U.S. patent application number 14/650555 was filed with the patent office on 2015-10-29 for thermostatic packaging.
The applicant listed for this patent is EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC. Invention is credited to Takashi IWAMOTO.
Application Number | 20150308727 14/650555 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 50978919 |
Filed Date | 2015-10-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150308727 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
IWAMOTO; Takashi |
October 29, 2015 |
THERMOSTATIC PACKAGING
Abstract
Arrangements and methods for thermostatic packaging are provided
herein. In some embodiments, in response to a change in
temperature, an endothermic or exothermic reaction can be initiated
to counteract the change in temperature.
Inventors: |
IWAMOTO; Takashi; (Chiba,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
EMPIRE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT LLC |
Wilmington |
DE |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
50978919 |
Appl. No.: |
14/650555 |
Filed: |
December 18, 2012 |
PCT Filed: |
December 18, 2012 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US12/70293 |
371 Date: |
June 8, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
62/4 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B65D 81/18 20130101;
F25D 5/00 20130101; B65D 25/04 20130101 |
International
Class: |
F25D 5/00 20060101
F25D005/00; B65D 25/04 20060101 B65D025/04; B65D 81/18 20060101
B65D081/18 |
Claims
1. A cooling system comprising: a first reactant; a second
reactant, wherein the first reactant can endothermically react with
the second reactant to absorb heat; and a temperature-responsive
divider positioned between at least some of the first reactant and
at least some of the second reactant, wherein at a first
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to
the first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and
the second reactant, and wherein at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
2. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the first reactant
contacts a first side of the temperature-responsive divider,
wherein the second reactant contacts a second side of the
temperature-responsive divider, and wherein the first side is
opposite to the second side of the temperature-responsive
divider.
3. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the
temperature-responsive divider comprises an expandable sheet
comprising at least a perforation, wherein the perforation is
impermeable to the first reactant and the second reactant when the
expandable sheet is in a first conformation, and wherein the
perforation is permeable to the first reactant, the second
reactant, or the first reactant and the second reactant when the
expandable sheet is in a second conformation.
4. The cooling system of claim 3, wherein the expandable sheet
comprises at least one of a rubber, a metal, or an elastomer
material.
5. The cooling system of claim 3, wherein the
temperature-responsive divider further comprises at least one
temperature-responsive actuator in tensile communication with the
expandable sheet, wherein the at least one temperature-responsive
actuator is configured to position the sheet in the first
conformation at the first temperature, and wherein the at least one
temperature-responsive actuator is configured to position the sheet
in the second conformation at the second temperature, wherein the
second temperature is greater than the first temperature.
6. The cooling system of claim 5, wherein the at least one
temperature-responsive actuator comprises at least one of a
bimetal, a shape-memory metal alloy, or a shape memory polymer.
7. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the
temperature-responsive divider comprises a polymer membrane,
wherein at least a portion of a surface of the polymer membrane is
hydrophilic at a first temperature, and wherein the portion of the
surface of the polymer membrane is hydrophobic at a second
temperature, wherein the second temperature is greater than the
first temperature.
8. The cooling system of claim 7, wherein the polymer membrane
comprises N-isopropyl acryl amide.
9. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the first reactant and
the second reactant comprise a first/second reactant pairing
comprising at least one of: H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4NO.sub.3,
H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4Cl, NH.sub.4NO.sub.3/Urea, H.sub.2O/Urea,
H.sub.2O/Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2, citric acid/sodium bicarbonate,
H.sub.2O/Xylitol, and H.sub.2O/Erythritol.
10. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein at least one of the
first reactant and the second reactant comprises a liquid, a gel,
or a liquid and a gel.
11. The cooling system of claim 1, further comprising: a first
compartment configured to contain the first reactant; and a second
compartment configured to contain the second reactant, wherein at
least a portion of the first compartment is defined by a first
surface of the temperature-responsive divider, and wherein at least
a portion of the second compartment is defined by a second surface
of the temperature-responsive divider.
12. The cooling system of claim 1, further comprising a storage
compartment disposed adjacent to the first reactant, the second
reactant, or the first and second reactant.
13. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the
temperature-responsive divider can change to a configuration that
is impermeable to the first reactant, the second reactant, or the
first and second reactant upon a return of the
temperature-responsive divider to the first temperature.
14. The cooling system of claim 1, wherein the second temperature
is higher than the first temperature.
15. A method of regulating a temperature, the method comprising:
providing a cooling system comprising: a first reactant; a second
reactant, wherein the first reactant can react endothermically with
the second reactant; and a temperature-responsive divider
positioned between at least a part of the first reactant from at
least a part of the second reactant; and changing a first
conformation of the temperature-responsive divider to a second
conformation of the temperature-responsive divider upon an increase
in temperature, wherein the second conformation permits the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first and the second reactant
to pass through the temperature-responsive divider such that an
endothermic reaction occurs.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the first conformation
effectively separates the first reactant from the second reactant
at the first temperature, thereby preventing the first reactant
from reacting with the second reactant.
17. The method of claim 15, the method further comprising changing
the second conformation of the temperature-responsive divider to
the first conformation upon a decrease in the temperature.
18. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature-responsive
divider comprises an expandable sheet that comprises at least one
perforation, and wherein changing the first conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider to the second conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider comprises straining the expandable
sheet such that the at least one perforation opens.
19. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature-responsive
divider comprises a bimetal, and wherein changing the first
conformation of the temperature-responsive divider to the second
conformation of the temperature-responsive divider comprises
bending the bimetal.
20. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature-responsive
divider comprises at least one of a shape-memory alloy or a shape
memory polymer, and wherein changing the first conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider to the second conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider comprises changing a shape of the
shape-memory alloy or the shape memory polymer.
21. The method of claim 15, wherein the temperature-responsive
divider comprises a surface of a polymer, and wherein changing the
first conformation of the temperature-responsive divider to the
second conformation of the temperature-responsive divider comprises
changing at least a portion of the surface of the polymer from a
hydrophilic state to a hydrophobic state.
22. The method of claim 15, wherein the increase in local
temperature comprises an increase of at least about 5.degree.
C.
23. The method of claim 15, wherein the first reactant and the
second reactant comprise a first/second reactant pairing comprising
at least one of: H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4Cl,
NH.sub.4NO.sub.3/Urea, H.sub.2O/Urea, H.sub.2O/Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
citric acid/sodium bicarbonate, H.sub.2O/Xylitol, and
H.sub.2O/Erythritol.
24. A packaging comprising: a first reactant; a second reactant,
wherein the first reactant can endothermically react with the
second reactant to absorb heat; and a temperature-responsive
divider positioned between at least some of the first reactant and
at least some of the second reactant, wherein at a first
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to
the first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and
the second reactant, and wherein at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
25. A method of preparing a cooling system, the method comprising:
providing a first reactant; providing a second reactant, wherein
the first reactant can endothermically react with the second
reactant to absorb heat; and providing a temperature-responsive
divider positioned between at least some of the first reactant and
at least some of the second reactant, wherein at a first
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to
the first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and
the second reactant, and wherein at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
26-29. (canceled)
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments provided herein relate generally to arrangements
and apparatuses for thermostatic arrangements, and methods of
maintaining and/or controlling a temperature.
BACKGROUND
[0002] A variety of technologies exist for controlling and/or
regulating the temperature of a storage space. Such technologies
can be effective in a number of ways. In some situations, a storage
space can simply be isolated from its environment, such as with an
ice chest, thereby passively regulating the temperature of the
storage space. In other situations, a more active temperature
regulation can be achieved by employing, for example, a thermostat
and cooling system, such as used in a refrigerator.
SUMMARY
[0003] Some embodiments provided herein include a cooling system
that includes a first reactant and a second reactant. In some
embodiments, the first reactant can endothermically react with the
second reactant to absorb heat. In some embodiments, the cooling
system can include a temperature-responsive divider positioned
between at least some of the first reactant and at least some of
the second reactant. In some embodiments, at a first temperature,
the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant. In some embodiments, at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
[0004] Some embodiments provided herein include a method of
regulating a temperature. The method can include providing a
cooling system. The cooling system can include a first reactant, a
second reactant, and a temperature-responsive divider. In some
embodiments, the first reactant can react endothermically with the
second reactant. In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive
divider positioned between at least a part of the first reactant
from at least a part of the second reactant. The method can include
changing a first conformation of the temperature-responsive divider
to a second conformation of the temperature-responsive divider upon
an increase in temperature, such that the second conformation
permits the first reactant, the second reactant, or the first and
the second reactant to pass through the temperature-responsive
divider such that an endothermic reaction occurs.
[0005] Some embodiments provided herein include a packaging. The
packaging can include a first reactant. The packaging can include a
second reactant. The packaging can include a temperature-responsive
divider positioned between at least some of the first reactant and
at least some of the second reactant. In some embodiments, the
first reactant can endothermically react with the second reactant
to absorb heat. In some embodiments, at a first temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant. In some embodiments, at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
[0006] Some embodiments provided herein include a method of
preparing a cooling system. The method can include providing a
first reactant and providing a second reactant, such that the first
reactant can endothermically react with the second reactant to
absorb heat. The method can include providing a
temperature-responsive divider positioned between at least some of
the first reactant and at least some of the second reactant. In
some embodiments, at a first temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant. In some embodiments, at a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
[0007] In some embodiments, any one or more of the endothermic
devices and/or methods provided herein can be applied to an
exothermic arrangement as well, simply by swapping the first and
second reactants for reactants that produce an exothermic
reaction.
[0008] In some embodiments, a heating system is provided. The
heating system can include a first reactant and a second reactant.
The first reactant can exothermically react with the second
reactant to emit heat. The system can include a
temperature-responsive divider positioned between at least some of
the first reactant and at least some of the second reactant. At a
first temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is
impermeable to the first reactant, the second reactant, or the
first reactant and the second reactant. At a second temperature,
the temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant.
[0009] In some embodiments a method of regulating a temperature is
provided. The method can include providing a heating system. The
heating system can include a first reactant and a second reactant,
wherein the first reactant can react exothermically with the second
reactant. The system can include a temperature-responsive divider
positioned between at least a part of the first reactant from at
least a part of the second reactant. The method can further include
changing a first conformation of the temperature-responsive divider
to a second conformation of the temperature-responsive divider upon
a decrease in temperature. The second conformation permits the
first reactant, the second reactant, or the first and the second
reactant to pass through the temperature-responsive divider such
that an exothermic reaction occurs.
[0010] In some embodiments a packaging is provided and includes a
first reactant and a second reactant. The first reactant can
exothermically react with the second reactant to emit heat. A
temperature-responsive divider can be positioned between at least
some of the first reactant and at least some of the second
reactant. At a first temperature, the temperature-responsive
divider is impermeable to the first reactant, the second reactant,
or the first reactant and the second reactant. At a second
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the
first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the
second reactant.
[0011] In some embodiments a method of preparing a heating system
is provided. The method can include providing a first reactant and
providing a second reactant. The first reactant can exothermically
react with the second reactant to emit heat. The method can include
providing a temperature-responsive divider positioned between at
least some of the first reactant and at least some of the second
reactant. At a first temperature, the temperature-responsive
divider is impermeable to the first reactant, the second reactant,
or the first reactant and the second reactant. At a second
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the
first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the
second reactant.
[0012] The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not
intended to be in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative
aspects, embodiments, and features described above, further
aspects, embodiments, and features will become apparent by
reference to the drawings and the following detailed
description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] FIG. 1 illustrates some embodiments of a thermostatic
packaging.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating some embodiments of a
method of regulating temperature.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a drawing illustrating some embodiments of a
temperature-responsive divider.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a flow diagram illustrating some embodiments of a
method of preparing a cooling system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] In the following detailed description, reference is made to
the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the
drawings, similar symbols typically identify similar components,
unless context dictates otherwise. The illustrative embodiments
described in the detailed description, drawings, and claims are not
meant to be limiting. Other embodiments may be utilized, and other
changes may be made, without departing from the spirit or scope of
the subject matter presented herein. It will be readily understood
that the aspects of the present disclosure, as generally described
herein, and illustrated in the Figures, can be arranged,
substituted, combined, separated, and designed in a wide variety of
different configurations, all of which are explicitly contemplated
herein.
[0018] Some embodiments provided herein relate to temperature
regulation. While there are a variety of technologies by which this
can be achieved, some embodiments provided herein achieve
temperature regulation by at least initially maintaining two or
more reactants separate from one another. The two or more reactants
are then combined in a temperature dependent manner. In some
embodiments, this can be achieved by separating the two or more
reactants by a temperature-responsive divider. The divider can open
and/or close in response to a change in heat (for example, an
increase in heat). The opening of the divider allows the two
reactants to mix, allowing for a subsequent heat altering reaction
to occur. For the sake of simplicity, the bulk of the following
description focuses on arrangements in which an increase in heat
results in the opening of the temperature-responsive divider, which
in turn allows the two reactants to interact and produce an
endothermic reaction, which lowers the local temperature. However,
as outlined herein as well, in some embodiments, the device and/or
methods can be arranged so as to provide an exothermic reaction and
thereby provide an increase in temperature.
[0019] FIG. 1 illustrates some embodiments of a section of a
thermostatic package 100 that can include aspects of the technology
provided herein. The arrangement can include a first reactant 110
and a second reactant 120. The first reactant can be separated from
the second reactant by a temperature-responsive divider 130 that is
effectively impermeable to at least one of the two reactants at a
first temperature. At a second temperature (either lower or higher
than the first), the temperature-responsive divider undergoes a
change to form a permeable temperature-responsive divider 135. The
permeable temperature-responsive divider is permeable to at least
one of the reactants 135, such that the reactants interact at a
reaction site 140. In some embodiments, the reaction at the
reaction site 140 is endothermic. In some embodiments, the reaction
at the reaction site 140 is exothermic.
[0020] In some embodiments, a temperature-responsive divider
separates a pair of reactants from each other when the temperature
is below a threshold, but permits the reactants to react with each
other when the temperature passes above the threshold. In some
embodiments, the divider can open mechanically, thus permitting a
liquid or gel reactant to pass through pores and/or holes in the
temperature-responsive divider. In some embodiments, the
hydrophobicity of the divider can change, thus permitting a
molecule to pass through depending upon the molecule's hydrophobic
properties. Additional options for temperature-responsive dividers
are discussed below.
[0021] In some embodiments, the first reactant is one that reacts
with the second reactant to produce an endothermic reaction. In
some embodiments, the first reactant is one that reacts with the
second reactant to produce an exothermic reaction.
[0022] In some embodiments, a temperature-responsive divider is
positioned between some (or all) of the first reactant, and some
(or all) of the second reactant.
[0023] In some embodiments, at a temperature within an acceptable
range, the temperature-responsive divider is effectively
impermeable to the first reactant, the second reactant, or both
reactants, such that the reactants do not react with each other.
However, at a temperature outside of the acceptable range (which
can be any predetermined and/or desired range), the
temperature-responsive divider can be permeable to one or both of
the first and second reactant, such that these reactants react and
allow for the appropriate reaction to occur. The endo- or
exothermicity of the reaction can return the temperature to the
acceptable range.
[0024] In some embodiments, the method and/or device can be applied
in a thermostatic package. The thermostatic package can include any
number of arrangements of reactants and/or other parts. In some
embodiments, the package can include a first reactant and a second
reactant separated by a temperature-responsive divider. An object
to be kept cool (or warm) can be placed within and/or adjacent to
the packaging, allowing for temperature regulation of the object.
In some embodiments, the divider separates a solvent from the first
and second reactants.
[0025] Some embodiments of the method of employing this technology
can include providing an arrangement of thermostatic packaging as
described herein and changing a first, effectively sealed,
conformation of a temperature-responsive divider to a second,
permeable, conformation upon a change in temperature, such that a
pair of reactants as described herein interact with each other,
thus consuming (or producing) heat to counteract the change of
temperature that initially changed the state of the
temperature-responsive divider.
[0026] FIG. 2 is a flow diagram illustrating some embodiments of a
method of regulating a temperature. The method can include
providing a cooling system that includes a first reactant and a
second reactant. When allowed, the first reactant can react
endothermically (or alternatively, exothermically) with the second
reactant, however, initially there is a closed
temperature-responsive divider positioned between at least a part
of the first reactant from at least a part of the second reactant
200. The method includes changing a first conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider to a second conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider upon an increase (or decrease) in
temperature. The the second conformation permits the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first and the second reactant
to pass through the temperature-responsive divider such that an
endothermic (or exothermic) reaction occurs 210. The resulting
change in heat from the endothermic (or exothermic) reaction can
then be used to cool (or heat) and volume of space and/or an object
220. As noted herein, the divider can also be used to separate a
solvent from one or both of the reactants as well to the same
ends.
[0027] One skilled in the art will appreciate that, for this and
other processes and methods disclosed herein, the functions
performed in the processes and methods may be implemented in
differing order. Furthermore, the outlined steps and operations are
only provided as examples, and some of the steps and operations may
be optional, combined into fewer steps and operations, or expanded
into additional steps and operations without detracting from the
essence of the disclosed embodiments.
[0028] In some embodiments, the method includes effectively
separating the first reactant (and/or solvent) from the second
reactant (and/or solvent) at the first temperature. In some
embodiments, all or substantially all of the first reactant (and/or
solvent) is separated from the second reactant (and/or solvent) at
the first temperature. In some embodiments, only a portion of the
first reactant (and/or solvent) is separated from the second
reactant, and/or only a portion of the second reactant (and/or
solvent) is separated from the first reactant (and/or solvent) at
the second temperature. Thus, in some embodiments, some basal level
of cooling and/or heating can occur, and the change in conformation
of the temperature-responsive divider merely increases and/or
decreases the extent of the cooling and/or heating by allowing for
more of the reactants to interact or less of the reactants to
interact. In some embodiments, the first reactant (and/or solvent)
is completely separated from the second reactant (and/or solvent)
by the temperature-responsive divider until a change in temperature
changes the temperature-responsive divider to its reactant
permeable state.
[0029] In some embodiments, the method can include changing the
conformation of the temperature-responsive divider from a first
configuration in which the reactants of a reactant pair are
separated by the divider and do not mix (e.g. a "closed"
configuration) to a second configuration in which the reactants of
the reactant pair can mix (e.g. an "open" configuration).
[0030] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider
includes an expandable sheet with slits that are effectively sealed
to one or both of the reactants. The method can include straining
the expandable sheet so that at least one perforation opens at the
slit. In some embodiments, strain can applied to one axis of the
sheet. In some embodiments, strain is applied to two or more axes
of the sheet.
[0031] In some embodiments, the conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider changes upon a decrease in the local
temperature. In some embodiments, the conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider is changed when the local
temperature is above or below a pre-determined threshold
temperature. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which
the reactants are configured to act endothermically, the
conformation of the divider changes to permit the reactants to mix
when the local temperature exceeds the threshold temperature. In
some embodiments, for example embodiments in which the reactants
are configured to act exothermically, the conformation changes to
permit the reactants to mix when the local temperature is below the
threshold temperature. In some embodiments, the threshold
temperature is about -10.degree. C., -5.degree. C., -1.degree. C.,
0.degree. C., 1.degree. C., 2.degree. C., 3.degree. C., 4.degree.
C., 5.degree. C., 6.degree. C., 7.degree. C., 8.degree. C.,
9.degree. C., 10.degree. C., 11.degree. C., 12.degree. C.,
13.degree. C., 14.degree. C., 15.degree. C., 17.degree. C.,
20.degree. C., 22.degree. C., 25.degree. C., 27.degree. C.,
30.degree. C., 34.degree. C., 37.degree. C., 40.degree. C.,
45.degree. C., or 50.degree. C., including any range above any one
of the preceding values and any range between any two of the
preceding values. Thus, in some embodiments, when the temperature
threshold is crossed, the temperature-responsive divider changes
conformation to allow the first and/or second reactants to
intermix, changing the local temperature back towards its starting
value and thereby maintaining a local temperature within a desired
range.
[0032] In some embodiments the method includes changing the local
temperature by at least about 0.5.degree. C. in response to a
change in local temperature, for example at least about 0.5.degree.
C., 1.degree. C., 2.degree. C., 3.degree. C., 4.degree. C.,
5.degree. C., 6.degree. C., 7.degree. C., 8.degree. C., 9.degree.
C., 10.degree. C., 11.degree. C., 12.degree. C., 13.degree. C.,
14.degree. C., 15.degree. C., 20.degree. C., 30.degree. C.,
40.degree. C., 50.degree. C., 60.degree. C., 70.degree. C.,
80.degree. C., 90.degree. C., or 100.degree. C., including any
range between any two of the listed values. In some embodiments,
for example embodiments in which the reactants are selected to
react endothermically, the change in temperature is an increase. In
some embodiments, for example embodiments in which the reactants
are selected to react exothermically, the change in temperature is
a decrease.
[0033] In some embodiments, the opening of the
temperature-responsive divider is reversible. Accordingly, in some
embodiments, the method includes changing the conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider from the second configuration (e.g.
an "open" configuration) back to the first configuration (e.g. a
"closed" configuration). In some embodiments, the conformation is
changed back when the temperature crossed the threshold temperature
to its initial temperature.
[0034] In some embodiments, the method includes at least 2 cycles
of changing the conformation of the temperature-responsive divider
from the second configuration back to the first configuration, for
example at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20,
25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300,
400, 500, or more cycles. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider is capable of changing its
conformation from the open to the closed and/or closed to the open
state any number of times, for example, at least about 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80,
90, 100, 120, 150, 200, 300, 400, 500 or more cycles.
[0035] In some embodiments, the open state of the
temperature-responsive divider is maintained as long as the
temperature exceeds a threshold level. Thus, the reaction is
allowed to occur for as long as required in order to revert the
local temperature to a level beneath (or above) the threshold
level. Thus, in some embodiments, the system and/or method can be
self-regulating so that excessive levels of cooling or heating by
the system can be avoided and/or minimized.
[0036] In some embodiments, changing the first conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider to the second conformation includes
changing the conformation of a temperature-responsive actuator.
[0037] In some embodiments, changing the first conformation of the
temperature-responsive divider to the second conformation includes
changing at least a portion of the surface of a polymer of the
temperature-responsive divider from a hydrophilic state to a
hydrophobic state.
[0038] In some embodiments, any divider can be used as a
temperature-responsive divider, as long as the divider can
transition between impermeable to permeable for one or more of the
reactants, in response to a change in temperature. In some
embodiments, the divider can transition back to impermeable from
its permeable state.
[0039] In some embodiments, a temperature-responsive divider
prevents (or reduces or minimizes) reactants from reacting with
each other at a first temperature, but allows the reactants to
react with each other when the temperature is at a different,
second temperature. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in
which the arrangement is configured to cool via an endothermic
reaction, the second temperature is greater than the first
temperature. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which
the arrangement is configured to heat via an exothermic reaction,
the second temperature is less than the first temperature.
[0040] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider can
be positioned between at least a portion of one reactant and at
least a portion of the other reactant. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider is positioned between all of one
reactant, and all of the other reactant. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider is positioned between substantially
all of one reactant, and substantially all of the other reactant.
In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider is
positioned between substantially all of one reactant, and only a
portion of the other reactant. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider is positioned between only a portion
of one reactant, and only a portion of the other reactant. In some
embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider is positioned
between at least about 70% of each reactant, for example, at least
about 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.5%, or 99.9%
of each reactant, including any range above any one of the
preceding values.
[0041] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider
prevents (or reduces or minimizes) the reactants from reacting with
each other at the first temperature by being impermeable to one or
more of the reactants. In some embodiments, for example embodiments
in which each reactant is a liquid, the temperature-responsive
divider is impermeable to both reactants at the first temperature
but is permeable to one or both at the second temperature. In some
embodiments, for example embodiments in which a first reactant is a
liquid and a second reactant is a solid, the temperature-responsive
divider is impermeable to the first reactant at the first
temperature, but permeable at the second temperature. In some
embodiments, for example embodiments in which each reactant is a
solid, the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to a
solvent that can dissolve one or more of the reactants at the first
temperature, but is permeable to the solvent at the second
temperature. In some embodiments, a solvent can be used to regulate
the reaction indirectly. For example, rather than controlling the
physical interaction of the two reactants, in some embodiments, the
two reactants can be combined in an inert form, for example as a
dried solid mixture, whereby the addition of water solvates both
reactants into a form in which an exothermic or an endothermic
reaction can occur. Thus, any of the embodiments provided herein
can also be configured in a form where the two or more reactants
are already combined, but are inert, until a solvent is added. In
such embodiments, the solvent can be kept separated from the
premixed reactants by the temperature-responsive divider, and thus,
the opening of the temperature sensitive divider will allow for the
solvent to dissolve the two reactants and the appropriate change in
heat to occur.
[0042] In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which the
arrangement is configured to cool a product by initiating an
endothermic reaction, the temperature-responsive divider prevents
reactants from interacting with each other when the temperature is
below a threshold temperature, but allows the reactants to interact
with each other when the temperature is above a threshold
temperature. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which
the arrangement is configured to heat a product by initiating an
exothermic reaction, the temperature-responsive divider prevents
reactants from interacting with each other when the temperature is
above a threshold temperature, but allows the reactants to interact
with each other when the temperature is below a threshold
temperature.
[0043] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider
allows the reactants to react with each other at the second
temperature by being permeable to one or more of the reactants at
the second temperature. In some embodiments, for example
embodiments in which each reactant is a liquid, the
temperature-responsive divider allows the reactants to react with
each other at the second temperature by being permeable to all of
the reactants at the second temperature. In some embodiments, for
example embodiments in which the first reactant is a liquid and the
second reactant is a solid or gel, the temperature-responsive
divider allows the reactants to react with each other at the second
temperature by being permeable to the first reactant. The
temperature-responsive divider can be made of any material, for
example, rubber and/or elastomer.
[0044] Some embodiments of a temperature-responsive divider 300 are
illustrated in FIG. 3. As shown in the left side of FIG. 3, the
body 310 of the temperature-responsive divider can include at least
one perforation or slit 320, which is present in a first
conformation of the divider 300. The perforation or slit does not
allow, or only allows an insubstantial amount of, interaction
between the reactants. Thus, the divider provides an effective
barrier or device for separating the first and second reactants. At
a temperature that exceeds a threshold 350, the divider adopts a
second conformation (right-hand side of FIG. 3). This
conformational change can be spread throughout the body 310 of the
divider so that numerous holes 370 are opened up from the previous
perforations or slits 320. In this arrangement, the holes allow for
an interaction between the reactants.
[0045] The perforations or slits/holes can be created and/or
modulated in any number of ways. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider can include at least one
temperature-responsive actuator 340 which can exist in a first
conformation as shown on the left side of FIG. 3. In some
embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider can also include a
fixed end 330. The presence of the fixed end 330 and the actuator
340 can provide for the opening of the slits 320 to the holes 370.
In some embodiments, the actuator can be made from a temperature
sensitive material, such as a memory metal. Thus, in some
embodiments, the body of the divider need not be made of a
temperature sensitive material, but can be associated and/or
controlled by a temperature sensitive material, such that a change
in temperature, drives a change in conformation that opens (or
makes more open) the slits and/or perforations in the body 310 of
the divider 300. In some embodiments, the body itself can be made
from the temperature sensitive material, and thus, a shift in
conformation of the body can directly open a slit or
perforation.
[0046] In some embodiments, at a temperature 360 that is below a
threshold, the temperature-responsive actuator can revert to the
first conformation 340, so that the divider and the perforations
also revert to the first conformation 320.
[0047] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider
includes an expandable sheet that includes at least one
perforation. In some embodiments, the perforation includes at least
one of a slit, a hole, or a flap. The perforation can be
effectively impermeable to at least one reactant when the
expandable sheet is in a first conformation. In some embodiments,
the expandable sheet can be stretched along an axis that is
parallel or substantially parallel to the largest diameter of the
perforation, thus pinching or squeezing the perforation into a
closed or substantially closed conformation. The perforation can
become permeable to the first reactant and/or the second reactant
when the expandable sheet is relaxed along the same axis, which
allows the perforation to open.
[0048] In other embodiments, the opposite arrangement can be
employed, namely the expandable sheet can be sealed when in its
resting state (not stretched) but when stretched or strained along
an axis that is perpendicular or substantially perpendicular to the
largest diameter of the perforation the perforation is pulled open
by tensile force.
[0049] In some embodiments, the sheet includes two or more
perforations, and each of the perforations is positioned in
substantially the same orientation on the sheet. In some
embodiments, the perforations of the sheet are substantially
parallel to each other.
[0050] In some embodiments, the longest diameter of the perforation
is at least about 0.1 micrometers, for example about 0.1, 1, 10,
20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 180, 200, 250, 300,
400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1500, 1800, 2000, 2500,
3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, or 9000 micrometers, including
any range above any one of the preceding values and any range
between any two of the preceding values.
[0051] In some embodiments, the body of the divider includes at
least about 2 perforations, for example, at least about 2, 10, 20,
30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 10,000, or 100,000 perforations,
including any range above any one of the preceding values and any
range between any two of the preceding values. In some embodiments,
the body of the divider include perforations at a density of at
least about 1 perforation per square centimeter, for example at
least about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17,
20, 22, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 150,
180, 190, 200, 220, 250, 300, 400, 500 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000,
10,000, 100,000, or 1,000,000 perforations per square centimeter,
including any range above any one of the preceding values and any
range between any two of the preceding values.
[0052] In some embodiments, the body of the divider includes at
least one of a rubber, a metal, or an elastomer material. In some
embodiments, the body of the divider includes two or more of the
listed materials. In some embodiments, the body of the divider
includes at least one layer of a first material, and at least one
layer of a second listed material, for example at least one layer
of a rubber, and at least one layer of an elastomer.
[0053] In some embodiments, interaction of the reactants is
controlled by mechanically positioning the expandable sheet in one
conformation at a first temperature, and a different conformation
at a second temperature. In some embodiments, a
temperature-responsive actuator controls the conformation of the
expandable sheet. The temperature-responsive actuator can be in
tensile communication with the expandable sheet, such that the
temperature-responsive actuator positions the expandable sheet in a
first configuration at a first temperature, and a second
configuration at a second temperature. In some embodiments, for
example when the temperature-responsive divider is configured to
permit an endothermic reaction at the second temperature, the
second temperature is greater than the first temperature. In some
embodiments, for example when the temperature-responsive divider is
configured to permit an exothermic reaction at the second
temperature, the second temperature is less than the first
temperature. In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive
actuator positions the expandable sheet in a stretched or strained
conformation at a first temperature, and a relaxed conformation at
a second temperature. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive actuator permits at least one reactant to
pass through perforations in the expandable sheet at the second
temperature, but not at the first temperature.
[0054] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive actuator
includes at least one of a bimetal, a shape-memory metal alloy,
and/or a shape memory polymer. In some embodiments, two or more
temperature-responsive actuators can be employed. As noted above,
in some embodiments, the entire body of the temperature-responsive
divider includes at least one of a bimetal, a shape-memory metal
alloy, and/or a shape memory polymer
[0055] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive actuator
includes a bimetal. In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive
actuator has a first concavity at a first temperature, and a
second, opposite concavity at a second temperature. The first
concavity can conform the expandable sheet so that the perforations
are in a closed position, while the second concavity can conform
the expandable sheet so that the perforations are in an open
position. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary temperature-responsive
actuator having an arched shape 340 at a first temperature or
temperature range 360 so that the perforations are closed 320, and
a second, opposite concavity 345 at a second temperature or
temperature range 350 so that the perforations 370 are open.
[0056] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive actuator
includes a shape memory metal alloy. The shape memory metal alloy
can be configured to remember a first conformation at a first
temperature, such that the expandable sheet is in the corresponding
first conformation, and the perforations in an open position. The
shape memory metal alloy can be configured to remember a second
conformation at a second temperature, such that the expandable
sheet is in the corresponding second conformation, and the
perforations are in a closed position. In some situations, a single
shape memory metal alloy actuator may not generate sufficient force
to position a large expandable sheet in a strained or stretched
position. Accordingly, some embodiments include an array of at
least two or more shape memory metal alloy actuators, for example
at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70,
80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, or 1000 shape memory metal alloy
actuators, in which each actuator is in tensile communication with
the expandable sheet.
[0057] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive actuator
includes a shape memory polymer. At least one surface of the
expandable sheet can be laminated in the shape memory polymer. In
some embodiments, the expandable sheet is configured so that the
perforations are closed when the sheet is in a first, relaxed
conformation, and open when the sheet is in a second, strained
conformation (for example, strain perpendicular or substantially
perpendicular to the longest diameter of the perforation to distort
the perforation to an open state when appropriate). The shape
memory polymer can be configured to return to its shape at a second
temperature, from any given shape at a first temperature. The shape
memory polymer can be applied to the sheet such that the
"remembered" or set shape applies strain to the sheet and forces
the perforations to open. Accordingly, at a first temperature, the
shape memory polymer closely conforms to the shape of the
expandable sheet, and the sheet remains closed. However, at a
second temperature, the shape memory polymer returns to its set
shape and induces the sheet to a strained, open, configuration. In
situations in which a shape memory metal alloys might not generate
a large enough force to open a large sized sheet, an array of many
memory metal alloys can be used to achieve the same result. In some
embodiments, shape memory metal alloy memorizes an o-shape above
T.sub.set, and is attached to all or substantially all of slit
parts in FIG. 3.
[0058] In some embodiments, a shape memory polymer can be used as
the temperature-responsive divider without an additional mechanical
actuator. For example, a pore opening structure can be memorized
above T.sub.set and a rubber sheet having a relatively weak tension
towards the closed direction can be laminated with the shape memory
polymer. When the temperature rises beyond T.sub.set, the shape
memory polymer starts returning to the memorized shape, for
example, the open hole state pulls against, and overcomes, the
force generated from the laminated rubber sheet. When the
temperature goes down below T.sub.set, the rubber layer pulls it
back to the closed state.
[0059] Not all of the embodiments involve the opening and/or
closing of perforations. In some embodiments, the
temperature-responsive divider includes a polymer membrane. A
portion, substantially all, or all of a surface of the polymer
membrane can be hydrophilic at the first temperature. That portion
can be hydrophilic at a second temperature. In some embodiments,
the second temperature is greater than the first temperature. In
some embodiments, the polymer is porous. In some embodiments, the
polymer includes a temperature-responsive hydrogel. In some
embodiments, the polymer can absorb moisture when its surface (or
portion thereof) is in a hydrophilic state, and can release
moisture when it surface (or portion thereof) is in a hydrophobic
state. Thus, the polymer can permit permeation of a reactant (or
solvent) in aqueous solution via capillary action when in the
hydrophilic state, while prohibiting permeation in the hydrophobic
state. In some embodiments, the polymer can absorb a non-polar
solution when its surface (or portion thereof) is in a hydrophobic
state, and can release the non-polar solution when it surface (or
portion thereof) is in a hydrophilic state. Thus, the polymer can
permit permeation of a reactant (or solvent) in non-polar
solution.
[0060] Thus, rather than employing a gross hole that is opened or
closed, some embodiments employ a class of polymers that change the
surface characteristic from hydrophilic to hydrophobic with
temperature change, for example, N-isopropyl acryl amide. Thermo
responsiveness of this type of polymer can be controlled by the
combination of copolymer composition with N-isopropyl acryl amide
or N-alkyl acryl amide. For example, a copolymer of N-isopropyl
acryl amide with diacetone acryl amide, acrylic acid and
methylene-bis-acryl amide can be used to form a
temperature-responsive hydro gel composition which works between 10
degrees Centigrade and 40 degrees Centigrade.
[0061] In some embodiments, a porous membrane that includes such a
polymer can be used as a temperature-responsive divider. Such a
polymer can be hydrophilic at T.sub.set and absorbs moisture to
stop permeation. It can change its surface property to hydrophobic
above T.sub.set, and can release moisture from the membrane. In
some embodiments, a micro porous layer can generate a capillary
effect to assist permeation of a reactant into the other reactant.
In some embodiments one of the reactants can be attached and/or
laminated to the side of the temperature-responsive divider. Such
an arrangement can allow the attached and/or laminated reactant to
pull liquid from the other side when the divider opens at higher
temperature.
[0062] In some embodiments, the polymer includes N-alkyl acryl
amide. In some embodiments, the polymer includes N-isopropyl acryl
amide. In some embodiments, the polymer includes a copolymer of
N-alkyl acryl amide and N-isopropyl acryl amide. Without being
bound by any one theory, the responsiveness of the polymer can
depend on the ratio of alkyl acryl amide and N-isopropyl acryl
amide. In some embodiments, the ratio (weight to weight) of alkyl
acryl amide to N-isopropyl acryl amide is about 100:1, 70:1, 50:1,
40:1, 30:1, 20:1, 15:1, 10:1, 7:1, 5:1, 4:1, 3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2,
1:3, 1:4, 1:5, 1:7, 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, 1:50, or 1:100,
including ranges between any two of the listed values. In some
embodiments, the polymer includes a copolymer of N-alkyl acryl
amide, di-acetone acryl amide, acrylic acid, and/or
methylene-bis-acryl amide.
[0063] In some embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider can
change to a configuration that is impermeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first and second reactant
upon a return of the temperature-responsive divider to the first
temperature. In some embodiments, returning the divider to the
impermeable configuration includes closing perforations of an
expandable sheet of the divider. In some embodiments, returning the
divider to the impermeable configuration includes changing the
hydrophobicity of the sheet. In some embodiments, even after the
closure of the divider, some amount of the reaction and/or
reactants can still be occurring and/or present together.
[0064] In some embodiments, one reactant, or a portion of that
reactant is positioned on one side of the temperature-responsive
divider, while the other reactant, or a portion of the other
reactant, is positioned on another side of the
temperature-responsive divider. In some embodiments, for example
embodiments in which each reactant is a solid that is soluble in a
solvent, both reactants are positioned on the same side of the
temperature-responsive divider, and the solvent is positioned on a
different side of the temperature-responsive divider. In some
embodiments, the solvent is positioned on a side of the
temperature-responsive divider that is opposite the side on which
the reactants are positioned.
[0065] The selection of the various reactants will depend upon the
particular application. In some embodiments, two or more reactants
can be selected so that the reaction of the reactants has a cooling
(or heating) effect that counteracts a change in temperature within
the packaging. Thus, in some embodiments, the reactants can react
endothermically with each other. The endothermic reaction can
absorb heat. Pairs of reactants that can react endothermically with
each other can include, but are not limited to
H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, H.sub.2O/NH.sub.4Cl,
NH.sub.4NO.sub.3/Urea, H.sub.2O/Urea, H.sub.2O/Ba(NO.sub.3).sub.2,
citric acid/sodium bicarbonate, H.sub.2O/Xylitol, and
H.sub.2O/Erythritol. In some embodiments, the reactant pair is
selected from Table 1 provided in the Examples. Some embodiments
include two reactants that react endothermically with each other
when combined. Some embodiments include three or more reactants
that react endothermically when at least two of the reactants are
combined, for example H.sub.2O, NH.sub.4NO.sub.3, and NH.sub.4Cl.
Some embodiments include reactants that react exothermically with
each other when combined. Some embodiments include a catalyst.
[0066] The phase of the reactants under the conditions at which the
endothermic (or exothermic) reaction begins can impact the ability
of the reactants to mix with each other and/or react. For example,
if each of a pair of reactants is a liquid at the temperature and
pressure at which the temperature-responsive divider allows the
reaction to initiate, the reactants can readily intermix.
Accordingly, in some embodiments, each of the reactants is a
liquid. In some embodiments, for example embodiments in which a
gradual intermixing of the reactants is desirable, each of the
reactants is a gel, for example a hydrogel. In some embodiments,
one reactant is a liquid, and the other reactant is a gel. In some
embodiments, one reactant is a liquid, while the other reactant is
a solid. In some embodiments, one reactant is a gel, while the
other reactant is a solid. In some embodiments, each reactant is a
solid that is soluble in a solvent, and beyond the threshold
temperature, the temperature-responsive divider allows a solvent to
enter into one or more of the areas holding one or more of the
reactants and dissolve one or more of the reactants, thus allowing
the reactants to combine.
[0067] Optionally, a liquid or gel-phase reactant can be stored in
a porous substrate. Thus, in some embodiments, a liquid or
gel-phase reactant is stored in a porous sponge-like substrate, or
a superabsorbent polymer, for example sodium polyacrylate. In some
embodiments the liquid or gel-phase reactant is contained in a
sponge-like substrate.
[0068] A solid reactant can react more rapidly if it has a
relatively large surface area. Thus, in some embodiments, the
solid-phase reactant or reactants include at least one of a fiber,
a bead, a powder, or a granular substance. In some embodiments, the
solid-phase reactant is fixed onto a high-surface area substrate,
for example activated charcoal, porous aluminum, silicate beads, or
the like. In some embodiments, the solid-phase reactant includes
xylitol, and is fixed onto calcium silicate, for example to form
xylitol-fixed beads.
[0069] In some embodiments, the system includes one or more
compartments for the reactants. In some embodiments, the system
includes a first compartment configured to contain the first
reactant, and a second compartment to contain the second reactant.
At least a portion of each compartment is defined by the
temperature-responsive divider. In other words, the compartments
are at least partially separated from one another by the divider.
For example, a first surface of the temperature-responsive divider
can provide a surface of the first compartment, while a second
surface of the temperature-responsive divider can provide a surface
of the second compartment. In some embodiments, the first surface
can be opposite the second surface. In some embodiments, the system
includes two or more compartments for one of the reactants. In some
embodiments, system includes two or more compartments for each of
the reactants. In some embodiments, a compartment includes at least
one of a sack, a box, a drum, a pouch, a tube, a hopper, or a
reservoir. In some embodiments, a compartment has a volume of at
least about 0.001 liter, for example at least about 0.001, 0.01,
0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.9, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 100, or 1,000 liters or more, including any
range between any two of the preceding values and any range above
any one of the preceding values.
[0070] In some embodiments, the first compartment and second
compartment are adjacent to each other. In some embodiments, the
first compartment and second compartment are not adjacent, but are
in fluid communication with each other. In some embodiments, the
first compartment is positioned partially or wholly within the
second compartment. In some embodiments, the first compartment is
configured to contain the first reactant, and also contains a
plurality of second compartments, for example at least about 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, 70, 100, 200, 300, 400,
500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1200, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 4000,
5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, or 9000 second compartments, in which each
second compartment is a vesicle that includes at least one surface
that is defined by a temperature-responsive divider. In some
embodiments, each of the plurality of dividers has the same
temperature dependence for opening and/or closing. In some
embodiments, the temperature dependence for opening and/or closing
the different dividers can be different, so that finer degrees of
temperature control can be maintained. In some embodiments, the
temperature dependence for opening and/or closing the different
dividers can be different, so that higher ranges of temperature
control can be obtained. For example, in some embodiments, a first
divider will open if the temperature exceeds 30 degrees Centigrade,
and a second divider will open if the temperature exceeds 40
degrees Centigrade and a third divider will open if the temperature
exceeds 50 degrees Centigrade. In some embodiments, the various
reactants on each side of the different dividers can be set so that
a stronger (for example, more endothermic reaction) will occur for
each of the higher temperature dividers. Thus, in some embodiments,
the reactant pair can be matched to the temperature-responsive
divider so that opening the divider will allow for a sufficiently
endothermic reaction (or exothermic reaction) to occur to return
the local environment to the desired temperature, from a
temperature sufficient to open the temperature-responsive
divider.
[0071] In some embodiments, the arrangement includes a storage
compartment. The storage compartment can be configured to contain
at least one product to be stored. In some embodiments, the storage
compartment is configured to contain at least about 2 products to
be stored, for example at least about 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, 15,
20, 25, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, 180, 200, 300,
400, 500, or 1000 products to be stored. In some embodiments, the
storage compartment is disposed adjacent to the first reactant, the
second reactant, or both. In some embodiments, the storage
compartment is partially or wholly surrounded by the first
reactant, the second reactant, or both. In some embodiments, the
storage compartment is not adjacent to the first or second
reactant, but is in thermal communication with the first or second
reactant via a thermally conductive material. The storage
compartment can be made of any material that will allow an adequate
transmission of heat and/or cold from the area of the reaction to
the volume of space contained by the storage compartment. In some
embodiments, the storage compartment can be made from metal,
plastic, various polymers, ceramic, etc. In some embodiments, the
storage compartment defines the local environment. Thus, in some
embodiments, an increase (or decrease) in temperature in the
storage compartment is the change in temperature that drives the
opening and/or closing of the temperature-responsive divider. In
some embodiments, reaction that results then cools (or heats) at
least part of the volume of the storage compartment. In some
embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider is in thermal
communication with the storage compartment.
[0072] Some embodiments employ the device and/or method as a
package product. Such packaging can include any of the embodiments
provided herein. In some embodiments, the packaging includes the
first reactant and the second reactant. The first reactant can
endothermically react with the second reactant to absorb heat. The
packaging can include the temperature-responsive divider positioned
between at least some of the first reactant and at least some of
the second reactant. In some embodiments, at a first temperature
the temperature-responsive divider is impermeable to the first
reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second
reactant as described herein. At a second temperature, the
temperature-responsive divider is permeable to the first reactant,
the second reactant, or the first reactant and the second reactant.
Of course, exothermic embodiments are also available as noted
herein.
[0073] There is no particular limitation on the forms in which the
packaging can be provided. In some embodiments, the packaging
includes at least one of a pouch, a wrap, a sack, an envelope, a
box, a chest, a tray, a carton, a bag, or a shipping container. In
some embodiments, the packaging includes at least one compartment
as described herein. In some embodiments, the packaging is a
passive package, and does not require the use of electricity. In
some embodiments, the packaging is one configured for shipment. In
some embodiments, the packaging is designed to hold or contain
food. In some embodiments, the packaging is designed for long-term
storage of a product. In some embodiments, the packaging is
designed for storing a pharmaceutical product.
[0074] Some embodiments include methods of preparing a cooling
system. Embodiments of such a method are generally outlined in FIG.
4. The method can include providing a first reactant 400. The
method can further include providing a second reactant as described
herein, such that the reactants can endothermically (or
exothermically) react with each other 410. Of course, initially,
the first and second reactants are not undergoing a reaction, but
are merely selected such that they are capable of the relevant
reaction when combined. The method can further include providing a
temperature-responsive divider. The two reactants are arranged such
that they can interact when the temperature-responsive divider is
in its open state. Various options for their arrangement will
depend upon the particular state of the reactants and set up
involved, as detailed herein. As outlined herein, in some
embodiments, the temperature-responsive divider separates at least
a portion of the first reactant from the second reactant at a first
temperature, but at a second temperature, the divider is permeable
to the first reactant, the second reactant, or the first reactant
and the second reactant 420.
[0075] In some embodiments, the system and/or method can provide a
package including two compartments which contain two different
reactive chemicals separately in each compartment, a pair of
chemicals that can react with each other by endothermic (or
exothermic) reaction; and a temperature-responsive divider
separating the two compartments when the temperature is low and
breaking separation when the temperature rises above the previously
set temperature.
[0076] Example pairs of reactants are listed in Table 1. There are
various reactant pairs which react endothermically as listed in
Table 1. Some embodiments can include any pair of reactants listed
in Table 1. Both xylitol-H.sub.2O and erythritol-H.sub.2O are
appropriate around food products.
[0077] In some embodiments, reactant A is stored in a hydrogel
form. Superabsorbent polymer such as sodium polyacrylates can be
used to keep water or a solution containing reactant A (of Table
1).
[0078] In some embodiments, any of the herein described systems
and/or methods can function without any external power supply or
electricity. In some embodiments, the system structure is simple
and need not employ a motor. In some embodiments, nontoxic and/or
nonhazardous material combinations (such as the two reactants and
the divider) can be employed. In some embodiments, all or
substantially all of the parts are matured materials. In some
embodiments, the temperature sensing aspect of the method or device
operates to directly, physically, open a barrier between two
reactants.
Examples 1-8
Cooling Arrangements
[0079] A polyethylene cylinder is divided into two compartments by
a temperature-responsive divider. Each compartment has a volume of
about 1 liter. A reactant pair is provided, one reactant of the
pair into each of the two compartments, according to each of the
pairings of Table 1. Thus, eight different reactant pairs are
placed into eight different cylinders.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Exemplary Groups of Reactants Which Cause
Endothermic Reaction Absorbed Reactant Reactant heat No A B
(kcal/mol) Additional Aspects 1 H.sub.2O NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 6.08 2
H.sub.2O NH.sub.4Cl 3.73 3 NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 Urea 18.0 Ammonium
Nitride is an optional material for non- food application. 4
H.sub.2O Urea 3.7 5 H.sub.2O Ba(NO3).sub.2 9.65 Optional material
for non-food application. 6 Citric Sodium CO.sub.2 will be
generated. acid Bicarbonate 7 H.sub.2O Xylitol 35 kcal/g Food
additives 8 H.sub.2O Erythritol 43 kcal/g Food additives
[0080] The temperature-responsive divider includes a rubber sheet
having a substantially uniform thickness of about 5 mm. The rubber
sheet includes perforations, each of which is a slit having a
length of about 1 mm, and each of which is in an effectively
parallel orientation to the other slits. The sheet contains the
perforations at a density of about 10 perforations per cm.sup.2.
The sheet includes a bimetallic actuator (as shown in FIG. 3). The
bimetallic actuator is in tensile communication with the sheet
along an axis substantially perpendicular to the longest axis of
the perforations.
[0081] At temperatures of less than 5.degree. C., the bimetallic
actuator has a concave configuration, and pushes the sheet against
a fixed end, such that the sheet is compressed. The perforations
stay closed, and the reactants do not react. At temperatures
greater than 5.degree. C., the bimetallic actuator adopts a convex
configuration, and stretches the sheet from the fixed end. As the
sheet is stretched, the slits open to holes, allowing the first and
second reactants to mix and thereby allowing the endothermic
reaction to occur.
[0082] When the endothermic reaction occurs, it will lower the
local temperature around the cylinders.
Example 9
Cooling Arrangement and Use Thereof
[0083] A pouch containing about 2 liters of NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 fixed
onto silicate beads, is separated from a pouch containing 2 liters
of H.sub.2O by a temperature-responsive actuator. The pouch is
wrapped around poultry carcasses being transported. The
temperature-responsive divider is made of a copolymer of alkyl
acryl amide and N-isopropyl acryl amide. At temperatures below
2.degree. C., the surface of the divider is hydrophobic, and
substantially no water passes through. At temperatures above
2.degree. C., the surface of the divider is hydrophilic, and water
can pass. The pouch and poultry carcasses are initially at
1.degree. C., and the surface of the divider remains hydrophobic.
During storage, the local temperature increases from 1.degree. C.
to 4.degree. C. The surface of the divider adopts a hydrophobic
configuration, and water diffuses through the divider. The water
reacts endothermically with the NH.sub.4NO.sub.3 and the local
temperature decreases. When the local temperature is below
2.degree. C. again, the divider surface returns to a hydrophobic
configuration. Water stops diffusing through the divider, and the
endothermic reaction ceases.
Example 10
Cooling Arrangement and Use Thereof
[0084] A double-walled chest contains an inner 5-liter compartment
for storing dairy products. The chest also includes an intermediate
space within the walls of the chest that is filled with citric acid
solid crystalline pellets and sodium bicarbonate pellets
intermixed. Substantially no water is present in the intermediate
space. The outer wall contains vents for any CO.sub.2 released by
the reaction of sodium bicarbonate and citric acid. A 2 liter
reservoir of water is separated from the intermediate space
containing citric acid and sodium bicarbonate by a
temperature-responsive divider. The temperature-responsive divider
includes a 3 mm-thick elastomer sheet, with 1 mm perforations at a
density of 2 perforations per cm.sup.2. The sheet is laminated in
shape memory polymer, which is programmed to remember (or revert to
a previously determined) shape at temperatures of 6.degree. C. or
greater. The memory polymer is laminated onto the sheet so that in
its memorized (or previously determined) conformation, the polymer
stretches the perforations open. At temperatures of less than
6.degree. C., the memory polymer does not conform to its memorized
shape, and elastic tension of the elastomer pulls the perforations
shut.
[0085] The inner compartment is filled with cheese, at a local
temperature of 3.degree. C. As the cheese is transported, the local
temperature increases, and eventually increases from 3.degree. C.
to 7.degree. C. When the temperature reaches 7.degree. C., the
shape memory polymer switches from its resting conformation (in
which elastic tension of the sheet was sufficient to "pull" the
perforations closed), to its memorized conformation (in which the
tensile force of the polymer forces the perforations open). The
perforations open, allowing water to flow into the intermediate
compartment, and solubilize the citric acid, which reacts with
sodium bicarbonate endothermically. The endothermic reaction cools
the cheese products. CO.sub.2 produced by the reaction is emitted
through the vent.
Example 11
Heating Arrangements and Use Thereof
[0086] A container has an inner 5-liter compartment for storing
heated food products, and an intermediate space between the walls
is filled with a first exothermic reactant and a second exothermic
reactant in dry form. Substantially no water is present in the
intermediate space. A 0.5 liter reservoir of water is separated
from the intermediate space by a temperature-responsive divider.
The temperature-responsive divider includes a 3 mm-thick elastomer
sheet, with 1 mm perforations at a density of 2 perforations per
cm.sup.2. The sheet is laminated in shape memory polymer, which is
programmed to remember its shape at temperatures of 20.degree. C.
or lower. The memory polymer is laminated onto the sheet, so that
in its memorized conformation, the polymer stretches the
perforations open. At temperatures of greater than 20.degree. C.,
however, the memory polymer does not conform to its memorized
shape, and elastic tension of the elastomer pulls the perforations
shut.
[0087] The inner compartment is filled with pizza, at a local
temperature of 40.degree. C. As the pizza is transported, the local
temperature decrease, and eventually reaches 20.degree. C. When the
temperature reaches 20.degree. C., the shape memory polymer
switches from its non-memorized conformation (in which elastic
tension of the sheet was sufficient to "pull" the perforations
closed), to its memorized conformation (in which the tensile force
of the polymer "pushes" the perforations open). The perforations
open, allowing water to flow into the intermediate compartment, and
solubilize the two exothermic reactants, which react
exothermically. The exothermic reaction heats the pizza.
[0088] The present disclosure is not to be limited in terms of the
particular embodiments described in this application, which are
intended as illustrations of various aspects. Many modifications
and variations can be made without departing from its spirit and
scope, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Functionally equivalent methods and apparatuses within the scope of
the disclosure, in addition to those enumerated herein, will be
apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing
descriptions. Such modifications and variations are intended to
fall within the scope of the appended claims. The present
disclosure is to be limited only by the terms of the appended
claims, along with the full scope of equivalents to which such
claims are entitled. It is to be understood that this disclosure is
not limited to particular methods, reagents, compounds,
compositions or biological systems, which can, of course, vary. It
is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for
the purpose of describing particular embodiments only, and is not
intended to be limiting.
[0089] With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or
singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate
from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the
plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The
various singular/plural permutations may be expressly set forth
herein for sake of clarity.
[0090] It will be understood by those within the art that, in
general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims
(e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as
"open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as
"including but not limited to," the term "having" should be
interpreted as "having at least," the term "includes" should be
interpreted as "includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be
further understood by those within the art that if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an
intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence
of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an
aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain
usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or more"
to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases
should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim
recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any
particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to
embodiments containing only one such recitation, even when the same
claim includes the introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least
one" and indefinite articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or
"an" should be interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or
more"); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used
to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific
number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited,
those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should
be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare
recitation of "two recitations," without other modifiers, means at
least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in
those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A,
B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended
in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the
convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C"
would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C
together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances
where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc."
is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense
one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g.,
"a system having at least one of A, B, or C" would include but not
be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B
together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C
together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the
art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting
two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims,
or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities
of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms.
For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the
possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B."
[0091] In addition, where features or aspects of the disclosure are
described in terms of Markush groups, those skilled in the art will
recognize that the disclosure is also thereby described in terms of
any individual member or subgroup of members of the Markush
group.
[0092] As will be understood by one skilled in the art, for any and
all purposes, such as in terms of providing a written description,
all ranges disclosed herein also encompass any and all possible
subranges and combinations of subranges thereof. Any listed range
can be easily recognized as sufficiently describing and enabling
the same range being broken down into at least equal halves,
thirds, quarters, fifths, tenths, etc. As a non-limiting example,
each range discussed herein can be readily broken down into a lower
third, middle third and upper third, etc. As will also be
understood by one skilled in the art all language such as "up to,"
"at least," and the like include the number recited and refer to
ranges which can be subsequently broken down into subranges as
discussed above. Finally, as will be understood by one skilled in
the art, a range includes each individual member. Thus, for
example, a group having 1-3 cells refers to groups having 1, 2, or
3 cells. Similarly, a group having 1-5 cells refers to groups
having 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 cells, and so forth.
[0093] From the foregoing, it will be appreciated that various
embodiments of the present disclosure have been described herein
for purposes of illustration, and that various modifications may be
made without departing from the scope and spirit of the present
disclosure. Accordingly, the various embodiments disclosed herein
are not intended to be limiting, with the true scope and spirit
being indicated by the following claims.
* * * * *