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F100)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1R)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F101)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F102)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F103)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyr-
azol-4-carboxamid, (F104)
1,3,5-Trimethyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl]-1H-pyr-
azol-4-carboxamid; (3) inhibitors of the respiratory chain at
complex III, for example (F105) ametoctradin (865318-97-4), (F106)
amisulbrom (348635-87-0), (F107) azoxystrobin (131860-33-8), (F108)
cyazofamid (120116-88-3), (F109) coumethoxystrobin (850881-30-0),
(F110) coumoxystrobin (850881-70-8), (F111) dimoxystrobin
(141600-52-4), (F112) enestroburin (238410-11-2), (F113) famoxadone
(131807-57-3), (F114) fenamidone (161326-34-7), (F115)
fenoxystrobin (918162-02-4), (F116) fluoxastrobin (361377-29-9),
(F117) kresoxim-methyl (143390-89-0), (F118) metominostrobin
(133408-50-1), (F119) orysastrobin (189892-69-1), (F120)
picoxystrobin (117428-22-5), (F121) pyraclostrobin (175013-18-0),
(F122) pyrametostrobin (915410-70-7), (F123) pyraoxystrobin
(862588-11-2), (F124) pyribencarb (799247-52-2), (F125)
triclopyricarb (902760-40-1), (F126) trifloxystrobin (141517-21-7),
(F127)
(2E)-2-(2-{[6-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)-5-fluoropyrimidin-4-yl]oxy}pheny-
l)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide, (F128)
(2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-(2-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl-
]ethylidene}amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)ethanamide, (F129)
(2E)-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methyl-2-{2-[(E)-({1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]e-
thoxy}imino)methyl]phenyl}ethanamide (158169-73-4), (F130)
(2E)-2-{2-[({[(1E)-1-(3-{[(E)-1-fluoro-2-phenylethenyl]oxy}phenyl)ethylid-
ene]amino}oxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide
(326896-28-0), (F131)
(2E)-2-{2-[({[(2E,3E)-4-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)but-3-en-2-ylidene]amino}oxy)-
methyl]phenyl}-2-(methoxyimino)-N-methylethanamide, (F132)
2-chloro-N-(1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)pyridine-3-carboxam-
ide (119899-14-8), (F133)
5-methoxy-2-methyl-4-(1-{[({(1E)-1-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethylidene}-
amino)oxy]methyl}phenyl)-2,4-dihydro-3H-1,2,4-triazol-3-one, (F134)
methyl
(2E)-2-{2-[({cyclopropyl[(4-methoxyphenyl)imino]methyl}sulfanyl)methyl]ph-
enyl}-3-methoxyprop-2-enoate (149601-03-6), (F135)
N-(3-ethyl-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohexyl)-3-(formylamino)-2-hydroxybenzamide
(226551-21-9), (F136)
2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamide
(173662-97-0), (F137)
(2R)-2-{2-[(2,5-dimethylphenoxy)methyl]phenyl}-2-methoxy-N-methylacetamid-
e (394657-24-0); (4) Inhibitors of the mitosis and cell division,
for example (F138) benomyl (17804-35-2), (F139) carbendazim
(10605-21-7), (F140) chlorfenazole (3574-96-7), (F141)
diethofencarb (87130-20-9), (F142) ethaboxam (162650-77-3), (F143)
fluopicolide (239110-15-7), (F144) fuberidazole (3878-19-1), (F145)
pencycuron (66063-05-6), (F146) thiabendazole (148-79-8), (F147)
thiophanate-methyl (23564-05-8), (F148) thiophanate (23564-06-9),
(F149) zoxamide (156052-68-5), (F150)
5-chloro-7-(4-methylpiperidin-1-yl)-6-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)
[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (214706-53-3), (F151)
3-chloro-5-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-6-methyl-4-(2,4,6-trifluorophenyl)pyrid-
azine (1002756-87-7); (5) Compounds capable to have a multisite
action, like for example (F152) bordeaux mixture (8011-63-0),
(F153) captafol (2425-06-1), (F154) captan (133-06-2), (F155)
chlorothalonil (1897-45-6), (F156) copper hydroxide (20427-59-2),
(F157) copper naphthenate (1338-02-9), (F158) copper oxide
(1317-39-1), (F159) copper oxychloride (1332-40-7), (F160) copper
(2+) sulfate (7758-98-7), (F161) dichlofluanid (1085-98-9), (F162)
dithianon (3347-22-6), (F163) dodine (2439-10-3), (F164) dodine
free base, (F165) ferbam (14484-64-1), (F166) fluorofolpet
(719-96-0), (F167) folpet (133-07-3), (F168) guazatine
(108173-90-6), (F169) guazatine acetate, (F170) iminoctadine
(13516-27-3), (F171) iminoctadine albesilate (169202-06-6), (F172)
iminoctadine triacetate (57520-17-9), (F173) mancopper
(53988-93-5), (F174) mancozeb (8018-01-7), (F175) maneb
(12427-38-2), (F176) metiram (9006-42-2), (F177) metiram zinc
(9006-42-2), (F178) oxine-copper (10380-28-6), (F179) propamidine
(104-32-5), (F180) propineb (12071-83-9), (F181) sulphur and
sulphur preparations including calcium polysulphide (7704-34-9),
(F182) thiram (137-26-8), (F183) tolylfluanid (731-27-1), (F184)
zineb (12122-67-7), (F185) ziram (137-30-4); (6) Compounds capable
to induce a host defense, like for example (F186)
acibenzolar-S-methyl (135158-54-2), (F187) isotianil (224049-04-1),
(F188) probenazole (27605-76-1), (F189) tiadinil (223580-51-6); (7)
Inhibitors of the amino acid and/or protein biosynthesis, for
example (F190) andoprim (23951-85-1), (F191) blasticidin-S
(2079-00-7), (F192) cyprodinil (121552-61-2), (F193) kasugamycin
(6980-18-3), (F194) kasugamycin hydrochloride hydrate (19408-46-9),
(F195) mepanipyrim (110235-47-7), (F196) pyrimethanil (53112-28-0),
(F197)
3-(5-fluoro-3,3,4,4-tetramethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline
(861647-32-7); (8) Inhibitors of the ATP production, for example
(F198) fentin acetate (900-95-8), (F199) fentin chloride
(639-58-7), (F200) fentin hydroxide (76-87-9), (F201) silthiofam
(175217-20-6); (9) Inhibitors of the cell wall synthesis, for
example (F202) benthiavalicarb (177406-68-7), (F203) dimethomorph
(110488-70-5), (F204) flumorph (211867-47-9), (F205) iprovalicarb
(140923-17-7), (F206) mandipropamid (374726-62-2), (F207) polyoxins
(11113-80-7), (F208) polyoxorim (22976-86-9), (F209) validamycin A
(37248-47-8), (F210) valifenalate (283159-94-4; 283159-90-0); (10)
Inhibitors of the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example (F211)
biphenyl (92-52-4), (F212) chloroneb (2675-77-6), (F213) dicloran
(99-30-9), (F214) edifenphos (17109-49-8), (F215) etridiazole
(2593-15-9), (F216) iodocarb (55406-53-6), (F217) iprobenfos
(26087-47-8), (F218) isoprothiolane (50512-35-1), (F219)
propamocarb (25606-41-1), (F220) propamocarb hydrochloride
(25606-41-1), (F221) prothiocarb (19622-08-3), (F222) pyrazophos
(13457-18-6), (F223) quintozene (82-68-8), (F224) tecnazene
(117-18-0), (F225) tolclofos-methyl (57018-04-9); (11) Inhibitors
of the melanine biosynthesis, for example (F226) carpropamid
(104030-54-8), (F227) diclocymet (139920-32-4), (F228) fenoxanil
(115852-48-7), (F229) phthalide (27355-22-2), (F230) pyroquilon
(57369-32-1), (F231) tricyclazole (41814-78-2), (F232)
2,2,2-trifluoroethyl
{3-methyl-1-[(4-methylbenzoyl)amino]butan-2-yl}carbamate
(851524-22-6); (12) Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for
example (F233) benalaxyl (71626-11-4), (F234) benalaxyl-M
(kiralaxyl) (98243-83-5), (F235) bupirimate (41483-43-6), (F236)
clozylacon (67932-85-8), (F237) dimethirimol (5221-53-4), (F238)
ethirimol (23947-60-6), (F239) furalaxyl (57646-30-7), (F240)
hymexazol (10004-44-1), (F241) metalaxyl (57837-19-1), (F242)
metalaxyl-M (mefenoxam) (70630-17-0), (F243) ofurace (58810-48-3),
(F244) oxadixyl (77732-09-3), (F245) oxolinic acid (14698-29-4);
(13) Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example (F246)
chlozolinate (84332-86-5), (F247) fenpiclonil (74738-17-3), (F248)
fludioxonil (131341-86-1), (F249) iprodione (36734-19-7), (F250)
procymidone (32809-16-8), (F251) quinoxyfen (124495-18-7), (F252)
vinclozolin (50471-44-8); (14) Compounds capable to act as an
uncoupler, like for example (F253) binapacryl (485-31-4), (F254)
dinocap (131-72-6), (F255) ferimzone (89269-64-7), (F256) fluazinam
(79622-59-6), (F257) meptyldinocap (131-72-6); (15) Further
compounds, like for example (F258) benthiazole (21564-17-0), (F259)
bethoxazin (163269-30-5), (F260) capsimycin (70694-08-5), (F261)
carvone (99-49-0), (F262) chinomethionat (2439-01-2), (F263)
pyriofenone (chlazafenone) (688046-61-9), (F264) cufraneb
(11096-18-7), (F265) cyflufenamid (180409-60-3), (F266) cymoxanil
(57966-95-7), (F267) cyprosulfamide (221667-31-8), (F268) dazomet
(533-74-4), (F269) debacarb (62732-91-6), (F270) dichlorophen
(97-23-4), (F271) diclomezine (62865-36-5), (F272) difenzoquat
(49866-87-7), (F273) difenzoquat methylsulphate (43222-48-6),
(F724) diphenylamine (122-39-4), (F275) ecomate, (F276)
fenpyrazamine (473798-59-3), (F277) flumetover (154025-04-4),
(F278) fluoroimide (41205-21-4), (F279) flusulfamide (106917-52-6),
(F280) flutianil (304900-25-2), (F281) fosetyl-aluminium
(39148-24-8), (F282) fosetyl-calcium, (F283) fosetyl-sodium
(39148-16-8), (F284) hexachlorobenzene (118-74-1), (F285)
irumamycin (81604-73-1), (F286) methasulfocarb (66952-49-6), (F287)
methyl isothiocyanate (556-61-6), (F288) metrafenone (220899-03-6),
(F289) mildiomycin (67527-71-3), (F290) natamycin (7681-93-8),
(F291) nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate (15521-65-0), (F292)
nitrothal-isopropyl (10552-74-6), (F293) octhilinone (26530-20-1),
(F294) oxamocarb (917242-12-7), (F295) oxyfenthiin (34407-87-9),
(F296) pentachlorophenol and salts (87-86-5), (F297) phenothrin,
(F298) phosphorous acid and its salts (13598-36-2), (F299)
propamocarb-fosetylate, (F300) propanosine-sodium (88498-02-6),
(F301) proquinazid (189278-12-4), (F302) pyrimorph (868390-90-3),
(F303)
(2E)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one (1231776-28-5), (F304)
(2Z)-3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-3-(2-chloropyridin-4-yl)-1-(morpholin-4-yl)pr-
op-2-en-1-one (1231776-29-6), (F305) pyrrolnitrine (1018-71-9),
(F306) tebufloquin (376645-78-2), (F307) tecloftalam (76280-91-6),
(F308) tolnifanide (304911-98-6), (F309) triazoxide (72459-58-6),
(F310) trichlamide (70193-21-4), (F311) zarilamid (84527-51-5),
(F312)
(3S,6S,7R,8R)-8-benzyl-3-[({3-[(isobutyryloxy)methoxy]-4-methoxypyridin-2-
-yl}carbonyl)amino]-6-methyl-4,9-dioxo-1,5-dioxonan-7-yl
2-methylpropanoate (517875-34-2), (F313)
1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone (1003319-79-6), (F314)
1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thi-
azol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-
ethanone (1003319-80-9), (F315)
1-(4-{4-[5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol--
2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)-2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]ethan-
one (1003318-67-9), (F316)
1-(4-methoxyphenoxy)-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl
1H-imidazole-1-carboxylate (111227-17-9), (F317)
2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-(methylsulfonyl)pyridine (13108-52-6), (F318)
2,3-dibutyl-6-chlorothieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4(3H)-one (221451-58-7),
(F319)
2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H-
,6H)-tetrone, (F320)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5R)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone
(1003316-53-7), (F321)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-(4-{4-[(5S)-5-phenyl-4-
,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl]-1,3-thiazol-2-yl}piperidin-1-yl)ethanone
(1003316-54-8), (F322)
2-[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]-1-{4-[4-(5-phenyl-4,5-di-
hydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl)-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]piperidin-1-yl}ethanone
(1003316-51-5), (F323) 2-butoxy-6-iodo-3-propyl-4H-chromen-4-one,
(F324)
2-chloro-5-[2-chloro-1-(2,6-difluoro-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-1H-imidazo-
l-5-yl]pyridine, (F325) 2-phenylphenol and salts (90-43-7), (F326)
3-(4,4,5-trifluoro-3,3-dimethyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-1-yl)quinoline
(861647-85-0), (F327) 3,4,5-trichloropyridine-2,6-dicarbonitrile
(17824-85-0), (F328)
3-[5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,3-dimethyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-yl]pyridine,
(F329)
3-chloro-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-6-methylpyridazine,
(F330)
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(2,6-difluorophenyl)-3,6-dimethylpyridazine,
(F331) 5-amino-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol, (F332)
5-chloro-N'-phenyl-N'-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)thiophene-2-sulfonohydrazide
(134-31-6), (F333)
5-fluoro-2-[(4-fluorobenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine (1174376-11-4),
(F334) 5-fluoro-2-[(4-methylbenzyl)oxy]pyrimidin-4-amine
(1174376-25-0), (F335)
5-methyl-6-octyl[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-amine, (F336)
ethyl (2Z)-3-amino-2-cyano-3-phenylprop-2-enoate, (F337)
N'-(4-{[3-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1,2,4-thiadiazol-5-yl]oxy}-2,5-dimethylphenyl)-
-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F338)
N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl]propanamide,
(F339)
N-[(4-chlorophenyl)(cyano)methyl]-3-[3-methoxy-4-(prop-2-yn-1-ylox-
y)phenyl]propanamide, (F340)
N-[(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine-3-carboxami-
de, (F341)
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2,4-dichloropyridine--
3-carboxamide, (F342)
N-[1-(5-bromo-3-chloropyridin-2-yl)ethyl]-2-fluoro-4-iodopyridine-3-carbo-
xamide, (F343)
N-{(E)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide (221201-92-9), (F344)
N-{(Z)-[(cyclopropylmethoxy)imino][6-(difluoromethoxy)-2,3-difluorophenyl-
]methyl}-2-phenylacetamide (221201-92-9), (F345)
N'-{4-[(3-tert-butyl-4-cyano-1,2-thiazol-5-yl)oxy]-2-chloro-5-methylpheny-
l}-N-ethyl-N-methylimidoformamide, (F346)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)-1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamid-
e (922514-49-6), (F347)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-[(1R)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carbo-
xamide (922514-07-6), (F348)
N-methyl-2-(1-{[5-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]acetyl}piper-
idin-4-yl)-N-[(1S)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-1,3-thiazole-4-carbo-
xamide (922514-48-5), (F349) pentyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylidene]amino}oxy)methyl]py-
ridin-2-yl}carbamate, (F350) phenazine-1-carboxylic acid, (F351)
quinolin-8-ol (134-31-6), (F352) quinolin-8-ol sulfate (2:1)
(134-31-6), (F353) tert-butyl
{6-[({[(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]pyri-
din-2-yl}carbamate; (16) Further compounds, like for example (F354)
1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-N-[2'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyr-
azole-4-carboxamide, (F355)
N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carb-
oxamide, (F356)
N-(2',4'-dichlorobiphenyl-2-yl)-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-
-carboxamide, (F357)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyra-
zole-4-carboxamide, (F358)
N-(2',5'-difluorobiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazole--
4-carboxamide, (F359)
3-(difluoromethyl)-1-methyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyraz-
ole-4-carboxamide, (F360)
5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1H-pyrazole-4--
carboxamide, (F361)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(prop-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-carboxamide,
(F362)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-
-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F363)
N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H--
pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F364)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-car-
boxamide, (F365)
N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)-5-fluoro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxami-
de, (F366)
2-chloro-N-(4'-ethynylbiphenyl-2-yl)pyridine-3-carboxamide, (F367)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3,3-dimethylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3-
-carboxamide, (F368)
4-(difluoromethyl)-2-methyl-N-[4'-(trifluoromethyl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-thi-
azole-5-carboxamide, (F369)
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F370)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide, (F371)
3-(difluoromethyl)-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]--
1-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F372)
5-fluoro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]-1,3-dimeth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, (F373)
2-chloro-N-[4'-(3-methoxy-3-methylbut-1-yn-1-yl)biphenyl-2-yl]pyridine-3--
carboxamide, (F374)
(5-bromo-2-methoxy-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)(2,3,4-trimethoxy-6-methylphenyl)-
methanone, (F375)
N-[2-(4-{[3-(4-chlorophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]oxy}-3-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-N2-
-(methylsulfonyl)valinamide (220706-93-4), (F376)
4-oxo-4-[(2-phenylethyl)amino]butanoic acid, (F377) but-3-yn-1-yl
{6-[({[(Z)-(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)(phenyl)methylene]amino}oxy)methyl]-
pyridin-2-yl}carbamate, (F378) 4-Amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2-ol
(mesomere Form: 6-Amino-5-fluoropyrimidin-2(1H)-on), (F379) propyl
3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate and (F380) Oryzastrobin.
[0058] All named fungicides of the classes (1) to (16) (i. e. F1 to
F380) can, if their functional groups enable this, optionally form
salts with suitable bases or acids.
[0059] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the at
least fungicide is a synthetic fungicide.
[0060] In one embodiment of the present invention the composition
comprises two or more fungicides. In a preferred embodiment the
composition comprises two or more of the above-mentioned preferred
fungicides.
[0061] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
the fungicide is selected from the group consisting of (1)
Inhibitors of the ergosterol biosynthesis, for example (F3)
bitertanol, (F4) bromuconazole (116255-48-2), (F5) cyproconazole
(113096-99-4), (F7) difenoconazole (119446-68-3), (F12)
epoxiconazole (106325-08-0), (F16) fenhexamid (126833-17-8), (F17)
fenpropidin (67306-00-7), (F18) fenpropimorph (67306-03-0), (F19)
fluquinconazole (136426-54-5), (F22) flutriafol, (F26) imazalil,
(F29) ipconazole (125225-28-7), (F30) metconazole (125116-23-6),
(F31) myclobutanil (88671-89-0), (F37) penconazole (66246-88-6),
(F39) prochloraz (67747-09-5), (F40) propiconazole (60207-90-1),
(F41) prothioconazole (178928-70-6), (F44) quinconazole
(103970-75-8), (F46) spiroxamine (118134-30-8), (F47) tebuconazole
(107534-96-3), (F51) triadimenol (89482-17-7), (F55) triticonazole
(131983-72-7);
(2) inhibitors of the respiratory chain at complex I or II, for
example (F65) bixafen (581809-46-3), (F66) boscalid (188425-85-6),
(F67) carboxin (5234-68-4), (F70) fluopyram (658066-35-4), (F71)
flutolanil (66332-96-5), (F72) fluxapyroxad (907204-31-3), (F73)
furametpyr (123572-88-3), (F75) isopyrazam (mixture of syn-epimeric
racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS and anti-epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9SR)
(881685-58-1), (F76) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric racemate
1RS,4SR,9SR), (F77) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9S),
(F78) isopyrazam (anti-epimeric enantiomer 1S,4R,9R), (F79)
isopyrazam (syn epimeric racemate 1RS,4SR,9RS), (F80) isopyrazam
(syn-epimeric enantiomer 1R,4S,9R), (F81) isopyrazam (syn-epimeric
enantiomer 1S,4R,9S), (F84) penflufen (494793-67-8), (F85)
penthiopyrad (183675-82-3), (F86) sedaxane (874967-67-6), (F87)
thifluzamide (130000-40-7), (F91)
N-[1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxypropan-2-yl]-3-(difluoromethyl)-1-meth-
yl-1H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide (1092400-95-7), (F98)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-(1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-yl)-
-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F99)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1S)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F100)
1-Methyl-3-(trifluormethyl)-N-[(1R)-1,3,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden--
4-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F101)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3S)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid, (F102)
3-(Difluormethyl)-1-methyl-N-[(3R)-1,1,3-trimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-4-
-yl]-1H-pyrazol-4-carboxamid; (3) inhibitors of the respiratory
chain at complex III, for example (F105) ametoctradin
(865318-97-4), (F106) amisulbrom (348635-87-0), (F107) azoxystrobin
(131860-33-8), (F108) cyazofamid (120116-88-3), (F111)
dimoxystrobin (141600-52-4), (F112) enestroburin (238410-11-2),
(F113) famoxadone (131807-57-3), (F114) fenamidone (161326-34-7),
(F116) fluoxastrobin (361377-29-9), (F117) kresoxim-methyl
(143390-89-0), (F118) metominostrobin (133408-50-1), (F119)
orysastrobin (189892-69-1), (F120) picoxystrobin (117428-22-5),
(F121) pyraclostrobin (175013-18-0), (F124) pyribencarb
(799247-52-2), (F126) trifloxystrobin (141517-21-7); (4) Inhibitors
of the mitosis and cell division, for example (F139) carbendazim
(10605-21-7), (F140) chlorfenazole (3574-96-7), (F141)
diethofencarb (87130-20-9), (F142) ethaboxam (162650-77-3), (F143)
fluopicolide, (F144) fuberidazole (3878-19-1), (F145) pencycuron
(66063-05-6), (F147) thiophanate-methyl (23564-05-8), (F149)
zoxamide (156052-68-5); (5) Compounds capable to have a multisite
action, like for example (F154) captan (133-06-2), (F155)
chlorothalonil (1897-45-6), (F156) copper hydroxide (20427-59-2),
(F159) copper oxychloride (1332-40-7), (F162) dithianon
(3347-22-6), (F163) dodine (2439-10-3), (F167) folpet (133-07-3),
(F168) guazatine (108173-90-6), (F172) iminoctadine triacetate
(57520-17-9), (F174) mancozeb (8018-01-7), (F180) propineb
(12071-83-9), (F181) sulphur and sulphur preparations including
calcium polysulphide (7704-34-9), (F182) thiram (137-26-8); (6)
Compounds capable to induce a host defense, like for example (F186)
acibenzolar-S-methyl (135158-54-2), (F187) isotianil (224049-04-1),
(F189) tiadinil (223580-51-6); (7) Inhibitors of the amino acid
and/or protein biosynthesis, for example (F192) cyprodinil
(121552-61-2), (F196) pyrimethanil (53112-28-0); (9) Inhibitors of
the cell wall synthesis, for example (F202) benthiavalicarb
(177406-68-7), (F203) dimethomorph (110488-70-5), (F205)
iprovalicarb (140923-17-7), (F206) mandipropamid (374726-62-2),
(F210) valifenalate (283159-94-4; 283159-90-0); (10) Inhibitors of
the lipid and membrane synthesis, for example (F216) iodocarb
(55406-53-6), (F217) iprobenfos (26087-47-8), (F220) propamocarb
hydrochloride (25606-41-1), (F225) tolclofos-methyl; 11) Inhibitors
of the melanine biosynthesis, for example (F226) carpropamid (12)
Inhibitors of the nucleic acid synthesis, for example (F233)
benalaxyl (71626-11-4), (F234) benalaxyl-M (kiralaxyl)
(98243-83-5), (F239) furalaxyl (57646-30-7), (F240) hymexazol
(10004-44-1), (F241) metalaxyl (57837-19-1), (F242) metalaxyl-M
(mefenoxam) (70630-17-0), (F244) oxadixyl (77732-09-3); (13)
Inhibitors of the signal transduction, for example (F247)
fenpiclonil (74738-17-3), (F248) fludioxonil (131341-86-1), (F249)
iprodione (36734-19-7), (F251) quinoxyfen (124495-18-7), (F252)
vinclozolin (50471-44-8); (14) Compounds capable to act as an
uncoupler, like for example (F256) fluazinam (79622-59-6); (15)
Further compounds, like for example (F266) cymoxanil (57966-95-7),
(F280) flutianil (304900-25-2), (F281) fosetyl-aluminium
(39148-24-8), (F286) methasulfocarb (66952-49-6), (F287) methyl
isothiocyanate (556-61-6), (F288) metrafenone (220899-03-6), (F298)
phosphorous acid and its salts (13598-36-2), (F301) proquinazid
(189278-12-4), (F309) triazoxide (72459-58-6) and (F319)
2,6-dimethyl-1H,5H-[1,4]dithiino[2,3-c:5,6-c']dipyrrole-1,3,5,7(2H,6H)-te-
trone.
[0062] In one embodiment of the present invention, the fungizide,
e.g., the fungizide for use in seed treatment is selected from the
group consisting of Carbendazim (F139), Carboxin (F67),
Difenoconazole (F7), Fludioxonil (F248), Fluquinconazole (F19),
Fluxapyroxad (F72), Ipconazole (F29), Isotianil (F187), Mefenoxam
(F242), Metalaxyl (F241), Pencycuron (F145), Penflufen (F84),
Prothioconazole (F41), Prochloraz (F39), Pyraclostrobin (F121),
Sedaxane (F86), Silthiofam (F201), Tebuconazole (F47), Thiram
(F182), Trifloxystrobin (F126), and Triticonazole (F55).
[0063] In all combinations described above and below, B1 may be
replaced with isolated gougerotin based on a mutant of Streptomyces
microflavus strain NRRL B-50550 that produces more gougerotin than
the parent NRRL B-50550 strain, such as Streptomyces microflavus
strain M.
Further Additives
[0064] One aspect of the present invention is to provide a
composition as described above additionally comprising at least one
auxiliary selected from the group consisting of extenders,
solvents, spontaneity promoters, carriers, emulsifiers,
dispersants, frost protectants, thickeners and adjuvants. Those
compositions are referred to as formulations.
[0065] Accordingly, in one aspect of the present invention such
formulations, and application forms prepared from them, are
provided as crop protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, such
as drench, drip and spray liquors, comprising the composition of
the invention. The application forms may comprise further crop
protection agents and/or pesticidal agents, and/or
activity-enhancing adjuvants such as penetrants, examples being
vegetable oils such as, for example, rapeseed oil, sunflower oil,
mineral oils such as, for example, liquid paraffins, alkyl esters
of vegetable fatty acids, such as rapeseed oil or soybean oil
methyl esters, or alkanol alkoxylates, and/or spreaders such as,
for example, alkylsiloxanes and/or salts, examples being organic or
inorganic ammonium or phosphonium salts, examples being ammonium
sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, and/or retention
promoters such as dioctyl sulphosuccinate or hydroxypropylguar
polymers and/or humectants such as glycerol and/or fertilizers such
as ammonium, potassium or phosphorous fertilizers, for example.
[0066] Examples of typical formulations include water-soluble
liquids (SL), emulsifiable concentrates (EC), emulsions in water
(EW), suspension concentrates (SC, SE, FS, OD), water-dispersible
granules (WG), granules (GR) and capsule concentrates (CS); these
and other possible types of formulation are described, for example,
by Crop Life International and in Pesticide Specifications, Manual
on development and use of FAO and WHO specifications for
pesticides, FAO Plant Production and Protection Papers--173,
prepared by the FAO/WHO Joint Meeting on Pesticide Specifications,
2004, ISBN: 9251048576. The formulations may comprise active
agrochemical compounds other than one or more active compounds of
the invention.
[0067] The formulations or application forms in question preferably
comprise auxiliaries, such as extenders, solvents, spontaneity
promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants,
biocides, thickeners and/or other auxiliaries, such as adjuvants,
for example. An adjuvant in this context is a component which
enhances the biological effect of the formulation, without the
component itself having a biological effect. Examples of adjuvants
are agents which promote the retention, spreading, attachment to
the leaf surface, or penetration.
[0068] These formulations are produced in a known manner, for
example by mixing the active compounds with auxiliaries such as,
for example, extenders, solvents and/or solid carriers and/or
further auxiliaries, such as, for example, surfactants. The
formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before
or during the application.
[0069] Suitable for use as auxiliaries are substances which are
suitable for imparting to the formulation of the active compound or
the application forms prepared from these formulations (such as,
e.g., usable crop protection agents, such as spray liquors or seed
dressings) particular properties such as certain physical,
technical and/or biological properties.
[0070] Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and
nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of
the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins,
alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and
polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified
and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone),
esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the
unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as
N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides
(such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
[0071] If the extender used is water, it is also possible to
employ, for example, organic solvents as auxiliary solvents.
Essentially, suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as
xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes,
chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such
as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions,
mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and
also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar
solvents such as dimethylformamide and dimethyl sulphoxide, and
also water.
[0072] In principle it is possible to use all suitable solvents.
Suitable solvents are, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as
xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, for example, chlorinated
aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzene,
chloroethylene or methylene chloride, for example, aliphatic
hydrocarbons, such as cyclohexane, for example, paraffins,
petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols, such as
methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol or glycol, for example, and
also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl
ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, for example,
strongly polar solvents, such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and
water.
[0073] All suitable carriers may in principle be used. Suitable
carriers are in particular: for example, ammonium salts and ground
natural minerals such as kaolins, clays, talc, chalk, quartz,
attapulgite, montmorillonite or diatomaceous earth, and ground
synthetic minerals, such as finely divided silica, alumina and
natural or synthetic silicates, resins, waxes and/or solid
fertilizers. Mixtures of such carriers may likewise be used.
Carriers suitable for granules include the following: for example,
crushed and fractionated natural minerals such as calcite, marble,
pumice, sepiolite, dolomite, and also synthetic granules of
inorganic and organic meals, and also granules of organic material
such as sawdust, paper, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco
stalks.
[0074] Liquefied gaseous extenders or solvents may also be used.
Particularly suitable are those extenders or carriers which at
standard temperature and under standard pressure are gaseous,
examples being aerosol propellants, such as halogenated
hydrocarbons, and also butane, propane, nitrogen and carbon
dioxide.
[0075] Examples of emulsifiers and/or foam-formers, dispersants or
wetting agents having ionic or nonionic properties, or mixtures of
these surface-active substances, are salts of polyacrylic acid,
salts of lignosulphonic acid, salts of phenolsulphonic acid or
naphthalenesulphonic acid, polycondensates of ethylene oxide with
fatty alcohols or with fatty acids or with fatty amines, with
substituted phenols (preferably alkylphenols or arylphenols), salts
of sulphosuccinic esters, taurine derivatives (preferably
alkyltaurates), phosphoric esters of polyethoxylated alcohols or
phenols, fatty acid esters of polyols, and derivatives of the
compounds containing sulphates, sulphonates and phosphates,
examples being alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl
sulphates, arylsulphonates, protein hydrolysates, lignin-sulphite
waste liquors and methylcellulose. The presence of a surface-active
substance is advantageous if one of the active compounds and/or one
of the inert carriers is not soluble in water and if application
takes place in water.
[0076] Further auxiliaries that may be present in the formulations
and in the application forms derived from them include colorants
such as inorganic pigments, examples being iron oxide, titanium
oxide, Prussian Blue, and organic dyes, such as alizarin dyes, azo
dyes and metal phthalocyanine dyes, and nutrients and trace
nutrients, such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt,
molybdenum and zinc.
[0077] Stabilizers, such as low-temperature stabilizers,
preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents
which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be
present. Additionally present may be foam-formers or defoamers.
[0078] Furthermore, the formulations and application forms derived
from them may also comprise, as additional auxiliaries, stickers
such as carboxymethylcellulose, natural and synthetic polymers in
powder, granule or latex form, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl
alcohol, polyvinyl acetate, and also natural phospholipids, such as
cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids. Further
possible auxiliaries include mineral and vegetable oils.
[0079] There may possibly be further auxiliaries present in the
formulations and the application forms derived from them. Examples
of such additives include fragrances, protective colloids, binders,
adhesives, thickeners, thixotropic substances, penetrants,
retention promoters, stabilizers, sequestrants, complexing agents,
humectants and spreaders. Generally speaking, the active compounds
may be combined with any solid or liquid additive commonly used for
formulation purposes.
[0080] Suitable retention promoters include all those substances
which reduce the dynamic surface tension, such as dioctyl
sulphosuccinate, or increase the viscoelasticity, such as
hydroxypropylguar polymers, for example.
[0081] Suitable penetrants in the present context include all those
substances which are typically used in order to enhance the
penetration of active agrochemical compounds into plants.
Penetrants in this context are defined in that, from the (generally
aqueous) application liquor and/or from the spray coating, they are
able to penetrate the cuticle of the plant and thereby increase the
mobility of the active compounds in the cuticle. This property can
be determined using the method described in the literature (Baur et
al., 1997, Pesticide Science 51, 131-152). Examples include alcohol
alkoxylates such as coconut fatty ethoxylate (10) or isotridecyl
ethoxylate (12), fatty acid esters such as rapeseed or soybean oil
methyl esters, fatty amine alkoxylates such as tallowamine
ethoxylate (15), or ammonium and/or phosphonium salts such as
ammonium sulphate or diammonium hydrogen phosphate, for
example.
[0082] The formulations preferably comprise between 0.00000001% and
98% by weight of active compound or, with particular preference,
between 0.01% and 95% by weight of active compound, more preferably
between 0.5% and 90% by weight of active compound, based on the
weight of the formulation. The content of the active compound is
defined as the sum of the isolated gougerotin and the at least one
insecticide.
[0083] The active compound content of the application forms (crop
protection products) prepared from the formulations may vary within
wide ranges. The active compound concentration of the application
forms may be situated typically between 0.00000001% and 95% by
weight of active compound, preferably between 0.00001% and 1% by
weight, based on the weight of the application form. Application
takes place in a customary manner adapted to the application
forms.
[0084] Furthermore, in one aspect of the present invention a kit of
parts is provided comprising isolated gougerotin and at least one
insecticide in a synergistically effective amount, with the proviso
that the insecticide is not gougerotin, in a spatially separated
arrangement.
[0085] In a further embodiment of the present invention the
above-mentioned kit of parts further comprises at least one
fungicide, with the proviso that d the fungicide is not gougerotin.
The fungicide can be present either in gougerotin component of the
kit of parts or in the insecticide component of the kit of parts
being spatially separated or in both of these components.
Preferably, the fungicide is present in the insecticide
component.
[0086] Moreover, the kit of parts according to the present
invention can additionally comprise at least one auxiliary selected
from the group consisting of extenders, solvents, spontaneity
promoters, carriers, emulsifiers, dispersants, frost protectants,
thickeners and adjuvants as mentioned below. This at least one
auxiliary can be present either in the gougerotin component of the
kit of parts or in the insecticide component of the kit of parts
being spatially separated or in both of these components.
[0087] In another aspect of the present invention the composition
as described above is used for reducing overall damage of plants
and plant parts as well as losses in harvested fruits or vegetables
caused by insects, nematodes and/or phytopathogens.
[0088] Furthermore, in another aspect of the present invention the
composition as described above increases the overall plant
health.
[0089] The term "plant health" generally comprises various sorts of
improvements of plants that are not connected to the control of
pests. For example, advantageous properties that may be mentioned
are improved crop characteristics including: emergence, crop
yields, protein content, oil content, starch content, more
developed root system, improved root growth, improved root size
maintenance, improved root effectiveness, improved stress tolerance
(e.g. against drought, heat, salt, UV, water, cold), reduced
ethylene (reduced production and/or inhibition of reception),
tillering increase, increase in plant height, bigger leaf blade,
less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers, greener leaf color,
pigment content, photosynthetic activity, less input needed (such
as fertilizers or water), less seeds needed, more productive
tillers, earlier flowering, early grain maturity, less plant verse
(lodging), increased shoot growth, enhanced plant vigor, increased
plant stand and early and better germination.
[0090] With regard to the use according to the present invention,
improved plant health preferably refers to improved plant
characteristics including: crop yield, more developed root system
(improved root growth), improved root size maintenance, improved
root effectiveness, tillering increase, increase in plant height,
bigger leaf blade, less dead basal leaves, stronger tillers,
greener leaf color, photosynthetic activity, more productive
tillers, enhanced plant vigor, and increased plant stand.
[0091] With regard to the present invention, improved plant health
preferably especially refers to improved plant properties selected
from crop yield, more developed root system, improved root growth,
improved root size maintenance, improved root effectiveness,
tillering increase, and increase in plant height.
[0092] The effect of a composition according to the present
invention on plant health as defined herein can be determined by
comparing plants which are grown under the same environmental
conditions, whereby a part of said plants is treated with a
composition according to the present invention and another part of
said plants is not treated with a composition according to the
present invention. Instead, said other part is not treated at all
or treated with a placebo (i.e., an application without a
composition according to the invention such as an application
without all active ingredients (i.e. without isolated gougerotin as
described herein and without an insecticide as described herein),
or an application without gougerotin as described herein, or an
application without an insecticide as described herein.
[0093] The composition according to the present invention may be
applied in any desired manner, such as in the form of a seed
coating, soil drench, and/or directly in-furrow and/or as a foliar
spray and applied either pre-emergence, post-emergence or both. In
other words, the composition can be applied to the seed, the plant
or to harvested fruits and vegetables or to the soil wherein the
plant is growing or wherein it is desired to grow (plant's locus of
growth). When used as a foliar treatment, in one embodiment, about
1/16 to about 5 gallons of whole broth are applied per acre. When
used as a soil treatment, in one embodiment, about 1 to about 5
gallons of whole broth are applied per acre. When used for seed
treatment about 1/32 to about 1/4 gallons of whole broth are
applied per acre. For seed treatment, the end-use formulation
contains at least 1.times.10.sup.8 colony forming units per gram.
Applicant notes that colony forming units per gram refer to the
amount of colony forming units present in a starting fermentation
broth (prior to formulation and, preferably, shortly after
fermentation).
[0094] Reducing the overall damage of plants and plant parts often
results in healthier plants and/or in an increase in plant vigor
and yield.
[0095] Preferably, the composition according to the present
invention is used for treating conventional or transgenic plants or
seed thereof.
[0096] In another aspect of the present invention a method for
reducing overall damage of plants and plant parts as well as losses
in harvested fruits or vegetables caused by insects, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens is provided comprising the step of
simultaneously or sequentially applying isolated gougerotin and at
least one insecticide and optionally at least one fungicide on the
plant, plant parts, harvested fruits, vegetables and/or plant's
locus of growth in a synergistically effective amount, with the
proviso that the insecticide or fungicide are not gougerotin.
[0097] In a preferred embodiment of the present method the at least
one insecticide is a synthetic insecticide.
[0098] In another preferred embodiment of the present method the at
least one fungicide is a synthetic fungicide.
[0099] The method of the present invention includes the following
application methods, namely both of gougerotin and the at least one
insecticide mentioned before may be formulated into a single,
stable composition with an agriculturally acceptable shelf life (so
called "solo-formulation"), or being combined before or at the time
of use (so called "combined-formulations").
[0100] If not mentioned otherwise, the expression "combination"
stands for the various combinations of gougerotin and the at least
one insecticide, and optionally the at least one fungicide, in a
solo-formulation, in a single "ready-mix" form, in a combined spray
mixture composed from solo-formulations, such as a "tank-mix", and
especially in a combined use of the single active ingredients when
applied in a sequential manner, i.e. one after the other within a
reasonably short period, such as a few hours or days, e.g. 2 hours
to 7 days. The order of applying the composition according to the
present invention is not essential for working the present
invention. Accordingly, the term "combination" also encompasses the
presence of gougerotin and the at least one insecticide, and
optionally the at least one fungicide on or in a plant to be
treated or its surrounding, habitat or storage space, e.g. after
simultaneously or consecutively applying isolated gougerotin and
the at least one insecticide, and optionally the at least one
fungicide to a plant its surrounding, habitat or storage space.
[0101] If the isolated gougerotin and the at least one insecticide,
and optionally the at least one fungicide are employed or used in a
sequential manner, it is preferred to treat the plants or plant
parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed),
harvested fruits and vegetables according to the following method:
Firstly applying the at least one insecticide and optionally the at
least one fungicide on the plant or plant parts, and secondly
applying isolated gougerotin to the same plant or plant parts. The
time periods between the first and the second application within a
(crop) growing cycle may vary and depend on the effect to be
achieved. For example, the first application is done to prevent an
infestation of the plant or plant parts with insects, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating
seeds) or to combat the infestation with insects, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens (this is particularly the case when treating plants
and plant parts) and the second application is done to prevent or
control the infestation with insects, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens. Control in this context means that the isolated
gougerotin is not able to fully exterminate the pests or
phytopathogenic fungi but is able to keep the infestation on an
acceptable level.
[0102] By following the before mentioned steps, a very low level of
residues of the at least one insecticide, and optionally at least
one fungicide on the treated plant, plant parts, and the harvested
fruits and vegetables can be achieved.
[0103] If not mentioned otherwise the treatment of plants or plant
parts (which includes seeds and plants emerging from the seed),
harvested fruits and vegetables with the composition according to
the invention is carried out directly or by action on their
surroundings, habitat or storage space using customary treatment
methods, for example dipping, spraying, atomizing, irrigating,
evaporating, dusting, fogging, broadcasting, foaming, painting,
spreading-on, watering (drenching), drip irrigating. It is
furthermore possible to apply the isolated gougerotin, the at least
one insecticide, and optionally the at least one fungicide as
solo-formulation or combined-formulations by the ultra-low volume
method, or to inject the composition according to the present
invention as a composition or as sole-formulations into the soil
(in-furrow).
[0104] The term "plant to be treated" encompasses every part of a
plant including its root system and the material--e.g., soil or
nutrition medium--which is in a radius of at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30
cm around the caulis or bole of a plant to be treated or which is
at least 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm around the root system of said plant
to be treated, respectively.
[0105] The amount of the isolated gougerotin which is used or
employed in combination with an insecticide, optionally in the
presence of a fungicide, depends on the final formulation as well
as size or type of the plant, plant parts, seeds, harvested fruits
and vegetables to be treated. Usually, the isolated gougerotin to
be employed or used according to the invention is present in about
2% to about 80% (w/w), preferably in about 5% to about 75% (w/w),
more preferably about 10% to about 70% (w/w) of its
solo-formulation or combined-formulation with the at least one
insecticide, and optionally the fungicide.
[0106] In a preferred embodiment the isolated gougerotin, which may
be derived from a fermentation product of a gougerotin-producing
Streptomyces spp. strain, such as Streptomyces microflavus NRRL
B-50550 or Streptomyces microflavus strain M, is present in a
solo-formulation or the combined-formulation. In Also the amount of
the at least one insecticide which is used or employed in
combination with the isolated gougerotin, optionally in the
presence of a fungicide, depends on the final formulation as well
as size or type of the plant, plant parts, seeds, harvested fruit
or vegetable to be treated. Usually, the insecticide to be employed
or used according to the invention is present in about 0.1% to
about 80% (w/w), preferably 1% to about 60% (w/w), more preferably
about 10% to about 50% (w/w) of its solo-formulation or
combined-formulation with the isolated gougerotin, and optionally
the fungicide.
[0107] The isolated gougerotin and at least one insecticide, and if
present also the fungicide are used or employed in a synergistic
weight ratio. The skilled person is able to find out the
synergistic weight ratios for the present invention by routine
methods. The skilled person understands that these ratios refer to
the ratio within a combined-formulation as well as to the
calculative ratio of the isolated gougerotin described herein and
the insecticide when both components are applied as
mono-formulations to a plant to be treated. The skilled person can
calculate this ratio by simple mathematics since the volume and the
amount of the isolated gougerotin and insecticide, respectively, in
a mono-formulation is known to the skilled person.
[0108] The ratio can be calculated based on the amount of the at
least one insecticide, at the time point of applying said component
of a combination according to the invention to a plant or plant
part and the amount of isolated gougerotin shortly prior (e.g., 48
h, 24 h, 12 h, 6 h, 2 h, 1 h) or at the time point of applying said
component of a combination according to the invention to a plant or
plant part.
[0109] The application of the isolated gougerotin and the at least
one insecticide to a plant or a plant part can take place
simultaneously or at different times as long as both components are
present on or in the plant after the application(s). In cases where
the isolated gougerotin and the insecticide are applied at
different times and the insecticide is applied noticeable prior to
the isolated gougerotin, the skilled person can determine the
concentration of the insecticide on/in a plant by chemical analysis
known in the art, at the time point or shortly before the time
point of applying the isolated gougerotin. Vice versa, when the
isolated gougerotin is applied to a plant first, the concentration
of isolated gougerotin can be determined using test which are also
known in the art, at the time point or shortly before the time
point of applying the insecticide.
[0110] In particular, in one embodiment the synergistic weight
ratio of the isolated gougerotin and the at least one insecticide
lies in the range of 1:500 to 2000:1, preferably in the range of
1:500 to 500:1, more preferably in the range of 1:500 to 300:1.
Especially preferred ratios are between 1:60 or 1:30 such as 30:1,
20:1, 10:1, 5:1 or 2:1 or 1:2, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30 It has to be
noted that these ratio ranges refer to isolated gougerotin For
example, a ratio of 100:1 may mean 100 weight parts of isolated
gougerotin and 1 weight part of the insecticide are combined
(either as a solo formulation, a combined formulation or by
separate applications to plants so that the combination is formed
on the plant). In another embodiment, the synergistic weight ratio
of the a isolated gougerotin to the insecticide is in the range of
1:100 to 20.000:1, preferably in the range of 1:60 to 10.000:1 or
even in the range of 1:50 to 1000:1. Once again the mentioned ratio
ranges refer to isolated gougerotin. Likewise a ratio of 1:53 or
1:12 means 1 weight part of isolated gougerotin and 53 or 12 weight
parts of the at least one insecticide are combined (either as a
solo formulation, a combined formulation or by separate
applications to plants so that the combination is formed on the
plant)--see also the Examples in this regard.
[0111] In one embodiment of the present invention, the
concentration of isolated gougerotin after dispersal is at least 50
g/ha, such as 50-7500 g/ha, 50-2500 g/ha, 50-1500 g/ha; at least
250 g/ha (hectare), at least 500 g/ha or at least 800 g/ha.
[0112] The application rate of composition to be employed or used
according to the present invention may vary. The skilled person is
able to find the appropriate application rate by way of routine
experiments.
[0113] In another aspect of the present invention a seed treated
with the composition as described above is provided.
[0114] The control of insects, nematodes and/or phytopathogens by
treating the seed of plants has been known for a long time and is a
subject of continual improvements. Nevertheless, the treatment of
seed entails a series of problems which cannot always be solved in
a satisfactory manner. Thus, it is desirable to develop methods for
protecting the seed and the germinating plant that remove the need
for, or at least significantly reduce, the additional delivery of
crop protection compositions in the course of storage, after sowing
or after the emergence of the plants. It is desirable, furthermore,
to optimize the amount of active ingredient employed in such a way
as to provide the best-possible protection to the seed and the
germinating plant from attack by insects, nematodes and/or
phytopathogens, but without causing damage to the plant itself by
the active ingredient employed. In particular, methods for treating
seed ought also to take into consideration the intrinsic
insecticidal and/or nematicidal properties of pest-resistant or
pest-tolerant transgenic plants, in order to achieve optimum
protection of the seed and of the germinating plant with a minimal
use of crop protection compositions.
[0115] The present invention therefore also relates in particular
to a method for protecting seed and germinating plants from attack
by pests, by treating the seed with isolated gougerotin as defined
above and at least one insecticide and optionally at least one
fungicide of the invention. The method of the invention for
protecting seed and germinating plants from attack by pests
encompasses a method in which the seed is treated simultaneously in
one operation with the gougerotin and the at least one insecticide,
and optionally the at least one fungicide. It also encompasses a
method in which the seed is treated at different times with the
gougerotin and the at least one insecticide, and optionally the at
least one fungicide.
[0116] The invention relates to the use of the composition of the
invention for treating a seed for the purpose of protecting the
seed and the resultant plant against insects, mites, nematodes
and/or phytopathogens.
[0117] The invention also relates to seed which at the same time
has been treated with gougerotin and at least one insecticide, and
optionally at least one fungicide. The invention further relates to
seed which has been treated at different times with the gougerotin
and the at least one insecticide, and optionally the at least one
fungicide. In the case of seed which has been treated at different
times with the gougerotin and the at least one insecticide, and
optionally the at least one fungicide, the individual active
ingredients in the composition of the invention may be present in
different layers on the seed.
[0118] Furthermore, the invention relates to a seed which,
following treatment with the composition of the invention, is
subjected to a film-coating process in order to prevent dust
abrasion of the seed.
[0119] One of the advantages of the present invention is that,
owing to the particular systemic properties of the compositions of
the invention, the treatment of the seed with these compositions
provides protection from insects, nematodes and/or phytopathogens
not only to the seed itself but also to the plants originating from
the seed, after they have emerged. In this way, it may not be
necessary to treat the crop directly at the time of sowing or
shortly thereafter.
[0120] A further advantage is to be seen in the fact that, through
the treatment of the seed with composition of the invention,
germination and emergence of the treated seed may be promoted.
[0121] It is likewise considered to be advantageous composition of
the invention may also be used, in particular, on transgenic
seed.
[0122] It is also stated that the composition of the invention may
be used in combination with agents of the signalling technology, as
a result of which, for example, colonization with symbionts is
improved, such as rhizobia, mycorrhiza and/or endophytic bacteria,
for example, is enhanced, and/or nitrogen fixation is
optimized.
[0123] The compositions of the invention are suitable for
protecting seed of any variety of plant which is used in
agriculture, in greenhouses, in forestry or in horticulture. More
particularly, the seed in question is that of cereals (e.g. wheat,
barley, rye, oats and millet), maize, cotton, soybeans, rice,
potatoes, sunflower, coffee, tobacco, canola, oilseed rape, beets
(e.g. sugar beet and fodder beet), peanuts, vegetables (e.g.
tomato, cucumber, bean, brassicas, onions and lettuce), fruit
plants, lawns and ornamentals. Particularly important is the
treatment of the seed of cereals (such as wheat, barley, rye and
oats) maize, soybeans, cotton, canola, oilseed rape and rice.
[0124] As already mentioned above, the treatment of transgenic seed
with the composition of the invention is particularly important.
The seed in question here is that of plants which generally contain
at least one heterologous gene that controls the expression of a
polypeptide having, in particular, insecticidal and/or nematicidal
properties. These heterologous genes in transgenic seed may come
from microorganisms such as Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas,
Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium. The
present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of
transgenic seed which contains at least one heterologous gene from
Bacillus sp. With particular preference, the heterologous gene in
question comes from Bacillus thuringiensis.
[0125] For the purposes of the present invention, the composition
of the invention is applied alone or in a suitable formulation to
the seed. The seed is preferably treated in a condition in which
its stability is such that no damage occurs in the course of the
treatment. Generally speaking, the seed may be treated at any point
in time between harvesting and sowing. Typically, seed is used
which has been separated from the plant and has had cobs, hulls,
stems, husks, hair or pulp removed. Thus, for example, seed may be
used that has been harvested, cleaned and dried to a moisture
content of less than 15% by weight. Alternatively, seed can also be
used that after drying has been treated with water, for example,
and then dried again.
[0126] When treating seed it is necessary, generally speaking, to
ensure that the amount of the composition of the invention, and/or
of other additives, that is applied to the seed is selected such
that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, and/or
that the plant which emerges from the seed is not damaged. This is
the case in particular with active ingredients which may exhibit
phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
[0127] The compositions of the invention can be applied directly,
in other words without comprising further components and without
having been diluted. As a general rule, it is preferable to apply
the compositions in the form of a suitable formulation to the seed.
Suitable formulations and methods for seed treatment are known to
the skilled person and are described in, for example, the following
documents: U.S. Pat. No. 4,272,417 A, U.S. Pat. No. 4,245,432 A,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,808,430 A, U.S. Pat. No. 5,876,739 A, US
2003/0176428 A1, WO 2002/080675 A1, WO 2002/028186 A2.
[0128] The combinations which can be used in accordance with the
invention may be converted into the customary seed-dressing
formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, suspensions, powders,
foams, slurries or other coating compositions for seed, and also
ULV formulations.
[0129] These formulations are prepared in a known manner, by mixing
composition with customary adjuvants, such as, for example,
customary extenders and also solvents or diluents, colorants,
wetters, dispersants, emulsifiers, antifoams, preservatives,
secondary thickeners, stickers, gibberellins, and also water.
[0130] Colorants which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all colorants which are customary for such purposes. In
this context it is possible to use not only pigments, which are of
low solubility in water, but also water-soluble dyes. Examples
include the colorants known under the designations Rhodamin B, C.I.
Pigment Red 112 and C.I. Solvent Red 1.
[0131] Wetters which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the substances which promote wetting and which are
customary in the formulation of active agrochemical ingredients.
Use may be made preferably of alkylnaphthalenesulphonates, such as
diisopropyl- or diisobutyl-naphthalenesulphonates.
[0132] Dispersants and/or emulsifiers which may be present in the
seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the
invention include all of the nonionic, anionic and cationic
dispersants that are customary in the formulation of active
agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made preferably of nonionic or
anionic dispersants or of mixtures of nonionic or anionic
dispersants. Suitable nonionic dispersants are, in particular,
ethylene oxide-propylene oxide block polymers, alkylphenol
polyglycol ethers and also tristryrylphenol polyglycol ethers, and
the phosphated or sulphated derivatives of these. Suitable anionic
dispersants are, in particular, lignosulphonates, salts of
polyacrylic acid, and arylsulphonate-formaldehyde condensates.
[0133] Antifoams which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the foam inhibitors that are customary in the
formulation of active agrochemical ingredients. Use may be made
preferably of silicone antifoams and magnesium stearate.
[0134] Preservatives which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all of the substances which can be employed for such
purposes in agrochemical compositions. Examples include
dichlorophen and benzyl alcohol hemiformal.
[0135] Secondary thickeners which may be present in the
seed-dressing formulations which can be used in accordance with the
invention include all substances which can be used for such
purposes in agrochemical compositions. Those contemplated with
preference include cellulose derivatives, acrylic acid derivatives,
xanthan, modified clays and highly disperse silica.
[0136] Stickers which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include all customary binders which can be used in seed-dressing
products. Preferred mention may be made of polyvinylpyrrolidone,
polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol and tylose.
[0137] Gibberellins which may be present in the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention
include preferably the gibberellins A1, A3 (=gibberellic acid), A4
and A7, with gibberellic acid being used with particular
preference. The gibberellins are known (cf. R. Wegler, "Chemie der
Pflanzenschutz- and Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel", Volume 2,
Springer Verlag, 1970, pp. 401-412).
[0138] The seed-dressing formulations which can be used in
accordance with the invention may be used, either directly or after
prior dilution with water, to treat seed of any of a wide variety
of types. Accordingly, the concentrates or the preparations
obtainable from them by dilution with water may be employed to
dress the seed of cereals, such as wheat, barley, rye, oats and
triticale, and also the seed of maize, rice, oilseed rape, peas,
beans, cotton, sunflowers and beets, or else the seed of any of a
very wide variety of vegetables. The seed-dressing formulations
which can be used in accordance with the invention, or their
diluted preparations, may also be used to dress seed of transgenic
plants. In that case, additional synergistic effects may occur in
interaction with the substances formed through expression.
[0139] For the treatment of a seed with the seed-dressing
formulations which can be used in accordance with the invention, or
with the preparations produced from them by addition of water,
suitable mixing equipment includes all such equipment which can
typically be employed for seed dressing. More particularly, the
procedure when carrying out seed dressing is to place the seed in a
mixer, to add the particular desired amount of seed-dressing
formulations, either as such or following dilution with water
beforehand, and to carry out mixing until the distribution of the
formulation on the seed is uniform. This may be followed by a
drying operation.
[0140] The application rate of the seed-dressing formulations which
can be used in accordance with the invention may be varied within a
relatively wide range. It is guided by the particular amount of the
isolated gougerotin and the at least one insecticide in the
formulations, and by the seed. The application rates in the case of
the composition are situated generally at between 0.001 and 50 g
per kilogram of seed, preferably between 0.01 and 15 g per kilogram
of seed.
[0141] The composition according to the invention, in combination
with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded
animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable
for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing harvest
yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for
controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids,
helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in
agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in
gardens and leisure facilities, in protection of stored products
and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They can be preferably
employed as plant protection agents. In particular, the present
invention relates to the use of the composition according to the
invention as insecticide and/or fungicide.
[0142] The present composition preferably is active against
normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some
stages of development. The abovementioned pests include:
[0143] Pests from the phylum Arthropoda, especially from the class
Arachnida, for example, Acarus spp., Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp.,
Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Amphitetranychus viennensis, Argas
spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia graminum, Bryobia
praetiosa, Centruroides spp., Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus
gallinae, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae,
Dermacentor spp., Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri,
Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Glycyphagus domesticus,
Halotydeus destructor, Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes
spp., Latrodectus spp., Loxosceles spp., Metatetranychus spp.,
Neutrombicula autumnalis, Nuphersa spp., Oligonychus spp.,
Ornithodorus spp., Ornithonyssus spp., Panonychus spp.,
Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus latus, Psoroptes spp.,
Rhipicephalus spp., Rhizoglyphus spp., Sarcoptes spp., Scorpio
maurus, Steneotarsonemus spp., Steneotarsonemus spinki, Tarsonemus
spp., Tetranychus spp., Trombicula alfreddugesi, Vaejovis spp.,
Vasates lycopersici;
[0144] In particular clover mite, brown mite, hazelnut spider mite,
asparagus spider mite, brown wheat mite, legume mite, oxalis mite,
boxwood mite, Texas citrus mite, Oriental red mite, citrus red
mite, European red mite, yellow spider mite, fig spider mite, Lewis
spider mite, six-spotted spider mite, Willamette mite Yuma spider
mite, web-spinning mite, pineapple mite, citrus green mite,
honey-locust spider mite, tea red spider mite, southern red mite,
avocado brown mite, spruce spider mite, avocado red mite, Banks
grass mite, carmine spider mite, desert spider mite, vegetable
spider mite, tumid spider mite, strawberry spider mite, two-spotted
spider mite, McDaniel mite, Pacific spider mite, hawthorn spider
mite, four-spotted spider mite, Schoenei spider mite, Chilean false
spider mite, citrus flat mite, privet mite, flat scarlet mite,
white-tailed mite, pineapple tarsonemid mite, West Indian sugar
cane mite, bulb scale mite, cyclamen mite, broad mite, winter grain
mite, red-legged earth mite, filbert big-bud mite, grape erineum
mite, pear blister leaf mite, apple leaf edgeroller mite, peach
mosaic vector mite, alder bead gall mite, Perian walnut leaf gall
mite, pecan leaf edgeroll mite, fig bud mite, olive bud mite,
citrus bud mite, litchi erineum mite, wheat curl mite, coconut
flower and nut mite, sugar cane blister mite, buffalo grass mite,
bermuda grass mite, carrot bud mite, sweet potato leaf gall mite,
pomegranate leaf curl mite, ash sprangle gall mite, maple bladder
gall mite, alder erineum mite, redberry mite, cotton blister mite,
blueberry bud mite, pink tea rust mite, ribbed tea mite, grey
citrus mite, sweet potato rust mite, horse chestnut rust mite,
citrus rust mite, apple rust mite, grape rust mite, pear rust mite,
flat needle sheath pine mite, wild rose bud and fruit mite,
dryberry mite, mango rust mite, azalea rust mite, plum rust mite,
peach silver mite, apple rust mite, tomato russet mite, pink citrus
rust mite, cereal rust mite, rice rust mite;
from the class Chilopoda, for example, Geophilus spp., Scutigera
spp.; from the order or the class Collembola, for example,
Onychiurus armatus; from the class Diplopoda, for example,
Blaniulus guttulatus; from the class Insecta, e.g. from the order
Blattodea, for example, Blattella asahinai, Blattella germanica,
Blatta orientalis, Leucophaea maderae, Panchlora spp., Parcoblatta
spp., Periplaneta spp., Supella longipalpa; from the order
Coleoptera, for example, Acalymma vittatum, Acanthoscelides
obtectus, Adoretus spp., Agelastica alni, Agriotes spp.,
Alphitobius diaperinus, Amphimallon solstitialis, Anobium
punctatum, Anoplophora spp., Anthonomus spp., Anthrenus spp., Apion
spp., Apogonia spp., Atomaria spp., Attagenus spp., Bruchidius
obtectus, Bruchus spp., Cassida spp., Cerotoma trifurcata,
Ceutorrhynchus spp., Chaetocnema spp., Cleonus mendicus, Conoderus
spp., Cosmopolites spp., Costelytra zealandica, Ctenicera spp.,
Curculio spp., Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptorhynchus lapathi,
Cylindrocopturus spp., Dermestes spp., Diabrotica spp., Dichocrocis
spp., Dicladispa armigera, Diloboderus spp., Epilachna spp.,
Epitrix spp., Faustinus spp., Gibbium psylloides, Gnathocerus
cornutus, Hellula undalis, Heteronychus arator, Heteronyx spp.,
Hylamorpha elegans, Hylotrupes bajulus, Hypera postica, Hypomeces
squamosus, Hypothenemus spp., Lachnosterna consanguinea, Lasioderma
serricorne, Latheticus oryzae, Lathridius spp., Lema spp.,
Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Leucoptera spp., Lissorhoptrus
oryzophilus, Lixus spp., Luperodes spp., Lyctus spp., Megascelis
spp., Melanotus spp., Meligethes aeneus, Melolontha spp., Migdolus
spp., Monochamus spp., Naupactus xanthographus, Necrobia spp.,
Niptus hololeucus, Oryctes rhinoceros, Oryzaephilus surinamensis,
Oryzaphagus oryzae, Otiorrhynchus spp., Oxycetonia jucunda, Phaedon
cochleariae, Phyllophaga spp., Phyllophaga helleri, Phyllotreta
spp., Popillia japonica, Premnotrypes spp., Prostephanus truncatus,
Psylliodes spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizobius ventralis, Rhizopertha
dominica, Sitophilus spp., Sitophilus oryzae, Sphenophorus spp.,
Stegobium paniceum, Sternechus spp., Symphyletes spp., Tanymecus
spp., Tenebrio molitor, Tenebrioides mauretanicus, Tribolium spp.,
Trogoderma spp., Tychius spp., Xylotrechus spp., Zabrus spp.;
preferably from Banded cucumber beetle (Diabrotica balteata),
Northern corn rootworm (Diabrotica barberi), Southern corn rootworm
(Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi), Western cucumber beetle
(Diabrotica undecimpunctata tenella), Western spotted cucumber
beetle (Diabrotica undecimpunctata undecimpunctata), Western corn
rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), Mexican corn rootworm
(Diabrotica virgifera zeae).; from the order Diptera, for example,
Aedes spp., Agromyza spp., Anastrepha spp., Anopheles spp.,
Asphondylia spp., Bactrocera spp., Bibio hortulanus, Calliphora
erythrocephala, Calliphora vicina, Ceratitis capitata, Chironomus
spp., Chrysomyia spp., Chrysops spp., Chrysozona pluvialis,
Cochliomyia spp., Contarinia spp., Cordylobia anthropophaga,
Cricotopus sylvestris, Culex spp., Culicoides spp., Culiseta spp.,
Cuterebra spp., Dacus oleae, Dasyneura spp., Delia spp., Dermatobia
hominis, Drosophila spp., Echinocnemus spp., Fannia spp.,
Gasterophilus spp., Glossina spp., Haematopota spp., Hydrellia
spp., Hydrellia griseola, Hylemya spp., Hippobosca spp., Hypoderma
spp., Liriomyza spp., Lucilia spp., Lutzomyia spp., Mansonia spp.,
Musca spp., Oestrus spp., Oscinella frit, Paratanytarsus spp.,
Paralauterborniella subcincta, Pegomyia spp., Phlebotomus spp.,
Phorbia spp., Phormia spp., Piophila casei, Prodiplosis spp., Psila
rosae, Rhagoletis spp., Sarcophaga spp., Simulium spp., Stomoxys
spp., Tabanus spp., Tetanops spp., Tipula spp.; from the order
Heteroptera, for example, Anasa tristis, Antestiopsis spp., Boisea
spp., Blissus spp., Calocoris spp., Campylomma livida, Cavelerius
spp., Cimex spp., Collaria spp., Creontiades dilutus, Dasynus
piperis, Dichelops furcatus, Diconocoris hewetti, Dysdercus spp.,
Euschistus spp., Eurygaster spp., Heliopeltis spp., Horcias
nobilellus, Leptocorisa spp., Leptocorisa varicornis, Leptoglossus
phyllopus, Lygus spp., Macropes excavatus, Miridae, Monalonion
atratum, Nezara spp., Oebalus spp., Pentomidae, Piesma quadrata,
Piezodorus spp., Psallus spp., Pseudacysta persea, Rhodnius spp.,
Sahlbergella singularis, Scaptocoris castanea, Scotinophora spp.,
Stephanitis nashi, Tibraca spp., Triatoma spp.; from the order
Homoptera, for example, Acizzia acaciaebaileyanae, Acizzia
dodonaeae, Acizzia uncatoides, Acrida turrita, Acyrthosipon spp.,
Acrogonia spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleyrodes
proletella, Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus floccosus,
Allocaridara malayensis, Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella
spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis,
Arytainilla spp., Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp.,
Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia tabaci, Blastopsylla occidentalis,
Boreioglycaspis melaleucae, Brachycaudus helichrysi, Brachycolus
spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Cacopsylla spp., Calligypona
marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera,
Cercopidae, Ceroplastes spp., Chaetosiphon fragaefolii, Chionaspis
tegalensis, Chlorita onukii, Chondracris rosea, Chromaphis
juglandicola, Chrysomphalus ficus, Cicadulina mbila, Coccomytilus
halli, Coccus spp., Cryptomyzus ribis, Cryptoneossa spp.,
Ctenarytaina spp., Dalbulus spp., Dialeurodes citri, Diaphorina
citri, Diaspis spp., Drosicha spp., Dysaphis spp., Dysmicoccus
spp., Empoasca spp., Eriosoma spp., Erythroneura spp.,
Eucalyptolyma spp., Euphyllura spp., Euscelis bilobatus, Ferrisia
spp., Geococcus coffeae, Glycaspis spp., Heteropsylla cubana,
Heteropsylla spinulosa, Homalodisca coagulata, Hyalopterus
arundinis, Icerya spp., Idiocerus spp., Idioscopus spp., Laodelphax
striatellus, Lecanium spp., Lepidosaphes spp., Lipaphis erysimi,
Macrosiphum spp., Macrosteles facifrons, Mahanarva spp., Melanaphis
sacchari, Metcalfiella spp., Metopolophium dirhodum, Monellia
costalis, Monelliopsis pecanis, Myzus spp., Nasonovia ribisnigri,
Nephotettix spp., Nettigoniclla spectra, Nilaparvata lugens,
Oncometopia spp., Orthezia praelonga, Oxya chinensis, Pachypsylla
spp., Parabemisia myricae, Paratrioza spp., Parlatoria spp.,
Pemphigus spp., Peregrinus maidis, Phenacoccus spp., Phloeomyzus
passerinii, Phorodon humuli, Phylloxera spp., Pinnaspis
aspidistrae, Planococcus spp., Prosopidopsylla flava,
Protopulvinaria pyriformis, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona, Pseudococcus
spp., Psyllopsis spp., Psylla spp., Pteromalus spp., Pyrilla spp.,
Quadraspidiotus spp., Quesada gigas, Rastrococcus spp.,
Rhopalosiphum spp., Saissetia spp., Scaphoideus titanus, Schizaphis
graminum, Selenaspidus articulatus, Sogata spp., Sogatella
furcifera, Sogatodes spp., Stictocephala festina, Siphoninus
phillyreae, Tenalaphara malayensis, Tetragonocephela spp.,
Tinocallis caryaefoliae, Tomaspis spp., Toxoptera spp.,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum, Trioza spp., Typhlocyba spp., Unaspis
spp., Viteus vitifolii, Zygina spp.; from the order Hymenoptera,
for example, Acromyrmex spp., Athalia spp., Atta spp., Diprion
spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Sirex
spp., Solenopsis invicta, Tapinoma spp., Urocerus spp., Vespa spp.,
Xeris spp.; from the order Isopoda, for example, Armadillidium
vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber; from the order
Isoptera, for example, Coptotermes spp., Cornitermes cumulans,
Cryptotermes spp., Incisitermes spp., Microtermes obesi,
Odontotermes spp., Reticulitermes spp.; from the order Lepidoptera,
for example, Achroia grisella, Acronicta major, Adoxophyes spp.,
Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., Alabama spp., Amyelois transitella,
Anarsia spp., Anticarsia spp., Argyroploce spp., Barathra
brassicae, Borbo cinnara, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus
piniarius, Busseola spp., Cacoecia spp., Caloptilia theivora, Capua
reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Carposina niponensis, Cheimatobia
brumata, Chilo spp., Choristoneura spp., Clysia ambiguella,
Cnaphalocerus spp., Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Cnephasia spp.,
Conopomorpha spp., Conotrachelus spp., Copitarsia spp., Cydia spp.,
Dalaca noctuides, Diaphania spp., Diatraea saccharalis, Earias
spp., Ecdytolopha aurantium, Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Eldana
saccharina, Ephestia spp., Epinotia spp., Epiphyas postvittana,
Etiella spp., Eulia spp., Eupoecilia ambiguella, Euproctis spp.,
Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Gracillaria spp.,
Grapholitha spp., Hedylepta spp., Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp.,
Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homoeosoma spp., Homona spp.,
Hyponomeuta padella, Kakivoria flavofasciata, Laphygma spp.,
Laspeyresia molesta, Leucinodes orbonalis, Leucoptera spp.,
Lithocolletis spp., Lithophane antennata, Lobesia spp., Loxagrotis
albicosta, Lymantria spp., Lyonetia spp., Malacosoma neustria,
Maruca testulalis, Mamstra brassicae, Melanitis leda, Mocis spp.,
Monopis obviella, Mythimna separata, Nemapogon cloacellus, Nymphula
spp., Oiketicus spp., Oria spp., Orthaga spp., Ostrinia spp.,
Oulema oryzae, Panolis flammea, Parnara spp., Pectinophora spp.,
Perileucoptera spp., Phthorimaea spp., Phyllocnistis citrella,
Phyllonorycter spp., Pieris spp., Platynota stultana, Plodia
interpunctella, Plusia spp., Plutella xylostella, Prays spp.,
Prodenia spp., Protoparce spp., Pseudaletia spp., Pseudaletia
unipuncta, Pseudoplusia includens, Pyrausta nubilalis, Rachiplusia
nu, Schoenobius spp., Scirpophaga spp., Scirpophaga innotata,
Scotia segetum, Sesamia spp., Sesamia inferens, Sparganothis spp.,
Spodoptera spp., Spodoptera praefica, Stathmopoda spp., Stomopteryx
subsecivella, Synanthedon spp., Tecia solanivora, Thermesia
gemmatalis, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola
bisselliella, Tortrix spp., Trichophaga tapetzella, Trichoplusia
spp., Tryporyza incertulas, Tuta absoluta, Virachola spp.; from the
order Orthoptera or Saltatoria, for example, Acheta domesticus,
Dichroplus spp., Gryllotalpa spp., Hieroglyphus spp., Locusta spp.,
Melanoplus spp., Schistocerca gregaria; from the order
Phthiraptera, for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp.,
Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Ptirus pubis, Trichodectes spp.;
from the order Psocoptera for example Lepinatus spp., Liposcelis
spp.; from the order Siphonaptera, for example, Ceratophyllus spp.,
Ctenocephalides spp., Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla
cheopsis; from the order Thysanoptera, for example, Anaphothrips
obscurus, Baliothrips biformis, Drepanothrips reuteri, Enneothrips
flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips
femoralis, Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp.,
Taeniothrips cardamomi, Thrips spp.; from the order Zygentoma
(=Thysanura), for example, Ctenolepisma spp., Lepisma saccharina,
Lepismodes inquilinus, Thermobia domestica; from the class
Symphyla, for example, Scutigerella spp.; pests from the phylum
Mollusca, especially from the class Bivalvia, for example,
Dreissena spp., and from the class Gastropoda, for example, Arion
spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp.,
Lymnaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Pomacea spp., Succinea spp.; animal
pests from the phylums Plathelminthes and Nematoda, for example,
Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma
braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia
timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia
spp., Dicrocoelium spp., Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium
latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus,
Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp.,
Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus
spp., Loa Loa, Nematodirus spp., Oesophagostomum spp., Opisthorchis
spp., Onchocerca volvulus, Ostertagia spp., Paragonimus spp.,
Schistosomen spp., Strongyloides fuelleborni, Strongyloides
stercoralis, Stronyloides spp., Taenia saginata, Taenia solium,
Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella nativa, Trichinella britovi,
Trichinella nelsoni, Trichinella pseudopsiralis, Trichostrongulus
spp., Trichuris trichiura, Wuchereria bancrofti; phytoparasitic
pests from the phylum Nematoda, for example, Aphelenchoides spp.,
Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus spp., Globodera spp., Heterodera
spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp.,
Radopholus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Xiphinema
spp., Helicotylenchus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Scutellonema
spp., Paratrichodorus spp., Meloinema spp., Paraphelenchus spp.,
Aglenchus spp., Belonolaimus spp., Nacobbus spp., Rotylenchulus
spp., Rotylenchus spp., Neotylenchus spp., Paraphelenchus spp.,
Dolichodorus spp., Hoplolaimus spp., Punctodera spp., Criconemella
spp., Quinisulcius spp., Hemicycliophora spp., Anguina spp.,
Subanguina spp., Hemicriconemoides spp., Psilenchus spp.,
Pseudohalenchus spp., Criconemoides spp., Cacopaurus spp.,
Hirschmaniella spp, Tetylenchus spp.,
[0145] It is furthermore possible to control organisms from the
subphylum Protozoa, especially from the order Coccidia, such as
Eimeria spp.
[0146] Preferably, the composition is particularly active against
spider mites, citrus mites, eriophyid (russet) mites and broad
mites as well as the corn root worm.
[0147] Furthermore, in case the isolated gougerotin exhibits
fungicidal activity and/or the composition additionally comprises a
fungicide, the composition according to the present invention has
potent microbicidal activity and can be used for control of
unwanted microorganisms, such as fungi and bacteria, in crop
protection and in the protection of materials.
[0148] The invention also relates to a method for controlling
unwanted microorganisms, characterized in that the inventive
composition is applied to the phytopathogenic fungi,
phytopathogenic bacteria and/or their habitat.
[0149] Fungicides can be used in crop protection for control of
phytopathogenic fungi. They are characterized by an outstanding
efficacy against a broad spectrum of phytopathogenic fungi,
including soilborne pathogens, which are in particular members of
the classes Plasmodiophoromycetes, Peronosporomycetes (Syn.
Oomycetes), Chytridiomycetes, Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes (Syn. Fungi imperfecti). Some
fungicides are systemically active and can be used in plant
protection as foliar, seed dressing or soil fungicide. Furthermore,
they are suitable for combating fungi, which inter alia infest wood
or roots of plant.
[0150] Bactericides can be used in crop protection for control of
Pseudomonadaceae, Rhizobiaceae, Enterobacteriaceae,
Corynebacteriaceae and Streptomycetaceae.
[0151] Non-limiting examples of pathogens of fungal diseases which
can be treated in accordance with the invention include:
diseases caused by powdery mildew pathogens, for example Blumeria
species, for example Blumeria graminis; Podosphaera species, for
example Podosphaera leucotricha; Sphaerotheca species, for example
Sphaerotheca fuliginea; Uncinula species, for example Uncinula
necator; diseases caused by rust disease pathogens, for example
Gymnosporangium species, for example Gymnosporangium sabinae;
Hemileia species, for example Hemileia vastatrix; Phakopsora
species, for example Phakopsora pachyrhizi and Phakopsora
meibomiae; Puccinia species, for example Puccinia recondite, P.
triticina, P. graminis or P. striiformis or P. hordei; Uromyces
species, for example Uromyces appendiculatus; diseases caused by
pathogens from the group of the Oomycetes, for example Albugo
species, for example Algubo candida; Bremia species, for example
Bremia lactucae; Peronospora species, for example Peronospora pisi,
P. parasitica or P. brassicae; Phytophthora species, for example
Phytophthora infestans; Plasmopara species, for example Plasmopara
viticola; Pseudoperonospora species, for example Pseudoperonospora
humuli or Pseudoperonospora cubensis; Pythium species, for example
Pythium ultimum; leaf blotch diseases and leaf wilt diseases
caused, for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria
solani; Cercospora species, for example Cercospora beticola;
Cladiosporium species, for example Cladiosporium cucumerinum;
Cochliobolus species, for example Cochliobolus sativus (conidia
form: Drechslera, Syn: Helminthosporium), Cochliobolus miyabeanus;
Colletotrichum species, for example Colletotrichum lindemuthanium;
Cycloconium species, for example Cycloconium oleaginum; Diaporthe
species, for example Diaporthe citri; Elsinoe species, for example
Elsinoe fawcettii; Gloeosporium species, for example Gloeosporium
laeticolor; Glomerella species, for example Glomerella cingulata;
Guignardia species, for example Guignardia bidwelli; Leptosphaeria
species, for example Leptosphaeria maculans, Leptosphaeria nodorum;
Magnaporthe species, for example Magnaporthe grisea; Microdochium
species, for example Microdochium nivale; Mycosphaerella species,
for example Mycosphaerella graminicola, M. arachidicola and M.
fijiensis; Phaeosphaeria species, for example Phaeosphaeria
nodorum; Pyrenophora species, for example Pyrenophora teres,
Pyrenophora tritici repentis; Ramularia species, for example
Ramularia collo-cygni, Ramularia areola; Rhynchosporium species,
for example Rhynchosporium secalis; Septoria species, for example
Septoria apii, Septoria lycopersii; Typhula species, for example
Typhula incarnata; Venturia species, for example Venturia
inaequalis; root and stem diseases caused, for example, by
Corticium species, for example Corticium graminearum; Fusarium
species, for example Fusarium oxysporum; Gaeumannomyces species,
for example Gaeumannomyces graminis; Rhizoctonia species, such as,
for example Rhizoctonia solani; Sarocladium diseases caused for
example by Sarocladium oryzae; Sclerotium diseases caused for
example by Sclerotium oryzae; Tapesia species, for example Tapesia
acuformis; Thielaviopsis species, for example Thielaviopsis
basicola; ear and panicle diseases (including corn cobs) caused,
for example, by Alternaria species, for example Alternaria spp.;
Aspergillus species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium
species, for example Cladosporium cladosporioides; Claviceps
species, for example Claviceps purpurea; Fusarium species, for
example Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella species, for example
Gibberella zeae; Monographella species, for example Monographella
nivalis; Septoria species, for example Septoria nodorum; diseases
caused by smut fungi, for example Sphacelotheca species, for
example Sphacelotheca reiliana; Tilletia species, for example
Tilletia caries, T. controversa; Urocystis species, for example
Urocystis occulta; Ustilago species, for example Ustilago nuda, U.
nuda tritici; fruit rot caused, for example, by Aspergillus
species, for example Aspergillus flavus; Botrytis species, for
example Botrytis cinerea; Penicillium species, for example
Penicillium expansum and P. purpurogenum; Sclerotinia species, for
example Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; Verticilium species, for example
Verticilium alboatrum; seed and soilborne decay, mould, wilt, rot
and damping-off diseases caused, for example, by Alternaria
species, caused for example by Alternaria brassicicola; Aphanomyces
species, caused for example by Aphanomyces euteiches; Ascochyta
species, caused for example by Ascochyta lentis; Aspergillus
species, caused for example by Aspergillus flavus; Cladosporium
species, caused for example by Cladosporium herbarum; Cochliobolus
species, caused for example by Cochliobolus sativus; (Conidiaform:
Drechslera, Bipolaris Syn: Helminthosporium); Colletotrichum
species, caused for example by Colletotrichum coccodes; Fusarium
species, caused for example by Fusarium culmorum; Gibberella
species, caused for example by Gibberella zeae; Macrophomina
species, caused for example by Macrophomina phaseolina;
Monographella species, caused for example by Monographella nivalis;
Penicillium species, caused for example by Penicillium expansum;
Phoma species, caused for example by Phoma lingam; Phomopsis
species, caused for example by Phomopsis sojae; Phytophthora
species, caused for example by Phytophthora cactorum; Pyrenophora
species, caused for example by Pyrenophora graminea; Pyricularia
species, caused for example by Pyricularia oryzae; Pythium species,
caused for example by Pythium ultimum; Rhizoctonia species, caused
for example by Rhizoctonia solani; Rhizopus species, caused for
example by Rhizopus oryzae; Sclerotium species, caused for example
by Sclerotium rolfsii; Septoria species, caused for example by
Septoria nodorum; Typhula species, caused for example by Typhula
incarnata; Verticillium species, caused for example by Verticillium
dahliae; cancers, galls and witches' broom caused, for example, by
Nectria species, for example Nectria galligena; wilt diseases
caused, for example, by Monilinia species, for example Monilinia
laxa; leaf blister or leaf curl diseases caused, for example, by
Exobasidium species, for example Exobasidium vexans; Taphrina
species, for example Taphrina deformans; decline diseases of wooden
plants caused, for example, by Esca disease, caused for example by
Phaemoniella clamydospora, Phaeoacremonium aleophilum and
Fomitiporia mediterranea; Eutypa dyeback, caused for example by
Eutypa lata; Ganoderma diseases caused for example by Ganoderma
boninense; Rigidoporus diseases caused for example by Rigidoporus
lignosus; diseases of flowers and seeds caused, for example, by
Botrytis species, for example Botrytis cinerea; diseases of plant
tubers caused, for example, by Rhizoctonia species, for example
Rhizoctonia solani; Helminthosporium species, for example
Helminthosporium solani; Club root caused, for example, by
Plasmodiophora species, for example Plamodiophora brassicae;
diseases caused by bacterial pathogens, for example Xanthomonas
species, for example Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae; Pseudomonas
species, for example Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans; Erwinia
species, for example Erwinia amylovora. The following diseases of
soya beans can be controlled with preference:
[0152] Fungal diseases on leaves, stems, pods and seeds caused, for
example, by Alternaria leaf spot (Alternaria spec. atrans
tenuissima), Anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporoides dematium
var. truncatum), brown spot (Septoria glycines), cercospora leaf
spot and blight (Cercospora kikuchii), choanephora leaf blight
(Choanephora infundibulifera trispora (Syn.)), dactuliophora leaf
spot (Dactuliophora glycines), downy mildew (Peronospora
manshurica), drechslera blight (Drechslera glycini), frogeye leaf
spot (Cercospora sojina), leptosphaerulina leaf spot
(Leptosphaerulina trifolii), phyllostica leaf spot (Phyllosticta
sojaecola), pod and stem blight (Phomopsis sojae), powdery mildew
(Microsphaera diffusa), pyrenochaeta leaf spot (Pyrenochaeta
glycines), rhizoctonia aerial, foliage, and web blight (Rhizoctonia
solani), rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi, Phakopsora meibomiae), scab
(Sphaceloma glycines), stemphylium leaf blight (Stemphylium
botryosum), target spot (Corynespora cassiicola).
[0153] Fungal diseases on roots and the stem base caused, for
example, by black root rot (Calonectria crotalariae), charcoal rot
(Macrophomina phaseolina), fusarium blight or wilt, root rot, and
pod and collar rot (Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium orthoceras,
Fusarium semitectum, Fusarium equiseti), mycoleptodiscus root rot
(Mycoleptodiscus terrestris), neocosmospora (Neocosmospora
vasinfecta), pod and stem blight (Diaporthe phaseolorum), stem
canker (Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora), phytophthora rot
(Phytophthora megasperma), brown stem rot (Phialophora gregata),
pythium rot (Pythium aphanidermatum, Pythium irregulare, Pythium
debaryanum, Pythium myriotylum, Pythium ultimum), rhizoctonia root
rot, stem decay, and damping-off (Rhizoctonia solani), sclerotinia
stem decay (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), sclerotinia southern blight
(Sclerotinia rolfsii), thielaviopsis root rot (Thielaviopsis
basicola).
[0154] The inventive compositions can be used for curative or
protective/preventive control of phytopathogenic fungi. The
invention therefore also relates to curative and protective methods
for controlling phytopathogenic fungi by the use of the inventive
composition, which is applied to the seed, the plant or plant
parts, the fruit or the soil in which the plants grow.
[0155] The fact that the composition is well tolerated by plants at
the concentrations required for controlling plant diseases allows
the treatment of above-ground parts of plants, of propagation stock
and seeds, and of the soil.
[0156] According to the invention all plants and plant parts can be
treated. By plants is meant all plants and plant populations such
as desirable and undesirable wild plants, cultivars and plant
varieties (whether or not protectable by plant variety or plant
breeder's rights). Cultivars and plant varieties can be plants
obtained by conventional propagation and breeding methods which can
be assisted or supplemented by one or more biotechnological methods
such as by use of double haploids, protoplast fusion, random and
directed mutagenesis, molecular or genetic markers or by
bioengineering and genetic engineering methods. By plant parts is
meant all above ground and below ground parts and organs of plants
such as shoot, leaf, blossom and root, whereby for example leaves,
needles, stems, branches, blossoms, fruiting bodies, fruits and
seed as well as roots, corms and rhizomes are listed. Crops and
vegetative and generative propagating material, for example
cuttings, corms, rhizomes, runners and seeds also belong to plant
parts.
[0157] The inventive composition, when it is well tolerated by
plants, has favourable homeotherm toxicity and is well tolerated by
the environment, is suitable for protecting plants and plant
organs, for enhancing harvest yields, for improving the quality of
the harvested material. It can preferably be used as crop
protection composition. It is active against normally sensitive and
resistant species and against all or some stages of
development.
[0158] Plants which can be treated in accordance with the invention
include the following main crop plants: maize, soya bean, alfalfa,
cotton, sunflower, Brassica oil seeds such as Brassica napus (e.g.
canola, rapeseed), Brassica rapa, B. juncea (e.g. (field) mustard)
and Brassica carinata, Arecaceae sp. (e.g. oilpalm, coconut), rice,
wheat, sugar beet, sugar cane, oats, rye, barley, millet and
sorghum, triticale, flax, nuts, grapes and vine and various fruit
and vegetables from various botanic taxa, e.g. Rosaceae sp. (e.g.
pome fruits such as apples and pears, but also stone fruits such as
apricots, cherries, almonds, plums and peaches, and berry fruits
such as strawberries, raspberries, red and black currant and
gooseberry), Ribesioidae sp., Juglandaceae sp., Betulaceae sp.,
Anacardiaceae sp., Fagaceae sp., Moraceae sp., Oleaceae sp. (e.g.
olive tree), Actinidaceae sp., Lauraceae sp. (e.g. avocado,
cinnamon, camphor), Musaceae sp. (e.g. banana trees and
plantations), Rubiaceae sp. (e.g. coffee), Theaceae sp. (e.g. tea),
Sterculiceae sp., Rutaceae sp. (e.g. lemons, oranges, mandarins and
grapefruit); Solanaceae sp. (e.g. tomatoes, potatoes, peppers,
capsicum, aubergines, tobacco), Liliaceae sp., Compositae sp. (e.g.
lettuce, artichokes and chicory--including root chicory, endive or
common chicory), Umbelliferae sp. (e.g. carrots, parsley, celery
and celeriac), Cucurbitaceae sp. (e.g. cucumbers--including
gherkins, pumpkins, watermelons, calabashes and melons), Alliaceae
sp. (e.g. leeks and onions), Cruciferae sp. (e.g. white cabbage,
red cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, pak Choi,
kohlrabi, radishes, horseradish, cress and chinese cabbage),
Leguminosae sp. (e.g. peanuts, peas, lentils and beans--e.g. common
beans and broad beans), Chenopodiaceae sp. (e.g. Swiss chard,
fodder beet, spinach, beetroot), Linaceae sp. (e.g. hemp),
Cannabeacea sp. (e.g. cannabis), Malvaceae sp. (e.g. okra, cocoa),
Papaveraceae (e.g. poppy), Asparagaceae (e.g. asparagus); useful
plants and ornamental plants in the garden and woods including
turf, lawn, grass and Stevia rebaudiana; and in each case
genetically modified types of these plants.
[0159] Depending on the plant species or plant cultivars, their
location and growth conditions (soils, climate, vegetation period,
diet), using or employing the composition according to the present
invention the treatment according to the invention will also result
in super-additive ("synergistic") effects. Thus, for example, by
using or employing inventive composition in the treatment according
to the invention, reduced application rates and/or a widening of
the activity spectrum and/or an increase in the activity better
plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures,
increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content,
increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated
maturation, higher harvest yields, bigger fruits, larger plant
height, greener leaf color, earlier flowering, higher quality
and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, higher
sugar concentration within the fruits, better storage stability
and/or processability of the harvested products are possible, which
exceed the effects which were actually to be expected.
[0160] At certain application rates of the inventive composition in
the treatment according to the invention may also have a
strengthening effect in plants. The defense system of the plant
against attack by unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or
microorganisms and/or viruses is mobilized. Plant-strengthening
(resistance-inducing) substances are to be understood as meaning,
in the present context, those substances or combinations of
substances which are capable of stimulating the defense system of
plants in such a way that, when subsequently inoculated with
unwanted phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms and/or
viruses, the treated plants display a substantial degree of
resistance to these phytopathogenic fungi and/or microorganisms
and/or viruses, Thus, by using or employing composition according
to the present invention in the treatment according to the
invention, plants can be protected against attack by the
abovementioned pathogens within a certain period of time after the
treatment. The period of time within which protection is effected
generally extends from 1 to 10 days, preferably 1 to 7 days, after
the treatment of the plants with the active compounds.
[0161] Plants and plant cultivars which are also preferably to be
treated according to the invention are resistant against one or
more biotic stresses, i.e. said plants show a better defense
against animal and microbial pests, such as against nematodes,
insects, mites, phytopathogenic fungi, bacteria, viruses and/or
viroids.
[0162] Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated
according to the invention are those plants which are resistant to
one or more abiotic stresses, i. e. that already exhibit an
increased plant health with respect to stress tolerance. Abiotic
stress conditions may include, for example, drought, cold
temperature exposure, heat exposure, osmotic stress, flooding,
increased soil salinity, increased mineral exposure, ozone
exposure, high light exposure, limited availability of nitrogen
nutrients, limited availability of phosphorus nutrients, shade
avoidance. Preferably, the treatment of these plants and cultivars
with the composition of the present invention additionally
increases the overall plant health (cf. above).
[0163] Plants and plant cultivars which may also be treated
according to the invention, are those plants characterized by
enhanced yield characteristics i. e. that already exhibit an
increased plant health with respect to this feature. Increased
yield in said plants can be the result of, for example, improved
plant physiology, growth and development, such as water use
efficiency, water retention efficiency, improved nitrogen use,
enhanced carbon assimilation, improved photosynthesis, increased
germination efficiency and accelerated maturation. Yield can
furthermore be affected by improved plant architecture (under
stress and non-stress conditions), including but not limited to,
early flowering, flowering control for hybrid seed production,
seedling vigor, plant size, internode number and distance, root
growth, seed size, fruit size, pod size, pod or ear number, seed
number per pod or ear, seed mass, enhanced seed filling, reduced
seed dispersal, reduced pod dehiscence and lodging resistance.
Further yield traits include seed composition, such as carbohydrate
content, protein content, oil content and composition, nutritional
value, reduction in anti-nutritional compounds, improved
processability and better storage stability. Preferably, the
treatment of these plants and cultivars with the composition of the
present invention additionally increases the overall plant health
(cf. above).
[0164] Plants that may be treated according to the invention are
hybrid plants that already express the characteristic of heterosis
or hybrid vigor which results in generally higher yield, vigor,
health and resistance towards biotic and abiotic stress factors.
Such plants are typically made by crossing an inbred male-sterile
parent line (the female parent) with another inbred male-fertile
parent line (the male parent). Hybrid seed is typically harvested
from the male sterile plants and sold to growers. Male sterile
plants can sometimes (e.g. in corn) be produced by detasseling,
i.e. the mechanical removal of the male reproductive organs (or
males flowers) but, more typically, male sterility is the result of
genetic determinants in the plant genome. In that case, and
especially when seed is the desired product to be harvested from
the hybrid plants it is typically useful to ensure that male
fertility in the hybrid plants is fully restored. This can be
accomplished by ensuring that the male parents have appropriate
fertility restorer genes which are capable of restoring the male
fertility in hybrid plants that contain the genetic determinants
responsible for male-sterility. Genetic determinants for male
sterility may be located in the cytoplasm. Examples of cytoplasmic
male sterility (CMS) were for instance described in Brassica
species. However, genetic determinants for male sterility can also
be located in the nuclear genome. Male sterile plants can also be
obtained by plant biotechnology methods such as genetic
engineering. A particularly useful means of obtaining male-sterile
plants is described in WO 89/10396 in which, for example, a
ribonuclease such as barnase is selectively expressed in the
tapetum cells in the stamens. Fertility can then be restored by
expression in the tapetum cells of a ribonuclease inhibitor such as
barstar.
[0165] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may be treated according
to the invention are herbicide-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made
tolerant to one or more given herbicides. Such plants can be
obtained either by genetic transformation, or by selection of
plants containing a mutation imparting such herbicide
tolerance.
[0166] Herbicide-tolerant plants are for example
glyphosate-tolerant plants, i.e. plants made tolerant to the
herbicide glyphosate or salts thereof. Plants can be made tolerant
to glyphosate through different means. For example,
glyphosate-tolerant plants can be obtained by transforming the
plant with a gene encoding the enzyme
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). Examples of
such EPSPS genes are the AroA gene (mutant CT7) of the bacterium
Salmonella typhimurium, the CP4 gene of the bacterium Agrobacterium
sp, the genes encoding a Petunia EPSPS, a Tomato EPSPS, or an
Eleusine EPSPS. It can also be a mutated EPSPS. Glyphosate-tolerant
plants can also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a
glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can
also be obtained by expressing a gene that encodes a glyphosate
acetyl transferase enzyme. Glyphosate-tolerant plants can also be
obtained by selecting plants containing naturally-occurring
mutations of the above-mentioned genes.
[0167] Other herbicide resistant plants are for example plants that
are made tolerant to herbicides inhibiting the enzyme glutamine
synthase, such as bialaphos, phosphinothricin or glufosinate. Such
plants can be obtained by expressing an enzyme detoxifying the
herbicide or a mutant glutamine synthase enzyme that is resistant
to inhibition. One such efficient detoxifying enzyme is an enzyme
encoding a phosphinothricin acetyltransferase (such as the bar or
pat protein from Streptomyces species). Plants expressing an
exogenous phosphinothricin acetyltransferase are also
described.
[0168] Further herbicide-tolerant plants are also plants that are
made tolerant to the herbicides inhibiting the enzyme
hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenase (HPPD).
Hydroxyphenylpyruvatedioxygenases are enzymes that catalyze the
reaction in which para-hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPP) is transformed
into homogentisate. Plants tolerant to HPPD-inhibitors can be
transformed with a gene encoding a naturally-occurring resistant
HPPD enzyme, or a gene encoding a mutated HPPD enzyme. Tolerance to
HPPD-inhibitors can also be obtained by transforming plants with
genes encoding certain enzymes enabling the formation of
homogentisate despite the inhibition of the native HPPD enzyme by
the HPPD-inhibitor.
[0169] Tolerance of plants to HPPD inhibitors can also be improved
by transforming plants with a gene encoding an enzyme prephenate
dehydrogenase in addition to a gene encoding an HPPD-tolerant
enzyme.
[0170] Still further herbicide resistant plants are plants that are
made tolerant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors. Known
ALS-inhibitors include, for example, sulfonylurea, imidazolinone,
triazolopyrimidines, pyrimidinyoxy(thio)benzoates, and/or
sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides. Different mutations
in the ALS enzyme (also known as acetohydroxyacid synthase, AHAS)
are known to confer tolerance to different herbicides and groups of
herbicides. The production of sulfonylurea-tolerant plants and
imidazolinone-tolerant plants is described in WO 1996/033270. Other
imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described. Further
sulfonylurea- and imidazolinone-tolerant plants are also described
in for example WO 2007/024782.
[0171] Other plants tolerant to imidazolinone and/or sulfonylurea
can be obtained by induced mutagenesis, selection in cell cultures
in the presence of the herbicide or mutation breeding as described
for example for soybeans, for rice, for sugar beet, for lettuce, or
for sunflower.
[0172] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention are insect-resistant transgenic plants,
i.e. plants made resistant to attack by certain target insects.
Such plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by
selection of plants containing a mutation imparting such insect
resistance.
[0173] An "insect-resistant transgenic plant", as used herein,
includes any plant containing at least one transgene comprising a
coding sequence encoding: [0174] 1) An insecticidal crystal protein
from Bacillus thuringiensis or an insecticidal portion thereof,
such as the insecticidal crystal proteins listed online at:
www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/Home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/, or insecticidal
portions thereof, e.g., proteins of the Cry protein classes Cry1Ab,
Cry1Ac, Cry1F, Cry2Ab, Cry2Ae, Cry3Aa, or Cry3Bb or insecticidal
portions thereof; or [0175] 2) a crystal protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis or a portion thereof which is insecticidal in the
presence of a second other crystal protein from Bacillus
thuringiensis or a portion thereof, such as the binary toxin made
up of the Cry34 and Cry35 crystal proteins; or [0176] 3) a hybrid
insecticidal protein comprising parts of different insecticidal
crystal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis, such as a hybrid of
the proteins of 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins of 2) above,
e.g., the Cry1A.105 protein produced by corn event MON98034 (WO
2007/027777); or [0177] 4) a protein of any one of 1) to 3) above
wherein some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced
by another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a
target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect
species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the
encoding DNA during cloning or transformation, such as the Cry3Bb1
protein in corn events MON863 or MON88017, or the Cry3A protein in
corn event MIR604; [0178] 5) an insecticidal secreted protein from
Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, or an insecticidal
portion thereof, such as the vegetative insecticidal (VIP) proteins
listed at:
www.lifesci.sussex.ac.uk/home/Neil_Crickmore/Bt/vip.html, e.g.
proteins from the VIP3Aa protein class; or [0179] 6) secreted
protein from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus which is
insecticidal in the presence of a second secreted protein from
Bacillus thuringiensis or B. cereus, such as the binary toxin made
up of the VIP1A and VIP2A proteins; or [0180] 7) hybrid
insecticidal protein comprising parts from different secreted
proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis or Bacillus cereus, such as a
hybrid of the proteins in 1) above or a hybrid of the proteins in
2) above; or [0181] 8) protein of any one of 1) to 3) above wherein
some, particularly 1 to 10, amino acids have been replaced by
another amino acid to obtain a higher insecticidal activity to a
target insect species, and/or to expand the range of target insect
species affected, and/or because of changes introduced into the
encoding DNA during cloning or transformation (while still encoding
an insecticidal protein), such as the VIP3Aa protein in cotton
event COT102.
[0182] Of course, an insect-resistant transgenic plant, as used
herein, also includes any plant comprising a combination of genes
encoding the proteins of any one of the above classes 1 to 8. In
one embodiment, an insect-resistant plant contains more than one
transgene encoding a protein of any one of the above classes 1 to
8, to expand the range of target insect species affected when using
different proteins directed at different target insect species, or
to delay insect resistance development to the plants by using
different proteins insecticidal to the same target insect species
but having a different mode of action, such as binding to different
receptor binding sites in the insect.
[0183] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention are tolerant to abiotic stresses. Such
plants can be obtained by genetic transformation, or by selection
of plants containing a mutation imparting such stress resistance.
Particularly useful stress tolerance plants include: [0184] a.
plants which contain a transgene capable of reducing the expression
and/or the activity of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) gene in
the plant cells or plants [0185] b. plants which contain a stress
tolerance enhancing transgene capable of reducing the expression
and/or the activity of the poly(ADP-ribose)glycohydrolase (PARG)
encoding genes of the plants or plants cells. [0186] c. plants
which contain a stress tolerance enhancing transgene coding for a
plant-functional enzyme of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
salvage synthesis pathway including nicotinamidase, nicotinate
phosphoribosyltransferase, nicotinic acid mononucleotide adenyl
transferase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide synthetase or
nicotine amide phosphoribosyltransferase.
[0187] Plants or plant cultivars (obtained by plant biotechnology
methods such as genetic engineering) which may also be treated
according to the invention show altered quantity, quality and/or
storage-stability of the harvested product and/or altered
properties of specific ingredients of the harvested product such
as: [0188] 1) transgenic plants which synthesize a modified starch,
which in its physical-chemical characteristics, in particular the
amylose content or the amylose/amylopectin ratio, the degree of
branching, the average chain length, the side chain distribution,
the viscosity behaviour, the gelling strength, the starch grain
size and/or the starch grain morphology, is changed in comparison
with the synthesised starch in wild type plant cells or plants, so
that this is better suited for special applications. [0189] 2)
transgenic plants which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers
or which synthesize non starch carbohydrate polymers with altered
properties in comparison to wild type plants without genetic
modification. Examples are plants producing polyfructose,
especially of the inulin and levan-type, plants producing alpha 1,4
glucans, plants producing alpha-1,6 branched alpha-1,4-glucans,
plants producing alternan, [0190] 3) transgenic plants which
produce hyaluronan.
[0191] Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant
biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also
be treated according to the invention are plants, such as cotton
plants, with altered fiber characteristics. Such plants can be
obtained by genetic transformation or by selection of plants
contain a mutation imparting such altered fiber characteristics and
include: [0192] a) Plants, such as cotton plants, containing an
altered form of cellulose synthase genes, [0193] b) Plants, such as
cotton plants, containing an altered form of rsw2 or rsw3
homologous nucleic acids, [0194] c) Plants, such as cotton plants,
with increased expression of sucrose phosphate synthase, [0195] d)
Plants, such as cotton plants, with increased expression of sucrose
synthase, [0196] e) Plants, such as cotton plants, wherein the
timing of the plasmodesmatal gating at the basis of the fiber cell
is altered, e.g. through downregulation of fiberselective .beta.
1,3-glucanase, [0197] f) Plants, such as cotton plants, having
fibers with altered reactivity, e.g. through the expression of
N-acteylglucosaminetransferase gene including nodC and
chitinsynthase genes.
[0198] Plants or plant cultivars (that can be obtained by plant
biotechnology methods such as genetic engineering) which may also
be treated according to the invention are plants, such as oilseed
rape or related Brassica plants, with altered oil profile
characteristics. Such plants can be obtained by genetic
transformation or by selection of plants contain a mutation
imparting such altered oil characteristics and include: [0199] a)
Plants, such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a high
oleic acid content, [0200] b) Plants such as oilseed rape plants,
producing oil having a low linolenic acid content, [0201] c) Plant
such as oilseed rape plants, producing oil having a low level of
saturated fatty acids.
[0202] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants which comprise one or more
genes which encode one or more toxins, such as the following which
are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD.RTM. (for example maize,
cotton, soya beans), KnockOut.RTM. (for example maize),
BiteGard.RTM. (for example maize), Bt-Xtra.RTM. (for example
maize), StarLink.RTM. (for example maize), Bollgard.RTM. (cotton),
Nucotn.RTM. (cotton), Nucotn 33B.RTM. (cotton), NatureGard.RTM.
(for example maize), Protecta.RTM. and NewLeaf.RTM. (potato).
Examples of herbicide-tolerant plants which may be mentioned are
maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are
sold under the trade names Roundup Ready.RTM. (tolerance to
glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya bean), Liberty
Link.RTM. (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape),
IMI.RTM. (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS.RTM. (tolerance to
sulphonylureas, for example maize). Herbicide-resistant plants
(plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance)
which may be mentioned include the varieties sold under the name
Clearfield.RTM. (for example maize).
[0203] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants containing transformation
events, or a combination of transformation events, and that are
listed for example in the databases for various national or
regional regulatory agencies including Event 1143-14A (cotton,
insect control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128569); Event
1143-51B (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in WO
06/128570); Event 1445 (cotton, herbicide tolerance, not deposited,
described in US-A 2002-120964 or WO 02/034946); Event 17053 (rice,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-9843, described in WO
10/117737); Event 17314 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as
PTA-9844, described in WO 10/117735); Event 281-24-236 (cotton,
insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233,
described in WO 05/103266 or US-A 2005-216969); Event 3006-210-23
(cotton, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as PTA-6233,
described in US-A 2007-143876 or WO 05/103266); Event 3272 (corn,
quality trait, deposited as PTA-9972, described in WO 06/098952 or
US-A 2006-230473); Event 40416 (corn, insect control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11508, described in WO 11/075593);
Event 43A47 (corn, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as
ATCC PTA-11509, described in WO 11/075595); Event 5307 (corn,
insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-9561, described in WO
10/077816); Event ASR-368 (bent grass, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-4816, described in US-A 2006-162007 or WO
04/053062); Event B16 (corn, herbicide tolerance, not deposited,
described in US-A 2003-126634); Event BPS-CV127-9 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB No. 41603, described in WO
10/080829); Event CE43-67B (cotton, insect control, deposited as
DSM ACC2724, described in US-A 2009-217423 or WO 06/128573); Event
CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A
2010-0024077); Event CE44-69D (cotton, insect control, not
deposited, described in WO 06/128571); Event CE46-02A (cotton,
insect control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128572); Event
COT102 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A
2006-130175 or WO 04/039986); Event COT202 (cotton, insect control,
not deposited, described in US-A 2007-067868 or WO 05/054479);
Event COT203 (cotton, insect control, not deposited, described in
WO 05/054480); Event DAS40278 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC PTA-10244, described in WO 11/022469); Event DAS-59122-7
(corn, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA
11384, described in US-A 2006-070139); Event DAS-59132 (corn,
insect control-herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in WO
09/100188); Event DAS68416 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC PTA-10442, described in WO 11/066384 or WO 11/066360);
Event DP-098140-6 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC
PTA-8296, described in US-A 2009-137395 or WO 08/112019); Event
DP-305423-1 (soybean, quality trait, not deposited, described in
US-A 2008-312082 or WO 08/054747); Event DP-32138-1 (corn,
hybridization system, deposited as ATCC PTA-9158, described in US-A
2009-0210970 or WO 09/103049); Event DP-356043-5 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8287, described in US-A
2010-0184079 or WO 08/002872); Event EE-1 (brinjal, insect control,
not deposited, described in WO 07/091277); Event FI117 (corn,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209031, described in US-A
2006-059581 or WO 98/044140); Event GA21 (corn, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209033, described in US-A 2005-086719
or WO 98/044140); Event GG25 (corn, herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC 209032, described in US-A 2005-188434 or WO 98/044140);
Event GHB119 (cotton, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited
as ATCC PTA-8398, described in WO 08/151780); Event GHB614 (cotton,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-6878, described in US-A
2010-050282 or WO 07/017186); Event GJ11 (corn, herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC 209030, described in US-A 2005-188434
or WO 98/044140); Event GM RZ13 (sugar beet, virus resistance,
deposited as NCIMB-41601, described in WO 10/076212); Event H7-1
(sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41158 or NCIMB
41159, described in US-A 2004-172669 or WO 04/074492); Event
JOPLIN1 (wheat, disease tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A
2008-064032); Event LL27 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited
as NCIMB41658, described in WO 06/108674 or US-A 2008-320616);
Event LL55 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41660,
described in WO 06/108675 or US-A 2008-196127); Event LLcotton25
(cotton, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3343, described
in WO 03/013224 or US-A 2003-097687); Event LLRICE06 (rice,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC-23352, described in U.S.
Pat. No. 6,468,747 or WO 00/026345); Event LLRICE601 (rice,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-2600, described in US-A
2008-2289060 or WO 00/026356); Event LY038 (corn, quality trait,
deposited as ATCC PTA-5623, described in US-A 2007-028322 or WO
05/061720); Event MIR162 (corn, insect control, deposited as
PTA-8166, described in US-A 2009-300784 or WO 07/142840); Event
MIR604 (corn, insect control, not deposited, described in US-A
2008-167456 or WO 05/103301); Event MON15985 (cotton, insect
control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2516, described in US-A 2004-250317
or WO 02/100163); Event MON810 (corn, insect control, not
deposited, described in US-A 2002-102582); Event MON863 (corn,
insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-2605, described in WO
04/011601 or US-A 2006-095986); Event MON87427 (corn, pollination
control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7899, described in WO 11/062904);
Event MON87460 (corn, stress tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8910,
described in WO 09/111263 or US-A 2011-0138504); Event MON87701
(soybean, insect control, deposited as ATCC PTA-8194, described in
US-A 2009-130071 or WO 09/064652); Event MON87705 (soybean, quality
trait-herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-9241, described in
US-A 2010-0080887 or WO 10/037016); Event MON87708 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA9670, described in WO
11/034704); Event MON87754 (soybean, quality trait, deposited as
ATCC PTA-9385, described in WO 10/024976); Event MON87769 (soybean,
quality trait, deposited as ATCC PTA-8911, described in US-A
2011-0067141 or WO 09/102873); Event MON88017 (corn, insect
control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-5582, described
in US-A 2008-028482 or WO 05/059103); Event MON88913 (cotton,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-4854, described in WO
04/072235 or US-A 2006-059590); Event MON89034 (corn, insect
control, deposited as ATCC PTA-7455, described in WO 07/140256 or
US-A 2008-260932); Event MON89788 (soybean, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-6708, described in US-A 2006-282915 or WO
06/130436); Event MS11 (oilseed rape, pollination control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-850 or PTA-2485, described in WO
01/031042); Event MS8 (oilseed rape, pollination control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or
US-A 2003-188347); Event NK603 (corn, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-2478, described in US-A 2007-292854); Event
PE-7 (rice, insect control, not deposited, described in WO
08/114282); Event RF3 (oilseed rape, pollination control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO 01/041558 or
US-A 2003-188347); Event RT73 (oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance,
not deposited, described in WO 02/036831 or US-A 2008-070260);
Event T227-1 (sugar beet, herbicide tolerance, not deposited,
described in WO 02/44407 or US-A 2009-265817); Event T25 (corn,
herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described in US-A 2001-029014
or WO 01/051654); Event T304-40 (cotton, insect control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-8171, described in US-A
2010-077501 or WO 08/122406); Event T342-142 (cotton, insect
control, not deposited, described in WO 06/128568); Event TC1507
(corn, insect control-herbicide tolerance, not deposited, described
in US-A 2005-039226 or WO 04/099447); Event VIP1034 (corn, insect
control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-3925, described
in WO 03/052073), Event 32316 (corn, insect control-herbicide
tolerance, deposited as PTA-11507, described in WO 11/084632),
Event 4114 (corn, insect control-herbicide tolerance, deposited as
PTA-11506, described in WO 11/084621), Event DAS21606 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATTC PTA-11028, described in
WO2012/033794, Event DAS44406 (soybean, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-11336, described in WO2012/075426), Event
FP72 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as NCIMB 41659,
described in WO2011/063411), Event KK179-2 (alfalfa, quality trait,
deposited as ATCC PTA-11833, described in WO2013/003558), Event
LLRICE62 (rice, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC-203352,
described in WO2000/026345), Event MON87712 (soybean, deposited as
ATTC PTA-10296, described in WO2012/051199), Event MON88302
(oilseed rape, herbicide tolerance, described in WO2011/153186),
Event MS8 (oilseed rape, pollination control and herbicide
tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-730, described in WO2001/041558),
Event MZDTO9Y (corn, stress tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-13025,
described in WO2013/012775), Event pDAB8264.42.32 (soybean,
herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC PTA-11993, described in
WO2013/010094), Event pDAB8264.44.05 (soybean, herbicide tolerance,
deposited as ATCC PTA-11336, described in WO2012/075426), Event
pDAB8291 (soybean, herbicide tolerance, deposited as ATCC
PTA-11355, described in WO2012/075426).
[0204] Particularly useful transgenic plants which may be treated
according to the invention are plants containing transformation
events, or combination of transformation events, that are listed
for example in the databases from various national or regional
regulatory agencies (see for example gmoinfo.jrc.it/gmp_browse.aspx
and www.agbios.com/dbase.php).
[0205] The examples illustrate the invention.
Example 1
Fermentation Product Containing Increased Levels of Gougerotin--Use
of Glycine
[0206] Fermentation was conducted to optimize gougerotin production
and miticidal activity of NRRL B-50550. A primary seed culture was
prepared as described in Example 1 using a media composed of 10.0
g/L starch, 15.0 g/L glucose, 10.0 g/L yeast extract, 10.0 g/L
casein hydrolysate (or 10.0 g/L soy peptone) and 2.0 g/L CaCO.sub.3
in 2 L shake flasks at 20-30.degree. C. When there was abundant
mycelial growth in the shake flasks, after about 1-2 days, the
contents were transferred to fresh media (same as above, with 0.1%
antifoam) and grown in a 400 L fermentor at 20-30.degree. C. When
there was abundant mycelial growth, after about 20-30 hours, the
contents were transferred to a 3000 L fermentor and grown for
160-200 hours at 20-30.degree. C. in media composed of 80.0 g/L
(8.0%) Maltodextrin, 30.0 g/L (3.0%) glucose, 15.0 g/L (1.5%) yeast
extract, 20.0 g/L (2.0%) soy acid hydrolysate, 10.0 g/L (1.0%)
glycine and 2.0 g/L (0.2%) calcium carbonate and 2.0 ml/L
antifoam.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Yield and Normalized Gougerotin Productivity
Harvest Harvest Total Target Normalized Titer Weight Gougerotin
Volume Volumetric (mg/g) (kg) (kg) (L) Titer (g/L) First 3000 L 1.7
3397 5.78 3000 1.9 Fermentation Second 3000 L 1.8 3511 6.33 3000
2.1 Fermentation
[0207] Using the first 3000 L fermentation as an example, the yield
of gougerotin in the fermentor is calculated as follows. 3397
kg.times.1.7 mg/g Fermentation broth=5774.90 g gougerotin=5.78 kg.
The initial weight in the fermentor was 3496 kg (3256 kg Medium+240
kg Seed), which resulted in a final volume more than the target
volume 3000 L. Since the target volume 3000 L is the basis for
calculating the amount of all ingredients in the production medium,
the normalized volumetric productivity is: 5774.9 g/3000 L=1.9 g/L.
This gougerotin concentration was similar to the 1.8 g/L achieved
in a 20 L fermentation conducted using the same media as described
above, with the final fermentation step and media containing
glycine (as amino acid). Gougerotin production was measured using
analytical HPLC chromatography. Briefly, test samples (1.0 g) are
transferred to a centrifuge tube and extracted with 3 mL of water.
The components are mixed by vortex and ultra-sonication then
separated using centrifugation. The supernatant is decanted into a
clean flask. This procedure is repeated one additional time, with
the supernatant being combined with the previously separated
supernatant. The aqueous extract is made to a final volume of 10 mL
and assayed for gougerotin content using analytical HPLC
chromatography.
[0208] The diluted sample is filtered and analyzed by HPLC using a
Cogent Diamond hydride column (100A, 4 .mu.m, 150.times.4.6 mm)
fitted with a Diamond Hydride guard column. The column is eluted
with a 30 minute Acetonitrile/NH.sub.4OAC gradient (see below).
Flow rate is 1 mL/min. Detection of the desired metabolite is made
at 254 nm. Gougerotin elutes as a single peak with an approximate
retention time of 17-19 minutes.
Example 2
Synergistic Combination of Gougerotin-Containing Fermentation
Products of Streptomyces microflavus and the Synthetic Miticide
Spiromesifen
[0209] Experiments were conducted to determine miticidal efficacy
of a combination of a fermentation product of a
gougerotin-producing Streptomyces strain with a synthetic miticide.
Whole broth of Streptomyces microflavus NRRL B-50550 containing
about 1.9 mg/g gougerotin was prepared in a manner similar to that
described in Example 1, above. (Density of such whole broth is
about 1 g/ml.) Such whole broth was diluted in 8 ml adjuvant plus
water, and 8 ml of diluted broth applied to plants either alone or
in combination with the OBERON miticide (Bayer CropScience,
Germany, having 23.1% spiromesifen active ingredient). Other plants
were treated with the OBERON product alone. All plants were then
infested with mites. Mite control was rated as follows:
4=no different from control 3=10-15% control 2.5=ca. 50% control
2=ca. 80% control 1.5=95% control 1=all mites dead/no eggs visible.
Results are shown in FIG. 1: Combinations of spiromesifen and
gougerotin containing formulated fermentation product of NRRL
B-50550 show synergistic activity against mites.
[0210] Doses of the OBERON product are described here as ml per 100
ml spray solution. The high and low doses of the OBERON product
shown in FIG. 1 correspond to 87 and 21.8 micrograms of
spiromesifen applied per plant, respectively. For the 0.4% NRRL
B-50550 dose, 32 mg whole broth containing 60.8 micrograms of
gougerotin was applied to plants. Translating potency from the
above scale to % control, 7.8 ml/100 ml spray solution of the
OBERON product provided <10% control, 0.4% NRRL B-50550 about
10% control, and the combination provided 80% control. Thus, the
combination is synergistic.
Example 3
Formula for the Efficacy of the Combination of Two Compounds
[0211] The expected efficacy of a given combination of two
compounds is calculated as follows (see Colby, S. R., "Calculating
Synergistic and antagonistic Responses of Herbicide Combinations",
Weeds 15, pp. 20-22, 1967):
[0212] If
[0213] X is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated
control for test compound A at a concentration of m ppm
respectively m g/ha,
[0214] Y is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated
control for test compound B at a concentration of n ppm
respectively n g/ha,
[0215] E is the efficacy expressed in % mortality of the untreated
control using the mixture of A and B at m and n ppm respectively m
and n g/ha,
[0216] then is
E = X + Y - X .times. Y 100 ##EQU00001##
[0217] If the observed insecticidal efficacy of the combination is
higher than the one calculated as "E", then the combination of the
two compounds is more than additive, i.e., there is a synergistic
effect.
Example 4
Phaedon cochleariae--Spray Test
[0218] In this and the following examples gougerotin containing
formulations derived from NRRLB-50550 were tested in combination
with other insecticides to determine whether the two components act
synergistically against various target pests. In each of the
following examples, freeze-dried powder of NRRL B-50550 was
obtained from a gougerotin containing fermentation broth prepared
in a similar manner to that described in Example 1. This
freeze-dried powder (i.e., fermentation product) was then
formulated with inert ingredients (a wetting agent, stabilizer,
carrier, flow aid and dispersant) to make a wettable powder. The
formulated product comprised 75% by weight freeze-dried powder and
19.10 mg/g gougerotin. Thus, the freeze-dried powder (i.e.
fermentation product) comprises 2.5% gougerotin. This formulated
freeze-dried powder is referred to herein as the NRRL B-50550 75
WP.
[0219] Solvent: 78.0 parts by weight of acetone [0220] 1.5 parts by
weight of dimethylformamide
[0221] Emulsifier: alkylaryl polyglycol ether
[0222] To produce a suitable preparation of insecticide, 1 part by
weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of
solvents and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier
concentration of 1000 ppm, to the desired concentration. To produce
a suitable preparation of a NRRL B-50550, 1 part by weight of NRRL
B-50550 75 WP was mixed with the stated amount of solvents and was
diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000
ppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are
prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water.
[0223] Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) leaf-disks are sprayed
with a preparation of the active ingredient of the desired
concentration. Once dry, the leaf disks are infested with mustard
beetle larvae (Phaedon cochleariae).
[0224] After the specified period of time, mortality in % is
determined 100% means all beetle larvae have been killed and 0%
means none of the beetle larvae have been killed. The mortality
values determined thus are recalculated using the
Colby-formula.
[0225] According to the present application in this test e.g. the
following combinations of the gougerotin containing formulated
product with at least one insecticide is greater than the
calculated activity, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. This
also indicates that the activity shows a synergistic effect in
comparison to the single compounds:
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Phaedon cochleariae - test Active Ingredient
or Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient
in ppm in % after 2.sup.d NRRL B-50550 80 0 Gougerotin 2.036
1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4- 0.64 50 cyano-2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide obs.* cal.** NRRL
B-50550 + 1-(3- 80 + 0.64 83 50 chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-
2-methyl-6- (methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (125:1) Gougerotin
+ 2.036 + 0.64 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N- [4-cyano-2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (3.2:1) according
to the invention Spinosad 80 50 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 +
Spinosad 80 + 80 83 50 (1:1) Gougerotin + Spinosad 2.036 + 80
(1:39.3) according to the invention Tefluthrin 40 0 obs.* cal.**
NRRL B-50550 + Tefluthrin 80 + 40 33 0 (2:1) Gougerotin +
Tefluthrin 2.036 + 40 (1:19.6) according to the invention
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Phaedon cochleariae - test Active Ingredient
or Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient
in ppm in % after 6.sup.d NRRL B-50550 96 0 80 0 Gougerotin 2.444
2.036 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4- 0.128 0 cyano-2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide obs.* cal.** NRRL
B-50550 + 1-(3- 80 + 0.128 67 0 chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano-
2-methyl-6- (methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (625:1) Gougerotin
+ 1-(3- 2.036 + 0.128 chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano- 2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (15.9:1) according
to the invention .beta.-Cyfluthrin 1.6 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550
+ .beta.- 96 + 1.6 67 0 Cyfluthrin (60:1) Gougerotin +
.beta.-Cyfluthrin 2.444 + 1.6 (1.5:1) according to the invention
Cyantraniliprole 0.64 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 80 + 0.64 50 0
Cyantraniliprole (125:1) Gougerotin + Cyantraniliprole 2.036 + 0.64
(3.2:1) according to the invention *obs. = observed insecticidal
efficacy, **cal. = efficacy calculated with Colby-formula
Example 5
Spodoptera frugiperda--Spray Test
[0226] Solvent: 78.0 parts by weight acetone [0227] 1.5 parts by
weight dimethylformamide
[0228] Emulsifier: alkylaryl polyglycol ether
[0229] To produce a suitable preparation of insecticide, 1 part by
weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of
solvents and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier
concentration of 1000 ppm, to the desired concentration. To produce
a suitable preparation of NRRL B-50550, 1 part by weight of NRRL
B-50550 75 WP is mixed with the stated amount of solvents and is
diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000
ppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are
prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water.
[0230] Maize (Zea mais) leaf sections are sprayed with a
preparation of the active ingredient of the desired concentration.
Once dry, the leaf sections are infested with fall armyworm larvae
(Spodoptera frugiperda).
[0231] After the specified period of time, mortality in % is
determined 100% means all caterpillars have been killed and 0%
means none of the caterpillars have been killed. The mortality
values determined thus are recalculated using the
Colby-formula.
[0232] According to the present application in this test e.g. the
following combinations of the gougerotin containing formulated
product with at least one insecticide is greater than the
calculated activity, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. This
also indicates that the activity shows a synergistic effect in
comparison to the single compounds:
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Spodoptera frugiperda - test Active
Ingredient or Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active
Ingredient in ppm in % after 2.sup.d NRRL B-50550 96 0 80 0
Gougerotin 2.4442.036 Flubendiamide 3.2 33 obs.* cal.** NRRL
B-50550 + 80 + 3.2 67 33 Flubendiamide (25:1) Gougerotin +
Flubendiamide 2.036 + 3.2 (1:1.6) according to the invention
Spinetoram 0.64 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + Spinetoram 80 + 0.64
33 0 (125:1) Gougerotin + Spinetoram 2.036 + 0.64 (3.2:1) according
to the invention Thiodicarb 40 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 +
Thiodicarb 96 + 40 33 0 (2.4:1) Gougerotin + Thiodicarb 2.444 + 40
(1:16.4) according to the invention
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Spodoptera frugiperda - test Active
Ingredient or Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active
Ingredient in ppm in % after 6.sup.d NRRL B-50550 96 0 80 0
Gougerotin 2.444 2.036 1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4- 0.64 33
cyano-2-methyl-6- (methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3-
{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H- tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H-
pyrazole-5-carboxamide obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 1-(3- 80 + 0.64
83 33 chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano- 2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (125:1) Gougerotin
+ 1-(3- 2.036 + 0.64 chloropyridin-2-yl)-N-[4-cyano- 2-methyl-6-
(methylcarbamoyl)phenyl]-3- {[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-
tetrazol-2-yl]methyl}-1H- pyrazole-5-carboxamide (3.2:1) according
to the invention .beta.-Cyfluthrin 1.6 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550
+ .beta.- 96 + 1.6 83 0 Cyfluthrin (60:1) Gougerotin +
.beta.-Cyfluthrin 2.444 + 1.6 (1.5:1) according to the invention
Fipronil 16 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + Fipronil 80 + 16 33 0
(5:1) Gougerotin 2.036 + 16 (1:7.9) according to the invention
Spinosad 0.64 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + Spinosad 80 + 0.64 50 0
(125:1) Gougerotin + Spinosad 2.036 + 0.64 (3.2:1) according to the
invention *obs. = observed insecticidal efficacy, **cal. = efficacy
calculated with Colby-formula
Example 6
Myzus persicae--Spray Test
[0233] Solvent: 78.0 parts by weight acetone [0234] 1.5 parts by
weight dimethylformamide
[0235] Emulsifier: alkylaryl polyglycol ether
[0236] To produce a suitable preparation of insecticide, 1 part by
weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of
solvents and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier
concentration of 1000 ppm, to the desired concentration. To produce
a suitable preparation of NRRL B50550, 1 part by weight of NRRL
B50550 75 WP is mixed with the stated amount of solvents and is
diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000
ppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are
prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water.
[0237] Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis) leaf-disks infected
with all instars of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) are
sprayed with a preparation of the active ingredient of the desired
concentration. After the specified period of time, mortality in %
is determined 100% means all aphids have been killed; 0% means none
of the aphids have been killed. The mortality values determined
thus are recalculated using the Colby-formula.
[0238] According to the present application in this test e.g. the
following combinations of the gougerotin containing formulated
product with at least one insecticide is greater than the
calculated activity, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. This
also indicates that the activity shows a synergistic effect in
comparison to the single compounds:
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Myzus persicae - test Active Ingredient or
Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient in
ppm in % after 1.sup.d NRRL B-50550 96 0 80 0 Gougerotin 2.444
2.036 Chlorantraniliprole 3.2 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 80 +
3.2 70 0 Chlorantraniliprole (25:1) Gougerotin + 2.036 + 3.2
Chlorantraniliprole (1:1.6) according to the invention
Cyantraniliprole 16 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 80 + 16 70 0
Cyantraniliprole (5:1) Gougerotin + 2.036 + 16 Cyantraniliprole
(1:7.9) according to the invention Sulfoxaflor 0.64 0 obs.* cal.**
NRRL B-50550 + Sulfoxaflor 80 + 0.64 70 0 (125:1) Gougerotin +
Sulfoxaflor 2.036 + 0.64 (3.2:1) according to the invention
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Myzus persicae - test Active Ingredient or
Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient in
ppm in % after 6.sup.d NRRL B-50550 96 0 80 0 Gougerotin 2.444
2.036 .beta.-Cyfluthrin 1.6 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + .beta.-
96 + 1.6 70 0 Cyfluthrin (60:1) Gougerotin + .beta.-Cyfluthrin
2.444 + 1.6 (1.5:1) according to the invention Clothianidin 0.32 0
obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 96 + 0.32 100 0 Clothianidin (300:1)
Gougerotin + Clothianidin 2.444 + 0.32 (7.6:1) according to the
invention Cyantraniliprole 3.2 0 0.64 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 +
Cyantraniliprole (25:1) 80 + 3.2 70 0 (125:1) 80 + 0.64 70 0
Gougerotin + Cyantraniliprole (1:1.6) 2.036 + 3.2 (3.2:1) 2.036 +
0.64 according to the invention Methiocarb 2000 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL
B-50550 + Methiocarb 80 + 2000 70 0 (1:25) Gougerotin + Methiocarb
2.036 + 2000 (1:982.3) according to the invention *obs. = observed
insecticidal efficacy, **cal. = efficacy calculated with
Colby-formula
Example 7
Tetranychus urticae--Spray Test, OP-Resistant
[0239] Solvent: 78.0 parts by weight acetone [0240] 1.5 parts by
weight dimethylformamide
[0241] Emulsifier: alkylaryl polyglycol ether
[0242] To produce a suitable preparation of insecticide, 1 part by
weight of active compound was mixed with the stated amount of
solvents and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier
concentration of 1000 ppm, to the desired concentration. To produce
a suitable preparation of NRRL B50550, 1 part by weight of NRRL
B50550 75 WP is mixed with the stated amount of solvents and is
diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000
ppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are
prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water. French beans
(Phaseolus vulgaris) which are heavily infested with all stages of
the two spotted spidermite (Tetranychus urticae), are sprayed with
a preparation of the active ingredient of the desired
concentration.
[0243] After the specified period of time, mortality in % is
determined 100% means all spider mites have been killed and 0%
means none of the spider mites have been killed. The mortality
values determined thus are recalculated using the
Colby-formula.
[0244] According to the present application in this test e.g. the
following combinations of the gougerotin containing formulated
product with at least one insecticide is greater than the
calculated activity, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. This
also indicates that the activity shows a synergistic effect in
comparison to the single compounds:
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Tetranychus urticae - test Active Ingredient
or Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient
in ppm in % after 6.sup.d NRRL B-50550 120 0 80 0 Gougerotin 3.056
2.036 1-{2-fluoro-4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2- 3.2 0
trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl] phenyl}-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-5-amine obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 1-{2-fluoro- 80 + 3.2
70 0 4-methyl-5-[(2,2,2- trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl] phenyl}-3-
(trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4- triazol-5-amine (25:1) Gougerotin +
1-{2-fluoro-4- 2.036 + 3.2 methyl-5-[(2,2,2-
trifluoroethyl)sulfinyl] phenyl}-3- (trifluoromethyl)-1H-1,2,4-
triazol-5-amine (1:1.6) according to the invention
Chlorantraniliprole 16 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 80 + 16 90 0
Chlorantraniliprole (5:1) Gougerotin + 2.036 + 16
Chlorantraniliprole (1:1.6) according to the invention
Cyantraniliprole 80 0 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 80 + 80 90 0
Cyantraniliprole (1:1) Gougerotin + 2.036 + 80 Cyantraniliprole
(1:7.9) according to the invention Imidacloprid 2 0 obs.* cal.**
NRRL B-50550 + 120 + 2 70 0 Imidacloprid (60:1) Gougerotin +
Imidacloprid 3.056 + 2 (1.5:1) according to the invention *obs. =
observed insecticidal efficacy, **cal. = efficacy calculated with
Colby-formula
Example 8
Myzus persicae--Spray Test
[0245] Solvent: 7 parts by weight of dimethylformamide
[0246] Emulsifier: alkylaryl polyglycol ether
[0247] To produce a suitable preparation of insecticide, 1 part by
weight of active compound was mixed with the stated amount of
solvents and is diluted with water, containing an emulsifier
concentration of 1000 ppm, to the desired concentration. To produce
a suitable preparation of NRRL B50550, 1 part by weight of NRRL
B50550 75WP is mixed with the stated amount of solvents and is
diluted with water, containing an emulsifier concentration of 1000
ppm, to the desired concentration. Further test concentrations are
prepared by dilution with emulsifier containing water.
[0248] Ammonium salt and/or penetration enhancer in a dosage of
1000 ppm are added to the desired concentration if necessary.
[0249] Pepper leaves (Capsicum annuum) which are heavily infested
by the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae) are treated by being
sprayed with the preparation of the active compound of the desired
concentration.
[0250] After the specified period of time, mortality in % is
determined 100% means all the aphids have been killed; 0% means
none of the aphids have been killed. The mortality values
determined thus are recalculated using the Colby-formula.
[0251] According to the present application in this test e.g. the
following combinations of the gougerotin containing formulated
product with at least one insecticide is greater than the
calculated activity, i.e. a synergistic effect is present. This
also indicates that the activity shows a synergistic effect in
comparison to the single compounds:
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Myzus persicae - test Active Ingredient or
Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient in
ppm in % after 2.sup.d NRRL B-50550 25 0 Gougerotin 0.636
Thiacloprid 0.5 40 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + Thiacloprid 25 + 0.5
75 40 (50:1) Gougerotin + Thiacloprid 0.636 + 0.5 (1.3:1) according
to the invention
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Myzus persicae - test Concentration
Efficacy Active Ingredient in ppm in % after 3.sup.d NRRL B-50550
25 0 Thiacloprid 0.5 20 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + 25 + 0.5 50 20
Thiacloprid (50:1) according to the invention
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Myzus persicae - test Active Ingredient or
Gougerotin Component of Concentration Efficacy Active Ingredient in
ppm in % after 7.sup.d NRRL B-50550 25 0 Gougerotin 0.636
Thiacloprid 0.5 10 obs.* cal.** NRRL B-50550 + Thiacloprid 25 + 0.5
50 10 (50:1) Gougerotin + Thiacloprid 0.636 + 0.5 (1.3:1) according
to the invention *obs. = observed insecticidal efficacy, **cal. =
efficacy calculated with Colby-formula
* * * * *
References