U.S. patent application number 14/653329 was filed with the patent office on 2015-12-03 for a polyolefin composition.
The applicant listed for this patent is Dow Global Technologies LLC. Invention is credited to Mehmet Demirors, Philip P. Fontaine, David T. Gillespie, Douglas S. Ginger, Mridula Kapur.
Application Number | 20150344681 14/653329 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49877054 |
Filed Date | 2015-12-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150344681 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Kapur; Mridula ; et
al. |
December 3, 2015 |
A POLYOLEFIN COMPOSITION
Abstract
The instant invention provides a polyolefin composition suitable
for injection molding applications, and method of making such
injection molded articles. The polyolefin composition suitable for
injection molding applications comprises: an
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition comprising: (a)
from 25 to 50 percent by weight of a first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin
copolymer fraction having a density in the range of from 0.924 to
0.937 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 0.03
to 0.3 g/10 min, (b) from 50 to 75 percent by weight of a second
ethylene homopolymer fraction having a density in the range of from
greater than 0.960 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in the range
of from 100 to 180 g/10 minutes, wherein said
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a density in
the range of from 0.950 to 0.958 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2)
in the range of from 1.0 g/10 min to 3.5 g/10 min, a zero shear
viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range of from 1.01 to 2.5, a
molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range of
from 2.0 to 4.0, and tan delta at 0.1 radian/second and 190.degree.
C. in the range of from 9 to 50.
Inventors: |
Kapur; Mridula; (Lake
Jackson, TX) ; Demirors; Mehmet; (Pearland, TX)
; Fontaine; Philip P.; (Houston, TX) ; Ginger;
Douglas S.; (Freeport, TX) ; Gillespie; David T.;
(Freeport, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Dow Global Technologies LLC |
Midland |
MI |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49877054 |
Appl. No.: |
14/653329 |
Filed: |
December 27, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
December 27, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2013/077991 |
371 Date: |
June 18, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61746151 |
Dec 27, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
525/240 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C08L 2205/025 20130101;
C08L 23/0815 20130101; C07F 7/1804 20130101; C08J 2323/08 20130101;
C08L 2205/03 20130101; C08L 23/08 20130101; C08F 210/16 20130101;
C07F 5/00 20130101; C08J 5/18 20130101; Y02P 20/582 20151101; C08L
23/06 20130101; C08L 23/02 20130101; C08F 4/64186 20130101; C08J
2423/08 20130101; C08F 4/60193 20130101; C08L 2203/16 20130101;
C08F 2500/03 20130101; C08L 2205/02 20130101; C08F 210/14 20130101;
B65D 51/26 20130101; C08F 210/16 20130101; C08F 4/64193 20130101;
C08F 210/16 20130101; C08F 4/64186 20130101; C08F 210/16 20130101;
C08F 210/14 20130101; C08F 2500/03 20130101; C08F 2500/09 20130101;
C08F 2500/12 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C08L 23/06 20060101
C08L023/06 |
Claims
1. A polyolefin composition suitable for injection molding
applications comprising: an ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer
composition comprising: (a) from 25 to 50 percent by weight of a
first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction having a density
in the range of from 0.924 to 0.937 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index
(I.sub.2) in the range of from 0.03 to 0.3 g/10 min, (b) from 50 to
75 percent by weight of a second ethylene homopolymer fraction
having a density in the range of from greater than 0.960
g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 100 to 180
g/10 minutes, wherein said ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer
composition has a density in the range of from 0.950 to 0.958
g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 1.0 g/10
min to 3.5 g/10 min, a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the
range of from 1.01 to 2.5, a molecular weight distribution
(M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range of from 2.0 to 4.0, and tan delta at
0.1 radian/second and 190.degree. C. in the range of from 9 to 50,
wherein said ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has
at least 1 peak on elution profile via crystallization elution
fractionation (CEF) procedure, wherein said peak comprises at least
95 weight percent of the total area of the elution profile, wherein
said elution temperature peak is at an elution temperature greater
than 95.degree. C., and wherein the width of the elution
temperature peak at 50 percent peak height is greater than
4.degree. C. and less than 6.degree. C., and wherein the standard
deviation of the temperature is less than 6.degree. C.
2. The polyolefin composition of claim 1, wherein said
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition characterized by
one or more of the followings: a. has a vinyl unsaturation of less
than 0.15 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms present in the
backbone of the ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition;
and/or b. has a tan delta at 0.1 radian/second, determined at
190.degree. C., in the range of from 9 to 50; c. has CDC in the
range of from 150 or less; d. has a ESCR F50 failure time of at
least 150 hours, as determined by ASTM 1693 Method B in 10% aqueous
Igepal; and/or e. has a oligomer, i.e. C.sub.10 to C.sub.44,
content of less than 100 ppm.
3. The polyolefin composition of claim 1 further comprising one or
more ethylene polymers, or one or more propylene based polymers, or
combinations thereof.
4. A closure device comprising the polyolefin composition of claim
1.
Description
REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims the benefit of U.S.
Provisional Application No. 61/746,151, filed on Dec. 27, 2012.
FIELD OF INVENTION
[0002] The instant invention relates to a polyolefin composition
suitable for injection molding or compression molding applications,
and method of producing the same.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The use of polymeric materials to manufacture molded
articles, such as closure devices and containers, is generally
known. Different methods may be employed to manufacture closure
devices, such as bottle caps, or containers, such as bottles. For
example, such closure devices may be manufactured via compression
molding or injection molding processes; or in the alternative,
containers may be manufactured via blow molding, injection blow
molding, or injection stretch blow molding.
[0004] In compression molding process, a two-piece mold provides a
cavity having the shape of a desired molded article. The mold is
heated. An appropriate amount of molten molding compound from an
extruder is loaded into the lower half of the mold. The two parts
of the mold are brought together under pressure. The molding
compound, softened by heat, is thereby welded into a continuous
mass having the shape of the cavity. If the molding compound is a
thermosetting material, the continuous mass may be hardened via
further heating, under pressure, in the mold. If the molding
compound is a thermoplastic material, the continuous mass may be
hardened via chilling, under pressure, in the mold.
[0005] In injection molding process, molding compound is fed into
an extruder via a hopper. The extruder conveys, heats, melts, and
pressurizes the molding compound to a form a molten stream. The
molten stream is forced out of the extruder through a nozzle into a
relatively cool mold held closed under pressure thereby filing the
mold. The melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold then
opens and the molded part is removed.
[0006] In blow molding process, for example injection blow molding,
the molding compound is melted, and then, it is formed into a tube
or parison. The ends of the tube or parison is sealed, except for
an area in which the blowing air can enter. The sealed tube or
parison is inflated inside of a mold thereby taking the shape of
the mold. The molded article is cooled, and then ejected from the
mold. If necessary, the molded article is then trimmed.
[0007] In general, a closure device, such as a soda bottle cap,
should be strong enough to withstand the pressure, e.g. of a
carbonated drink, and yet soft enough to provide an excellent seal
on the bottle without the need for an inner liner. Additionally, a
closure device, such as a soda bottle cap, should generally possess
good environmental stress crack resistance, good impact strength,
good removal torque, and good strip torque. Different techniques
have been employed to provide for such closure devices having
acceptable properties.
[0008] For example, the use of a polypropylene polymer as a bottle
cap closure for the needed strength with an inner liner, which may
be comprised of soft ethylene/vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), butyl rubber, etc., is also generally well known.
However, this two-part construction is costly because of the need
for an inner liner. Furthermore, it would be easier and more
convenient to use a one-piece closure, without a liner.
[0009] In attempts to eliminate the need for a two-part cap
construction, the use of different blends of polymers has been
suggested. However, there is still a need for polymer composition
that can be molded into closure devices having acceptable
properties, such as no need for liners to facilitate a seal,
acceptable taste and odor, satisfactory stress crack resistance,
and impact strength to prevent cap failure.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] The instant invention provides a polyolefin composition
suitable for injection molding applications, and method of making
such injection molded articles.
[0011] In one embodiment, the instant invention provides a
polyolefin composition suitable for injection molding applications
comprising: an ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition
comprising: (a) from 25 to 50 percent by weight of a first
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction having a density in the
range of from 0.924 to 0.937 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in
the range of from 0.03 to 0.3 g/10 min, (b) from 50 to 75 percent
by weight of a second ethylene homopolymer fraction having a
density in the range of from greater than 0.960 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 100 to 180 g/10 minutes,
wherein said ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a
density in the range of from 0.950 to 0.958 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 1.0 g/10 min to 3.5 g/10 min,
a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range of from 1.01 to
2.5, a molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range
of from 2.0 to 4.0, and tan delta at 0.1 radian/second and
190.degree. C. in the range of from 9 to 50, wherein said
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has at least 1
peak on elution profile via crystallization elution fractionation
(CEF) procedure, wherein said peak comprises at least 95 weight
percent of the total area of the elution profile, wherein said
elution temperature peak is at an elution temperature greater than
95.degree. C., and wherein the width of the elution temperature
peak at 50 percent peak height is greater than 4.degree. C. and
less than 6.degree. C., and wherein the standard deviation of the
temperature is less than 6.degree. C.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is
shown in the drawings a form that is exemplary; it being
understood, however, that this invention is not limited to the
precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates the elution profile via crystallization
elution fractionation (CEF) procedure for Inventive Examples and
Comparative Examples.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] The instant invention provides a polyolefin composition
suitable for injection molding applications, and method of making
such injection molded articles.
[0015] In one embodiment, the instant invention provides a
polyolefin composition suitable for injection molding applications
comprising: an ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition
comprising: (a) from 25 to 50 percent by weight of a first
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction having a density in the
range of from 0.924 to 0.937 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in
the range of from 0.03 to 0.3 g/10 min, (b) from 50 to 75 percent
by weight of a second ethylene homopolymer fraction having a
density in the range of from greater than 0.960 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 100 to 180 g/10 minutes,
wherein said ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a
density in the range of from 0.950 to 0.958 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 1.0 g/10 min to 3.5 g/10 min,
a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range of from 1.01 to
2.5, a molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range
of from 2.0 to 4.0, and tan delta at 0.1 radian/second and
190.degree. C. in the range of from 9 to 50, wherein said
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has at least 1
peak on elution profile via crystallization elution fractionation
(CEF) procedure, wherein said peak comprises at least 95 weight
percent of the total area of the elution profile, wherein said
elution temperature peak is at an elution temperature greater than
95.degree. C., and wherein the width of the elution temperature
peak at 50 percent peak height is greater than 4.degree. C. and
less than 6.degree. C., and wherein the standard deviation of the
temperature is less than 6.degree. C.
[0016] The polyolefin composition may further comprise additional
components such as one or more other polymers. For example the
polyolefin composition may further comprise one or more ethylene
polymers, or one or more propylene based polymers, or combinations
thereof.
[0017] In one embodiment, one or more ethylene/.alpha.-olefin
interpolymer compositions and one or more propylene/.alpha.-olefin
interpolymer compositions, as described herein, may be blended via
any method known to a person of ordinary skill in the art
including, but not limited to, dry blending, and melt blending via
any suitable equipment, for example, an extruder, to produce the
inventive injection molding composition.
[0018] The polyolefin composition may further comprise additional
components such as one or more additives. Such additives include,
but are not limited to, antistatic agents, color enhancers, dyes,
lubricants, fillers such as TiO.sub.2 or CaCO.sub.3, opacifiers,
nucleators, pigments, primary anti-oxidants, secondary
anti-oxidants, processing aids, UV stabilizers, anti-blocks, slip
agents, tackifiers, fire retardants, anti-microbial agents, odor
reducer agents, anti-fungal agents, and combinations thereof. The
polyolefin composition may contain from about 0.01 to about 10
percent by the combined weight of such additives, based on the
weight of the ethylene-based polymer composition including such
additives.
Ethylene/.alpha.-Olefin Interpolymer Composition
[0019] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition
comprising: (a) from 25 to 50 percent by weight of a first
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction having a density in the
range of from 0.924 to 0.937 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2) in
the range of from 0.03 to 0.3 g/10 min, (b) from 50 to 75 percent
by weight of a second ethylene homopolymer fraction having a
density in the range of from greater than 0.960 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 100 to 180 g/10 minutes,
wherein said ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a
density in the range of from 0.950 to 0.958 g/cm.sup.3, a melt
index (I.sub.2) in the range of from 1.0 g/10 min to 3.5 g/10 min,
a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range of from 1.01 to
2.5, a molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range
of from 2.0 to 4.0, and tan delta at 0.1 radian/second and
190.degree. C. in the range of from 9 to 50, wherein said
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has at least 1
peak on elution profile via crystallization elution fractionation
(CEF) procedure, wherein said peak comprises at least 95 weight
percent of the total area of the elution profile, wherein said
elution temperature peak is at an elution temperature greater than
95.degree. C., and wherein the width of the elution temperature
peak at 50 percent peak height is greater than 4.degree. C. and
less than 6.degree. C., and wherein the standard deviation of the
temperature is less than 6.degree. C.
[0020] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition is
further characterized by one or more of the followings: [0021] a.
has a vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.15 vinyls per one thousand
carbon atoms present in the backbone of the ethylene/.alpha.-olefin
interpolymer composition; and/or [0022] b. has a tan delta at 0.1
radian/second, determined at 190.degree. C., in the range of from 9
to 50; [0023] c. has Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in the
range of from 150 or less; [0024] d. has a environmental stress
crack resistance (ESCR) failure time F50 of at least 150 hours,
determined by ASTM 1693 Method B in aqueous 10% Igepal; and/or
[0025] e. has a oligomers content, i.e. C.sub.10-C.sub.44, of less
than 100 ppm.
[0026] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition
comprises (a) less than or equal to 100 percent, for example, at
least 70 percent, or at least 80 percent, or at least 90 percent,
of the units derived from ethylene; and (b) less than 30 percent,
for example, less than 25 percent, or less than 20 percent, or less
than 10 percent, by weight of units derived from one or more
.alpha.-olefin comonomers. The term "ethylene/.alpha.-olefin
interpolymer composition" refers to a polymer that contains more
than 50 mole percent polymerized ethylene monomer (based on the
total amount of polymerizable monomers) and, optionally, may
contain at least one comonomer.
[0027] The .alpha.-olefin comonomers typically have no more than 20
carbon atoms. For example, the .alpha.-olefin comonomers may
preferably have 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and more preferably 3 to 8
carbon atoms. Exemplary .alpha.-olefin comonomers include, but are
not limited to, propylene, 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene,
1-heptene, 1-octene, 1-nonene, 1-decene, and 4-methyl-1-pentene.
The one or more .alpha.-olefin comonomers may, for example, be
selected from the group consisting of propylene, 1-butene,
1-hexene, and 1-octene; or in the alternative, from the group
consisting of 1-hexene and 1-octene.
[0028] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition is
characterized by having a Comonomer Distribution Constant (CDC) in
the range of from 150 or less, for example from 75 to 150, or in
the alternative, from 90 to 135.
[0029] The ethylene-based polymer composition is characterized by
having a zero shear viscosity ratio (ZSVR) in the range of from
1.01 to 2.5, for example from 1.15 to 2.5, or in the alternative
from 1.15 to 2.0, or in the alternative from 1.2 to 1.8.
[0030] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition is
characterized by having a tan delta at 0.1 radian/second,
determined at 190.degree. C., in the range of from 9 to 50, for
example from 9 to 40, or from 9 to 30, or from 9 to 25, or from 10
to 25, or from 10 to 30, or from 10 to 40. The
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a density in
the range of 0.950 to 0.958 g/cm.sup.3, for example from 0.950 to
0.956 g/cm.sup.3. For example, the density can be from a lower
limit of 0.950, 0.951, or 0.952 g/cm.sup.3 to an upper limit of
0.955, 0.956, 0.957, or 0.958 g/cm.sup.3.
[0031] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition
comprising from 25% to 50% percent by weight, preferably from 30%
to 45%, more preferably from 33% to 43%, most preferably from 35%
to 42% of the first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction.
[0032] The first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction has a
density in the range of 0.924 to 0.937 g/cm.sup.3, for example from
0.925 to 0.936 g/cm.sup.3. For example, the density can be from a
lower limit of 0.924, 0.925, 0.926, or 0.927 g/cm.sup.3 to an upper
limit of 0.934, 0.935, 0.936, or 0.937 g/cm.sup.3.
[0033] The second ethylene/.alpha.-olefin homopolymer fraction has
a density in the range of greater than 0.960 g/cm.sup.3. For
example, the density can be from greater than 0.960, 0.963, 0.965,
0.967, 0.970 g/cm.sup.3. The density of the second
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin homopolymer fraction can be approximated
based on the density of a polymer prepared in a single reactor
under the same polymerisation conditions of the second
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin homopolymer fraction in the absence of the
first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction.
[0034] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a
molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range of
from 2.0 to 4.0. For example, the molecular weight distribution
(M.sub.w/M.sub.n) can be from a lower limit of 2.0, 2.1, or 2.2 to
an upper limit of 2.6, 2.8, 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0.
[0035] The first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction has a
molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range of
from 1.5 to 3.5, for example from 2 to 3. For example, the
molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) can be from a lower
limit of 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.1, or 2.2 to an upper limit of 2.5, 2.6,
2.8, 3.0, or 3.5.
[0036] The second ethylene/.alpha.-olefin homopolymer fraction has
a molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) in the range of
from 1.5 to 3.0, for example from 2 to 3. For example, the
molecular weight distribution (M.sub.w/M.sub.n) can be from a lower
limit of 1.5, 1.7, 2.0, 2.1, or 2.2 to an upper limit of 2.5, 2.6,
2.8, or 3.0.
[0037] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has a
melt index (I.sub.2) (at 190.degree. C./2.16 kg) in the range of
from 1.0 to 3.5 g/10 minutes, for example from 1.5 to 3.0 g/10
minutes, or from 1.5 to 2.5 g/10 minutes. For example, the melt
index (I.sub.2 at 190.degree. C./2.16 kg) can be from a lower limit
of 1.0, 1.3, 1.5, or 1.7 g/10 minutes to an upper limit of 2.5,
2.7, 3.0, 3.3, or 3.5 g/10 minutes.
[0038] The first ethylene/.alpha.-olefin copolymer fraction has a
melt index (I.sub.2) (at 190.degree. C./2.16 kg) in the range of
from 0.03 to 0.3 g/10 minutes, for example from 0.05 to 0.25 g/10
minutes, or from 0.05 to 0.2 g/10 minutes, or from 0.05 to 0.15
g/10 minutes.
[0039] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition has
vinyl unsaturation of less than 0.15, for example equal or less
than 0.12, or less than 0.1 vinyls per one thousand carbon atoms
present in the backbone of the ethylene-based polymer
composition.
[0040] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition may
further comprise additional components such as one or more
additives. Such additives include, but are not limited to,
antistatic agents, color enhancers, dyes, lubricants, fillers such
as TiO.sub.2 or CaCO.sub.3, opacifiers, nucleators, processing
aids, pigments, primary anti-oxidants, secondary anti-oxidants,
processing aids, UV stabilizers, anti-blocks, slip agents,
tackifiers, fire retardants, anti-microbial agents, odor reducer
agents, anti-fungal agents, and combinations thereof. The
ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition may contain from
about 0.1 to about 10 percent by the combined weight of such
additives, based on the weight of the ethylene-based polymer
composition including such additives.
[0041] In one embodiment, ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer
composition has at least 1 peak on elution profile via
crystallization elution fractionation (CEF) procedure, wherein said
peak comprises at least 95 weight percent of the total area of the
elution profile, wherein said elution temperature peak is at an
elution temperature greater than 95.degree. C., and wherein the
width of the elution temperature peak at 50 percent peak height is
greater than 4.degree. C. and less than 6.degree. C., and wherein
the standard deviation of the temperature is less than 6.degree.
C.
[0042] Any conventional polymerization processes may be employed to
produce the ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition. Such
conventional polymerization processes include, but are not limited
to, solution polymerization process, using one or more conventional
reactors e.g. loop reactors, isothermal reactors, stirred tank
reactors, batch reactors in parallel, series, and/or any
combinations thereof.
[0043] The ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer composition may,
for example, be produced via solution phase polymerization process
using one or more loop reactors, isothermal reactors, and
combinations thereof.
[0044] In general, the solution phase polymerization process occurs
in one or more well-mixed reactors such as one or more isothermal
loop reactors or one or more adiabatic reactors at a temperature in
the range of from 115 to 250.degree. C.; for example, from 115 to
200.degree. C., and at pressures in the range of from 300 to 1000
psi; for example, from 400 to 750 psi. In one embodiment in a dual
reactor, the temperature in the first reactor is in the range of
from 115 to 190.degree. C., for example, from 115 to 150.degree.
C., and the second reactor temperature is in the range of 150 to
250.degree. C., for example, from 170 to 225.degree. C. In another
embodiment in a single reactor, the temperature in the reactor is
in the range of from 115 to 250.degree. C., for example, from 115
to 225.degree. C. The residence time in solution phase
polymerization process is typically in the range of from 2 to 30
minutes; for example, from 10 to 20 minutes. Ethylene, solvent,
hydrogen, one or more catalyst systems, optionally one or more
cocatalysts, and optionally one or more comonomers are fed
continuously to one or more reactors. Exemplary solvents include,
but are not limited to, isoparaffins. For example, such solvents
are commercially available under the name ISOPAR E from ExxonMobil
Chemical Co., Houston, Tex. The resultant mixture of the
ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer and solvent is then removed from
the reactor and the ethylene/alpha-olefin interpolymer is isolated.
Solvent is typically recovered via a solvent recovery unit, i.e.
heat exchangers and vapor liquid separator drum, and is then
recycled back into the polymerization system.
[0045] In one embodiment, the ethylene/.alpha.-olefin interpolymer
composition may be produced via solution polymerization in a dual
reactor system, for example a dual loop reactor system, wherein
ethylene and optionally one or more .alpha.-olefins are polymerized
in the presence of one or more catalyst systems. Additionally, one
or more cocatalysts may be present.
[0046] In another embodiment, the ethylene/alpha-olefin
interpolymers may be produced via solution polymerization in a
single reactor system, for example a single loop reactor system,
wherein ethylene and optionally one or more .alpha.-olefins are
polymerized in the presence of one or more catalyst systems.
[0047] An exemplary catalyst system suitable for producing the
first ethylene/a olefin interpolymer can be a catalyst system
comprising a procatalyst component comprising a metal-ligand
complex of formula (IA):
##STR00001##
[0048] wherein:
[0049] M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, each independently
being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; and
[0050] n is an integer of from 0 to 3, and wherein when n is 0, X
is absent; and
[0051] Each X independently is a monodentate ligand that is
neutral, monoanionic, or dianionic; or two Xs are taken together to
form a bidentate ligand that is neutral, monoanionic, or dianionic;
and
[0052] X and n are chosen in such a way that the metal-ligand
complex of formula (IA) is, overall, neutral; and
[0053] Each Z independently is O, S,
N(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl, or P(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl;
and
[0054] The Z-L-Z fragment is comprised of formula (II):
##STR00002##
[0055] R.sup.1-16 are selected from the group consisting of a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl,
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)--, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and
combination thereof.
[0056] Optionally two or more R groups (from R.sup.9-13 or
R.sup.4-8) can combine together into ring structures, with such
ring structures having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring excluding any
hydrogen atoms.
[0057] Each of the aryl, heteroaryl, hydrocarbyl,
heterohydrocarbyl, Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3,
P(R.sup.P).sub.2, N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)--, hydrocarbylene, and heterohydrocarbylene
groups independently is unsubstituted or substituted with one or
more R.sup.S substituents; and Each R.sup.S independently is a
halogen atom, polyfluoro substitution, perfluoro substitution,
unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkyl, F.sub.3C--, FCH.sub.2O--,
F.sub.2HCO--, F.sub.3CO--, R.sub.3Si--, R.sub.3Ge--, RO--, RS--,
RS(O)--, RS(O).sub.2--, R.sub.2P--, R.sub.2N--, R.sub.2C.dbd.N--,
NC--, RC(O)O--, ROC(O)--, RC(O)N(R)--, or R.sub.2NC(O)--, or two of
the R.sup.S are taken together to form an unsubstituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkylene, wherein each R independently is an
unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkyl.
[0058] In one embodiment the catalyst system suitable for producing
the first ethylene/a olefin interpolymer can be a catalyst system
comprising
bis((2-oxoyl-3-(dibenzo-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)-5-(methyl)phenyl)-2-phenoxymethy-
l)-methylene-1,2-cyclohexanediylhafnium (IV) dimethyl, represented
by the following formula:
##STR00003##
[0059] An exemplary catalyst system suitable for producing the
second ethylene/a olefin homopolymer can be a catalyst system
comprising a procatalyst component comprising a metal-ligand
complex of formula (IB):
##STR00004##
[0060] wherein:
[0061] M is titanium, zirconium, or hafnium, each independently
being in a formal oxidation state of +2, +3, or +4; and
[0062] n is an integer of from 0 to 3, and wherein when n is 0, X
is absent; and
[0063] Each X independently is a monodentate ligand that is
neutral, monoanionic, or dianionic; or two Xs are taken together to
form a bidentate ligand that is neutral, monoanionic, or dianionic;
and
[0064] X and n are chosen in such a way that the metal-ligand
complex of formula (IB) is, overall, neutral; and
[0065] Each Z independently is O, S,
N(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl, or P(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl;
and
[0066] L is (C.sub.3-C.sub.40)hydrocarbylene or
(C.sub.3-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbylene, wherein the
(C.sub.3-C.sub.40)hydrocarbylene has a portion that comprises a
3-carbon atom to 10-carbon atom linker backbone linking the Z atoms
in formula (IB) (to which L is bonded) and the
(C.sub.3-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbylene has a portion that comprises
a 3-atom to 10-atom linker backbone linking the Z atoms in formula
(IB), wherein each of the from 3 to 10 atoms of the 3-atom to
10-atom linker backbone of the
(C.sub.3-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbylene independently is a carbon
atom or heteroatom, wherein each heteroatom independently is O, S,
S(O), S(O).sub.2, Si(R.sup.C).sub.2, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.2, P(R.sup.P),
or N(R.sup.N), wherein independently each R.sup.C is
(C.sub.1-C.sub.30)hydrocarbyl, each R.sup.P is
(C.sub.1-C.sub.30)hydrocarbyl; and each R.sup.N is
(C.sub.1-C.sub.30)hydrocarbyl or absent; and
[0067] R.sup.1, R.sup.16, or both comprise of formula (III), and
preferably R.sup.1 and R.sup.16 are the same; and
##STR00005##
[0068] R.sup.1-24 are selected from the group consisting of a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl, (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl,
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)--, halogen atom, hydrogen atom, and
combination thereof.
[0069] When R.sup.22 is H, then R.sup.19 is a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl; (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl;
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or halogen atom; and
[0070] When R.sup.19 is H, then R.sup.22 is a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl; (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl;
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or halogen atom; and
[0071] Preferably, R.sup.22 and R.sup.19 are both a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl; (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl;
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or halogen atom; and
[0072] When R.sup.8 is H, then R.sup.9 is a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl; (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl;
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or halogen atom; and When R.sup.9 is H, then
R.sup.8 is a (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl;
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl; Si(R.sup.C).sub.3,
Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2, N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C,
SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3, R.sup.CS(O)--,
R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--, R.sup.CC(O)O--,
R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--, (R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or
halogen atom; and
[0073] Preferably, R.sub.8 and R.sub.9 are both a
(C.sub.1-C.sub.40)hydrocarbyl; (C.sub.1-C.sub.40)heterohydrocarbyl;
Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3, P(R.sup.P).sub.2,
N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C, NO.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)-- or halogen atom; and
[0074] Optionally two or more R groups (from R.sup.9-13 or
R.sup.4-8) can combine together into ring structures, with such
ring structures having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring excluding any
hydrogen atoms.
[0075] Each of the aryl, heteroaryl, hydrocarbyl,
heterohydrocarbyl, Si(R.sup.C).sub.3, Ge(R.sup.C).sub.3,
P(R.sup.P).sub.2, N(R.sup.N).sub.2, OR.sup.C, SR.sup.C,
R.sup.CS(O)--, R.sup.CS(O).sub.2--, (R.sup.C).sub.2C.dbd.N--,
R.sup.CC(O)O--, R.sup.COC(O)--, R.sup.CC(O)N(R)--,
(R.sup.C).sub.2NC(O)--, hydrocarbylene, and heterohydrocarbylene
groups independently is unsubstituted or substituted with one or
more R.sup.S substituents; and
[0076] Each R.sup.S independently is a halogen atom, polyfluoro
substitution, perfluoro substitution, unsubstituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkyl, F.sub.3C--, FCH.sub.2O--, F.sub.2HCO--,
F.sub.3CO--, R.sub.3Si--, R.sub.3Ge--, RO--, RS--, RS(O)--,
RS(O).sub.2--, R.sub.2P--, R.sub.2N--, R.sub.2C.dbd.N--, NC--,
RC(O)O--, ROC(O)--, RC(O)N(R)--, or R.sub.2NC(O)--, or two of the
R.sup.S are taken together to form an unsubstituted
(C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkylene, wherein each R independently is an
unsubstituted (C.sub.1-C.sub.18)alkyl.
[0077] Optionally two or more R groups (from R.sup.20-24) can
combine together into ring structures, with such ring structures
having from 3 to 50 atoms in the ring excluding any hydrogen
atoms.
[0078] In one embodiment the catalyst system suitable for producing
the second ethylene/a olefin homopolymer can be a catalyst system
comprising
((3-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2'-(3-((3'-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-
-carbazol-9-yl)-5-fluoro-2'-hydroxy-3-methyl-5'-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-y-
l)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5'-fluoro-3'-methyl-5-(2,4,4-trimethy-
lpentan-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)hafnium (IV) dimethyl,
represented by the following formula:
##STR00006##
Co-Catalyst Component
[0079] The above described catalyst systems can be rendered
catalytically active by contacting it to, or combining it with, the
activating co-catalyst or by using an activating technique such as
those that are known in the art for use with metal-based olefin
polymerization reactions. Suitable activating co-catalysts for use
herein include alkyl aluminums; polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes
(also known as aluminoxanes); neutral Lewis acids; and
non-polymeric, noncoordinating, ion-forming compounds (including
the use of such compounds under oxidizing conditions). A suitable
activating technique is bulk electrolysis. Combinations of one or
more of the foregoing activating co-catalysts and techniques are
also contemplated. The term "alkyl aluminum" means a monoalkyl
aluminum dihydride or monoalkylaluminum dihalide, a dialkyl
aluminum hydride or dialkyl aluminum halide, or a trialkylaluminum.
Aluminoxanes and their preparations are known at, for example,
United States patent number (USPN) U.S. Pat. No. 6,103,657.
Examples of preferred polymeric or oligomeric alumoxanes are
methylalumoxane, triisobutylaluminum-modified methylalumoxane, and
isobutylalumoxane.
[0080] Exemplary Lewis acid activating co-catalysts are Group 13
metal compounds containing from 1 to 3 hydrocarbyl substituents as
described herein. In some embodiments, exemplary Group 13 metal
compounds are tri(hydrocarbyl)-substituted-aluminum or
tri(hydrocarbyl)-boron compounds. In some other embodiments,
exemplary Group 13 metal compounds are
tri(hydrocarbyl)-substituted-aluminum or tri(hydrocarbyl)-boron
compounds are tri((C.sub.1-C.sub.10)alkyl)aluminum or
tri((C.sub.6-C.sub.18)aryl)boron compounds and halogenated
(including perhalogenated) derivatives thereof. In some other
embodiments, exemplary Group 13 metal compounds are
tris(fluoro-substituted phenyl)boranes, in other embodiments,
tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. In some embodiments, the activating
co-catalyst is a tris((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl) borate (e.g.,
trityl tetrafluoroborate) or a
tri((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl)ammonium
tetra((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl)borane (e.g.,
bis(octadecyl)methylammonium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borane). As
used herein, the term "ammonium" means a nitrogen cation that is a
((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl).sub.4N.sup.+, a
((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl).sub.3N(H).sup.+, a
((C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl).sub.2N(H).sub.2.sup.+,
(C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbylN(H).sub.3.sup.+, or N(H).sub.4.sup.+,
wherein each (C.sub.1-C.sub.20)hydrocarbyl may be the same or
different.
[0081] Exemplary combinations of neutral Lewis acid activating
co-catalysts include mixtures comprising a combination of a
tri((C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl)aluminum and a halogenated
tri((C.sub.6-C.sub.18)aryl)boron compound, especially a
tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane. Other exemplary embodiments are
combinations of such neutral Lewis acid mixtures with a polymeric
or oligomeric alumoxane, and combinations of a single neutral Lewis
acid, especially tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane with a polymeric or
oligomeric alumoxane. Exemplary embodiments ratios of numbers of
moles of (metal-ligand complex):(tris(pentafluoro-phenylborane):
(alumoxane) [e.g., (Group 4 metal-ligand
complex):(tris(pentafluoro-phenylborane):(alumoxane)] are from
1:1:1 to 1:10:30, other exemplary embodiments are from 1:1:1.5 to
1:5:10.
[0082] Many activating co-catalysts and activating techniques have
been previously taught with respect to different metal-ligand
complexes in the following USPNs: U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,802; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,153,157; U.S. Pat. No. 5,296,433; U.S. Pat. No.
5,321,106; U.S. Pat. No. 5,350,723; U.S. Pat. No. 5,425,872; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,625,087; U.S. Pat. No. 5,721,185; U.S. Pat. No.
5,783,512; U.S. Pat. No. 5,883,204; U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,983; U.S.
Pat. No. 6,696,379; and U.S. Pat. No. 7,163,907. Examples of
suitable hydrocarbyloxides are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,296,433. Examples of suitable Bronsted acid salts for addition
polymerization catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,064,802;
U.S. Pat. No. 5,919,983; U.S. Pat. No. 5,783,512. Examples of
suitable salts of a cationic oxidizing agent and a noncoordinating,
compatible anion as activating co-catalysts for addition
polymerization catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,321,106.
Examples of suitable carbenium salts as activating co-catalysts for
addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,350,723. Examples of suitable silylium salts as activating
co-catalysts for addition polymerization catalysts are disclosed in
U.S. Pat. No. 5,625,087. Examples of suitable complexes of
alcohols, mercaptans, silanols, and oximes with
tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.
5,296,433. Some of these catalysts are also described in a portion
of U.S. Pat. No. 6,515,155 B1 beginning at column 50, at line 39,
and going through column 56, at line 55, only the portion of which
is incorporated by reference herein.
[0083] In some embodiments, the above described catalyst systems
can be activated to form an active catalyst composition by
combination with one or more cocatalyst such as a cation forming
cocatalyst, a strong Lewis acid, or a combination thereof. Suitable
cocatalysts for use include polymeric or oligomeric aluminoxanes,
especially methyl aluminoxane, as well as inert, compatible,
noncoordinating, ion forming compounds. Exemplary suitable
cocatalysts include, but are not limited to modified methyl
aluminoxane (MMAO), bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)methyl,
tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate(1-) amine (RIBS-2), triethyl
aluminum (TEA), and any combinations thereof
[0084] In some embodiments, one or more of the foregoing activating
co-catalysts are used in combination with each other. An especially
preferred combination is a mixture of a
tri((C.sub.1-C.sub.4)hydrocarbyl)aluminum,
tri((C.sub.1-C.sub.4)hydrocarbyl)borane, or an ammonium borate with
an oligomeric or polymeric alumoxane compound.
End-Use Applications of the Polyolefin Composition
[0085] The polyolefin compositions according to the present
invention may be used in injection molding applications.
[0086] In application, the inventive polyolefin composition may be
used to manufacture shaped articles. Such articles may include, but
are not limited to, closure devices such as bottle caps, or
container devices such as bottles. Different methods may be
employed to manufacture articles such as bottle caps and bottles.
Suitable conversion techniques include, but are not limited to,
injection molding, injection blow molding, and/or injection stretch
blow molding. Such techniques are generally well known.
[0087] In injection molding process, the inventive polyolefin
composition is fed into an extruder via a hopper. The extruder
conveys, heats, melts, and pressurizes the polyolefin composition
to a form a molten stream. The molten stream is forced out of the
extruder through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed
under pressure thereby filling the mold. The melt cools and hardens
until fully set-up. The mold then opens and the molded article, for
example bottle cap, is removed. The injection molded cap may
include a skirt that axially extends from the periphery of a base,
and may further include internal threads for securing the cap to a
container.
[0088] Closure devices such as bottle caps including the inventive
polyolefin composition exhibit improved environmental crack
resistance. Such bottle caps are adapted to withstand the pressure
of carbonated drinks. Such bottle caps further facilitate closure,
and sealing of a bottle, that is optimum torque provided by a
machine to screw the cap on the bottle, or unsealing a bottle, that
is optimum torque provide by a person to unscrew the cap.
[0089] The polyolefin composition of the present invention provide
improved organoleptic properties due to low levels of unsaturation,
i.e. vinyl groups and/or oligomer content.
Examples
[0090] The following examples illustrate the present invention but
are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.
Inventive Polyolefin Composition 1
[0091] Inventive polyolefin composition 1 (IPC-1) comprises an
ethylene-octene interpolymer, having a density of approximately
0.954 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2), measured at 190.degree.
C. and 2.16 kg, of approximately 2.6 g/10 minutes, an melt flow
ratio (I.sub.10/I.sub.2) of approximately 10. Additional properties
of IPC-1 were measured, and are reported in Table 2.
[0092] IPC-1 was prepared via solution polymerization in adiabatic
stirred tank reactors connected in parallel in the presence of a
first catalyst system, as described below, in the first reactor and
a second catalyst system, as described below, in the second
reactor. First ethylene fraction and second ethylene fraction were
contacted with each other and blended via solution blended process,
and then followed with devolatization and pelletization form IPC-1.
The first catalyst system comprises
bis((2-oxoyl-3-(dibenzo-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)-5-(methyl)phenyl)-2-ph-
enoxymethyl)-methylene-1,2-cyclohexanediylhafnium (IV) dimethyl,
represented by the following formula:
##STR00007##
[0093] The second catalyst system comprises
((3-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2'-(3-((3'-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-
-carbazol-9-yl)-5-fluoro-2'-hydroxy-3-methyl-5'-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-y-
l)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5'-fluoro-3'-methyl-5-(2,4,4-trimethy-
lpentan-2-yl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)hafnium (IV) dimethyl,
represented by the following formula:
##STR00008##
[0094] The polymerization conditions for IPC-1 are reported in
Table 1. Referring to Table 1, MMAO is modified methyl aluminoxane;
and RIBS-2 is bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)methyl,
tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate(1-) amine, used as
cocatalysts.
Inventive Polyolefin Composition 2
[0095] Inventive polyolefin composition 2 (IPC-2) comprises an
ethylene-octene interpolymer, having a density of approximately
0.953 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2), measured at 190.degree.
C. and 2.16 kg, of approximately 1.5 g/10 minutes, an melt flow
ratio (I.sub.10/I.sub.2) of approximately 9. Additional properties
of IPC-2 were measured, and are reported in Table 2.
[0096] IPC-2 was prepared via solution polymerization in adiabatic
stirred tank reactors connected in parallel in the presence of a
first catalyst system, as described below, in the first reactor and
a second catalyst system, as described below, in the second
reactor. First ethylene fraction and second ethylene fraction were
contacted with each other and blended via solution blended process,
and then followed with devolatization and pelletization form
IPC-2.
[0097] The first catalyst system comprises
bis((2-oxoyl-3-(dibenzo-1H-pyrrole-1-yl)-5-(methyl)phenyl)-2-phenoxymethy-
l)-methylene-1,2-cyclohexanediylhafnium (IV) dimethyl, represented
by the following formula:
##STR00009##
[0098] The second catalyst system comprises
((3-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-2'-(3-((3'-(2,7-di-tert-butyl-9H-
-carbazol-9-yl)-5-fluoro-2'-hydroxy-3-methyl-5'-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-y-
l)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)propoxy)-5'-fluoro-3
`-methyl-5-(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)-[1,1`-biphenyl]-2-yl)oxy)hafnium
(IV) dimethyl, represented by the following formula:
##STR00010##
[0099] The polymerization conditions for IPC-2 are reported in
Table 1. Referring to Table 1, MMAO is modified methyl aluminoxane;
and RIBS-2 is bis(hydrogenated tallow alkyl)methyl,
tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate(1-) amine, used as
cocatalysts.
Comparative Polyolefin Composition 1
[0100] Comparative polyolefin composition 1 (CPC-1) comprises an
ethylene-hexene interpolymer, having a density of approximately
0.956 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2), measured at 190.degree.
C. and 2.16 kg, of approximately 1.4 g/10 minutes, an melt flow
ratio (I.sub.10/I.sub.2) of approximately 13. Additional properties
of CPC-1 are reported in Table 2. CPC-1 was prepared via gas phase
polymerization in a fluidized bed dual reactor system.
Comparative Polyolefin Composition 2
[0101] Comparative polyolefin composition 2 (CPC-2) comprises an
ethylene-hexene interpolymer, having a density of approximately
0.954 g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2), measured at 190.degree.
C. and 2.16 kg, of approximately 2.3 g/10 minutes, an melt flow
ratio (I.sub.10/I.sub.2) of approximately 11. Additional properties
of CPC-2 are reported in Table 2. CPC-2 was prepared via gas phase
polymerization in a fluidized bed reactor system.
Comparative Polyolefin Composition 3
[0102] Comparative polyolefin composition 3 (CPC-3) comprises an
ethylene-based polymer having a density of approximately 0.954
g/cm.sup.3, a melt index (I.sub.2), measured at 190.degree. C. and
2.16 kg, of approximately 2.2 g/10 minutes, an melt flow ratio
(I.sub.10/I.sub.2) of approximately 8. Additional properties of
CPC-3 are reported in Table 2.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Reactor 2 Component of Sample IPC-1 IPC-1
IPC-2 Reactor Configuration type dual single dual parallel parallel
Reactor1 Solvent Feed Flow kg/hr 15.8 16.1 Reactor1 Ethylene Feed
Flow kg/hr 1.8 1.8 Reactor1 Hydrogen Feed Flow Standard 330 369
mL/min Reactor1 1-Octene Feed Flow kg/hr 0.17 0.10 Reactor1 Feed
Temp .degree. C. 23.6 20.8 Reactor1 Feed Solvent to Ethylene kg/kg
9.0 9.0 Ratio Reactor1 Temp .degree. C. 141 140 Reactor1 Oilbath
Temp .degree. C. 139 140 Reactor1 Catalyst Feed Conc mmol/kg 0.1
0.1 Reactor1 Catalyst Feed Flow g/hr 49 44 Reactor1 CoCatalyst1
Type type RIBS2 RIBS2 Reactor1 CoCatalyst1 Feed Conc mmol/kg 0.12
0.12 Reactor1 CoCatalyst1 Feed Flow g/hr 62 57 Reactor1 CoCatalyst2
Type type MMAO3 MMAO3 Reactor1 CoCatalyst2 Feed Conc mmol/kg 3 3
Reactor1 CoCatalyst2 Feed Flow g/hr 50 100 Reactor1 FTnIR Ethylene
g/L 15.2 15.1 Concentration Reactor1 Ethylene Conversion % 73.4
75.1 Reactor1 Viscosity cPa 380 353 Reactor2 Solvent Feed Flow
kg/hr 12.65 12.7 9.27 Reactor2 Ethylene Feed Flow kg/hr 2.8 2.8 2.1
Reactor2 Hydrogen Feed Flow Standard 800 800 700 mL/min Reactor2
1-Octene Feed Flow kg/hr 0 0 0 Reactor2 Feed Temp .degree. C. 7.6
7.6 4.8 Reactor2 Feed Solvent to Ethylene kg/kg 4.5 4.5 4.5 Ratio
Reactor2 Temp .degree. C. 200 199 200 Reactor2 Oilbath Temp
.degree. C. 191 192 191 Reactor2 Catalyst Conc mmol/kg 0.02 0.02
0.02 Reactor2 Catalyst Feed Flow g/hr 24 30 23 Reactor2 CoCatalyst1
Type type RIBS2 RIBS2 RIBS2 Reactor2 CoCatalyst1 Conc mmol/kg 0.03
0.03 0.03 Reactor2 CoCatalyst1 Flow g/kg 24 30 23 Reactor2
CoCatalyst2 Type type MMAO3 MMAO3 MMAO3 Reactor2 CoCatalyst2 Feed
Conc mmol/kg 3 3 3 Reactor2 CoCatalyst2 Feed Flow g/hr 40 40 40
Reactor2 FTnIR Ethylene g/L 7.7 7.9 8.0 Concentration Overall
Ethylene Conversion % 93.1 92.5 92.8 Reactor2 Viscosity cPa 28 31
25
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Property Test Method Units IPC-1 IPC-2 CPC-1
CPC-2 CPC-3 Density ASTM D792 g/cm.sup.3 0.954 0.953 0.956 0.954
0.954 Method B I.sub.2 ASTM D1238 dg/min 2.6 1.5 1.4 2.3 2.2
I.sub.10 ASTM D1238 dg/min 25.5 13.5 17.9 25.3 18.3 I.sub.21 ASTM
D1238 dg/min 117.6 60.9 93.4 111.1 66.8 I.sub.10/I.sub.2 10 9 13 11
8 I.sub.21/I.sub.2 46 40 67 48 30 M.sub.n Conventional GPC 21,576
23,115 8,561 11,724 11,693 M.sub.w Conventional GPC 90,213 103,224
121,348 107,509 106,732 M.sub.w/M.sub.n Conventional GPC 4.2 4.5
14.2 9.2 9.1 M.sub.z Conventional GPC 279,083 303,753 636,554
530,446 490,096 Tm1 DSC .degree. C. 131.3 131.2 130.7 131.1 131.7
Heat of Fusion DSC J/g 211 208 212 212 211 Tc1 DSC .degree. C.
117.5 117.8 117.4 117.4 117.9 Heat of Cryst. DSC J/g 210 210 214
213 212 Tan Delta 0.1 DMS N/A 17.4 12.0 5.3 7.5 8.4 radians per
second .eta.* @ 0.1 rad/s DMS Pa s 3,692 5,896 8,105 4,802 4,557
[.eta.* @ 0.1(rad/s)]/ DMS 4.4 5.1 8.6 5.9 4.3 [.eta.* @ 100
(rad/s)] Width at 1/2 CEF .degree. C. 4.40 4.20 3.60 3.40 3.20
height Width at 1/10 CEF .degree. C. 15.0 8.0 13.2 11.0 7.8 height
Standard CEF .degree. C. 5.41 4.49 9.44 8.80 8.26 Deviation Half
Height CEF 0.814 0.935 0.382 0.386 0.387 Width/Std. Dev. CDC CDC
117 102 249 246 245 Vinyls/1000 C. IR Method Less than Less than
0.14 0.2 0.21 0.15 0.15 Oligomer Content GC ug/g 47 38 415 280 327
ESCR, 10% ASTM D1693-B h 274 242 169 67 23 Igepal, F50
Test Methods
[0103] Test methods include the following:
Density
[0104] Samples that are measured for density are prepared according
to ASTM D4703. Measurements are made within one hour of sample
pressing using ASTM D792, Method B.
Melt Index
[0105] Melt index (I.sub.2) is measured in accordance with ASTM
D1238, Condition 190.degree. C./2.16 kg, and is reported in grams
eluted per 10 minutes. Melt flow rate (I.sub.10) is measured in
accordance with ASTM D1238, Condition 190.degree. C./10 kg, and is
reported in grams eluted per 10 minutes.
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)
[0106] DSC can be used to measure the melting and crystallization
behavior of a polymer over a wide range of temperature. For
example, the TA Instruments Q1000 DSC, equipped with an RCS
(refrigerated cooling system) and an autosampler is used to perform
this analysis. During testing, a nitrogen purge gas flow of 50
ml/min is used. Each sample is melt pressed into a thin film at
about 175.degree. C.; the melted sample is then air-cooled to room
temperature (.about.25.degree. C.). A 3-10 mg, 6 mm diameter
specimen is extracted from the cooled polymer, weighed, placed in a
light aluminum pan (ca 50 mg), and crimped shut. Analysis is then
performed to determine its thermal properties.
[0107] The thermal behavior of the sample is determined by ramping
the sample temperature up and down to create a heat flow versus
temperature profile. First, the sample is rapidly heated to
180.degree. C. and held isothermal for 3 minutes in order to remove
its thermal history. Next, the sample is cooled to -40.degree. C.
at a 10.degree. C./minute cooling rate and held isothermal at
-40.degree. C. for 3 minutes. The sample is then heated to
150.degree. C. (this is the "second heat" ramp) at a 10.degree.
C./minute heating rate. The cooling and second heating curves are
recorded. The cool curve is analyzed by setting baseline endpoints
from the beginning of crystallization to -20.degree. C. The heat
curve is analyzed by setting baseline endpoints from -20.degree. C.
to the end of melt. The values determined are peak melting
temperature (T.sub.m), peak crystallization temperature (T.sub.c),
heat of fusion (H.sub.f) in Joules per gram and heat of
crystallization (J/g) using Equation 1.
[0108] The heat of fusion (H.sub.f) and the peak melting
temperature are reported from the second heat curve. Peak
crystallization temperature and heat of crystallization is
determined from the cooling curve.
Dynamic Mechanical Spectroscopy (DMS) Frequency Sweep
[0109] Samples were compression-molded into 3 mm thick.times.25 mm
diameter circular plaques at 177.degree. C. for 5 minutes under 10
MPa pressure in air. The sample was then taken out of the press and
placed on the counter to cool.
[0110] Constant temperature frequency sweep measurements were
performed on an ARES strain controlled rheometer (TA Instruments)
equipped with 25 mm parallel plates, under a nitrogen purge. For
each measurement, the rheometer was thermally equilibrated for at
least 30 minutes prior to zeroing the gap. The sample was placed on
the plate and allowed to melt for five minutes at 190.degree. C.
The plates were then closed to 2 mm, the sample trimmed, and then
the test was started. The method has an additional five minute
delay built in, to allow for temperature equilibrium. The
experiments were performed at 190.degree. C. over a frequency range
of 0.1-100 rad/s at five points per decade interval. The strain
amplitude was constant at 10%. The stress response was analyzed in
terms of amplitude and phase, from which the storage modulus (G'),
loss modulus (G''), complex modulus (G*), dynamic complex viscosity
(.eta.*), and tan (.delta.) or tan delta were calculated.
Conventional Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC)
[0111] The GPC system consists of either a Polymer Laboratories
Model PL-210 or a Polymer Laboratories Model PL-220 instrument
equipped with a refractive index (RI) concentration detector. The
column and carousel compartments are operated at 140.degree. C.
Three Polymer Laboratories 10-.mu.m Mixed-B columns are used with
the solvent 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene. The samples are prepared at a
concentration of 0.1 g of polymer in 50 milliliters of solvent. The
solvent used to prepare the samples contains 200 ppm of the
antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Samples are prepared by
agitating lightly for four hours at 160.degree. C. The injection
volume used is 200 microliters and the flow rate is 1.0 ml/min.
Calibration of the GPC column set is performed with twenty one
narrow molecular weight distribution polystyrene standards
purchased from Polymer Laboratories.
[0112] The polystyrene standard peak molecular weights (M.sub.PS)
are converted to polyethylene molecular weight (M.sub.PE) using
Equation 1. The equation is described in Williams and Ward, J.
Polym. Sci., Polym. Letters, 6, 621 (1968)):
M.sub.PE=A.times.(M.sub.PS).sup.B Equation 1
Where A has a value of 0.4316 and B is equal to 1.0.
[0113] A third order polynomial is determined to build the
logarithmic molecular weight calibration as a function of elution
volume.
Polyethylene equivalent molecular weight calculations were
performed using PolymerChar "GPC One" software. The number average
molecular weight (Mn), weight average molecular weight (Mw), and
z-average molecular weight (Mz) was calculated by inputting the GPC
results in equations 2 to 4:
Mn _ = i RI i i ( RI i M PE , i ) Equation 2 Mw _ = i ( RI i * M PE
, i ) i RI i Equation 3 Mz _ = i ( RI i * M PE , i 2 ) i ( RI i * M
PE , i ) Equation 4 ##EQU00001##
[0114] Where RI.sub.i and M.sub.PE,i are the concentration detector
baseline corrected response and conventional calibrated
polyethylene molecular weight for the i.sup.th slice of the
concentration response, elution volume paired data set. The
precision of the weight-average molecular weight .DELTA.Mw is
<2.6%.
[0115] The MWD is expressed as the weight average molecular weight
(Mw) divided by the number average molecular weight (Mn).
The GPC column set is calibrated by running 21 narrow molecular
weight distribution polystyrene standards. The molecular weight
(MW) of the standards ranges from 580 to 8,400,000, and the
standards are contained in 6 "cocktail" mixtures. Each standard
mixture has at least a decade of separation between individual
molecular weights. The standard mixtures are purchased from Polymer
Laboratories. The polystyrene standards are prepared at 0.025 g in
50 mL of solvent for molecular weights equal to or greater than
1,000,000 and 0.05 g in 50 mL of solvent for molecular weights less
than 1,000,000. The polystyrene standards were dissolved at
80.degree. C. with gentle agitation for 30 minutes. The narrow
standards mixtures are run first and in order of decreasing highest
molecular weight component to minimize degradation.
CEF Method
[0116] Comonomer distribution analysis is performed with
Crystallization Elution Fractionation (CEF) (PolymerChar in Spain,
(B Monrabal et al, Macromol. Symp., 257, 71-79,2007).
Ortho-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) with 600 ppm antioxidant butylated
hydroxytoluene (BHT) is used as solvent. Sample preparation is done
with auto sampler at 160.degree. C. for 2 hours under shaking at 4
mg/ml (unless otherwise specified). The injection volume is 300
.mu.l. The temperature profile of CEF is: crystallization at
3.degree. C./min from 110.degree. C. to 30.degree. C., the thermal
equilibrium at 30.degree. C. for 5 minutes, elution at 3.degree.
C./min from 30.degree. C. to 140.degree. C. The flow rate during
crystallization is at 0.052 ml/min. The flow rate during elution is
at 0.50 ml/min. The data is collected at one data point/second.
[0117] CEF column is packed by the Dow Chemical Company with glass
beads at 125 .mu.m.+-.6% (MO-SCI Specialty Products) with 1/8 inch
stainless tubing. Glass beads are acid washed by MO-SCI Specialty
with the request from the Dow Chemical Company. Column volume is
2.06 ml. Column temperature calibration is performed by using a
mixture of NIST Standard Reference Material Linear polyethylene
1475a (1.0 mg/ml), and Eicosane (2 mg/ml) in ODCB. Temperature is
calibrated by adjusting elution heating rate so that NIST linear
polyethylene 1475a has a peak temperature at 101.0.degree. C., and
Eicosane has a peak temperature of 30.0.degree. C. The CEF column
resolution is calculated with a mixture of NIST linear polyethylene
1475a (1.0 mg/ml) and hexacontane (Fluka, purum, .gtoreq.97.0%, 1
mg/ml). A baseline separation of hexacontane and NIST polyethylene
1475a is achieved. The area of hexacontane (from 35.0 to
67.0.degree. C.) to the area of NIST 1475a from 67.0 to
110.0.degree. C. is 50 to 50, the amount of soluble fraction below
35.0.degree. C. is <1.8 wt %. The CEF column resolution is
defined in equation 1, where the column resolution is 6.0.
Resolution = Peak temperature of NIST 1475 a - Peak Temperature of
Hexacontane Half - height Width of NIST 1475 a + Half - height
Width of Hexacontane Equation 1 ##EQU00002##
Determination of Half Height and One Tenth Height of the CEF
Elution Profile
[0118] The CEF instrument is calibrated according to the CEF Method
described herein, and a plot of the relative IR detector signal is
made as a function of temperature. A single baseline is subtracted
from the IR measurement signal in order create a relative
mass-elution profile plot starting and ending at zero relative mass
at its lowest and highest elution temperatures (typically between
25.degree. C. and 110.degree. C.). For convenience, this plot (FIG.
1) plotted as a normalized quantity with an area equivalent to 100.
In the relative mass-elution profile plot, peaks that represent an
area of at least 25% of the total integrated signal between
35.degree. C. and 110.degree. C. degrees are assigned. Any peaks
that do not return to the baseline by at least 10% of the relative
mass-elution height (connected by more than 10% height at their
lowest point), are defined as a single peak (no deconvolution or
similar numerical methods are used to mathematically separate
convoluted peaks). Each separate peak is then measured for width in
.degree. C. at 50% of the maximum height of the peak in the
mass-elution profile plot. Each separate peak is then measured for
width .degree. C. at 10% of the maximum height in the mass-elution
profile plot.
CDC Method
[0119] Comonomer distribution constant (CDC) is calculated from
comonomer distribution profile by CEF. CDC is defined as Comonomer
Distribution Index divided by Comonomer Distribution Shape Factor
multiplying by 100 as shown in Equation 1.
CDC = Comonomer Distrubution Index Comonomer Distribution Shape
Factor = Comonomer Distribution Index Half Width / Stdev * 100
Equation 1 ##EQU00003##
[0120] Comonomer distribution index stands for the total weight
fraction of polymer chains with the comonomer content ranging from
0.5 of median comonomer content (C.sub.median) and 1.5 of
C.sub.median from 35.0 to 119.0.degree. C. Comonomer Distribution
Shape Factor is defined as a ratio of the half width of comonomer
distribution profile divided by the standard deviation of comonomer
distribution profile from the peak temperature (T.sub.p).
[0121] CDC is calculated from comonomer distribution profile by
CEF, and CDC is defined as Comonomer Distribution Index divided by
Comonomer Distribution Shape Factor multiplying by 100 as shown in
Equation 4, and wherein Comonomer distribution index stands for the
total weight fraction of polymer chains with the comonomer content
ranging from 0.5 of median comonomer content (C.sub.median) and 1.5
of C.sub.median from 35.0 to 119.0.degree. C., and wherein
Comonomer Distribution Shape Factor is defined as a ratio of the
half width of comonomer distribution profile divided by the
standard deviation of comonomer distribution profile from the peak
temperature (Tp).
[0122] CDC is calculated according to the following steps:
[0123] (A) Obtain a weight fraction at each temperature (T)
(w.sub.T(T)) from 35.0.degree. C. to 119.0.degree. C. with a
temperature step increase of 0.2.degree. C. from CEF according to
Equation 2.
.intg. 35 119.0 w T ( T ) T = 1 Equation 2 ##EQU00004##
[0124] (B) Calculate the median temperature (T.sub.median) at
cumulative weight fraction of 0.500, according to Equation 3.
.intg. 35 T median w T ( T ) T = 0.5 Equation 3 ##EQU00005##
[0125] (C) Calculate the corresponding median comonomer content in
mole % (C.sub.median) at the median temperature (T.sub.median) by
using comonomer content calibration curve according to Equation
4.
ln ( 1 - comonomercontent ) = - 207.26 273.12 + T + 0.5533 R 2 =
0.997 Equation 4 ##EQU00006##
[0126] (D) Construct a comonomer content calibration curve by using
a series of reference materials with known amount of comonomer
content, i.e., eleven reference materials with narrow comonomer
distribution (mono-modal comonomer distribution in CEF from 35.0 to
119.0.degree. C.) with weight average Mw of 35,000 to 115,000
(measured via conventional GPC) at a comonomer content ranging from
0.0 mole % to 7.0 mole % are analyzed with CEF at the same
experimental conditions specified in CEF experimental sections;
[0127] (E) Calculate comonomer content calibration by using the
peak temperature (T.sub.p) of each reference material and its
comonomer content. The calibration is calculated from each
reference material as shown in Equation 4 wherein: R.sup.2 is the
correlation constant.
[0128] (F) Calculate Comonomer Distribution Index from the total
weight fraction with a comonomer content ranging from
0.5*C.sub.median to 1.5*C.sub.median, and if T.sub.median is higher
than 98.0.degree. C., Comonomer Distribution Index is defined as
0.95.
[0129] (G) Obtain Maximum peak height from CEF comonomer
distribution profile by searching each data point for the highest
peak from 35.0.degree. C. to 119.0.degree. C. (if the two peaks are
identical, then the lower temperature peak is selected); half width
is defined as the temperature difference between the front
temperature and the rear temperature at the half of the maximum
peak height, the front temperature at the half of the maximum peak
is searched forward from 35.0.degree. C., while the rear
temperature at the half of the maximum peak is searched backward
from 119.0.degree. C., in the case of a well defined bimodal
distribution where the difference in the peak temperatures is equal
to or greater than the 1.1 times of the sum of half width of each
peak, the half width of the inventive ethylene-based polymer
composition is calculated as the arithmetic average of the half
width of each peak; and
[0130] (H) Calculate the standard deviation of temperature (Stdev)
according Equation 5
Stdev = 35.0 119.0 ( T - T p ) 2 * w T ( T ) Equation 5
##EQU00007##
Creep Zero Shear Viscosity Measurement Method
[0131] Zero-shear viscosities are obtained via creep tests that
were conducted on an AR-G2 stress controlled rheometer (TA
Instruments; New Castle, Del.) using 25-mm-diameter parallel plates
at 190.degree. C. The rheometer oven is set to test temperature for
at least 30 minutes prior to zeroing fixtures. At the testing
temperature a compression molded sample disk is inserted between
the plates and allowed to come to equilibrium for 5 minutes. The
upper plate is then lowered down to 50 .mu.m above the desired
testing gap (1.5 mm). Any superfluous material is trimmed off and
the upper plate is lowered to the desired gap. Measurements are
done under nitrogen purging at a flow rate of 5 L/min. Default
creep time is set for 2 hours.
[0132] A constant low shear stress of 20 Pa is applied for all of
the samples to ensure that the steady state shear rate is low
enough to be in the Newtonian region. The resulting steady state
shear rates are in the range of 10.sup.-3 to 10.sup.-4 s.sup.-1 for
the samples in this study. Steady state is determined by taking a
linear regression for all the data in the last 10% time window of
the plot of log (J(t)) vs. log(t), where J(t) is creep compliance
and t is creep time. If the slope of the linear regression is
greater than 0.97, steady state is considered to be reached, then
the creep test is stopped. In all cases in this study the slope
meets the criterion within 2 hours. The steady state shear rate is
determined from the slope of the linear regression of all of the
data points in the last 10% time window of the plot of E vs. t,
where e is strain. The zero-shear viscosity is determined from the
ratio of the applied stress to the steady state shear rate.
[0133] In order to determine if the sample is degraded during the
creep test, a small amplitude oscillatory shear test is conducted
before and after the creep test on the same specimen from 0.1 to
100 rad/s. The complex viscosity values of the two tests are
compared. If the difference of the viscosity values at 0.1 rad/s is
greater than 5%, the sample is considered to have degraded during
the creep test, and the result is discarded.
[0134] Zero-Shear Viscosity Ratio (ZSVR) is defined as the ratio of
the zero-shear viscosity (ZSV) of the branched polyethylene
material to the ZSV of the linear polyethylene material at the
equivalent weight average molecular weight (Mw-gpc) according to
the following Equations 1 and 2
ZSVR = .eta. 0 B .eta. 0 L Equation 1 .eta. 0 L = 2.29 .times. 10 -
15 M w - gpe 3.65 Equation 2 ##EQU00008##
[0135] The ZSV value is obtained from creep test at 190.degree. C.
via the method described above. The Mw-gpc value is determined by
the conventional GPC method (Equation 3). The correlation between
ZSV of linear polyethylene and its Mw-gpc was established based on
a series of linear polyethylene reference materials. A description
for the ZSV-Mw relationship can be found in the ANTEC proceeding:
Karjala, Teresa P., Sammler, Robert L., Mangnus, Marc A., Hazlitt,
Lonnie G., Johnson, Mark S., Hagen, Charles M. Jr., Huang, Joe W.
L., Reichek, Kenneth N., "Detection of low levels of long-chain
branching in polyolefins", Annual Technical Conference--Society of
Plastics Engineers (2008), 66th 887-891.
.sup.1H NMR Method
[0136] 3.26 g of stock solution is added to 0.133 g of polyolefin
sample in 10 mm NMR tube.
[0137] The stock solution is a mixture of tetrachloroethane-d.sub.2
(TCE) and perchloroethylene (50:50, w:w) with 0.001M Cr.sup.3+. The
solution in the tube is purged with N.sub.2 for 5 minutes to reduce
the amount of oxygen. The capped sample tube is left at room
temperature overnight to swell the polymer sample. The sample is
dissolved at 110.degree. C. with shaking. The samples are free of
the additives that may contribute to unsaturation, e.g. slip agents
such as erucamide.
[0138] The .sup.1H NMR are run with a 10 mm cryoprobe at
120.degree. C. on Bruker AVANCE 400 MHz spectrometer.
[0139] Two experiments are run to get the unsaturation: the control
and the double presaturation experiments.
[0140] For the control experiment, the data is processed with
exponential window function with LB=1 Hz, baseline was corrected
from 7 to -2 ppm. The signal from residual .sup.1H of TCE is set to
100, the integral I.sub.total from -0.5 to 3 ppm is used as the
signal from whole polymer in the control experiment. The number of
CH.sub.2 group, NCH.sub.2, in the polymer is calculated as
following:
NCH.sub.2=I.sub.total/2 Equation 1
[0141] For the double presaturation experiment, the data is
processed with exponential window function with LB=1 Hz, baseline
was corrected from 6.6 to 4.5 ppm. The signal from residual .sub.1H
of TCE is set to 100, the corresponding integrals for unsaturations
(I.sub.vinylene, I.sub.trisubstituted, I.sub.vinyl and
I.sub.vinylidene) were integrated based on the region shown in FIG.
6. The number of unsaturation unit for vinylene, trisubstituted,
vinyl and vinylidene are calculated:
N.sub.vinylene=I.sub.vinylene/2 Equation 2
N.sub.trisubstituted=I.sub.trisubstitute Equation 3
N.sub.vinyl=I.sub.vinyl/2 Equation 4
N.sub.vinylidene=I.sub.vinylidene/2 Equation 5
The unsaturation unit/1,000 carbons are calculated as
following:
N.sub.vinylene/1,000C=(N.sub.vinylene/NCH.sub.2)*1,000 Equation
6
N.sub.trisubstituted/1,000C=(N.sub.trisubstituted/NCH.sub.2)*1,000
Equation 7
N.sub.vinyl/1,000C=(N.sub.vinyl/NCH.sub.2)*1,000 Equation 8
N.sub.vinylidene/1,000C=(N.sub.vinylidene/NCH.sub.2)*1,000 Equation
9
[0142] The chemical shift reference is set at 6.0 ppm for the
.sup.1H signal from residual proton from TCT-d2. The control is run
with ZG pulse, TD 32768, NS 4, DS 12, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64 s, D1
14 s. The double presaturation experiment is run with a modified
pulse sequence, O1P 1.354 ppm, O2P 0.960 ppm, PL9 57 db, PL21 70
db, TD 32768, NS 200, DS 4, SWH 10,000 Hz, AQ 1.64 s, D1 1 s, D13
13s.
.sup.13C NMR Method
[0143] The samples were prepared by adding approximately 2.74 g of
tetrachloroethane-d.sub.2 containing 0.025 M Cr (AcAc).sub.3 to 0.2
g sample in a Norell 1001-7 10 mm NMR tube. Oxygen was removed by
manually purging tubes with nitrogen using a Pasteur pipette for 1
minute. The samples were dissolved and homogenized by heating the
tube and its contents to .about.150.degree. C. using a heating
block with minimal use of heat gun. Each sample was visually
inspected to ensure homogeneity. Samples were thoroughly mixed
immediately prior to analysis, and were not allowed to cool before
insertion into the heated NMR probe. This is necessary to ensure
the sample is homogeneous and representative of the whole. The data
were collected using a Bruker 400 MHz spectrometer equipped with a
Bruker cryoprobe. The data were acquired using 160 scans, a 6 sec
pulse repetition delay with a sample temperature of 120.degree. C.
All measurements were made on non-spinning samples in locked mode.
Samples were allowed to thermally equilibrate for 7 minutes prior
to data acquisition. The .sup.13C NMR chemical shifts were
internally referenced to the EEE triad at 30 ppm.
Oligomers in PE Using GC
[0144] About 5 grams of sample is weighed and transferred to a
glass bottle. A pipette is used to deliver 20 mL of methylene
chloride to the glass bottle. The bottle is capped with a Teflon
lined lid and the contents are shaken for 24 hours at room
temperature. After extraction an aliquot of methylene chloride is
removed and placed into a GC autosampler vial. The sample extracts
are analyzed by GC with a flame ionization detector along with a
hydrocarbon standard. Total peak area is determined for peaks
between methylene chloride and C44H90. The peaks for Irgafos 168,
oxidized I-168 and Irganox 1076 are excluded. The concentration in
parts per million is calculated including the range from
C.sub.10-C.sub.44 using an external standard calibration with a
C20H42 calibration standard.
Vinyls, and Unsaturation Determination by IR Method
[0145] Pellets are pressed into a film and film is analyzed by FTIR
to determine concentration of each in sample. Results are reported
as the number per 1000 carbons. Procedures were conducted as per
ASTM D6248 Standard Test Method for Vinyl and Trans Unsaturation in
Polyethylene by Infrared Spectrophotometry.
* * * * *