U.S. patent application number 14/815591 was filed with the patent office on 2015-11-26 for cyanine-containing compounds for cancer imaging and treatment.
The applicant listed for this patent is Emory University, Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc.. Invention is credited to Leland W.K. Chung, Maged HENARY, James J. KRUTAK, Gabor PATONAY, Chunmeng SHI, Lucjan STREKOWSKI, Ruoxiang WANG, Xiaojian YANG, Haiyen E. ZHAU, Guodong ZHU.
Application Number | 20150335765 14/815591 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 40260306 |
Filed Date | 2015-11-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150335765 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chung; Leland W.K. ; et
al. |
November 26, 2015 |
CYANINE-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS FOR CANCER IMAGING AND TREATMENT
Abstract
This invention relates generally to cyanine-containing
compounds; pharmaceutical compositions comprising
cyanine-containing compounds; and methods of using
cyanine-containing compounds for cancer cell imaging, cancer cell
growth inhibition, and detecting cancer cells, for example.
Compounds of the invention are preferentially taken up by cancer
cells as compared to normal cells. This allows many uses in the
cancer treatment, diagnosis, tracking and imaging fields.
Inventors: |
Chung; Leland W.K.; (Beverly
Hills, CA) ; STREKOWSKI; Lucjan; (Stone Mountain,
GA) ; SHI; Chunmeng; (Chongqing, CN) ; HENARY;
Maged; (Lawrenceville, GA) ; PATONAY; Gabor;
(Conyers, GA) ; KRUTAK; James J.; (Colorado
Springs, CO) ; YANG; Xiaojian; (Xian, CN) ;
ZHU; Guodong; (Atlanta, GA) ; WANG; Ruoxiang;
(Los Angeles, CA) ; ZHAU; Haiyen E.; (Beverly
Hills, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Emory University
Georgia State University Research Foundation, Inc. |
Atlanta
Atlanta |
GA
GA |
US
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
40260306 |
Appl. No.: |
14/815591 |
Filed: |
July 31, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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14656173 |
Mar 12, 2015 |
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14815591 |
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12668460 |
May 9, 2011 |
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PCT/US2008/069631 |
Jul 10, 2008 |
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14656173 |
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60959413 |
Jul 13, 2007 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
424/9.1 ; 435/29;
514/411; 514/414 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 49/00 20130101;
C07D 209/10 20130101; A61P 35/00 20180101; G01N 33/5008 20130101;
A61K 31/404 20130101; C07D 209/92 20130101; C07D 209/60
20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 49/00 20060101
A61K049/00; G01N 33/50 20060101 G01N033/50; A61K 31/404 20060101
A61K031/404 |
Claims
1.-30. (canceled)
31. A method of imaging cancer cells, the method comprising:
introducing to the cancer cells an imaging amount of a compound
having the formula: ##STR00019## where X is selected from the group
consisting of hydrogen, halogen, CN, Me, phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh,
4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS, NH-Ph, NHEt, SEt, S-Ph, 4-S-Ph-COOH,
4-S-Ph-OH, 4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS, and 4-S-Ph-NCS; q is 0 or 1;
R.sub.7 is selected from the group consisting of H and COOR.sup.9,
where R.sup.9 is H, CH.sub.3, or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; each R.sub.1 is
independently in each instance (CH.sub.2).sub.mR.sub.A, where m is
an integer from 1 to 12, R.sub.A is independently selected from the
group consisting of CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, SH, COOH, SO.sub.3H, OH,
halogen and CO--N-hydroxysuccinimide; each R.sub.10 is
independently in each instance selected from the group consisting
of H, OH, OMe, halogen, NH.sub.2, NHR, N(R).sub.2 and COOH, where
each R is independently C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; and each R.sub.3 is
independently in each instance selected from the group consisting
of methyl and phenyl; exposing the cancer cells to electromagnetic
radiation; and detecting light emission from the compound.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein X is not halogen, CN, Me,
phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH,
NH-Ph, NHEt, or S-Ph when R.sub.7 is H.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the cancer cells are imaged in
vivo.
34. The method of claim 31, wherein the cancer cells comprise
lymphoma, myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and
neck cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, myeloma, ovarian cancer,
cervical cancer, bone cancer, thyroid cancer, adrenal gland cancer,
cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin
cancer, liver cancer, testicular cancer, colon cancer, or breast
cancer cells.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein the electromagnetic radiation
is near infrared radiation.
36. The method of claim 31, wherein X is OH, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS, NH-Ph,
SEt, 4-S-Ph-COOH, 4-S-Ph-OH, 4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS, or
4-S-Ph-NCS.
37. The method of claim 31, wherein X is Cl and each R.sub.3 is
CH.sub.3.
38. The method of claim 31, wherein R.sub.1 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and m is 1-6.
39. The method of claim 31, wherein R.sub.1 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3 and m is 1-6.
40. The method of claim 31, wherein q is 0.
41. A method of treating cancer, the method comprising
administering to a patient in need thereof a therapeutically
effective amount of a compound having the formula: ##STR00020##
where X is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen,
CN, Me, phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS, NH-Ph,
NHEt, SEt, S-Ph, 4-S-Ph-COOH, 4-S-Ph-OH, 4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS,
and 4-S-Ph-NCS; q is 0 or 1; R.sub.7 is selected from the group
consisting of H and COOR.sup.9, where R.sup.9 is H, CH.sub.3, or
CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; each R.sub.1 is independently in each instance
(CH.sub.2).sub.mR.sub.A, where m is an integer from 1 to 12,
R.sub.A is independently selected from the group consisting of
CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, SH, SO.sub.3H, OH, halogen and
CO--N-hydroxysuccinimide; each R.sub.10 is independently in each
instance selected from the group consisting of H, OH, OMe, halogen,
NH.sub.2, NHR, N(R).sub.2 and COOH, where each R is independently
C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl; and each R.sub.3 is independently in each
instance selected from the group consisting of methyl and
phenyl.
42. The method of claim 31, wherein X is not halogen, CN, Me,
phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH,
NH-Ph, NHEt, or S-Ph when R.sub.7 is H.
43. The method of claim 41, wherein the patient has a lymphoma,
myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck
cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, myeloma, ovarian cancer,
cervical cancer, bone cancer, thyroid cancer, adrenal gland cancer,
cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin
cancer, liver cancer, testicular cancer, colon cancer, or breast
cancer.
44. The method of claim 41, wherein X is OH, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS, NH-Ph,
SEt, 4-S-Ph-COOH, 4-S-Ph-OH, 4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS, or
4-S-Ph-NCS.
45. The method of claim 41, wherein X is Cl and each R.sub.3 is
CH.sub.3.
46. The method of claim 41, wherein R.sub.1 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and m is 1-6.
47. The method of claim 41, wherein R.sub.1 is
(CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3 and m is 1-6.
48. The method of claim 41, wherein q is 0.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application takes priority from U.S. provisional
application Ser. No. 60/959,413, filed Jul. 13, 2007, the
disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference to the
extent not inconsistent with the disclosure herein.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Dyes that absorb and emit light in different regions of the
electromagnetic spectrum are currently used for various biomedical
applications. Optical imaging in the near infrared region ("NIR")
(680-1600 nm) has received much attention due to the low intrinsic
absorption of biomolecules in that region and the penetration of
NIR light several centimeters into tissue, a depth sufficient to
image most small animal models (see, for example, Rao, et al.,
Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 2007, 18:17-25). "Windows" for
imaging biomolecules are known where various biological molecules
(such as oxyhemoglobin, deoxyhemoglobin, lipids, and water) have
limited interference. The NIR wavelengths of between about 680 nm
and 900 nm are particularly useful for biomolecule imaging (see
Chance, Ann. NY Acad. Sci, 1998, 838:29-45 and Conway, Am. J. Clin.
Nutr, 1984, 40:1123-30).
[0003] Cyanine dyes emit fluorescence in the NIR region, and
several cyanine dye compounds have been investigated as fluorescent
contrast agents for imaging tissue. Most cyanine dyes require a
ligand or targeting agent (such as a protein, peptide,
carbohydrate, or antibody) to selectively attach to tumor cells.
Certain cyanine dyes have been reported as having antitumor
properties. However, most cyanine dyes are not effective for in
vitro treatment or imaging because the dyes are toxic to normal
cells as well as tumor cells, or are poorly soluble in
pharmaceutically acceptable solvents.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] This invention relates generally to cyanine-containing
compounds; pharmaceutical compositions comprising
cyanine-containing compounds; and methods of using
cyanine-containing compounds for cancer cell imaging, cancer cell
growth inhibition, and detecting cancer cells, for example.
[0005] More specifically, provided are compounds having two cyanine
ring ("CyR") structures as defined below, linked by an optionally
substituted linker as shown below:
##STR00001##
where X is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen,
halogen, CN, Me, phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS (where
NHS is a group derived from N-hydroxysuccinimide or
succinimide-N-oxy), NH-Ph, NHEt, SEt, S-Ph, 4-S-Ph-COOH, 4-S-Ph-OH,
4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS, and 4-S-Ph-NCS; q is 0 (forming a
cyclopentene ring) or 1 (forming a cyclohexene ring); R.sub.7 is
selected from H and COOR.sup.9, where R.sup.9 is H, CH.sub.3, or
CH.sub.2CH.sub.3. In one embodiment, when q is 0, R7 is H.
[0006] CyR structures include those shown below. The CyR structures
are generally heterocyclic end units comprising cyanine. The line
shown on the ring structures below show where the linker is
attached. Each portion of the molecule may have various
substituents.
##STR00002##
Exemplary CyR Structures
[0007] In one embodiment, heptamethine cyanine dyes are provided
(having 7 carbons between CyR structures).
[0008] It is understood that one or both nitrogen atoms in the
cyanine ring structures may have a positive charge, in which case a
suitable counterion is associated with the compound. The CyR
structures may be substituted with any suitable substituent on any
suitable ring position, for example, as shown below:
##STR00003##
where R.sub.5 is selected from H, OH, OMe, halogen, NH.sub.2, NHR,
NR.sub.2 and COOH, where each R is independently C1-C6 alkyl and
R.sub.1 and R.sub.3 are as described elsewhere herein.
[0009] Other cyanine ring structures include:
##STR00004##
[0010] In an embodiment, provided are compounds having formula
B:
##STR00005##
where X is selected from the group consisting of: hydrogen,
halogen, CN, Me, phenyl, OH, OMe, OPh, 4-O-Ph-NH.sub.2,
4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2COOH, 4-O-Ph-CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CONHS, NH-Ph,
NHEt, SEt, S-Ph, 4-S-Ph-COOH, 4-S-Ph-OH, 4-O-Ph-COOH, 4-O-Ph-NCS,
and 4-S-Ph-NCS; q is 0 or 1; R.sub.7 is selected from H and
COOR.sup.9, where R.sup.9 is H, CH.sub.3, or CH.sub.2CH.sub.3; each
R.sub.1 is independently in each instance, (CH.sub.2).sub.mR.sub.A,
where m is an integer from 1 to 12, R.sub.A is independently
CH.sub.3, NH.sub.2, SH, COOH, SO.sub.3H, OH, halogen and
CO--N-hydroxysuccinimide; each R.sub.10 is independently in each
instance selected from H, OH, OMe, halogen, NH.sub.2, NHR, NR.sub.2
and COOH, where each R is independently C1-C6 alkyl; each R.sub.3
is independently in each instance, selected from the group
consisting of: methyl and phenyl. R.sub.10 may be independently
attached to any available position on each ring.
[0011] In an embodiment, X is Cl and each R.sub.3 is CH.sub.3. In
an embodiment, R.sub.1 is (CH.sub.2).sub.mCOOH and m is 1-6. In an
embodiment, R.sub.1 is (CH.sub.2).sub.mSO.sub.3H and m is 1-6. In
an embodiment, R.sub.1 is (CH.sub.2).sub.mCH.sub.3 and m is 1-6. In
an embodiment, the cyanine-containing compound is MHI-148, IR783,
or IR780. In an embodiment, the cyanine-containing compound is a
compound of Formula A. In an embodiment, the cyanine-containing
compound is a compound of Formula B.
[0012] The compounds of the invention are preferentially taken up
in cancer cells as compared to normal cells. Using this
characteristic, many uses of the compounds of the invention are
appreciated by one of ordinary skill in the art. Some of these uses
are described herein. Provided are methods of imaging cancer cells
comprising: introducing an imaging amount of a cyanine-containing
compound to cancer cells, exposing said cells to electromagnetic
radiation; and detecting light emission from the cyanine-containing
compound. As used herein, an "imaging amount" is an amount which is
taken up by a cell and results in a detectable emission of light
from the cell. Determination of "imaging amounts" which produce a
detectable signal and do not result in toxicity to the cell is well
within the level of skill of one of ordinary skill in the art
without undue experimentation. As used herein, "introducing" a
cyanine-containing compound to cancer cells means cancer cells and
a cyanine-containing compound are placed together so that a
reaction or interaction can occur. "Introducing" may occur by two
substances being mixed together; by one substance being added to
another; by physical contact of one substance (or example a cell)
with another substance (for example a cyanine-containing compound)
(e.g., a smear); and by other methods as known in the art.
[0013] Also provided are methods of treating cancer comprising:
administering a cytotoxic amount of a cyanine-containing compound
to cancer cells. As used herein, a "cytotoxic amount" is an amount
which results in cell death of at least one percent of the cancer
cells. A specific example of a cytotoxic amount is an amount which
results in cell death of at least fifty percent of the cancer cells
(LD.sub.50).
[0014] Also provided is a method of identifying cancer in a
biological sample comprising: introducing an imaging amount of a
cyanine-containing compound to a biological sample; exposing the
biological sample to excitation light; and detecting the emission
of light, wherein emission of light from the biological sample
indicates cancer is present in the biological sample. In one
embodiment, the cancer identified is circulating tumor cells is a
biological fluid. In one embodiment, the biological fluid is
selected from the group consisting of: blood, a blood component,
urine, saliva, and materials excreted from the body. In one
embodiment, the biological fluid is blood or a blood component. In
one embodiment, the biological sample is a tissue sample.
[0015] The methods described here can be used to type animals and
detect premalignant changes in cells in animal models and in human
clinical specimens, for both transgenic and nontransgenic
animals.
[0016] The compounds and methods described here can be used to
track dying cancer cells during or after therapy or to determine if
a tumor fails to respond to a therapy, by monitoring the
accumulation of a compound of the invention in live cells and
tissues. These methods are useful for monitoring the success or
failure of cancer therapy, and are useful to adjust therapy if
necessary.
[0017] The methods described here can be used as a screening index
for in vivo and in vitro tumor angiogenesis response to a drug,
because a tumor that has reduced angiogenesis after angiogenic drug
therapy retains lesser amounts of a compound of the invention as
compared to a tumor that has increased angiogenesis after
angiogenic drug therapy.
[0018] The compounds of the invention are stable in formalin. Thus,
the compounds of the invention are useful in monitoring post
formalin fixed tissue or other biological specimens. In one
embodiment, the compounds of the invention are used to monitor or
confirm the surgical margin of tumors (i.e. if the tumor cells
penetrated surgical margin or stayed inside) by contacting one or
more compounds of the invention with a tissue sample and
determining if the sample exhibits light emission above background
after appropriate excitation. Cancer cells in the surgical margin
are used to predict subsequent recurrent disease.
[0019] Compounds of the invention are useful in various surgical
and medical procedures, as will be appreciated by one having
ordinary skill in the art. For example, during active surgery,
surgeons can use the methods of the invention to identify which
lymph node may contain tumors and which area may have disseminated
tumor cells. The current practice is taking a frozen section and a
step section of the suspected areas by pathologists. The methods of
the invention provide real-time results.
[0020] The amount of dye uptake can be used to determine the stages
and grades of benign or cancer related diseases for use in
diagnosis of indolent and virulent cancers. Compounds of the
invention may be tagged by radioactive groups or other functional
groups, as known in the art.
[0021] The methods described here can be applied to in vitro cells
or in vivo cells. The radiation used in the methods is any suitable
wavelength which the cyanine-containing compound absorbs. These
wavelengths are determined by the absorption maxima of the dyes,
and are typically, but not limited to, on the hypsochromic side of
the absorption spectra for achieving maximum separation from the
fluorescence observation wavelength. Methods of selecting suitable
wavelengths are known in the art. In an embodiment, suitable light
sources emit radiation in the near infrared region. In an
embodiment, excitation light having a wavelength from 600 and 1600
nm is used. In an embodiment, excitation light having a wavelength
between 650 and 850 nm is used. In an embodiment, fluorescence
having a wavelength between 700 to 850 nm is detected.
[0022] Various types of cancer can be imaged using the methods and
compound described here. In separate embodiments, the cancer cells
are selected from lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease, myeloid leukemia,
bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck cancer, kidney cancer,
lung cancer, myeloma, neuroblastoma/glioblastoma, ovarian cancer,
cervical cancer, bone cancer, thyroid cancer, adrenal gland
cancers, cholangiocarcinoma, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer,
skin cancer, liver cancer, testicular cancer, melanoma, colon
cancer, and breast cancer.
[0023] Suitable imaging devices and methods of using the same are
known in the art and include fluorescence imaging. Suitable
detection methods include FACS, scanning microscopy, histochemical
and immunohistochemical methods using appropriate detection
devices. Staining methods of cells are known in the art.
Conventional excitation light sources such as lasers, halogen light
sources, xenon light sources and other suitable light sources may
be used. Various optical filters and light directing elements and
methods may be used, as is known in the art.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1-1 shows positive imaging of various human cancer
cells using MHI-148. Control shows no image from cells not exposed
to MHI-148.
[0025] FIG. 1-2 shows negative imaging of normal human cells with
MHI-148. No image was obtained from normal human cells exposed to
MHI-148.
[0026] FIG. 2 shows human ARCaP.sub.M prostate cancer cells can be
imaged in vitro in test tubes (A) and in vivo in live mice when as
tumor cells were delivered either subcutaneously (B) or
intraosseously (C).
[0027] FIG. 3 shows ex vivo imaging of organs that were excised
from normal mice treated with MHI-148.
[0028] FIG. 4 shows the in vivo imaging of subcutaneous prostate
ARCaP.sub.M and intratibial C4-2 tumors in live mice using MHI-148.
In addition, MHI-148 also can image human lung cancer (H358) and
lymphoma (K562).
[0029] FIG. 5 shows the ability to detect multiple tumors of
different sizes in one mouse following in vivo administration of
MHI-148.
[0030] FIG. 6 shows the ability to identify necrotic areas which
gave no signal within active tumors (positive signal) through
imaging with MHI-148.
[0031] FIG. 7 graphically illustrates the inhibition of cancer
growth in vitro following treatment with MHI-148.
[0032] FIG. 8 shows the ability to detect spontaneous tumor
development using MHI-148 in mice predisposed to develop prostate
tumors.
[0033] FIG. 9 shows the growth inhibitory effects of MHI-25 on the
growth of C4-2 tumors in vitro and in vivo.
[0034] FIG. 10 shows the positive uptake of IR780 in various human
cell lines.
[0035] FIG. 11 shows time- and concentration-dependent uptake of
IR780.
[0036] FIG. 12 shows IR780 co-localized with mitochondrial,
lysomomal and cytoplasmic compartments.
[0037] FIG. 13 shows images of subcutaneous human tumors with
IR780.
[0038] FIG. 14 shows preferential uptake of IR783 by cancerous
(ARCaP.sub.M) but not normal (P69) cells in culture. This uptake is
completely abolished by bromosulfophthalein (BSP) (an inhibitor of
organic anion transporters).
[0039] FIG. 15 shows imaging pre-established human prostate tumor
xenografts grown subcutaneously and intraosseously in mice using
IR783. The active tumors took the dye.
[0040] FIG. 16 shows NIR imaging of orthotopic xenograft
ARCaP.sub.M tumor with IR783 and spontaneous prostate tumors of the
TRAMP mouse using MHI148. Note the IR783 dye accumulated in tumor
and metastases at 24-96 hours. The MHI148 dye was found stable in
formalin fixation for weeks.
[0041] FIG. 17 shows NIR imaging to detect cancer cells in human
blood using IR783.
[0042] FIG. 18 shows tumor imaging in preestablished human prostate
tumors, PC03 and ARCaP.sub.M using IR783.
[0043] FIG. 19 shows the time-course of IR783 uptake by ARCaP
orthotopic tumors.
[0044] FIG. 20 shows NIR imaging of fresh human renal tumors.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0045] The following description provides nonlimiting examples of
some embodiments of the invention.
[0046] Specific embodiments of compounds of the invention are
provided in Formula C,
##STR00006##
wherein each R.sup.5 is independently selected from the group
consisting of: H, OH, OMe, halogen, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.B,
NR.sup.B.sub.2, COOH, where each R.sup.B is independently C1-C3
alkyl and R is as provided below.
[0047] Particular exemplary compounds are shown below:
TABLE-US-00001 Compound Number Groups in Formula C MHI-148 R =
(CH.sub.2).sub.5COOH, R.sup.5 = H MHI-25 (aka IR783) R =
(CH.sub.2).sub.4SO.sub.3H, R.sup.5 = H MHI-78 R =
(CH.sub.2).sub.2OH, R.sup.5 = H MHI-160 R = (CH.sub.2).sub.4COOH
MHI-161 R = (CH.sub.2).sub.3COOH MHI-200 R = (CH.sub.2).sub.nCOOH n
= 2-4, 7-10, 12 IR780 R = (CH.sub.2).sub.2CH.sub.3
[0048] In embodiments of the invention, the R substituent groups on
the cyanine ring groups are not the same. In embodiments of the
invention, the R substituent groups on the cyanine ring groups are
the same. Certain embodiments of the invention contain two acid R
groups. Certain embodiments of the invention contain one acid and
one ester R group. Certain embodiments of the invention contain two
ester R groups.
[0049] In embodiments of the invention, cyanine-containing
compounds according to any of Formulas (I), (II), (III), (IV), (V),
(VI), (VII), or (VIII) are provided.
##STR00007## ##STR00008##
wherein: each R.sub.2 is independently in each instance selected
from the group consisting of hydrogen, any electron withdrawing
group (EWG) and any electron donating group (EDG) attached at one
or more of positions 3, 3', 4, 4', 5, 5', 6, 6', 7, 7', 8, 8'; each
R.sub.1 is independently in each instance selected from the group
consisting of: hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylsulfonato,
alkylcarboxylic, alkylamino; X is chlorine or bromine; and
counteranion A is selected from the group consisting of: iodide,
bromide, arylsulfonato, alkylsulfonato, tetrafluoroborate; chloride
and any other pharmaceutically acceptable anions. Electron donating
and withdrawing groups are known in the art. Some examples of
electron donating groups include: OH, OMe, NH.sub.2, NHR.sup.B, and
NR.sup.B.sub.2, where R.sup.B is C1-C6 alkyl. Some examples of
electron withdrawing groups include: halogen, COOH, CN, SO.sub.3Na,
COOH, COOMe, and COOEt.
[0050] Some specific embodiments of compounds of the invention are
listed below.
TABLE-US-00002 Formula 1 ##STR00009## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Br Propyl H, EDG, EWG Br
Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Octyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG
Br Tridecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Pentadecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Br Benzyl** H, EDG,
EWG Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Br CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG,
EWG Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--GO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2
H, EDG, EWG Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2, where R
is H or C1-C3 alkyl. ***The R.sub.2 group is H, any electron
withdrawing group, or any electron donating group.
[0051] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion. In embodiments of
compounds of Formulas 1-8, X can be Cl or Br, for example.
TABLE-US-00003 Formula 2 ##STR00010## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Br Propyl H, EDG, EWG Br
Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Octyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG
Br Tridecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Pentadecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br
Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Br Benzyl** H, EDG,
EWG Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Br CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG,
EWG Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Br CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2
H, EDG, EWG Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2. ***The
R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing group, or any electron
donating group.
[0052] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anions.
[0053] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula 2, X=Br,
R.sub.1=Me, and A=ClO.sub.4. In one embodiment of compounds of
Formula 2, when compounds are claimed, compounds are not included
where: X=Br, R.sub.1=Me, and A=ClO.sub.4.
TABLE-US-00004 Formula 3 ##STR00011## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG, EWG
Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG, EWG
Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Undecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H, EDG, EWG
Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Benzyl**
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2. ***The
R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing group, or any electron
donating group.
[0054] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0055] In embodiments of compounds of Formula 3, X=Cl, R.sub.1=Me;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu, R.sub.2=H, SO.sub.2NH.sub.2,
and A=I, ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3,
R.sub.2=SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.11CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl, and A=BF.sub.4;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=Ph, and A=BF.sub.4 or --OSO.sub.2R; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH=CH.sub.2, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.2=OEt, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.2OH and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OMe, R.sub.2=Cl, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl, and
A=BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl,
and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OMe and A=SbF.sub.6;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OEt and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.5CH.sub.3 and A=ClO.sub.4;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.4OAc, R.sub.2=CO.sub.2Et, and
A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O.sub.2CNHPhh,
R.sub.2=CO.sub.2Me or Cl, and A=ClO.sub.4 or Br.
[0056] In embodiments of compounds of Formula 3, where compounds
are claimed, the compounds are not included where: X=Cl,
R.sub.1=Me; X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu, R.sub.2=H,
SO.sub.2NH.sub.2, and A=I, ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.6CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=SO.sub.2CH.sub.3, and
A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.11CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl,
and A=BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=Ph, and A=BF.sub.4 or --OSO.sub.2R;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.dbd.CH.sub.2 and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH=CH.sub.2, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OH, R.sub.2=OEt, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.2OH and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OMe, R.sub.2=Cl, and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.3CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl, and
A=BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2OCH.sub.2CH.sub.3, R.sub.2=Cl,
and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OMe and A=SbF.sub.6;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OEt and A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O(CH.sub.2).sub.5CH.sub.3 and A=ClO.sub.4;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=(CH.sub.2).sub.4OAc, R.sub.2=CO.sub.2Et, and
A=ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O.sub.2CNHPhh,
R.sub.2=CO.sub.2Me or Cl, and A=ClO.sub.4 or Br.
TABLE-US-00005 Formula 4 ##STR00012## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Cl, Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl,
Br Benzyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2. ***The
R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing group, or any electron
donating group.
[0057] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0058] In embodiments of compounds of Formula 4, X=Cl, R.sub.1=Me,
R.sub.2=H or CH.sub.2OAc, and A=SbF.sub.6,
--CO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2CF.sub.3,
--OSO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.3CF.sub.3,
--OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3; X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et, and
A=ClO.sub.4 or I; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Pr, and A=PF.sub.6.sup.-,
OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3, or Cl; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu, and
A=PF.sub.6.sup.-, OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3, Br, or
ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.9CH.sub.3, and
A=OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2OPh and
A=ClO.sub.4.sup.-; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OMe, and
A=N(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH,
and A=Br; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.5CO.sub.2H and
A=--OSO.sub.2R; and X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH=CH.sub.2 and
A=ClO.sub.4. In embodiments of compounds of Formula 4, when
compounds are claimed, compounds of Formula 4 do not include those
compounds where: X=Cl, R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H or CH.sub.2OAc, and
A=SbF.sub.6, --CO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.2CF.sub.3,
--OSO.sub.2(CF.sub.2).sub.3CF.sub.3,
--OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3; X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et, and
A=ClO.sub.4 or I; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Pr, and A=PF.sub.6.sup.-,
OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3, or Cl; X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu, and
A=PF.sub.6.sup.-, OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3, Br, or
ClO.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.9CH.sub.3, and
A=OSO.sub.2CF.sub.3; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2OPh and
A=ClO.sub.4.sup.-; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OMe, and
A=N(SO.sub.2CF.sub.3).sub.2; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OH,
and A=Br; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.5CO.sub.2H and
A=--OSO.sub.2R; and X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.4CH.dbd.CH.sub.2
and A=ClO.sub.4.
TABLE-US-00006 Formula 5 ##STR00013## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Cl, Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl,
Br Benzyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2. ***The
R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing group, or any electron
donating group.
[0059] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0060] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula 5, X=Cl, R,
R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, and A=SbF.sub.6 and
--OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3. In one embodiment of compounds
of Formula 5, when compounds are claimed, compounds of Formula 5 do
not include those compounds where: X=Cl, R.sub.1=Me, R.sub.2=H, and
A=SbF.sub.6 and --OSO.sub.2C.sub.6H.sub.4CH.sub.3.
TABLE-US-00007 Formula 6 ##STR00014## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Cl, Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl,
Br Benzyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, aryl ring, heteroaryl,
aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the chain. **The
phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-, meta-, or
para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from halo, alkoxy,
hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or NR.sub.2. ***The
R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing group, or any electron
donating group.
[0061] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0062] In embodiments of compounds of Formula 6, X=Cl,
R.sub.1=n-Bu, R.sub.2=H, and A=SbF.sub.6; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2OMe, and A=Cl; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOEt, and A=ClO.sub.4. In embodiments of
compounds of Formula 6, when compounds of Formula 6 are claimed,
the compounds are not included where: X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu,
R.sub.2=H, and A=SbF.sub.6; X=Cl, R.sub.1=--CH.sub.2OMe, and A=Cl;
X=Cl, R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOEt, and A=ClO.sub.4.
TABLE-US-00008 Formula 7 ##STR00015## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Cl, Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl,
Br Benzyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, cycloalkyl, aryl ring,
heterocycle, aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the
chain. **The phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-,
meta-, or para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from
halo, alkoxy, hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or
NR.sub.2. ***The R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing
group, or any electron donating group.
[0063] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0064] In embodiments of compounds of Formula 7, X=Cl,
R.sub.1=n-Bu, R.sub.2=H or Cl, and A=BF.sub.4 or PF.sub.6; X=Cl,
R.sub.2=Et, R.sub.2=H, and A=I or Cl; X=Cl, R.sub.1=decyl,
R.sub.2=H or Me, and A=Cl or BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=dodecyl,
R.sub.2=H, Cl, SPh, or OMe, and A=Cl, BF.sub.4; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=allyl, and A=I; X=Cl, R.sub.1=octadecyl, and A=ClO.sub.4;
and X=Cl, =--(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, and A=BF.sub.4. In embodiments
of compounds of Formula 7, when compounds of Formula 7 are claimed,
the compounds are not included where: X=Cl, R.sub.1=n-Bu, R.sub.2=H
or Cl, and A=BF.sub.4 or PF.sub.6; X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et, R.sub.2=H, and
A=I or Cl; X=Cl, R.sub.1=decyl, R.sub.2=H or Me, and A=Cl or
BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=dodecyl, R.sub.2=H, Cl, SPh, or OMe, and
A=Cl, BF.sub.4; X=Cl, R.sub.1=allyl, and A=I; X=Cl,
R.sub.1=octadecyl, and A=ClO.sub.4; and X=Cl, R,
R.sub.1=--(CH.sub.2).sub.2COOH, and A=BF.sub.4.
TABLE-US-00009 Formula 8 ##STR00016## X R.sub.1 R.sub.2*** Cl, Br
Methyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Ethyl H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Propyl H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Butyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Hexyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Octyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Nonyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Decyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
Undecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Dodecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tridecyl*
H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Tetradecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Pentadecyl* H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br Hexadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Heptadecyl* H, EDG,
EWG Cl, Br Octadecyl* H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Phenyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl,
Br Benzyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br Napthyl** H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--SO.sub.3.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.2--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.3--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--CO.sub.2.sup.- H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
CH.sub.2--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.2--NH.sub.2 H,
EDG, EWG Cl, Br (CH.sub.2).sub.3--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.4--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.5--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.6--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.7--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.8--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.9--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.10--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.11--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.12--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.13--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.14--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.15--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.16--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.17--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG Cl, Br
(CH.sub.2).sub.18--NH.sub.2 H, EDG, EWG *Each alkyl chain is
optionally branched with an alkyl chain, cycloalkyl, aryl ring,
heterocycle, aralkyl group, or unsaturation at any position on the
chain. **The phenyl, benzyl, or napthyl ring is optionally ortho-,
meta-, or para-substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from
halo, alkoxy, hydroxyl, CF.sub.3, NO.sub.2, NH.sub.2, NHR, or
NR.sub.2. ***The R.sub.2 group is H, any electron withdrawing
group, or any electron donating group.
[0065] The A group is I, Cl, Br, OSO.sub.2R, BF.sub.4, ClO.sub.4,
or any pharmaceutically acceptable anion.
[0066] In one embodiment of compounds of Formula 8, X=Cl,
R.sub.1=Et, R.sub.2=H or SPh, and A=Cl. In one embodiment, when
compounds of Formula 8 are claimed, the compounds are not included
where: X=Cl, R.sub.1=Et, R.sub.2=H or SPh, and A=Cl.
EXAMPLES
[0067] All reagents were obtained from Aldrich. Melting points
(open Pyrex capillary) were measured on a Thomas Hoover apparatus
and are uncorrected. .sup.1H NMR and .sup.13C NMR spectra were
recorded on either Bruker Avance (400 MHz) or a Varian Unity+300
(300 MHz) spectrometer in DMSO-d.sub.6 and tetramethylsilane (TMS)
as an internal standard. Vis/NIR absorption spectra were recorded
on a Perkin Elmer Lambda 20 spectrophotometer. High resolution mass
spectra (HRMS) were recorded on a VG Analytical 70-SE
spectrometer.
Example 1
[0068] The synthesis of compound 8 is shown in Scheme 1.
##STR00017##
[0069] Benz[c,d]indole-2(1H)-thione (2). This compound was obtained
in an 93% yield; mp 146-148.degree. C.; (reported: yield 82%, mp
156 dec)..sup.2,3
[0070] 2-Methylthiobenz[c,d]indole hydroiodide (3). This compound
was prepared by using the reported procedures..sup.2,4 Since the
product was unstable, it used in the next step without further
purification.
[0071]
2-(2,2-Dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxane-5-yliden)1Hbenz[c,d]indole
(4). This compound was obtained in an 85% yield; mp 220.degree. C.
(dec.); (reported: yield 94%, mp 223.degree. C.)..sup.1,2
[0072] Ethyl
2-(2,2-dimethyl-4,6-dioxo-1,3-dioxan-5-ylidene)-1H-benz[c,d]indole-1-hexa-
noate (5). A mixture of compound 4 (3 g, 10.2 mmol), ethyl
6-bromohexanoate (5.5 g, 30.6 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (4.2 g,
30.60 mmol) were heated in DMF (40 mL) at 90.degree. C. for 18 hr
under a nitrogen.atmosphere. The mixture was cooled to room
temperature and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under
reduced pressure. The residue was purified on silica gel (flash
chromatography, EtOAc-hexanes, 1:2) providing 3 g (6.86 mmol, 67%)
of 5 as a red solid; mp 142-143.degree. C.; .sup.1H NMR .delta.
1.11 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 3H), 1.20-1.30 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.74
(s, 6H), 1.79-1.87 (m, 2H), 2.22 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (q, J=8.0
Hz 2H), 4.34 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 7.77 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (t,
J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.99-8.06 (m, 2H), 8.43 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.90 (d,
J=8.0 Hz, 1H); .sup.13C NMR .delta. 14.51, 24.40, 26.14, 26.82,
28.49, 33.67, 48.82, 60.10, 81.66, 102.44, 115.32, 123.82, 126.54,
129.12, 129.34, 130.35, 131.54, 134.73, 134.80, 140.38, 162.40,
165.12, 173.07; MALDI-MS m/z 438 ([M.sup.++1], 100); ESI-HRMS calcd
for C.sub.25H.sub.28NO.sub.6 (M.sup.++1) 438.1917. found
438.1921.
1-(5-Carboxypentyl)-2-methylbenz[c,d]indolium iodide (6)
[0073] Ester 5 (1 g, 2.9 mmol) was dissolved in acetic acid (4 mL)
and the mixture was refluxed for 20 min. Concentrated HCl (4 mL)
was added dropwise to the refluxing mixture until the color changed
from red to green. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and
saturated KI solution was added until the product started to
precipitate. The product was filtered off, washed with ether, and
dried in vacuo affording 1 g (2.4 mmol, 83%); mp 218.degree. C.
(dec.); .sup.1H NMR .delta. 1.34-1.59 (m, 4H), 1.89-1.96 (m, 2H),
2.22 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.25 (s, 3H), 4.67 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 8.02
(t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.18 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 8.46 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H),
8.56 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 8.82 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 8.98 (d, J=8.0 Hz,
1H); .sup.13C NMR .delta. 15.03, 24.49, 26.14, 29.51, 33.91, 47.29,
115.12, 121.69, 122.41, 128.62, 129.61, 130.20, 131.38, 135.73,
138.92, 139.10, 173.07, 174.93; MALDI-MS m/z 282 ([M.sup.+-I],
100); ESI-HRMS calcd for C.sub.18H.sub.20NO.sub.2 (M.sup.+-I)
282.1494. found 282.1497.
[0074] A solution of salt 6 (500 mg, 1.22 mmol), Vilsmeier-Haack
reagent 7.sup.5 (220 mg, 0.61 mmol) and anhydrous sodium acetate
(200 mg, 2.44 mmol) in acetic anhydride (15 mL) was heated to
70.degree. C. for 1 h under a nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction
progress was monitored by Vis/NIR spectroscopy. The green solution
was cooled to room temperature, then poured into saturated solution
of sodium iodide. The crude product was filtered off, washed with
ether and recrystallized from methanol/ether providing 240 mg (0.29
mmol, 24%); mp 145-147.degree. C.; .sup.1H NMR .delta. 1.42 (m,
6H), 1.57 (m, 6H), 1.75 (m, 4H), 2.19-2.21 (m, 6H), 2.84 (m, 2H),
4.26 (m, 2H), 6.74 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 7.51-7.57 (m, 4H), 7.64-7.67
(m, 2H), 7.89 (t, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 8.16 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 8.28 (d,
J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 8.56 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 2H), 12.0 (bs, 2H-exchangeable
with D.sub.2O); MALDI-MS m/z 699 ([M.sup.+-I], 100); ESI-HRMS calcd
for C.sub.44H.sub.44N.sub.2O.sub.4Cl (M.sup.+-I) 699.2990. found
699.2972; Vis/NIR .lamda..sub.max=1013 nm
(.epsilon.=1.2.times.10.sup.5 Cm.sup.-1 M.sup.-1, methanol).
Example 2
Preparation of MHI-148 (Compound 10)
[0075] As shown in Scheme 2, a solution of salt 9 (1.00 g, 2.82
mmol), Vilsmeier-Haack reagent 7.sup.5 (507 mg, 1.4 mmol) and
anhydrous sodium acetate (925 mg, 11.28 mmol) in acetic anhydride
(30 mL) was heated to 70.degree. C. for 1 h under a nitrogen
atmosphere. The reaction progress was monitored by Vis/NIR
spectroscopy. The green solution was cooled to room temperature,
then poured into saturated solution of sodium iodide. The crude
product was filtered off, washed with ether and recrystallized from
methanol/ether providing 0.8 g (1.0 mmol, 71%); .sup.1H NMR,
.delta. 1.42 (m, 6H), 1.57 (m, 6H), 1.75 (m, 4H), 2.19-2.21 (m,
6H), 2.84 (m, 2H), 4.26 (m, 2H) 6.30-6.37 (m, 2H), 7.28-7.32 (m,
4H), 7.40-7.51 (m, 4H), 7.64 (m, 2H), 8.28 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 2H),
ESI-MS m/z 742 ([M.sup.+], 100); ESI-HRMS calcd for
C.sub.42H.sub.52N.sub.2O.sub.4Cl (M.sup.+-CH.sub.3COO.sup.-)
683.3616. found 683.3608. .lamda..sub.max Abs=780 nm and
.lamda..sub.max FL=800 nm.
##STR00018##
[0076] Synthesis of cyclopentene ring-containing structures can be
carried out using methods known in the art (see Nagao, et al., Dyes
and Pigments, 2007, 73, 344-352, for example) and modifications
provided here.
Example 3
Evaluation of Organic Cyanine-Containing Compounds as Imaging
Agents
[0077] FIG. 1 shows imaging of human cancer cells including
prostate (LNCaP, ARCaP.sub.E, ARCaP.sub.M, C4-2, PC-3), liver
(HepG2), osteosarcoma (MG63), breast (MCF-7), kidney (RCC), bladder
(T-24), cervical (HeLa), leukemia (K562) and lung (H358) with
MHI-148. Cancer cells show a significant uptake of MHI-148 (dark
color), while corresponding normal human or mouse cells (e.g.
normal prostate fibroblasts, NPE; marrow stromal cells, BMC; normal
vascular endothelial cells, VEC; or mouse macrophage RAW cells)
failed to yield any time- or concentration-dependent uptake of
MHI-148 in culture. Normal epithelial cells (e.g. normal prostate
epithelial cells, NPE and normal human skin epithelial cells,
HaCaT) showed a low uptake of MHI-148. All the cells were cultured
with 100 .mu.M MHI-148 in basal media (T-medium with 5% fetal
bovine serum and 1% antibiotics) for two hours and were imaged
under an inverted microscope. These conditions are the usual
conditions used here unless otherwise specified.
[0078] FIG. 2(A) shows human ARCaP.sub.M prostate cancer cells
incubated with 100 uM, 10 uM and 1 uM concentrations of MHI-148,
respectively. After incubation for 2 hours, cells were washed 3
times with PBS, harvested by centrifuge and imaged. One million of
the MHI-148 tagged ARCaP.sub.M cells with different concentrations
were injected subcutaneously in the back of the mouse and imaged at
the same time (B). One million of the MHI-148 tagged ARCaP.sub.M
cells with concentration of 10 uM were also injected directly into
mouse tibia and can be seen in the intratibial space (C). All the
in vitro and in vivo imaging was performed using a Kodak
multimodal-imaging system IS2000MM (Kodak) equipped with an
excitation bandpass filter at 720 nm and an emission at 850 nm.
Exposure time was 30 s per image. The images were analyzed using
the imaging station IS2000MM software (Kodak 1D Image Analysis
Software; Kodak). At all concentration ranges (1, 10 and 100
.mu.M), intense images can be readily detected in test tubes of
MHI-148 tagged ARCaP.sub.M cells (FIG. 2, top panel).
[0079] FIG. 3 shows ex vivo imaging of organs excised from normal
mice treated with MHI-148. MHI-148 (5 nmol) was given by tail vein
injection and the MHI-148 distribution followed at 2, 6, and 96
hrs. At the end of this study, mice were sacrificed at 6 or 80 hrs
after MHI-148 tail vein administration. MHI-148 uptake by the liver
and kidney can be detected at 2 and 6 hrs after tail vein
administration of MHI-148. By 96 hrs, no detectable MHI-148 can be
found in live mice and dissected mouse tissues. The isolated
tissues and organs excised from mice at 6 hours and 80 hours after
receiving 5 nmol MHI-148 were also imaged by the Xenogen machine
and the signals were compared by fluorescence intensity. As shown
in the bottom panel of FIG. 3, the isolated mouse tissues imaged by
a Xenogen machine agreed with the images acquired in mice liver,
kidney and testis, which were shown to be positive at 6 hrs post
MHI-148 administration but were void of any fluorescence signaling
when examined at 80 hrs post MHI-148 administration.
[0080] FIG. 4 shows imaging of pre-established subcutaneous tumors
in live mice. Subcutaneous ARCaP.sub.M and intratibial C4-2 tumors
were established in live mice prior to the administration of
MHI-148. The tumors measured about 0.5-1.0 cm in diameter at the
time of imaging. 10 nmol of MHI-148 was given to mice through tail
vein and imaged using Kodak multimodal-imaging system. Human lung
(H358) and leukemia (K562) cancer cells were injected
subcutaneously into one side of the shoulder of mice. When the
tumors were about 1-2 cm in diameter, 10 nmol MHI-148 was given
through tail vein and tumor images were taken at 96 hrs after
MHI-148 administration. Clear tumor associated images are seen.
[0081] As shown in FIG. 5, MHI-148 can be used to detect multiple
tumors in one mouse following in vivo administration of MHI-148. A
mouse had 5 pre-established human ARCaP.sub.E, ARCaP.sub.M, and
C4-2 tumors in the back by subcutaneous injection of tumor cells.
Four tumors were measured with 0.2-1.0 cm in diameter and one tumor
was not detectable by visualization at the time of NHI-148
administration. All five tumors were imaged at 96 hrs after 10 nmol
MHI-148 was given through the tail vein. Visual and palpation
techniques could only detect four tumors, while MHI-148 (10 nmol),
after tail vein administration, clearly gained access to all tumors
in the live mouse and allowed tumor images to be detected in all
five tumors. One of the smallest of these tumors with a diameter of
<2 mm.sup.3 (see arrow) could be imaged only by MHI-148 and was
difficult to visualize or palpate without prior knowledge of where
the tumor was located.
[0082] FIG. 6 shows the ability to identify necrotic areas within
tumors through imaging with MHI-148. C4-2 cells were injected into
both sides of tibia of one mouse. When one tumor was developed to
size with visible necrosis and the other tumor still in the fast
growing phase, 10 nmol MHI-148 was given through tail vein. After
48 hrs, the mouse was imaged. As shown, the live C4-2 tumor at the
right tibia of the mouse was shown to uptake MHI-148, while
necrotic or dead tumor cells shown on the left side of the mouse
failed to uptake MHI-148. The histopathology of the tumors was
confirmed by the H/E stain (see upper right panel).
[0083] FIG. 7 illustrates the inhibition of cancer growth in vitro
following treatment with MHI-148. Cancer cell were plated in
96-well plates in T-medium containing 5% FBS with different
concentrations of MHI-148 for 48 hrs of incubation. Cell numbers
were measured using CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell
Proliferation Assay (Promega, Madison, Wis.).
[0084] FIG. 8 shows the ability to detect spontaneous tumor
development using MHI-148 in mice predisposed to develop prostate
tumors. 10 nmol of MHI-148 was given to a 46 week-old TRAMP
transgenic mouse with spontaneously developed prostate tumor mass
and imaged after 4 hrs after MHI-148 injection (panel A). The tumor
mass was exposed and confirmed of prostate origin and showed clear
tumor in situ (panel B). This study was repeated in a young age
TRAMP mouse which harbored no tumor and no signal was detected.
Surgical dissection of this mouse confirmed no solid tumor mass was
present (panel C).
[0085] Similar data was obtained using MHI-78 (data not shown).
[0086] MHI-148 can be used effectively for imaging a broad spectrum
of human tumor cells and solid tumors in live mice. Although
MHI-148 can be taken by some normal mouse tissues, such as liver,
kidney, testis and seminal vesicles, the compound was observed to
be cleared from these organs within a 96-hr time period in live
animals. Because of the attractive pharmacokinetic properties of
this compound (excreted or metabolized by host mice but accumulated
in tumors when examined at 96 hrs after MHI-148 administration),
its near-infrared fluorescence emission with little interference
from mouse hair, skin and internal organs and its high fluorescence
intensity due to a large extinction coefficient of the dye and its
analogs, MHI-148 and its analogs are suitable for imaging both
surface (subcutaneous) and deep (intratibia) tumors. MHI-148 was
also found to be relatively photostable, and can be used to image
tumors approximately 2 mm.sup.3 or 2 mg in size in mice.
Example 4
Evaluation of Organic Cyanine-Containing Compounds as Effectors of
Cancer Cell Growth
[0087] To confirm the ability of other compounds to exert
cytotoxicity against the growth of human tumors in vitro and in
vivo, the effect of MHI-25 on the growth of C4-2 tumors in vitro
(FIG. 9 top panel) and in mice (FIG. 9 bottom panel) was studied.
100 uM of MHI-25 treatment for 24 hrs induced a significant cell
death in culture, while 10 uM did not induce cell death with marked
cell morphologic change (upper panel). As revealed by this study,
MHI-25 exposure for 24 hrs clearly induced apoptosis when the
concentration of MHI-25 was increased to 100 .mu.M.
[0088] FIG. 9 bottom panels, shows that administration of 100 nmols
of MHI-25 to mice with pre-established C4-2 tumors induced marked
cell death, with tumors almost eliminated at Day 5 after MHI-25
administration.
Example 5
IR780 Studies
[0089] The uptake of IR780 by human cancer cells in culture was
also studied. Human cancer cells including prostate (ARCaP.sub.M,
C4-2, PC-3), liver (HepG2), breast (MCF-7), kidney (RCC), bladder
(T-24), cervical (HeLa), leukemia (K562) and lung (H358) cancer
cells showed a significant uptake of IR-780, while normal human
cells (e.g. normal prostate fibroblasts (NPF), normal prostate
epithelial cells (NPE), marrow stromal cells, BMC) showed a very
low uptake of this organic cyanine-containing dye in culture (see
FIG. 10). All the cells were cultured with 20 uM IR-780 in basal
media (T-medium with 5% fetal bovine serum and 1% antibiotics) for
30 minutes and were imaged under confocal microscope.
[0090] As shown in FIG. 11, ARCaP.sub.M cells show a time- and
concentration-dependent uptake of IR780. In FIG. 11, ARCaP.sub.M
Cells were plated on live-cell imaging chambers from World
Precision Instrument (Sarasota, Fla.) overnight. Cells were treated
with IR-780 with different concentrations and were imaged using a
Perkin-Elmer Ultraview ERS spinning disc confocal microscope. This
system was mounted on a Zeiss Axiovert 200 m inverted microscope
equipped with a 37.degree. C. stage warmer, incubator, and CO2
perfusion. A .times.63 or .times.100 Zeiss oil objective (numerical
aperture, 1.4) was used for all images and a Z-stack was created
using the attached piezoelectric z-stepper motor. The 633 nm laser
line of an argon ion laser (set at 60% power) was used to excite
the IR-780 organic dye. For each comparison, the exposure time and
laser intensity was kept identical for accurate intensity
measurement. Pixel intensity was quantitated using Metamorph 6.1
(Universal Imaging, Downingtown, Pa.) and the mean pixel intensity
was generated as grey level using the Region Statistics feature on
the software.
[0091] Normal prostate epithelial cells did not take up the dye
(data not shown). The uptake of IR780 by ARCaP.sub.M cells was also
blocked by BSP, an organic anion transporter inhibitor (data not
shown). A normal mouse was injected with IR780 through the tail
vein, and isolated tissues and organs excised from mice were cut
into frozen slides and imaged under confocal microscope. All mouse
tissues failed to uptake IR780. (data not shown).
[0092] As shown in FIG. 12, IR780 co-localized with mitochondrial,
lysomomal and cytoplasmic compartments. FIG. 12 shows ARCaP.sub.M
cells co-stained with IR780 and mitochondrial tracker or lysosome
tracker and imaged under a confocal microscope.
[0093] Intratibial ARCaP.sub.M tumors were also established in live
mice prior to administration of IR783. 5 nmol of IR783 was given
through the tail vein and imaged using a Kodak multimodal imaging
system. Clear tumor images were detected (data not shown).
[0094] As shown in FIG. 13, clear tumor images can be detected in
subcutaneous tumors with little or no background autofluorescence.
Subcutaneous HepG2 (human liver cancer), C4-2 (human prostate
androgen-independent and metastatic cancer), H358 (human lung
cancer), HeLa (human cervical cancer), MCF-7 (human breast cancer)
and ARCaP.sub.M (a highly bone and soft tissue metastatic human
prostate cancer) cancers were established in live mice prior to the
administration of IR-780. The tumor xenografts were measured about
0.5-1.0 cm in diameter at the time of imaging. 5 n mol of IR-780
were given to mice through tail vein and imaged using Kodak
multimodal-imaging system. The distribution of IR-780 in tumor
tissues was conformed by imaging of frozen sections under confocal
microscope. The histopathology of the tumor was confirmed by H/E
staining of the frozen tissue specimens and DAPI stained cell
nuclei.
Example 6
IR783 studies
[0095] The uptake of IR783 was studied and confirmed in a variety
of human cell lines as shown below:
TABLE-US-00010 Cell line Type of Cell Uptake SN12C, ACHN Renal
Strong PDAC-2.3, PDAC-3.3, Pancreatic Strong BTC-3, BTC-5 RT-4,
T24, 253J, TCC Bladder Strong HEK293 Human embryonic kidney Low
epithelial normal cells ARCaP.sub.M, LNCaP, Prostate Strong
ARCaP.sub.E, C4-2, PC-3 HepG2 Liver Strong MCF-7 Breast Strong RCC
Kidney Strong HeLa Cervical Strong H358 Lung Strong K562 Leukemia
Strong P69 Human prostate epithelia Very low or no NPF Prostate
fibroblasts Very low or no HaCaT Skin Very low or no BMC Bone
marrow stroma Very low or no VEC Vascular endothelia Very low or no
RAW Mouse macrophages Very low or no
[0096] There was no uptake of the IR783 by cancer cells at
0.degree. C., suggesting that the uptake was an active process
(data not shown). By comparing the ARCaP.sub.M prostate cancer
cells and the P69 normal prostate epithelial cells, IR783 uptake
was determined to occur only in the cancer cells and the uptake was
in a time-dependent fashion (FIG. 14), as well as in a
dose-dependent fashion (data not shown). FIG. 14A shows ARCaP.sub.M
prostate cancer cells incubated in 50 .mu.M of IR783 at 37.degree.
C. for 30 min. After being washed in PBS to remove free dyes, the
cells were subject to confocal fluorescence imaging. DAPI, added
together with IR783, was used as a positive control for the
staining of the cell nucleus. P69, representing normal human
prostate epithelial cells, was stained in parallel. Images were
acquired by Zeiss LSM 510 META confocal microscopy. FIG. 14B shows
that IR783 was taken up only by cancer cells, and the uptake was in
a time-dependent manner. FIG. 14C shows the specific uptake by
ARCaP.sub.M cells was inhibited by BSP, a competitive inhibitor of
the OATP transporters. 100 .mu.M BSP was used to pre-incubate with
ARCaP.sub.M, before 50 .mu.M IR783 was added.
[0097] IR783 was also preferentially taken up by human prostate
cancer xenografts in subcutaneous and intra-tibial sites of nude
mice, and by metastatic bone lesions (FIG. 15). Metabolically
active androgen-independent C4-2 tumors in mouse tibia retained the
dye, whereas necrotic tumors on the contralateral side of the
animal did not (FIG. 15). FIG. 15A shows a mouse bearing a
subcutaneous ARCaP.sub.M tumor (top panels) and another with an
intratibial C4-2 tumor (bottom panels). The mice were injected i.p
with IR783 at 0.2 .mu.g/kg. Imaging was performed 24 hours later
with the Kodak multimodal-imaging system. Histopathological
analysis (H/E) confirmed the presence of tumors. FIG. 15B shows a
mouse with C4-2 tumors in both tibias. This mouse had a necrotic
tumor in the left leg by visual inspection. The mouse was subjected
to IR783 imaging and only the healthy C4-2 tumor on right leg could
be imaged. Histopathology confirmed the necrotic status of the
tumors. The lack of uptake of the dye in normal organs was
confirmed by fluorescence imaging of all organs surgically removed
from hosts following the imaging (data not shown). With the current
instrumental setting, tumors as small as .about.2 mm.sup.3 can be
detected in mice, either as orthotopic or bone metastatic lesions
(data not shown).
[0098] NIR imaging studies were performed to assess
pharmacokinetics of the IR783 in vivo. Upon i.v or i.p
administration, IR783 (0.2 .mu.g/kg) initially accumulated in
liver, lung and spleen then appeared in tumor at 24 hrs (FIG. 16).
FIG. 16 shows the time-dependent uptake and accumulation of this
dye in an orthotopic prostate ARCaP.sub.M tumor grown in a nude
mouse (A) and in a spontaneous model of TRAMP mouse (B). This dye
was shown to image locally invasive TRAMP tumors even after
formalin fixation (C); mice without tumors yield background
activity (data not shown). FIG. 16A shows a mouse bearing a 3.4
cm.sup.3 orthotopic tumor of the ARCaP.sub.M cells. This mouse was
injected i.p with 0.2 .mu.g/kg IR783 at 0 hrs. Successive imaging
was performed to demonstrate preferential accumulation and
prolonged retention of IR783 in tumor tissues; in these studies,
non-specific imaging can be seen in the first 24 hrs, predominantly
in the liver. IR783 was shown to accumulate in tumors and retained
therein for more than 4 days. FIG. 16B shows spontaneous prostate
tumor in a TRAMP mouse could be imaged 24 hours after IR783
administration. FIG. 16C shows the tumor detected in B dissected
freshly and subjected to ex vivo imaging before (Fresh) and after
fixation in formalin for 3 days (Fixed). The dye retention in
formalin fixed tissues can be as long as several weeks (data not
shown).
[0099] In these studies, IR783 accumulation was not detected in
gall bladder or urinary bladder, suggesting other route of dye
metabolism and clearance. NIR signals were found to be associated
with tumors for at least 5 to 14 days after dye administration
(FIG. 16). Stability of IR783 accumulation in tumors was further
demonstrated in that this dye can tolerate fixation with both
paraformaldehyde and glutaraldehyde (FIG. 16).
[0100] The compounds of the invention can also be used to detect
cancer in fresh (or frozen or preserved) cells. In one embodiment
of this aspect of the invention, cells are obtained from small
needle biopsy, needle aspiration, or other methods as known in the
art. The cells after dye uptake is completed can be minced, sliced,
smeared onto a slide, or any other preparation. An amount of one or
more compound of the invention can be dropped onto the cells or
otherwise contacted with the cells (shaken in a tube, for example).
The cancer cells take up the dye and the normal cells do not. The
cells can be imaged under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a
NIR filter, for example. As an example, human renal tissues freshly
obtained from surgery were incubated with IR783, washed, and imaged
Confocal microscopic evidence demonstrated that IR783 was
concentrated in renal cancer but not normal kidney cells. The
results show that IR783 could be used to detect tumor cells in
freshly obtained clinical specimens with cancer cells identified
under a fluorescence microscope equipped with a NIR filter. FIG.
20(A) shows one fresh human renal tumor specimen dissected into
three sections based on histopathological diagnosis: tumor section
(T), transitional section containing both tumor and normal tissues
(N/T), and normal region without tumor cells (N). Each section was
then split into three pieces to be stained with IR783 (MUT-1), an
inactive dye (MUT-3) and the remaining piece served as control,
subjected to the staining process without addition of dyes (No
dye). Fluorescence imaging revealed intense uptake and retention of
IR783 by the tumor regions. FIG. 20B shows the fluorescence imaging
of the sections after preparation into frozen section. This shows
selective staining of cancer cells but not normal cells confirmed
with confocal and H/E staining.
[0101] IR783 can be used to detect and enrich disseminating cancer
cells in the blood (FIG. 17). Specific detection of circulating
tumor cells (CTC) in the blood is possible because prostate cancer
cells have the ability to uptake and retain IR783, whereas normal
mononuclear cells in periphery blood do not. 5.times.10.sup.3 human
prostate cancer cells PC3 and ARCaP.sub.M were used to spike a 0.5
ml heparinized whole blood from a healthy donor. After incubation
at 37.degree. C. for 30 minutes, a gradient centrifugation
(Histopaque-1077, Sigma) was applied to remove red blood cells. The
remaining cells were washed 5 times in PBS, cells in 50 .mu.l of
the 250 .mu.l total volume were smeared on a glass slide for NIR
fluorescence detection. Cancer cells are large and yield strong
fluorescence signals in the cytoplasm, but normal periphery
mononucleated cells showed very low to background NIR fluorescence.
This method can detect as few as 10 human prostate cancer cells/ml
of human blood, a concentration close to that of the estimated
numbers of CTC as reported by previous investigators.
[0102] FIG. 18 shows tumor imaging using IR783 in preestablished
tumors. Subcutaneous ARCaP.sub.M and PC3 (four tumors with
different sizes) tumors were established in live mice prior to the
administration of IR-783. 5 nmol of IR783 were given to mice
through tail vein and imaged using Kodak multimodal-imaging system.
As shown, clear tumor images can be detected in both subcutaneous
ARCaP.sub.M and PC3 tumors following intravenous administration of
IR-783.
[0103] FIG. 19 shows the time-course of IR783 uptake by ARCaP
orthotopic tumors. Note 24-48 hrs after dye uptake, tumors and
metastases can be readily identified.
[0104] Toxicity of IR783 and IR780 were compared as shown in the
following table which records the weight of the mice. Mice were
injected with 20 .mu.g/Kg of IR783 and IR780 (which was 100.times.
of the imaging dose which was 0.2 .mu.g/Kg) and results were
compared for a 28 day period. Note IR783 was not toxic (mice gained
weight like the controls which had PBS injected) during this
observation period. Zero grams means the mouse died. ICG is a FDA
approved dye used for several diagnostic purposes. ICG is
considered to be nontoxic. ICG is used here as a measure of the
toxicity of the tested compounds. If the mice treated with the
tested compounds gain a similar amount of weight as mice treated
with ICG, the toxicity of the tested compounds should be similar to
ICG.
Toxicity test of dye based on body weight gained during the
treatment period from 0 to 14 days.
TABLE-US-00011 PBS IR783 IR780 ICG 1X 1X 10X 100X 1X 10X 100X 1X 0
day 20.57 g 20.29 g 20.57 g 19.85 g 19.00 g 20.71 g 20.14 g 20.43 g
1 day 20.59 g 20.20 g 20.61 g 19.74 g 19.02 g 20.69 g 0 20.49 g 2
day 21.00 g 20.23 g 20.59 g 20.01 g 19.71 g 20.70 g 0 20.51 g 3 day
21.12 g 20.32 g 20.98 g 20.39 g 20.01 g 21.03 g 0 21.01 g 4 day
21.13 g 20.34 g 21.02 g 20.43 g 20.32 g 21.24 g 0 21.43 g 5 day
21.43 g 21.00 g 21.34 g 21.01 g 20.56 g 21.89 g 0 22.00 g 6 day
22.00 g 21.87 g 21.76 g 21.23 g 20.97 g 22.00 g 0 22.34 g 7 day
22.45 g 22.32 g 22.54 g 22.00 g 21.81 g 22.56 g 0 22.96 g 14 day
23.98 g 23.91 g 24.01 g 23.76 g 23.56 g 24.00 g 0 23.87 g 28 day
25.05 g 24.86 g 24.87 g 24.61 g 24.44 g 24.56 g 0 25.00 g
REFERENCES
[0105] 1). Ficken, G. E.; Kendall, J. D. The reactivity of the
alkylthio group in nitrogen ring compounds. III.
2-Methylthiobenz[cd]indole and its methiodide. J. Chem. Soc., 1960,
1537-41. [0106] 2). Lakshmikantham, M. V.; Chen, Wha; Cava, Michael
P. Thioanhydrides. 3. Synthesis, properties, and Diels-Alder
reactions of sulfur analogues of 1,8-naphthalic anhydride J. Org.
Chem.; 1989, 54; 20 4746-4750 [0107] 3). Deligeorgiev, T. G.,
Gadjev, N. I. Styryl dyes containing the benz[c,d]indolium
heterocycle. Dyes and Pigments, 1991, 15, 215-23. [0108] 4).
Vasilenko, N. P.; Mikhailenko, F. A.; Rozhinskii, Yu. I.
2-Methylbenz[c,d]indole and its derivatives. Dyes and Pigments,
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Near-infrared cyanine dye, Topics in Heterocyclic chemistry,
Editor: Strekowski (2008).
DEFINITIONS
[0111] It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to
the particular compounds, synthetic techniques, concentrations and
other specificities provided as such may vary. It is also to be
understood that the terminology used herein is for describing
particular embodiments only, and is not intended to be
limiting.
[0112] It is noted that, as used in this specification, the
singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless
the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example,
reference to an "excipient" includes a single excipient as well as
two or more of the same or different excipients, reference to a
"compound" includes a single compound as well as two or more
compounds, and the like.
[0113] "Alkyl" refers to a hydrocarbon chain, typically ranging
from about 1 to 20 atoms in length. Such hydrocarbon chains are
preferably but not necessarily saturated and may be branched or
straight chain. Exemplary alkyl groups include ethyl, propyl,
butyl, pentyl, 2-methylbutyl, 2-methylpropyl (isobutyl),
3-methylpentyl, and the like. As used herein, "alkyl" includes
cycloalkyl when three or more carbon atoms are included. In one
embodiment, alkyl has from 1-3 carbon atoms. In one embodiment,
alkyl has from 1-6 carbon atoms.
[0114] "Alkoxy" refers to an --OR group, wherein R is alkyl or
substituted alkyl, preferably Cl-C20 alkyl (e.g., methoxy, ethoxy,
propyloxy, benzyloxy, etc.). In one embodiment, alkoxy has from 1-7
carbon atoms.
[0115] "Non-interfering substituents" are those groups that, when
present in a molecule, are typically non-reactive with other
functional groups contained within the molecule. The term
"substituted" as in, for example, "substituted alkyl," refers to a
moiety (e.g., an alkyl group) substituted with one or more
non-interfering substituents, such as, but not limited to: C3-C8
cycloalkyl, e.g., cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, and the like; halo,
e.g., fluoro, chloro, bromo, and iodo; cyano; alkoxy; phenyl;
substituted phenyl; and the like.
[0116] "Aryl" means one or more aromatic rings, each having 5 or 6
core carbon atoms. Aryl includes multiple rings that may be fused,
as in naphthyl or unfused, as in biphenyl. Aryl rings may also be
fused or unfused with one or more cyclic hydrocarbon, heteroaryl,
or heterocyclic rings.
[0117] "Substituted aryl" is aryl having one or more
non-interfering groups as a substituent. For substitutions on a
phenyl ring, the substituents may be in any orientation (i.e.,
ortho, meta, or para).
[0118] "Heterocycle" or "heterocyclic" means one or more rings of
5-12 atoms, preferably 5-7 atoms, with or without unsaturation or
aromatic character and having at least one ring atom which is not a
carbon. Preferred heteroatoms include sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Multiple rings may be fused, as in quinoline or benzofuran. In an
embodiment, heterocycle groups are 5-10 membered rings with 1-3
heteroatoms selected from O, S, and N. "Substituted heterocycle" is
a heterocycle having one or more side chains formed from
non-interfering substituents. "Heteroaryl" is an aryl group
containing from one to four N, O, or S atoms(s) or a combination
thereof, which heteroaryl group is optionally substituted at carbon
or nitrogen atom(s) with C1-6 alkyl, --CF3, phenyl, benzyl, or
thienyl, or a carbon atom in the heteroaryl group together with an
oxygen atom form a carbonyl group, or which heteroaryl group is
optionally fused with a phenyl ring. Heteroaryl rings may also be
fused with one or more cyclic hydrocarbon, heterocyclic, aryl, or
heteroaryl rings. Heteroaryl includes, but is not limited to,
5-membered heteroaryls having one hetero atom (e.g., thiophenes,
pyrroles, furans); 5-membered heteroaryls having two heteroatoms in
1,2 or 1,3 positions (e.g., oxazoles, pyrazoles, imidazoles,
thiazoles, purines); 5-membered heteroaryls having three
heteroatoms (e.g., triazoles, thiadiazoles); 6-membered heteroaryls
with one heteroatom (e.g., pyridine, quinoline, isoquinoline,
phenanthrine, 5,6-cycloheptenopyridine); 6-membered heteroaryls
with two heteroatoms (e.g., pyridazines, cinnolines, phthalazines,
pyrazines, pyrimidines, quinazolines); 6-membered heretoaryls with
three heteroatoms (e.g., 1,3,5-triazine); and 6-membered
heteroaryls with four heteroatoms. In an embodiment, heteroaryl
groups are 5-10-membered rings with 1-3 heteroatoms selected from
O, S, and N.
[0119] "Substituted heteroaryl" is a heteroaryl having one or more
non-interfering groups as substituents.
[0120] Each of the terms "drug," "biologically active molecule,"
"biologically active moiety," "active agent" and "biologically
active agent", when used herein, means any substance which can
affect any physical or biochemical properties of a biological
organism, including but not limited to viruses, bacteria, fungi,
plants, animals, and humans. In particular, as used herein,
biologically active molecules include any substance intended for
diagnosis, cure mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in
humans or other animals, or to otherwise enhance physical or mental
well-being of humans or animals. Examples of biologically active
molecules include, but are not limited to, non-organic molecules
such as metallic compounds, peptides, proteins, toxins, enzymes,
small molecule drugs, dyes, lipids, nucleosides, oligonucleotides,
polynucleotides, nucleic acids, cells, viruses, liposomes,
microparticles and micelles. Classes of biologically active agents
that are suitable for use with the invention include, but are not
limited to, antibiotics, fungicides, anti-viral agents,
anti-inflammatory agents, anti-tumor agents, cardiovascular agents,
anti-anxiety agents, hormones, growth factors, steroidal agents,
and the like.
[0121] "Pharmaceutically acceptable excipient" or "pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier" refers to an excipient that can be included in
the compositions of the invention and that causes no significant
adverse toxicological effects to the patient.
[0122] "Pharmacologically effective amount," "physiologically
effective amount," and "therapeutically effective amount" are used
interchangeably herein to mean the amount of a compound or
composition in a pharmaceutical preparation that is needed to
provide a desired level of active agent and/or conjugate in the
bloodstream or in the target tissue. The precise amount will depend
upon numerous factors, e.g., the particular active agent, the
components and physical characteristics of the pharmaceutical
preparation, intended patient population, patient considerations,
and the like, and can readily be determined by one skilled in the
art, based upon the information provided herein and available in
the relevant literature.
[0123] A "prodrug" includes any compound which, when administered
to a patient, is converted in whole or in part to an active
compound.
[0124] An "active metabolite" is a physiologically active compound
which results from the metabolism of a compound of the invention,
or a prodrug thereof, when such compound or prodrug is administered
to a mammal.
[0125] "Polypeptide" or "poly(amino acid)" refers to any molecule
comprising a series of amino acid residues, typically at least
about 5-20 residues, linked through amide linkages (also referred
to as peptide linkages) along the alpha carbon backbone. While in
some cases the terms may be used synonymously herein, a polypeptide
is a peptide typically having a molecular weight up to about 10,000
Da, while peptides having a molecular weight above that are
commonly referred to as proteins. Modifications of the peptide side
chains may be present, along with glycosylations, hydroxylations,
and the like. Additionally, other non-peptidic molecules, including
lipids and small drug molecules, may be attached to the
polypeptide. The polypeptide may comprise any combination or
sequence of amino acid residues.
[0126] "Amino acid" refers to organic acids containing both a basic
mine group and an acidic carboxyl group. The term encompasses
essential and non-essential amino acids and both naturally
occurring and synthetic or modified amino acids. The most common
amino acids are listed herein by either their name or by the three
letter or single letter abbreviations: Glycine (Gly, G), Alanine
(Ala, A), Valine (Val, V), Leucine (Leu, L), Isoleucine (Ile, I),
Methionine (Met, M), Proline (Pro, P), Phenylalanine (Phe, F),
Tryptophan (Trp, W), Serine (Ser, S), Threonine (Thr, T),
Asparagine (Asn, N), Glutamine (Gln, Q), Tyrosine, (Tyr, Y),
Cysteine (Cys, C), Lysine (Lys, K), Arginine (Arg, R), Histidine
(His, H), Aspartic Acid (Asp, D), and Glutarnic acid (Glu, E).
[0127] By "residue" is meant the portion of a molecule remaining
after reaction with one or more molecules. For example, an amino
acid residue in a polypeptide chain is the portion of an amino acid
remaining after forming peptide linkages with adjacent amino acid
residues.
[0128] "Electron withdrawing group" or EWG refers to functional
groups that remove electron density from the ring by making it less
nucleophilic. In an embodiment, this class can be recognized by the
atom adjacent to a .pi. system having several bonds to more
electronegative atoms or the presence of a formal charge. Examples
of these groups include halogens, aldehydes, ketones, esters,
carboxylic acids, acid chlorides, nitriles, nitrosos, and sulfonic
acids.
[0129] "Electron donating group" or EDG refers to functional groups
that add electron density to the ring by making it more
nucleophilic. In an embodiment, this class can be recognized by
lone pairs on the atom adjacent to the .pi. system. Examples of
these groups include alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, amides, ethers,
alkoxides, alcohols, and amines.
[0130] The term "patient," refers to a living organism suffering
from or prone to a condition that can be prevented or treated by
administration of a compound or composition described herein, and
includes both humans and animals. Patients which can be treated
using the methods described herein include animals, vertebrates,
mammals, human, cat, dog, cow, horse, sheep, pig, monkey, ape,
other mammals, and avian (chicken, turkey, duck, goose, quail,
pheasant, etc.).
[0131] "Optional" or "optionally" means that the subsequently
described circumstance may or may not occur, so that the
description includes instances where the circumstance occurs and
instances where it does not.
[0132] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the
compounds and compositions according to the invention include acid
addition salts. Salts of non-pharmaceutically acceptable acids,
however, may be useful, for example, in the preparation and
purification of the compounds. Suitable acid addition salts
according to the present invention include organic and inorganic
acids. Preferred salts include those formed from hydrochloric,
hydrobromic, sulfiuie, phosphoric, citric, tartaric, lactic,
pyruvic, acetic, succinic, fumaric, maleic, oxaloacetic,
methanesulfonic, ethanesulfonic, toluenesulfonic, benzesulfonic,
and isethionic acids. Other useful acid addition salts include
propionic acid, glycolic acid, oxalic acid, malic acid, malonic
acid, benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, salicylic acid,
and the like. Particular examples of pharmaceutically acceptable
salts include, but are not limited to, sulfates, pyrosulfates,
bisulfates, sulfites, bisulfites, phosphates,
monohydrogenphosphates, dihydrogenphosphates, metaphosphates,
pyrophosphates, chlorides, bromides, iodides, acetates,
propionates, decanoates, caprylates, acrylates, formates,
isobutyrates, caproates, heptanoates, propiolates, oxalates,
malonates, succinates, suberates, sebacates, fumarates, maleates,
butyne-I,4-dioates, hexyne-1,6-dioates, benzoates, chlorobenzoates,
methylbenzoates, dinitrobenzoates, hydroxybenzoates,
methoxyenzoates, phthalates, sulfonates, xylenesulfonates,
phenylacetates, phenylpropionates, phenylbutyrates, citrates,
lactates, y-hydroxybutyrates, glycolates, tartrates,
methanesulfonates, propanesulfonates, naphthalene-I-sulfonates,
naphthalene-2-sulfonates, and mandelates.
[0133] An acid addition salt may be reconverted to the free base by
treatment with a suitable base. Preparation of basic salts of acid
moieties which may be present on a compound of the present
invention may be prepared in a similar manner using a
pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic or organic base, such as an
amine (primary, secondary or tertiary), an alkali metal or alkaline
earth metal hydroxide or the like.
[0134] Illustrative examples of suitable salts include organic
salts derived from amino acids such as glycine and arginine,
ammonia, primary, secondary and tertiary mines, and cyclic amines
such as piperidine, morpholine and piperazine, and inorganic salts
derived from sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, manganese,
iron, copper, zinc, aluminum and lithium. Exemplary bases include
sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, calcium
hydroxide, triethylamine, or the like.
[0135] Esters of the compounds of the present invention may be
prepared through functionalization of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl
groups that may be present within the molecular structure of the
compound. Amides and prodrugs may also be prepared using techniques
known to those skilled in the art. For example, amides may be
prepared from esters, using suitable mine reactants, or they may be
prepared from anhydride or an acid chloride by reaction with
ammonia or a lower alkyl amine. Moreover, esters and amides of
compounds of the invention can be made by reaction with a
carbonylating agent (e.g., ethyl formate, acetic anhydride,
methoxyacetyl) chloride, benzoyl chloride, methyl isocyanate, ethyl
chloroformate, methanesulfonyl chloride) and a suitable base (e.g.,
4-dimethylarninopyridine, pyridine, triethylamine, potassium
carbonate) in a suitable organic solvent (e.g., tetrahydrofuran,
acetone, methanol, pyridine, N,N-dimethylformamide) at a
temperature of 0.degree. C. to 60.degree. C.
[0136] Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable solvents include,
but are not limited to, compounds according to the invention in
combination with water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl
acetate, acetic acid, or ethanolamine.
[0137] In the case of solid formulations, it is understood that the
compounds of the invention may exist in different forms, such as
stable and metastable crystalline forms and isotropic and amorphous
forms, all of which are intended to be within the scope of the
present invention. The present invention also includes
stereoisomers of the compounds described herein, where applicable,
either individually or admixed in any proportions.
[0138] Stereoisomers may include, but are not limited to,
enantiomers, diastereomers, racemic mixtures and combinations
thereof. Such stereoisomers can be prepared and separated using
conventional techniques, either by reacting enantiomeric starting
materials, or by separating isomers of compounds of the present
invention. Isomers may include geometric isomers. Examples of
geometric isomers include, but are not limited to, cis isomers or
trans isomers across a double bond. Other isomers are contemplated
among the compounds of the present invention. The isomers may be
used either in pure form or in a mixture with other isomers of the
compounds described herein.
[0139] The present invention also provides pharmaceutical
formulations or compositions, both for veterinary and for human
medical use, which comprise the compounds of the invention (or
ester, amide, salt, solvate, metabolite, or derivative thereof)
with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers thereof, and
optionally any other therapeutic ingredients, such as other
chemotherapeutic agents. The carrier(s) must be pharmaceutically
acceptable in the sense of being compatible with the other
ingredients of the formulation and not unduly deleterious to the
recipient thereof. Such carriers are known in the art. See, Wang et
al. (1980) J Parent. Drug Assn. 34(6):452-462, herein incorporated
by reference in its entirety. Formulations of the present invention
may include short-term, rapid-onset, rapid-offset, controlled
release, sustained release, delayed release, and pulsatile release
formulations, providing the formulations achieve administration of
a compound as described herein. See Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences (1 8'' ed.; Mack Publishing Company, Eaton, Pa., 1990),
herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0140] Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present
invention are suitable for various modes of delivery, including
oral, parenteral (including intravenous, intramuscular,
subcutaneous, intrademal, and transdermal), topical (including
dermal, buccal, and sublingual), and rectal administration. The
most useful and/or beneficial mode of administration can vary,
especially depending upon the condition of the recipient and the
disorder being treated.
[0141] The pharmaceutical formulations may be conveniently made
available in a unit dosage form, whereby such formulations may be
prepared by any of the methods generally known in the
pharmaceutical arts. Generally speaking, such methods of
preparation comprise combining (by various methods) an active
agent, such as the compounds according to the present invention (or
a pharmaceutically acceptable ester, amide, salt, or solvate
thereof) with a suitable carrier or other adjuvant, which may
consist of one or more ingredients. The combination of the active
ingredient with the one or more adjuvants is then physically
treated to present the formulation in a suitable form for delivery
(e.g., shaping into a tablet or forming an aqueous suspension).
[0142] Adjuvants or accessory ingredients for use in the
formulations of the present invention can include any
pharmaceutical ingredient commonly deemed acceptable in the art,
such as binders, fillers, lubricants, disintegrants, diluents,
surfactants, stabilizers, preservatives, flavoring and coloring
agents, and the like. Binders are generally used to facilitate
cohesiveness of the tablet and ensure the tablet remains intact
after compression. Suitable binders include, but are not limited
to: starch, polysaccharides, gelatin, polyethylene glycol,
propylene glycol, waxes, and natural and synthetic gums. Acceptable
fillers include silicon dioxide, titanium dioxide, alumina, talc,
kaolin, powdered cellulose, and microcrystalline cellulose, as well
as soluble materials, such as mannitol, urea, sucrose, lactose,
dextrose, sodium chloride, and sorbitol. Lubricants are useful for
facilitating tablet manufacture and include vegetable oils,
glycerin, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate, and stearic acid.
Disintegrants, which are useful for facilitating disintegration of
the tablet, generally include starches, clays, celluloses, algins,
gums, and crosslinked polymers. Diluents, which are generally
included to provide bulk to the tablet, may include dicalcium
phosphate, calcium sulfate, lactose, cellulose, kaolin, mannitol,
sodium chloride, dry starch, and powdered sugar. Surfactants
suitable for use in the formulation according to the present
invention may be anionic, cationic, amphoteric, or nonionic surface
active agents. Stabilizers may be included in the formulations to
inhibit or lessen reactions leading to decomposition of the active
agent, such as oxidative reactions.
[0143] Pharmaceutical formulations according to the present
invention suitable as oral dosage may take various forms, such as
tablets, capsules, caplets, and wafers (including rapidly
dissolving or effervescing), each containing a predetermined amount
of the active agent. The formulations may also be in the form of a
powder or granules, a solution or suspension in an aqueous or
non-aqueous liquid, and as a liquid emulsion (oil-in-water and
water-in-oil). The active agent may also be delivered as a bolus,
electuary, or paste. It is generally understood that methods of
preparations of the above dosage forms are generally known in the
art, and any such method would be suitable for the preparation of
the respective dosage forms for use in delivery of the compounds
according to the present invention.
[0144] A tablet containing a compound according to the present
invention may be manufactured by any standard process readily known
to one of skill in the art, such as, for example, by compression or
molding, optionally with one or more adjuvant or accessory
ingredient. The tablets may optionally be coated or scored and may
be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the
active agent.
[0145] A syrup may be made by adding the active compound to a
concentrated aqueous solution of a sugar, for example sucrose, to
which may also be added any accessory ingredient(s). Such accessory
ingredients may include flavorings, suitable preservatives, an
agent to retard crystallization of the sugar, and an agent to
increase the solubility of any other ingredient, such as polyhydric
alcohol, for example, glycerol or sorbitol.
[0146] Solid dosage forms may be formulated so as to provide a
delayed release of the active agent, such as by application of a
coating. Delayed release coatings are known in the art, and dosage
forms containing such may be prepared by any known suitable method.
Such methods generally include that, after preparation of the solid
dosage form (e.g. a tablet or caplet), a delayed release coating
composition is applied. Application can be by methods, such as
airless spraying, fluidized bed coating, use of a coating pan, or
the like. Materials for use as a delayed release coating can be
polymeric in nature, such as cellulosic material (e.g., cellulose
butyrate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, and
carboxymethyl ethylcellulose), and polymers and copolymers of
acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, and esters thereof.
[0147] Solid dosage forms according to the present invention may
also be sustained release (i.e., releasing the active agent over a
prolonged period of time), and may or may not also be delayed
release. Sustained release formulations are known in the art and
are generally prepared by dispersing a drug within a matrix of a
gradually degradable or hydrolyzable material, such as an insoluble
plastic, a hydrophilic polymer, or a fatty compound. Alternatively,
a solid dosage form may be coated with such a material.
[0148] Formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous
and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions, which may further
contain additional agents, such as anti-oxidants, buffers,
bacteriostats, and solutes, which render the formulations isotonic
with the blood of the intended recipient. The formulations may
include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions, which contain
suspending agents and thickening agents.
[0149] Such formulations for parenteral administration may be
presented in unit-dose or multi-dose containers, such as, for
example, sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stores in a
freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of
the sterile liquid carrier, for example, water (for injection),
immediately prior to use. Extemporaneous injection solutions and
suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules, and
tablets of the kind previously described. The compounds according
to the present invention may also be administered transdermally,
wherein the active agent is incorporated into a laminated structure
(generally referred to as a "patch") that is adapted to remain in
intimate contact with the epidermis of the recipient for a
prolonged period of time. Typically, such patches are available as
single layer "drug-in-adhesive" patches or as multi-layer patches
where the active agent is contained in a layer separate from the
adhesive layer. Both types of patches also generally contain a
backing layer and a liner that is removed prior to attachment to
the skin of the recipient. Transdermal drug delivery patches may
also be comprised of a reservoir underlying the backing layer that
is separated from the skin of the recipient by a semi-permeable
membrane and adhesive layer. Transdermal drug delivery may occur
through passive diffusion or may be facilitated using
electrotransport or iontophoresis. Formulations for rectal delivery
of the compounds of the present invention include rectal
suppositories, creams, ointments, and liquids. Suppositories may be
presented as the active agent in combination with a carrier
generally known in the art, such as polyethylene glycol. Such
dosage forms may be designed to disintegrate rapidly or over an
extended period of time, and the time to complete disintegration
can range from a short time, such as about 10 minutes, to an
extended period of time, such as about 6 hours.
[0150] Topical formulations may be in any form suitable and readily
known in the art for delivery of an active agent to the body
surface, including dermally, buccally, and sublingually. Typical
examples of topical formulations include ointments, creams, gels,
pastes, and solutions. Formulations for topical administration in
the mouth also include lozenges.
[0151] Nasal spray formulations comprise purified aqueous solutions
of the active agent with preservative agents and isotonic agents.
Such formulations are preferably adjusted to a pH and isotonic
state compatible with the nasal mucous membranes.
[0152] Ophthalmic formulations are prepared by a similar method to
the nasal spray, except that the pH and isotonic factors are
preferably adjusted to match that of the eye. Further, the present
invention provides liposomal formulations of the compounds of the
invention and salts thereof. The technology for forming liposomal
suspensions is well known in the art. When the compound of the
invention is an aqueous-soluble salt, using conventional liposome
technology, the same may be incorporated into lipid vesicles. In
such an instance, due to the water solubility of the compound, the
compound will be substantially entrained within the hydrophilic
center or core of the liposomes. The lipid layer employed may be of
any conventional composition and may either contain cholesterol or
may be cholesterol-free. When the compound of interest is
water-insoluble, again employing conventional liposome formation
technology, the compound may be substantially entrained within the
hydrophobic lipid bilayer that forms the structure of the liposome.
In either instance, the liposomes that are produced may be reduced
in size, as through the use of standard sonication and
homogenization techniques.
[0153] The liposomal formulations containing the compounds of the
invention may be lyophilized to produce a lyophilizate which may be
reconstituted with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, such as
water, to regenerate a liposomal suspension.
[0154] Pharmaceutical formulations are also provided which are
suitable for administration as an aerosol, by inhalation. These
formulations comprise a solution or suspension of the desired
compound of the invention or a plurality of solid particles of the
compound. The desired formulation may be placed in a small chamber
and nebulized. Nebulization may be accomplished by compressed air
or by ultrasonic energy to form a plurality of liquid droplets or
solid particles comprising the compounds or salts.
[0155] By "treatment or prevention" is intended the alleviation of
the signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or any other desired
alteration of a biological system. Accordingly, the method of the
invention "prevents" (i.e., delays or inhibits) and/or "reduces"
(i.e., decrease, slows, or ameliorates) the detrimental effects of
the cancer, or neoplastic disease or disorder, in the mammal
receiving the therapy. As used herein, a "neoplastic disease or
disorder" is characterized by one or more of the following
properties: cell growth that is not regulated by the normal
biochemical and physical influences in the environment; anaplasia
(i.e., lack of normal coordinated cell differentiation); and in
some instances, metastasis. Further, as used herein, the term
"cancer" is understood to mean a disease characterized by abnormal
growth of cells that is not regulated by the normal biochemical and
physical influences in the environment. Accordingly, as used
herein, the terms cancer and neoplasia are intended to be
interchangeable.
[0156] Neoplastic diseases capable of treatment according to the
invention include, for example, anal carcinoma, bladder carcinoma,
breast carcinoma, cervix carcinoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,
chronic myelogenous leukemia, endometrial carcinoma, hairy cell
leukemia, head and neck carcinoma, lung (small cell) carcinoma,
multiple myeloma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, follicular lymphoma,
ovarian carcinoma, brain tumors, colorectal carcinoma,
hepatocellular carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, lung (non-small cell
carcinoma), melanoma, pancreatic carcinoma, prostate carcinoma,
renal cell carcinoma, ductal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and soft tissue sarcoma.
Additional neoplastic disorders can be found in, for example,
Isselbacher et al. (1994) Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine
1814-1877, which is herein incorporated by reference.
[0157] As used herein, "therapeutic effect" means reducing the
signs, symptoms, or causes of a disease, or other desired
alteration of a biological system such as delay of disease
progression by prevention or eliminating circulating cancer cells
from the blood or facilitating the death of cancer cells in lymph
node, bone marrow and/or soft tissues. Delivery of a
therapeutically effective amount of a compound of the invention may
be obtained via administration of a pharmaceutical composition
comprising a therapeutically effective dose of this agent. By
"therapeutically effective amount" or "dose" or "cytotoxic amount"
is meant a concentration of a conjugate of the invention that is
sufficient to elicit the desired therapeutic effect according to
the various methods of treatment described herein. Accordingly, in
one embodiment, a therapeutically effective amount is an amount
effective to treat cancer, such as inhibiting or slowing growth of
cancerous tissue. According to another embodiment, a
therapeutically effective amount is an amount effective to treat an
inflammatory disease. Preferably, for purposes of cancer therapy, a
compound of any of the above formulas is administered to the
subject in an amount sufficient to inhibit production of TF or
VEGF, thereby inhibiting angiogenesis. However, the therapeutically
effective dosage of any specific compound will vary somewhat from
compound to compound, patient to patient, and will depend upon the
condition of the patient and the route of delivery. The effective
amount of any particular compound would be expected to vary
according to the weight, sex, age, and medical history of the
subject. Other factors which influence the effective amount may
include, but are not limited to, the severity of the patient's
condition, the disease or disorder being treated, the stability of
the compound according to the invention, and, if appropriate, any
additional antineoplastic therapeutic agent being administered with
the compound of the invention. Methods to determine efficacy and
dosage are known to those skilled in the art. See, for example,
Isselbacher et al. (1996) Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine
13 ed., 1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference. As a general
proposition, a dosage from about 0.5 to about 20 mg/kg body weight,
preferably from about 1.0 to about 5.0 mg/kg, will have therapeutic
efficacy. When administered conjointly with other pharmaceutically
active agents, even less of the compounds of the invention may be
therapeutically effective. The compounds of the invention may be
administered once or several times a day. The duration of the
treatment may be once per day for a period of from two to three
weeks and may continue for a period of months or even years. The
daily dose can be administered either by a single dose in the form
of an individual dosage unit or several smaller dosage units or by
multiple administration of subdivided dosages at certain
intervals.
[0158] As used herein, "cancer" means a disease characterized by
abnormal growth of cells that is not regulated by the normal
biochemical, physiological and physical influences from the host
micro environment. Cancer which is capable of responding to
treatment according to the compounds, compositions and methods
disclosed herein include, for example, those listed in Isselbacher
et al. (1994), Harrison Principles of Internal Medicine, 1814-1877.
The compounds, compositions and methods disclosed herein are useful
in the treatment of cancers such as, carcinomas, lymphomas,
leukemias, neuroendocrine tumors, and sarcomas. A representative
but non-limiting list of cancers is lymphoma, Hodgkin's Disease,
myeloid leukemia, bladder cancer, brain cancer, head and neck
cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancers such as small cell lung cancer
and non-small cell lung cancer, myeloma,
neuroblastoma/glioblastoma, ovarian cancer, thyroid and adrenal
gland cancers, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, skin cancer,
liver cancer, melanoma, colon cancer, cervical cancer, breast
cancer, and other epithelial and mesenchymal cancers with unknown
origin. The compounds, compositions and methods disclosed herein
may be used for the treatment of cancers through direct cytotoxic
effects on localized and disseminated cancers but also can exert
cytotoxicity to circulating cancer cells thus preventing the
disseminated cancer cells from reaching metastatic sites. "Cancer"
and "tumor" are used interchangeably herein.
[0159] Methods to determine if the neoplastic disorder has been
treated are well known to those skilled in the art and include, for
example, a decrease in the number of neoplastic cells (i.e., a
decrease in cell proliferation or a decrease in tumor size). It is
recognized that the treatment of the present invention may be a
lasting and complete response or can encompass a partial or
transient clinical response. See for example, Isselbacher et al.
(1996) Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine 13 ed.,
1814-1882, herein incorporated by reference.
[0160] Assays to test for the death of neoplastic cells are well
known in the art, including, for example, standard dose response
assays that assess cell viability; agarose gel electrophoresis of
DNA extractions or flow cytometry to determine DNA fragmentation, a
characteristic of cell death; assays that measure the activity of
polypeptides involved in apoptosis; and assay for morphological
signs of cell death. The details regarding such assays are
described elsewhere. Other assays include, chromatin assays (i.e.,
counting the frequency of condensed nuclear chromatin) or drug
resistance assays as described in, for example, Lowe et al. (1993)
Cell 74:957-697, herein incorporated by reference. See also U.S.
Pat. No. 5,821,072, also herein incorporated by reference.
[0161] In addition, assays to test for the effectiveness of the
compounds of the invention can be preliminarily evaluated by using
a tumor growth regression assay which assesses the ability of
tested compounds to inhibit the growth of established solid tumors
in mice. The assay can be performed by implanting tumor cells into
the subcutaneous, orthotopic and intraosseous sites or the fat pads
of nude mice.
[0162] Tumor cells are then allowed to grow to a certain size
before the agents are administered. The volumes of tumors are
monitored for a set number of weeks, e.g., three weeks. General
health of the tested animals is also monitored during the course of
the assay. The compounds of the invention can be used in
combination with other antineoplastic therapeutic agents. When a
compound of the invention is administered in combination with an
antineoplastic therapeutic agent (i.e., co-administration), it is
recognized that a compound of the invention and the antineoplastic
therapeutic agent can be administered in a fixed combination (i.e.,
a single pharmaceutical formulation that contains both active
materials). Alternatively, a compound of the invention may be
administered simultaneously with the antineoplastic therapeutic
agent. In another embodiment, the compound of the invention and the
antineoplastic therapeutic agent are administered sequentially
(i.e., administration of the compound of the invention begins
shortly after the end of the antineoplastic therapeutic agent
regime or, alternatively, administration of the inventive compound
precedes the administration of the antineoplastic therapeutic
agent). One of skill in the art will recognized that the most
preferred method of administration will allow the desired
therapeutic effect, ie., the enhanced cell death of a neoplastic
cell.
[0163] Any additional antineoplastic agent (i.e., chemotherapeutic,
radiation, or biological response modifiers) can be used in the
methods of the present invention. It is understood that the
antineoplastic agent may affect neoplastic cells by a variety of
mechanisms, including killing or decreasing viability, by
apoptosis, or by various other cellular mechanisms. In any
particular embodiment of the invention, the antineoplastic
therapeutic agent will be selected with reference to factors such
as the type of neoplastic disorder and the efficacy of the
antineoplastic agent for treating the desired neoplastic
disorder.
[0164] Chemotherapeutic agents include, but are not limited to,
Aminoglutethimide; Asparaginase; Bleomycin; Busulfan; Carboplatin;
Carmustine (BCNU); Chlorambucil; Cisplatin (cis-DDP);
Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine HCl; Dacarbazine; Dactinomycin;
Daunorubicin HCl; Doxorubicin HCl; Estramustine phosphate sodium;
Etoposide (VP-16); Floxuridine; Fluorouracil (5-FU); Flutamide;
Hydroxyurea (`hydroxycarbamide); Ifosfamide; Interferon a-2a, a-2b,
Lueprolide acetate (LHRH-releasing factor analogue); Lomustine
(CCNU); Mechlorethamine HCl (nitrogen mustard); Melphatan;
Mercaptopurine; Mesna; Methotrexate (MTX); Mitomycin; Mitotane
(0.p'-DDD); Mitoxantrone HCl; Octreotide; Paclitaxel; Plicamycin;
Procarbazine HCl; Streptozocin, Tamoxifen citrate; Thioguanine;
Thiotepa; Vinblastine sulfate; Vincristine sulfate; Amsacrine
(m-AMSA); Azacitidine; Hexamethylmelamine (HMM); Interleukin 2;
Mitoguazone (methyl-GAG; methyl glyoxal bis-guanylhydrazone; MGBG);
Pentostatin; Semustine (methyl-CCNU); Teniposide (VM-26);
paclitaxel and other taxanes; and Vindesine sulfate.
[0165] Additional antineoplastic therapeutic agents which find use
in the methods of the present invention include biological response
modifiers. As used herein "biological response modifiers" comprise
any agent that functions by altering the host response to cancer,
rather than by direct cytotoxicity. Biological response modifiers
include, for example, monoclonal antibodies and cytokines. See, for
example, Isselbacher et al. (1994) Harrison's Principles of
Internal Medicine, 1834-1841, which is herein incorporated by
reference. Cytokines are a group of intercellular messenger
proteins that are key immunoregulatory compounds. They comprise the
largest group of biologic therapeutics in clinical trials and
include interferons (i.e., Type 1 interferons such as INF-u and
INF-P and Type I1 interferons such as INF-y), interleukins, and
hematopoeitic growth factors (i.e., erythropoietin,
granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and
granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)).
[0166] All references throughout this application, for example
patent documents including issued or granted patents or
equivalents; patent application publications; and non-patent
literature documents or other source material; are hereby
incorporated by reference herein in their entireties, as though
individually incorporated by reference, to the extent each
reference is at least partially not inconsistent with the
disclosure in this application (for example, a reference that is
partially inconsistent is incorporated by reference except for the
partially inconsistent portion of the reference).
[0167] All patents and publications mentioned in the specification
are indicative of the levels of skill of those skilled in the art
to which the invention pertains. References cited herein are
incorporated by reference herein in their entirety to indicate the
state of the art, in some cases as of their filing date, and it is
intended that this information can be employed herein, if needed,
to exclude (for example, to disclaim) specific embodiments that are
in the prior art. For example, when a compound is claimed, it
should be understood that compounds known in the prior art,
including certain compounds disclosed in the references disclosed
herein (particularly in referenced patent documents), are not
intended to be included in the claim.
[0168] When a group of substituents is disclosed herein, it is
understood that all individual members of those groups and all
subgroups, including any isomers and enantiomers of the group
members, and classes of compounds that can be formed using the
substituents are disclosed separately. When a Markush group or
other grouping is used herein, all individual members of the group
and all combinations and subcombinations possible of the group are
intended to be individually included in the disclosure.
[0169] Every formulation or combination of components described or
exemplified can be used to practice the invention, unless otherwise
stated. Specific names of compounds are intended to be exemplary,
as it is known that one of ordinary skill in the art can name the
same compounds differently. When a compound is described herein
such that a particular isomer or enantiomer of the compound is not
specified, for example, in a formula or in a chemical name, that
description is intended to include each isomers and enantiomer of
the compound described individual or in any combination. One of
ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that methods, elements,
starting materials, synthetic methods, and components other than
those specifically exemplified can be employed in the practice of
the invention without resort to undue experimentation. All
art-known functional equivalents, of any such methods, elements,
starting materials, synthetic methods, and components are intended
to be included in this invention. Whenever a range is given in the
specification, for example, a temperature range, a time range, or a
composition range, all intermediate ranges and subranges, as well
as all individual values included in the ranges given are intended
to be included in the disclosure.
[0170] As used herein, "comprising" is synonymous with "including,"
"containing," or "characterized by," and is inclusive or open-ended
and does not exclude additional, unrecited elements or method
steps. As used herein, "consisting of" excludes any element, step,
or ingredient not specified in the claim element. As used herein,
"consisting essentially of" does not exclude materials or steps
that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics
of the claim. Any recitation herein of the term "comprising",
particularly in a description of components of a composition or in
a description of elements of a device, is understood to encompass
those compositions and methods consisting essentially of and
consisting of the recited components or elements. The invention
illustratively described herein suitably may be practiced in the
absence of any element or elements, limitation or limitations which
is not specifically disclosed herein.
[0171] The terms and expressions which have been employed are used
as terms of description and not of limitation, and there is no
intention in the use of such terms and expressions of excluding any
equivalents of the features shown and described or portions
thereof, but it is recognized that various modifications are
possible within the scope of the invention claimed. Thus, it should
be understood that although the present invention has been
specifically disclosed by preferred embodiments and optional
features, modification and variation of the concepts herein
disclosed may be resorted to by those skilled in the art, and that
such modifications and variations are considered to be within the
scope of this invention.
[0172] In general the terms and phrases used herein have their
art-recognized meaning, which can be found by reference to standard
texts, journal references and contexts known to those skilled in
the art. The definitions are provided to clarify their specific use
in the context of the invention.
[0173] One skilled in the art readily appreciates that the present
invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and obtain the
ends and advantages mentioned, as well as those inherent in the
present invention. The methods, components, materials and
concentrations described herein as currently representative of
preferred embodiments are provided as examples and are not intended
as limitations on the scope of the invention. Changes therein and
other uses which are encompassed within the spirit of the invention
will occur to those skilled in the art, are included within the
scope of the claims.
[0174] Although the description herein contains certain specific
information and examples, these should not be construed as limiting
the scope of the invention, but as merely providing illustrations
of some of the embodiments of the invention. Thus, additional
embodiments are within the scope of the invention and within the
claims.
[0175] The exact formulation, route of administration and dosage
can be chosen by the individual physician in view of the patient's
condition (see e.g. Fingl et. al., in The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics, 1975, Ch. 1 p. 1).
[0176] It should be noted that the attending physician would know
how to and when to terminate, interrupt, or adjust administration
due to toxicity, or to organ dysfunctions, or for other reasons.
Conversely, the attending physician would also know to adjust
treatment to higher levels if the clinical response were not
adequate (precluding toxicity). The magnitude of an administered
dose in the management of the disorder of interest will vary with
the severity of the condition to be treated and to the route of
administration. The severity of the condition may, for example, be
evaluated, in part, by standard prognostic evaluation methods.
Further, the dose and perhaps dose frequency, will also vary
according to the age, body weight, and response of the individual
patient. A program comparable to that discussed above also may be
used in veterinary medicine.
[0177] Depending on the specific conditions being treated and the
targeting method selected, such agents may be formulated and
administered systemically or locally. Techniques for formulation
and administration may be found in Alfonso and Gennaro (1995).
Suitable routes may include, for example, oral, rectal,
transdermal, vaginal, transmucosal, or intestinal administration;
parenteral delivery, including intramuscular, subcutaneous, or
intramedullary injections, as well as intrathecal, intravenous, or
intraperitoneal injections.
[0178] For injection, the agents of the invention may be formulated
in aqueous solutions, preferably in physiologically compatible
buffers such as Hanks' solution, Ringer's solution, or
physiological saline buffer. For transmucosal administration,
penetrants appropriate to the barrier to be permeated are used in
the formulation. Such penetrants are generally known in the
art.
[0179] Use of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers to formulate the
compounds herein disclosed for the practice of the invention into
dosages suitable for systemic administration is within the scope of
the invention. With proper choice of carrier and suitable
manufacturing practice, the compositions of the present invention,
in particular those formulated as solutions, may be administered
parenterally, such as by intravenous injection. Appropriate
compounds can be formulated readily using pharmaceutically
acceptable carriers well known in the art into dosages suitable for
oral administration. Such carriers enable the compounds of the
invention to be formulated as tablets, pills, capsules, liquids,
gels, syrups, slurries, suspensions and the like, for oral
ingestion by a patient to be treated.
[0180] Agents intended to be administered intracellularly may be
administered using techniques well known to those of ordinary skill
in the art. For example, such agents may be encapsulated into
liposomes, then administered as described above. Liposomes are
spherical lipid bilayers with aqueous interiors. All molecules
present in an aqueous solution at the time of liposome formation
are incorporated into the aqueous interior. The liposomal contents
are both protected from the external microenvironment and, because
liposomes fuse with cell membranes, are efficiently delivered into
the cell cytoplasm. Additionally, due to their hydrophobicity,
small organic molecules may be directly administered
intracellularly.
[0181] Pharmaceutical compositions suitable for use in the present
invention include compositions wherein the active ingredients are
contained in an effective amount to achieve the intended purpose.
Determination of the effective amounts is well within the
capability of those skilled in the art, especially in light of the
detailed disclosure provided herein.
[0182] In addition to the active ingredients, these pharmaceutical
compositions may contain suitable pharmaceutically acceptable
carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate
processing of the active compounds into preparations which can be
used pharmaceutically. The preparations formulated for oral
administration may be in the form of tablets, dragees, capsules, or
solutions, including those formulated for delayed release or only
to be released when the pharmaceutical reaches the small or large
intestine.
[0183] The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may
be manufactured in a manner that is itself known, e.g., by means of
conventional mixing, dissolving, granulating, dragee-making,
levitating, emulsifying, encapsulating, entrapping or lyophilizing
processes.
[0184] Pharmaceutical formulations for parenteral administration
include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble
form. Additionally, suspensions of the active compounds may be
prepared as appropriate oily injection suspensions. Suitable
lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils such as sesame
oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, such as ethyl oleate or
triglycerides, or liposomes. Aqueous injection suspensions may
contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension,
such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, or dextran.
Optionally, the suspension may also contain suitable stabilizers or
agents which increase the solubility of the compounds to allow for
the preparation of highly concentrated solutions.
[0185] Pharmaceutical preparations for oral use can be obtained by
combining the active compounds with solid excipient, optionally
grinding a resulting mixture, and processing the mixture of
granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired, to obtain
tablets or dragee cores. Suitable excipients are, in particular,
fillers such as sugars, including lactose, sucrose, mannitol, or
sorbitol; cellulose preparations such as, for example, maize
starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, gum
tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropylmethyl-cellulose, sodium
carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). If
desired, disintegrating agents may be added, such as the
cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt
thereof such as sodium alginate.
[0186] Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings. For this
purpose, concentrated sugar solutions may be used, which may
optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone,
carbopol gel, polyethylene glycol, and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer
solutions, and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
Dyestuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee
coatings for identification or to characterize different
combinations of active compound doses.
[0187] Pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include
push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules
made of gelatin and a plasticizer, such as glycerol or sorbitol.
The push-fit capsules can contain the active ingredients in
admixture with filler such as lactose, binders such as starches,
and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and,
optionally, stabilizers. In soft capsules, the active compounds may
be dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils,
liquid paraffin, or liquid polyethylene glycols. In addition,
stabilizers may be added.
* * * * *