U.S. patent application number 14/636652 was filed with the patent office on 2015-09-24 for non-dehiscent sesame ind variety sesaco 37.
The applicant listed for this patent is Sesaco Corporation. Invention is credited to Derald Ray LANGHAM.
Application Number | 20150264879 14/636652 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 54140777 |
Filed Date | 2015-09-24 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150264879 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
LANGHAM; Derald Ray |
September 24, 2015 |
NON-DEHISCENT SESAME IND VARIETY SESACO 37
Abstract
Non-dehiscent sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) (IND) designated
Sesaco 37 (S37) is herein disclosed. Its degree of shatter
resistance, or seed retention, makes S37 suitable for mechanized
harvesting and for selection for sesame crop growth in most
geographical locations.
Inventors: |
LANGHAM; Derald Ray; (San
Antonio, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Sesaco Corporation |
Austin |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
54140777 |
Appl. No.: |
14/636652 |
Filed: |
March 3, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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61954710 |
Mar 18, 2014 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
800/260 ;
435/410; 800/298 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01H 1/02 20130101; A01H
5/10 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A01H 5/10 20060101
A01H005/10; A01H 1/02 20060101 A01H001/02 |
Claims
1. A seed of sesame variety designated S37, a sample of said seed
having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089.
2. A sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety
S37, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC
Accession No. PTA-121089.
3. Pollen of said sesame plant of claim 2.
4. A sesame plant having all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of sesame variety S37, a sample of the seed of said
variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No.
PTA-121089.
5. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from seed of
sesame variety S37, a sample of said seed having been deposited
under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089.
6. A tissue culture of regenerable cells produced from sesame plant
S37 produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S37, a sample of
said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No.
PTA-121089.
7. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable
cells produced from seed of sesame variety S37, a sample of said
seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089,
wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and
morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S37.
8. A sesame plant regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable
cells produced from a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of
sesame variety S37, a sample of said seed having been deposited
under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089, wherein said regenerated
sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of said sesame variety S37.
9. A method of producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first
parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame plant and
harvesting the resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second
parent sesame plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety
S37, a sample of said seed having been deposited under ATCC
Accession No. PTA-121089.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/954,710 filed Mar. 18, 2014.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
[0002] Not applicable.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] This invention relates to a new Sesamurn indicum L. variety
with improved non-dehiscence (IND) appropriate for mechanized
harvesting.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0004] Sesame, or Sesamum indicum, is a tropical annual cultivated
worldwide for its oil and its nut flavored seeds. The sesame plant
grows to a height of about 52-249 cm, and at its leaf axils are
found capsules, which contain the sesame seed. Upon maturity in
nature, the capsules holding the sesame seeds begin to dry down,
the capsules normally split open, and the seeds fall out.
Commercially, the harvester tries to recover as much seed as
possible from mature capsules. From ancient times through the
present, the opening of the capsule has been the major factor in
attempting to successfully collect the seed. Harvesting methods,
weather, and plant characteristics all contribute to the amount of
seed recovered.
[0005] The majority of the world's sesame is harvested manually.
With manual non-mechanized methods, it is desirable for the sesame
seed to fall readily from the plant. Manual harvesting is labor
intensive. Efforts to mechanize or partially mechanize harvesting
met with limited success.
[0006] A breakthrough was accomplished when non-dehiscent (ND)
sesame was developed and patented by Derald Ray Langham. ND sesame
was found to possess the proper characteristics, which would enable
mechanical harvesting without the seed loss disadvantages reported
with prior varieties.
[0007] U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,100,452; 6,815,576; 6,781,031; 7,148,403;
7,332,652; and 8,003,848 each disclose and claim non-dehiscent (ND)
sesame cultivars having various characteristics.
[0008] U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,847,149; 7,855,317; 7,964,768; 8,058,503;
8,080,707; 8,207,397; 8,507,750; 8,581,026; and 8,586,823 each
disclose and claim improved non-dehiscent (IND) sesame cultivars
having various characteristics.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0009] A new sesame variety designated Sesaco 37 (S37) with
representative seed having been deposited on Mar. 13, 2014 with the
American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) Patent Depository under
ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089. In one aspect, the invention
comprises a seed of sesame variety designated S37, a sample of said
seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089. In
another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant produced by
growing the seed of sesame variety S37, a sample of said seed
having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089.
[0010] In yet another aspect, the invention comprises plant cells
derived from a sesame plant, said plant produced by growing the
seed of sesame variety S37, a sample of said seed having been
deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089. The plant cells may
be selected, for example, from pollen, tissue culture of
regenerable cells, and asexually reproducing cultivars.
[0011] In yet another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame
plant having all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of sesame variety S37, a sample of the seed of said
variety having been deposited under ATCC Accession No,
PTA-121089.
[0012] In another aspect, the invention comprises a sesame plant
regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced
from plant cells derived from sesame variety S37, a sample of said
seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089,
wherein said regenerated sesame plant has all the physiological and
morphological characteristics of said sesame variety S37. The plant
cells may be derived from S37 seeds or plant cells from tissue from
a sesame plant produced by growing the seed of sesame variety
S37.
[0013] In another aspect, the invention comprises a method of
producing sesame seed, comprising crossing a first parent sesame
plant with a second parent sesame plant and harvesting the
resultant sesame seed, wherein said first or second parent sesame
plant was produced by growing seed of sesame variety S37, a sample
of said seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No.
PTA-121089.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1A-1E depicts the lineage of S37.
[0015] FIG. 2 through FIG. 10 compare Sesaco 37 (S37) to the
present Sesaco varieties: Sesaco 28 (S28), Sesaco 30 (S30), Sesaco
32 (S32), Sesaco 34 (S34), Sesaco 35 (S35), Sesaco 36 (S36), Sesaco
38 (S38) and Sesaco 39 (S39).
[0016] FIG. 2 depicts a comparison of the percent of seed retention
during Shaker Shatter Resistance testing from 1997 to 2011 for the
various Sesaco sesame varieties.
[0017] FIG. 3 depicts a comparison of the mean improved
non-dehiscent visual rating for the various Sesaco sesame varieties
grown under similar conditions.
[0018] FIG. 4 depicts a comparison of the composite kill tolerance
ratings for the various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar
conditions.
[0019] FIG. 5 depicts a comparison of the mean days to
physiological maturity for the various Sesaco sesame varieties
grown under similar conditions.
[0020] FIG. 6 depicts a comparison of the yield at drydown for the
various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
[0021] FIG. 7 depicts a comparison of the mean weight of 100 seeds
in grams from 1997 to 2011 for the various Sesaco sesame
varieties.
[0022] FIG. 8 depicts a comparison of seed oil content for the
various Sesaco sesame varieties grown under similar conditions.
[0023] FIG. 9 depicts a comparison of whitefly tolerance for the
various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar
conditions.
[0024] FIG. 10 depicts a comparison of leaf disease tolerance for
the various Sesaco varieties of sesame plants grown under similar
conditions.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] Herein disclosed is a Non-Dehiscent (ND) sesame variety
designated Sesaco 37 (S37), which exhibits Improved Non-Dehiscence
(IND) and novel characteristics which make it a commercially
suitable sesame line. By virtue of having IND, there is less seed
loss when left in the field past prime harvest time in adverse
weather conditions, for example, rain, fog, dew, and wind. S37 is
suitable for mechanical harvesting.
[0026] The Improved Non-Dehiscent (IND) class of sesame, developed
by Derald Ray Langham, is ND, but IND sesame also exhibits better
adhesion between false membranes and improved placenta attachment.
IND sesame holds more seed than prior sesame types, as measured
four weeks after a crop is ready for harvest (could have been
combined). IND characteristics offer advantages for certain growing
applications.
[0027] Compared to ND sesame, IND sesame has more seed in the
capsules when measured between 4 and 9 weeks after the ideal
harvest time.
[0028] Without wishing to be bound by one particular theory, it is
believed that this increased amount of seed in the capsules may be
due to the S37 variety having the ability to better withstand
adverse environmental conditions such as inclement or harsh
weather. Examples of adverse weather conditions to which S37 has
been subjected in this regard are rain, fog, dew, and wind. S37
variety has been tested and meets the criteria of IND.
[0029] U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707 is herein incorporated by reference
as if fully set forth herein. This application discloses Improved
Non-Dehiscent Sesame. S37 is an example of a variety which resulted
from breeding methods described therein.
[0030] S37 exhibits improved shatter resistance, acceptable
tolerance to common fungal diseases, and a maturity that allows a
wide geographical range. Further, S37 exhibits higher yield in
geographical locations desirable for sesame planting, and exhibits
desirable seed size and seed color. S37 is suitable for planting in
areas that have approximately a 21.degree. C. ground temperature
when planted in the spring and night temperatures above 5.degree.
C. for normal termination. An exemplary desirable geographical area
for S37 is from South Texas at the Rio Grande to Central Kansas and
from elevations in Texas below 1000 meters eastward to the Atlantic
Ocean. Other exemplary areas are areas of the United States or of
the world, which areas have similar climatic conditions, daylength
patterns (similar latitudes) and elevations.
[0031] In describing the present invention, it is helpful to be
aware of some terminology. Sesame plants have been studied for
their response to seasonal and climatic changes and the environment
in, which they live during the different phases and stages of
growth and development. This type of study, called "phenology" has
been documented by the inventor in Langham, D. R. 2007. "Phenology
of sesame," In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Issues in New Crops
and New Uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va.
[0032] Table I summarizes the phases and stages of sesame, and will
be useful in describing the present invention.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE I Phases and stages of sesame No. Stage/Phase
Abbreviation End point of stage DAP.sup.z weeks Vegetative VG
Germination GR Emergence 0-5 1- Seedling SD 3.sup.rd pair true leaf
6-25 3- length = 2.sup.nd Juvenile JV First buds 26-37 1+ Pre- PP
50% open flowers 38-44 1- reproductive Reproductive RP Early bloom
EB 5 node pairs of 45-52 1 capsules Mid bloom MB Branches/minor
plants 53-81 4 stop flowering Late bloom LB 90% of plants with no
82-90 1+ open flowers Ripening RI Physiological maturity 91-106 2+
(PM) Drying DR Full maturity FM All seed mature 107-112 1- Initial
drydown ID 1.sup.st dry capsules 113-126 2 Late drydown LD Full
drydown 127-146 3 .sup.zDAP = days after planting. These numbers
are based on S26 in 2004 Uvalde, Texas, under irrigation.
[0033] There are several concepts and terms that are used in this
document that should be defined. The Environmental Protection
Agency has allowed harvest aids to be used to desiccate sesame
within 2 weeks of application after physiological maturity. If no
harvest aids are used, in the initial drydown stage in Table the
capsules begin to dry and open. This stage ends when 10% of the
plants have one or more dry capsules. The late drydown stage ends
when the plants are dry enough so that upon harvest, the seed has a
moisture content of 6% or less. At this point some of the capsules
have been dry for 5 weeks in the example used in Table I, but in
other environments for other varieties, the drying can stretch to 7
weeks. The "ideal harvest time" is at the end of the late drying
stage. At this point, a combine (also sometimes referred to as a
combine harvester, a machine that combines the tasks of harvesting,
threshing, and cleaning grain crops) can be used to cut and thresh
the plants and separate the seed from the undesired plant material.
However, at times, weather may prevent harvest at the ideal time.
The plants may have to remain in the field for as much as an
additional four weeks, and in some cases even longer. Thus, time
t.sub.0 corresponds to the ideal harvest time and time t.sub.1
which corresponds to the time the grower actually harvests the
sesame, is a time later than time t.sub.0.
[0034] The pedigree method of plant breeding was used to develop
S37. Sesame is generally self-pollinated. Crossing is done using
standard techniques as delineated in Yermanos, D. M. 1980. "Sesame.
Hybridization of crop plants," Am Soc. Agronomy-Crop Sci. of
America, pp. 549-563 and U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452. Ashri provides an
overview of sesame breeding in Ashri, A. (1998). "Sesame breeding,"
Plant Breed, Rev. 16:179-228 and Ashri, A. 2007. Sesame (Sesamum
indicum L.). In: R. J. Singh, Ed., Genetic Resources, Chromosome
Engineering, and Crop Improvement, Vol. 4, Oilseed Crops, p.
231-289, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla., USA.
[0035] The lineage of S37 is presented in FIG. 1. G8 (1) was a line
obtained from D. G. Langham in 1977 and first planted by Sesaco in
the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was a selection
from the cultivar `Guacara`, which D. G. Langham developed in
Venezuela in the 1950s. Guacara was an initial selection from a
cross that later produced one of the major varieties in
Venezuela--Aceitera. Within Sesaco, G8 first carried the identifier
X011 and was later changed to TG8.
[0036] S11(2) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and 111X
(4) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco,
it has carried the identifier F804. In 1988, a selection of this
line became Sesaco 11.
[0037] 111 (3) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI173955) in 1979
and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.)
in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1949 from W. N. Koelz, USDA,
Beltsville, Md., who obtained it from India. Within Sesaco, 111
first carried the identifier 0858 and was then changed to X111. In
1985, a selection of this line became Sesaco 4 (SO4).
[0038] 111X (4) was an outcross in the 111 (3) plot BT0458 in the
Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco, it carried
the identifier E0745 and was later changed to T111X.
[0039] 88F (5) was a cross between S11 (2) and 888 (7) made by
Sesaco in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier LCE01 and then changed to X88F and then
T88F.
[0040] 192 (6) was a line obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980
and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.)
in 1981. The line was originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman
USDA sesame program, College Station, Tex., which had been in cold
storage at FL Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to
the NPGS, Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within
Sesaco, 192 first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed
to X191 and X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3
(S03) and a selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (S07).
[0041] 888 (7) was a cross made by Sesaco between 192 (6) and V52
(8) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco,
888 first carried the identifier F888 and was later changed to
T888.
[0042] V52 (8) was a cultivar designated as SF075 obtained from the
Sesamum Foundation (D.G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) collection in
1977 and first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton,
Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation obtained ft from B. Mazzani
(Maracay, Venezuela) in 1960. Originally, ft was a cultivar known
as Venezuela 52 developed by D.G. Langham in the 1940s, Within
Sesaco, V52 first carried the identifier 0075 and was later changed
to TV52.
[0043] BI791 (9) was a cross between 88F (5) and S16 (31) made by
Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier BI791.
[0044] SOMALIA (10) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI210687) in
1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979.
The NGPS obtained ft from the Administrazione Fiduciaria Italiana
della Somalia, Mogadishu, Somalia. Within Sesaco it carried the
identifier 0730.
[0045] H6778 (11) was a cross made by Sesaco between SOMALIA (10)
and 118 (12) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984.
Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6778.
[0046] 118 (12) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI425944) in
1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979.
The NGPS obtained it in 1978 from P. F. Knowles, University of
California, Davis, Calif., who collected it in Pakistan. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier 1118, which was changed to X118
and then to T118.
[0047] J3208 (13) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6778 (11) and
H6432 (27) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1985. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3208.
[0048] 193 (14) was a selection from 192 (6), which was a line
obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco
in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was
originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinrnan USDA sesame program,
College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft.
Collins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS,
Griffin, Ga. and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192
first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191
(single capsule) and X193 (triple capsule). In 1985, a selection
from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a selection of X191 became
Sesaco 7 (S07).
[0049] H6432 (15) was a cross made by Sesaco between 193 (14) and
076 (17) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6432.
[0050] MAXIMO (16) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation
(D.G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the
Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. The Sesamum Foundation
obtained it from Maximo Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from
Mexico where it was known as Instituto Regional Canasta. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0116 and then changed to
TMAX.
[0051] 076 (17) was a cross made by Sesaco between MAXIMA (16) and
R234 TALL (19) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979.
Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0076 and then changed to
T076.
[0052] R234 (18) was a named variety obtained from D. M. Yermanos
in 1978 from his sesame program at the University of California at
Riverside. It was first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton,
Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0544 and
then changed to T234.
[0053] R234 TALL (19) was an outcross found in a population of R234
(18) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier X026.
[0054] K3255 (20) was a cross made by Sesaco between J3208 (13) and
J3222 (27) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1986. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier K3255.
[0055] 045 (21) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and 958
(22) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier 3045 and then changed to T045.
[0056] 958 (22) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in
1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in
1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF411. The Sesamum
Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962 who had obtained it
from the D.G. Langham breeding program in Venezuela. Within Sesaco,
G958-1 carried the identifier 0411 and later changed to T958.
[0057] H6785 (23) was a cross made by Sesaco between 045 (21) and
036 (25) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6785.
[0058] 982 (24) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation in
1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in
1978. It was obtained with a designator of SF477 and was named
GS3.98-2. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in
1962 who had obtained it from the D.G. Langham breeding program in
Venezuela. GS3.98-2 was a cross made by D.G. Langham in 1953 in
Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, 982 carried the identifier 0477
and then changed to T982.
[0059] 036 (25) was a cross made by Sesaco between 982 (24) and
G53.80-1 (26) in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1979.
Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier 0036 and then X036. In
1984, a selection from X036 became Sesaco 6 (S06).
[0060] GS3.80-1 (26) was a line obtained from the Sesamum
Foundation in 1977 and first planted in the Kamman nursery
(Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with a designator of
SF471. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John Martin in 1962
who had obtained it from the D.C. Langham breeding program in
Venezuela. GS3.80-1 was a cross made by D.G. Langham in 1953 in
Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, GS3.80-1 carried the identifier
0471.
[0061] J3222 (27) was a cross made by Sesaco between H6785 (23) and
H6562 (29) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1982. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier J3222.
[0062] 195 (28) was an outcross selected in plot MN4584 in a
population of 192 (6) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in
1983. Within Sesaco, it carried the identifier E0690 and then
changed to X195.
[0063] H6562 (29) was a cross made by Sesaco between 195 (28) and
701 (30) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier H6562.
[0064] 701 (30) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292145) in
1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981.
The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a
unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing
this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an
introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions
from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it carried the
identifier 0701 and then changed to X701. In 1984, a selection from
X701 became Sesaco 5 (S05).
[0065] S16 (31) was a cross made by Sesaco between K3255 (20) and
S11 (2) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier KAP11 and then changed to XFXA. In 1991,
a selection from XFXA became Sesaco 16 (S16).
[0066] 327 (32) was a cross between BI791 (9) and 517 (33) made by
Sesaco in the Friesenhahn nursery (Knippa, Tex.) in 1994. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM586 and later changed to X88K.
In 2006, a selection from X88K became Sesaco 27 (S27)--U.S. Pat.
No. 7,964,768.
[0067] S17 (33) was a cross between S11 (2) and 72A (35) made by
Sesaco in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier KAN22 and then changed to X7AB. In 1992,
a selection from X7AB became Sesaco 17 (817).
[0068] 702 (34) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in
1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981.
The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a
unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing
this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an
introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions
from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the
identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was
made it carried the designator X702C and later changed to 72C. In
1986, a selection from 72C became Sesaco 12 (S12).
[0069] 72A (35) was a selection from an outcross in 702 (34), which
was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in 1979 and first
planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The NGPS
obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a unit of
Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing this
material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an
introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions
from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the
identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was
made it carried the designator X702A and later changed to 72A.
[0070] JJ608 (36) was a cross between S27 (32) and ETE (39) made by
Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 2000. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier JJ608.
[0071] FLE (37) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI273949) in
1979 and first planted in Kamman nursery (Wellton, Arizona) in
1979. The NGPS obtained it in 1961 from a collection made by J.
Harlan in the Former Soviet Union. Within Sesaco, it carried the
identifier 0820, which was changed to TETH and then to TFLE.
[0072] ETA (38) was a cross between FLE (27) and 511 (2) made by
Sesaco in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1989. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier N3575 and then changed to TETA.
[0073] ETE (39) was a cross between ETA (38) and SAA (45) made by
Sesaco in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM208, then XETE, and finally,
TETE.
[0074] 804 (40) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and 111X
(4) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco,
it has carried the identifier F804; in 1988, a selection of this
line became Sesaco 11 (S11).
[0075] K0338 (41) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (40) and
96B (43) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Arizona) in 1986. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier K0338.
[0076] 191 (42) was a selection from 192 (6), which was a line
obtained from the M. L. Kinman in 1980 and first planted by Sesaco
in the Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981. The line was
originally T61429-B-4-1-3 from the Kinman USDA sesame program,
College Station, Tex., which had been in cold storage at Ft.
Coffins, Colo. In 1997, the line was transferred to the NPGS,
Griffin, Ga., and given the identifier PI599462. Within Sesaco, 192
first carried the identifier 1479 and then was changed to X191 and
X193. In 1985, a selection from X193 became Sesaco 3 (S03) and a
selection of X191 became Sesaco 7 (507).
[0077] 96B (43) was an outcross in the 191 (42) in plot 4637 in the
McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within Sesaco, it
carried the identifier E0690, which later became X196B and was
later changed to T96B.
[0078] ZSA (44) was a cross made by Sesaco between K0338 (41) and
S11 (2) in the Yuma greenhouse (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1986. Within
Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KAC22 and was later changed
to XZSA and then to TZSA.
[0079] SAA (45) was a cross made by Sesaco between ZSA (44) and 233
(50) in the Sharp nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1989. Within Sesaco, it
has carried the identifier PE046 and later changed to XSAA and then
to TSAA.
[0080] B043 (46) was a cross made by Sesaco between G8 (1) and MEL
(47) in the Kamrnan nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1978. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier B043.
[0081] MEL (47) was a line obtained from Mel Tiezen in 1978 and
first planted by Sesaco in the Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in
1978. Mr, Tiezen obtained it from a farmer in Mexico. Within
Sesaco, MEL first carried the identifier 0543 and was then changed
to TMEL.
[0082] C063 (48) was a cross made by Sesaco between B043 (46) and
G54 (49) in the Kamrnan nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1979. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier C063.
[0083] G54 (49) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation
(D.G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the
Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the
designator SF408. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from John
Martin in 1962. This line was given to Mr. Martin by D.G. Langham.
G54 was a selection from GS3.48, a cross made by D.G. Langham in
1954 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within Sesaco, G54 carried the
identifier C408 and was then changed to TG54.
[0084] 233 (50) was a cross made by Sesaco between C063 (48) and
193 (14) in the Hancock nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1984. Within
Sesaco, it first carried the identifier H6233 and was later changed
to T233.
[0085] 27R (51) was a cross made by Sesaco between JJ608 (36) and
S27 (32) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 2001. Within
Sesaco, it first carried the identifier KL635 and was later changed
to X27R and then to T27R.
[0086] 13H (52) was a cross made by Sesaco between SAA (45) and 031
(57) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier CM413 and later changed to X1 3H
and then to T13H.
[0087] F820 (S3) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111X (4) and
104 (54) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier F820.
[0088] 104 (54) was a line obtained from the Sesamum Foundation
(D.G. Langham, Fallbrook, Calif.) in 1977 and first planted in the
Kamman nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1978. It was obtained with the
designator SF084. The Sesamum Foundation obtained it from Maximo
Rodriguez in 1961. He had collected it from Mexico where it was
known as Instituto 8. Instituto 8 was a selection from GS3.48, a
cross made by D.G. Langham in 1953 in Guacara, Venezuela. Within
Sesaco, 104 carried the identifier 0084. In 1983, a selection of
this line became Sesaco 2 (S02)
[0089] 578 (55) was a cross made by Sesaco between F820 (53) and
F853 (56) in the McElhaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within
Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8578 and was later changed
to 1578.
[0090] F853 (56) was a cross made by Sesaco between 104 (54) and
192 (6) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier F853.
[0091] 031 (57) was a cross made by Sesaco between 578 (55) and 118
(12) in the Ramsey nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1984. Within Sesaco, it
carried the identifier H0031 and then changed to T031.
[0092] S32 (58) was a cross made by Sesaco between 13H (52) and 2CB
(63) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1994. The original
designator was GD038, and later changed to X3HD. In 2007, a
selection from X3HD became Sesaco 32 (S32), U.S. Pat. No.
7,855,317.
[0093] 56B (59) was a cross made by Sesaco between 804 (40) and 562
(61) in the Wright nursery (Tacna, Ariz.) in 1987. Within Sesaco,
it first carried the identifier KANO.degree. and was later changed
to X56B and then to T56B.
[0094] F822 (60) was a cross made by Sesaco between 111 (3) and 192
(6) in the Nickerson nursery (Yuma, Ariz.) in 1982. Within Sesaco,
it carried the identifier F822.
[0095] 562 (61) was a cross made by Sesaco between F822 (60) and
700 (62) in the McElaney nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1983. Within
Sesaco, it first carried the identifier G8562 and was later changed
to T562.
[0096] 700 (62) was a line obtained from the NPGS (PI292144) in
1979 and first planted by Sesaco in the Woods nursery (Wellton,
Ariz.) in 1981. NPGS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed
International, a unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from
Israel. In viewing this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel
concluded that it was an introduction to Israel. The material is
similar to introductions from India and Pakistan. Within Sesaco,
700 first carried the identifier 0700 and was later changed to
T700.
[0097] 2CB (63) was a cross made by Sesaco between 56B (59) and 2CA
(66) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in 1992. Within
Sesaco, it has carried the identifier AG729 and later changed to
X2CB and then to T2CB.
[0098] 72C (64) was a line obtained from the NGPS (PI292146) in
1979 and first planted in Woods nursery (Wellton, Ariz.) in 1981.
The NGPS obtained it in 1963 from Hybritech Seed International, a
unit of Monsanto, U.S., which obtained it from Israel. In viewing
this material in 1986, A. Ashri of Israel concluded that it was an
introduction to Israel. The material is similar to introductions
from the Indian subcontinent. Within Sesaco, it has carried the
identifier 0702 and then changed to X702. When the selection was
made, it carried the designator X702C and later changed to 72C. In
1986, a selection from 72C became Sesaco 12 (S12).
[0099] L6651 (65) was a cross made by Sesaco between 72 C (64) and
804 (40) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1987. Within
Sesaco, it carried the identifier L6651.
[0100] 2CA (66) was a cross made by Sesaco between L6651 (65) and
S11 (2) in the Wright nursery (Roll, Ariz.) in 1988. Within Sesaco,
it has carried the identifier LCX02 and later changed to X2CA and
then to T2CA.
[0101] S37 (67) was a cross made by Sesaco between 27R (51) and S32
(58) in the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) Year 1 (hereinafter
"Year" is abbreviated as "YR") and designated QQ440.
[0102] The resulting seed of QQ440, designated Q440 was planted in
plot 3556 at the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in YR2. Four
plants were selected based on having a better capsule zone, height
of the first capsule, and branches than S32.
[0103] The seed (1344) from one of the plants was planted in plot
4768 at the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in YR3. Six plants
were selected based on a good yield and having no rattle in the
capsules.
[0104] The designator was changed to X27T. The seed (4013) from one
of the plants was planted in plot A507 at the Chapman nursery
(Lorenzo, Tex.) in YR4. Three plants were selected based on a good
yield, very long capsule zone, and seed to close to the top of the
plant.
[0105] The seed (1667) from one of the plants was planted in plot
3262 at the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in YR5. A bulk of 16
plants was selected based on a good yield and tall, but good
branching.
[0106] The seed (0750) from the bulk was planted in a strip W635 at
the winter nursery (Canas, Costa Rica) in YR5.5. The entire strip
was harvested.
[0107] The seed (27TCR) from the strip was planted in plot 7614 at
the Gilleland nursery (Uvalde, Tex.) in YR6. A bulk of 89 plants
was harvested based on very good hold and branching.
[0108] The seed (1423) from the bulk was planted in a strip W702 at
the winter nursery (Ponce, Puerto Rico) in YR6.6. The entire strip
was harvested.
[0109] The seed (27TPR) from the strip was planted in a strip at
the Plagens farm (Knippa, Tex.) in YR7 for final verification of
weather shatter resistance, lodging tolerance, combinability, and
yield. The line was uniform and repeated on having good weather
shatter resistance and excellent lodging tolerance. Part of the
strip was harvested for an increase and part was left for a combine
test. The line combined well with no issues. The designator was
changed to Sesaco 37. The variety was released to farmers in
YR8.
[0110] Along with breeding programs for sesame, tissue culture of
sesame is currently being practiced in such areas of the world as
Korea, Japan, China, India, Sri Lanka and the United States. One of
ordinary skill in the art may utilize sesame plants grown from
tissue culture as parental lines in the production of non-dehiscent
sesame. Further IND sesame may be propagated through tissue culture
methods. By means well known in the art, sesame plants can be
regenerated from tissue culture having all the physiological and
morphological characteristics of the source plant.
[0111] The present invention includes the seed of sesame variety
S37 deposited on Mar. 13, 2014 with the American Type Culture
Collection (ATCC) Patent Depository under ATCC Accession No.
PTA-121089; a sesame plant or parts thereof produced by growing the
seed deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089; any sesame
plant having all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of sesame variety S37; any sesame plant having all
the physiological and morphological characteristics of a sesame
plant produced by growing the seed deposited under ATCC Accession
No. PTA-121089. The present invention also includes a tissue
culture of regenerable cells produced from the seed having been
deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089 or a tissue culture
of regenerable cells from sesame variety S37 or a part thereof
produced by growing the seed of sesame variety S37 having been
deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089. A sesame plant
regenerated from a tissue culture of regenerable cells produced
from the seed having been deposited under ATCC Accession No.
PTA-121089 or from sesame variety S37, wherein the regenerated
sesame plant has all the physiological and morphological
characteristics of sesame variety S37 is also contemplated by the
present invention. Methods of producing sesame seed, comprising
crossing a first parent sesame plant with a second parent sesame
plant, wherein the first or second parent sesame plant was produced
by seed having been deposited under ATCC Patent Deposit Designation
No. PTA-121089 is part of the present invention.
[0112] Unless otherwise stated, as used herein, the term plant
includes plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures
from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant
clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants,
such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves,
seeds, roots, root tips, and the like. Further, unless otherwise
stated, as used herein, the term progeny includes plants derived
from plant cells, plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue cultures
from which sesame plants can be regenerated, plant calli, plant
clumps, plant cells that are intact in plants, or parts of plants,
such as embryos, pollen, ovules, flowers, capsules, stems, leaves,
seeds, roots, root tips, and the like.
[0113] Sesame cultivar S37 has been tested experimentally over
several years under various growing conditions ranging from South
Texas to Southern Oklahoma. Sesame cultivar S37 has shown
uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental
influence for the characters listed in Table II below, Table II
provides the name, definition, and rating scale of each character
as well as the method by which the character is measured. Under the
rating section, the rating for S37 is presented in bold text.
Additionally, the distribution of the character in Sesaco's sesame
development program is indicated under the rating section. Sesaco
uses slightly different character specifications from "Descriptors
for sesame", AGP:IBPGR/80/71, IBPGR Secretariat, Rome, (1981) and
from the form "Sesame (Sesamum indicum)", U.S. Department of
Agriculture Plant Variety Protection Office, Beltsville, Md. The
descriptors in those documents were developed in the early 1980s
and have not been updated to incorporate new concepts in sesame
data collection.
[0114] Table II provides characteristics of S37 for forty-five (45)
traits. Numerical ratings and values reported in this table were
experimentally determined for S37 with prior sesame varieties in
side by side replicated trials. Actual numerical values and ratings
for a given variety will vary according to the environment, and the
values and ratings provided in Table II were obtained in the
environment specified in the parenthetical following the S37
rating. If "NT" is indicated, it indicates that trait was not
tested. Table V provides a direct comparison between the new S37
variety and the prior varieties thus demonstrating the relative
differences between the varieties in the side by side trials.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Characters Distinguishing the S37 Line
Character Rating Methodology (1) BRANCHING S37 = B The amount of
branching on any STYLE (All crops, all nurseries) particular plant
depends on the space The potential amount of Subjective rating
based on around the plant. In high populations, true branching in a
line the following values: branching can be suppressed. This rating
U = Uniculm - no should be based on potential as expressed
branching except weak on end plants and plants in the open.
branches in open True branches start in the leaf axil B = True
branches below the first flower, and they begin to Distribution
within Sesaco emerge before the first open flower. As based on
stable lines in long as there is light into the leaf axils, the
crossing program in there will be additional branches that start
1982-2001 (Total number below the first branches in subsequently of
samples tested = 1,333) lower nodes. Weak branches occur when U =
42.4% a plant is in the open. They develop in the B = 57.6% lowest
nodes and subsequent branches start at higher nodes. There are
lines that will not branch in any circumstance. Some lines in the
open will put on spontaneous branches late in the cycle. True and
weak branches do not have a capsule in the same leaf axil, whereas
the spontaneous branches form under the capsule after the capsule
has formed. Spontaneous branches are not counted as branches. There
are rare lines where the flowering pattern is to put on flowers on
lower nodes late in the cycle. In this case, the capsule is formed
after the branch is developed. This pattern should not be termed
spontaneous branching, and the branch is normally counted as a true
branch. There are branched lines that have secondary branches on
the branches. In a few cases, there can be tertiary branches.
Additional branches generally appear in low populations. COMMENTS:
the effects of light appear to have more of an effect on branching
than moisture and fertility. High populations suppress branching.
(2) NUMBER OF S37 = 1 Rating can be taken from about 60 days
CAPSULES PER LEAF (All crops, all nurseries) after planting through
to the end of the AXIL Subjective rating based on crop. The
predominant the following values: NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF
number of capsules per 1 = Single AXIL is highly dependent on
moisture, leaf axil in the middle 3 = Triple fertility, and light.
In triple capsule lines, the half of the capsule zone Based on
potential as central capsule forms first, and axillary described in
the methodology capsules follow a few days later. Triple presented
herein capsule lines have the potential to put on Distribution
within Sesaco axillaries, but will not do so if plants do not based
on stable lines in have adequate moisture and/or fertility. In the
crossing program in drought conditions, some triple capsule
1982-2001 (Total number lines will produce only a central capsule
for of samples tested = 1,327) many nodes. In these lines, when
there is 1 = 58.3% adequate moisture through rain or irrigation, 3
= 41.7% some will add axillary capsules on only new nodes, while
others will add axillary capsules to all nodes. Some triple capsule
lines will not put on axillary capsules if there is no direct
sunlight on the leaf axil. To date, lines with single capsules have
nectaries next to the central capsule in the middle of the capsule
zone while triple capsules do not. However, some lines have what
appear to be nectaries on the lower capsules of triple lines, but
upon close examination, they are buds, which may or may not
eventually develop into a flower and then a capsule. In most triple
capsule lines, the lower and upper nodes have single capsules.
There are some lines where the end plants can put on 5
capsules/leaf axil and a few that have the potential to put on 7
capsules/leaf axil. 5 and 7 capsules only appear with open plants
with high moisture and fertility. In some environments, single
capsule lines will put on multiple capsules on 1 node and rarely on
up to 5 nodes. These lines are not considered triple capsule lines.
(3) MATURITY CLASS S37 = M for 103 days The basis for this data
point is DAYS The maturity of a line in (Uvalde nursery.sup.a,
2008-2011) TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY relation to a standard
Subjective rating based on (Character No. 29). S26 is the standard
line. Currently, the the following values: line to be used to
compute MATURITY standard line is S26 at V = Very early (<85
days) CLASS. For each line, the physiological 100 days E = Early
(85-94 days) maturity for each year is subtracted by the M = Medium
(95-104 S26 maturity for that year in that nursery, days) and then
the number of days of difference L = Late (105-114 days) is
averaged. The average is then added to T = Very late (>114 days)
100. Distribution within Sesaco See DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL based on
stable lines in MATURITY (Character No. 29) for the the crossing
program in effects of the environment on MATURITY 1998-2001 (Total
number CLASS. of samples tested = 650) Note that S24 was formerly
used as the V = 1.2% standard for this trait. S26 averages E =
26.8% approximately 5 days longer than S24. M = 56.2% L = 12.9% T =
2.9% (4) PLANT S37 = B1M The first character is the BRANCHING
PHENOTYPE (All crops; all nurseries) STYLE (Character No. 1),
followed by the A three character Subjective rating based on NUMBER
OF CAPSULES PER LEAF designation that the following values: AXIL
(Character No. 2), and then the provides the branching BRANCHING
STYLE MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3). style, number of U =
Uniculm - no When these characters are placed in a capsules per
leaf axil, branching except weak matrix, there are 20 potential
phenotypes. and the maturity class branches in open The phenotype
provides an overview of B = True branches the general appearance of
the plant. There NUMBER OF CAPSULES is a very high correlation
between PER LEAF AXIL MATURITY CLASS and HEIGHT OF 1 = Single PLANT
(Character No. 5). 3 = Triple MATURITY CLASS V = Very early (<85
days) E = Early (85-94 days) M = Medium (95-104 days) L = Late
(105-114 days) T = Very late (>114 days) Distribution within
Sesaco based on stable lines in the crossing program in 1998-2001
(Total number of samples tested = 650) U1V = 0% U3V = 1.1% U1E =
3.8% U3E = 8.3% U1M = 16.0% U3M = 12.0% U1L = 3.4% U3L = 2.2% U1T =
0.5% U3T = 0.6% B1V = 0% B3V = 0.2% B1E = 8.0% B3E = 6.3% B1M =
23.2% B3M = 4.8% B1L = 6.5% B3L = 1.0% B1T = 1.6% B3T = 0.4% (5)
HEIGHT OF PLANT S37 = 141 cm The measurement is made after the The
height of the plant (Uvalde nursery, 2013) plants stop flowering.
For plants that are from the ground to the Value based on the not
erect or have lodged, the plant should top of the highest average
of a minimum of be picked up for the measurement. In most capsule
with viable three plants (unit of lines the highest capsule is on
the main seed measure: cm) stem. In lines with the dt/dt alleles
Distribution within Sesaco (determinate), the highest capsule is on
based on stable lines in the branches. the crossing program in
COMMENTS: this height is dependent 1999-2001 (Total number on the
amount of moisture, heat, fertility, of samples tested = 2,274) and
population. Increased values generally low = 56 cm; high = 249 cm
increase the height. In a high population, 1 = <94.6 cm; 5.2%
the height will only increase if there is 2 = <133.2 cm; 34.6%
adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise, 3 = <171.8 cm; 54.9%
the height will be shorter. In low light 4 = <210.4 cm; 5.1%
intensities, the heights are generally taller. 5 = >210.3 cm;
0.1% avg. = 134.8 cm, std = 23.5 (6) HEIGHT OF FIRST S37 = 57 cm
The measurement is made after the CAPSULE (Uvalde nursery, 2013)
plants stop flowering. For plants that are The height of the first
Value based on the not erect or have lodged, the plant should
capsule from the average of a minimum of be picked up for the
measurement. In most ground to the bottom of three plants (unit of
lines, the lowest capsule is on the main the lowest capsule on
measure: cm) stem. True branches have capsules higher the main stem
Distribution within Sesaco than on the main stem except when the
based on stable lines in flowers fall off the main stem. the
crossing program in Occasionally, on weak branches, the 1999-2001
(Total number lowest capsule is on the branches. of samples tested
= 2,274) There are lines that flower in the lower low = 20 cm; high
= 193 cm nodes late in the cycle, and, thus, the 1 = <54.6 cm;
52.7% measurement should be taken after 2 = <89.2 cm; 45.5%
flowering ends. In many lines the first 3 = <123.8 cm; 1.5%
flower does not make a capsule, and, thus, 4 = <158.4 cm; 0.3%
this height may not be the same as the 5 = >158.3 cm; 0.1%
height of the first flower. The height is avg. = 54.2 cm, std =
14.3 correlated to the length of time to flowering, the earlier the
lower the height. COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5)
for effects of environmental factors (7) CAPSULE ZONE S37 = 84 cm
The measurement is derived by LENGTH (Uvalde nursery, 2013)
subtracting the HEIGHT OF FIRST The length of the Value based on
the CAPSULE (Character No. 6) from the capsule zone. The average of
a minimum of HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5). capsule zone
extends three plants (unit of COMMENTS: see HEIGHT OF PLANT from
the bottom of the measure: cm) (Character No. 5) for effects of
lowest capsule on the Distribution within Sesaco environmental
factors main stem to the top of based on stable lines in the
highest capsule on the crossing program in the main stem. 1999-2001
(Total number of samples tested = 2,274) low = 18 cm; high = 188 cm
1 = <52 cm; 4.7% 2 = <86 cm; 53.5% 3 = <120 cm; 41.3% 4 =
<154 cm; 0.5% 5 = >153.9 cm; 0.1% avg. = 80.6 cm, std = 17.2
(8) NUMBER OF S37 = 28 pairs The count is made after the plants
stop CAPSULE NODE (Uvalde nursery, 2013) flowering. On opposite and
alternate PAIRS Value based on the arranged leaves, each pair of
leaves is The number of capsule average of a minimum of counted as
one node pair. In some lines, node pairs from the three plants
(unit of there are three leaves per node for at least lowest
capsule node to measure: number) part of the plant, and those are
counted as the highest node with Distribution within Sesaco one
node pair. In some plants, flowers may capsules with viable based
on stable lines in not have produced capsules on one or seed on the
main stem the crossing program in more of the leaf axils in a node.
These of the plant 1999-2001 (Total number node pairs should still
be counted. Node of samples tested = 2,154) pairs on the branches
are not counted. low = 10; high = 54 In years when the amount of
moisture 1 = <18.8; 17.9% available to the plant is irregular,
node 2 = <27.6; 48.3% pairs can become very irregular, 3 =
<36.4; 29.5% particularly on triple capsule lines. In the 4 =
<45.2; 3.6% upper portions of the plant, it may become 5 =
>45.1; 0.7% easier to count the capsule clusters and
avg. = 25.3, std = 6.4 divide by 2. While it is possible to count
node pairs after leaves have fallen, it is much easier to count
while the leaves are still on the plant. COMMENTS: the number of
node pairs is dependent on the amount of moisture and fertility.
Higher moisture and fertility increases the number of node pairs.
(9) AVERAGE S37 = 3.0 cm Divide the CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH INTERNODE
LENGTH (Uvalde nursery, 2013) (Character No. 7) by the NUMBER OF
WITHIN CAPSULE Value based on the CAPSULE NODES (Character No. 8).
ZONE average of a minimum of COMMENTS: this length is dependent The
average internode three plants (unit of on the amount of moisture,
fertility, and length within the measure: cm) population. Increased
values generally capsule zone Distribution within Sesaco increase
the length. In a high population, based on stable lines in the
length will only increase if there is the crossing program in
adequate fertility and moisture; otherwise 1999-2001 (Total number
the length will be shorter. In low light of samples tested = 2,145)
intensities, the lengths are generally low = 1.09 cm; high = 8.09
cm longer. 1 = <2.49 cm; 6.2% Past methodologies have measured
the 2 = <3.89 cm; 74.6% internode length at the middle of the 3
= <5.29 cm; 18.6% capsule zone. Some have measured it at 4 =
<6.69 cm; 0.4% the median node and others at the median 5 =
>6.68 cm; 0.1% CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH. avg. = 3.35 cm, std = 0.66
(10) YIELD AT S37 = 1,664 kg/ha On 3 replicated plots, when the
plants DRYDOWN (Uvalde nursery, 2013) are dry enough for direct
harvest, cut a An extrapolation of the 1,490 kg/ha minimum of
1/5000 of a hectare (Sesaco yield of a field by taking (Rio Hondo
nursery.sup.b, uses 1/2620) in the plot and place the sample yields
2013) plants in a cloth bag. Thresh the sample in Values based on
the a plot thresher and weigh the seed. average of a minimum of
Multiply the weight by the appropriate three replications (unit of
multiplier based on area taken to provide measure: kg/ha) the
extrapolated yield in kg/ha. Distribution within Sesaco In the
Almaco thresher there is about based on stable lines in 3% trash
left in the seed. Since yields are the crossing program in
comparative, there is no cleaning of the 1999-2001 (Total number
seed done before the computation. If other of samples tested =
1,828) threshers have more trash, the seed low = 67 kg/ha should be
cleaned before weighing. high = 2421 kg/ha COMMENTS: yields
increase with 1 = <537.8 kg/ha; 5.6% moisture and fertility.
However, too high a 2 = <1008.6 kg/ha; 15.6% moisture can lead
to killing of plants. Too 3 = <1479.4 kg/ha; 51.5% high
fertility can lead to extra vegetative 4 = <1950.2 kg/ha; 25.8%
growth that may not lead to higher yields. 5 = >1950.1 kg/ha;
1.4% The optimum population depends on the avg. = 1114.6 kg/ha,
PLANT PHENOTYPE, Character No. 4 std = 331.2 (BRANCHING STYLE,
Character No. 1; NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL, Character No. 2;
and MATURITY CLASS, Character No. 3) and row width. (11) TOLERANCE
TO S37 = NT In a year when there is a drought, this DROUGHT Average
of a minimum of rating can be used to differentiate the The
relative amount of three plots of a subjective effects of the
different lines. This is a tolerance to drought rating based on the
subjective rating requiring a rater that is following values:
familiar with the performance of the line 0 to 8 scale under normal
conditions. The rating is 7 = Little effect from based on how the
drought changes the drought line from normal. Thus, a short line
that 4 = Medium effect from does not change significantly in a
drought drought may have a higher rating than a tall line, 1 =
Considerable effect which is affected by the drought even from
drought though the taller line is taller in the drought
Intermediate values are than the short line. used. Distribution
within Sesaco based on stable lines in the crossing program in 2000
(Total number of samples tested = 632) low = 0; high = 8 1 =
<1.6; 0.8% 2 = <3.2; 28.0% 3 = <4.8; 36.1% 4 = <6.4;
34.5% 5 = >6.3; 0.6% avg. = 4.1, std = 1.2 (12) LEAF LENGTH S37
= NT Select one leaf per node to measure The length of the leaf
Value based on the from the 5.sup.th, 10.sup.th, and 15.sup.th node
pairs from blade from the base of average of a minimum of the base
of the plant. All the leaves for one the petiole to the apex three
plants (unit of line should be collected at the same time. of the
leaf from the 5.sup.th, measure: cm) Some lines retain the
cotyledons, and the 10.sup.th, and 15.sup.th node Distribution
within Sesaco cotyledon node does not count as a node pairs for
5.sup.th leaf based on stable pair. In some lines the lowest leaves
lines in the crossing abscise leaving a scar on the stem. program
in 2002 (Total Abscised nodes should be counted. In number of lines
tested = lines with alternate leaves, one node is 196 with 711
samples) counted for each pair of leaves. In some low = 13.8 cm;
high = 42.5 cm lines in parts of the plant there are three 1 =
<19.5 cm; 34.7% leaves per node, which should be counted 2 =
<25.3 cm; 48.0% as one node. 3 = <31.0 cm; 14.3% The leaves
continue growing in the first 4 = <36.8 cm; 1.5% few days after
they have separated from 5 = >36.7 cm; 1.5% the growing tip. The
choosing of leaves avg. = 21.5 cm, std = 4.4 should be done a
minimum of 5 days after Distribution within Sesaco the 15.sup.th
node has appeared. Timing is for 10.sup.th leaf based on important,
because the plants will begin to stable lines in the crossing shed
their lower leaves towards the end of program in 2002 (Total their
cycle. number of lines tested = There are lines that have less than
15 196 with 711 samples) nodes. In this case, the highest node low
= 9.3 cm; high = 32.9 cm should be taken and the node number 1 =
<14.0 cm; 22.4% annotated to the measurements. 2 = <18.7 cm;
41.8% There can be as much as 6 mm 3 = <23.5 cm; 20.9%
difference between a green leaf and a dry 4 = <28.2 cm; 10.2%
leaf. The measurements can be done on a 5 = >28.1 cm; 4.6% green
or dry leaf as long as any avg. = 17.9 cm, std = 4.8 comparison
data with other lines is based Distribution within Sesaco on the
same method. for 15.sup.th leaf based on Generally, the lowest
leaves increase in stable lines in the crossing size until the
4.sup.th to 6.sup.th node and then they program in 2002 (Total
decrease in size. This applies to LEAF number of lines tested =
LENGTH (Character No. 12), LEAF 196 with 711 samples) BLADE WIDTH
(Character No. 14), and low = 4.4 cm; high = 26.2 cm PETIOLE LENGTH
(Character No. 15). In 1 = <8.8 cm; 5.1% few cases, LEAF BLADE
LENGTH 2 = <13.1 cm; 42.9% Character No. 13) can increase up the
10.sup.th 3 = <17.5 cm; 29.8% node, but will decrease by the
15.sup.th node. 4 = <21.8 cm; 15.8% Generally, the width will
decrease at a 5 = >21.7 cm; 6.6% greater rate than the length.
avg. = 14.3 cm, std = 4.2 COMMENTS: the length is dependent on the
amount of moisture and fertility. Higher moisture and fertility
increase the length. Leaf size also appears to be affected by light
intensity. In Korea, the Korean lines have much larger leaves than
in Oklahoma. In Korea, there is more cloud cover and a general haze
than in Oklahoma. (13) LEAF BLADE S37 = NT See LEAF LENGTH
(Character No. 12) LENGTH Value based on the on how to collect
leaves. The The length of the leaf average of a minimum of
measurement does not include PETIOLE blade from the base of three
plants (unit of LENGTH (Character No. 15). In some the leaf blade
to the measure: cm) leaves the blade on one side of the petiole
apex of the leaf from Distribution within Sesaco starts before the
other side. This measure the 5.sup.th, 10.sup.th, and 15.sup.th for
5.sup.th leaf based on stable should start from the lowest blade
side. node pairs lines in the crossing There are leaves that have
enations where program in 2002 (Total a blade starts and then
stops. The number of lines tested = enations are not considered
part of the leaf 196 with 711 samples) blade because they are very
irregular from low = 9.0 cm; high = 25.5 cm plant to plant and
within a plant. 1 = <12.3 cm; 14.3% COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH 2
= <15.6 cm; 60.2% (Character No. 12) for effects of 3 = <18.9
cm; 20.9% environment 4 = <22.2 cm; 3.1% 5 = >22.1 cm; 1.5%
avg. = 14.4 cm, std = 2.4 Distribution within Sesaco for 10.sup.th
leaf based on stable lines in the crossing program in 2002 (Total
number of lines tested = 196 with 711 samples) low = 8.3 cm; high =
23.4 cm 1 = <11.3 cm; 18.9% 2 = <14.3 cm; 42.9% 3 = <17.4
cm; 25.0% 4 = <20.4 cm; 9.2% 5 = >20.3 cm; 4.1% avg. = 13.9
cm, std = 3.0 Distribution within Sesaco for 15.sup.th leaf based
on stable lines in the crossing program in 2002 (Total number of
lines tested = 196 with 711 samples) low = 4.2 cm; high = 20.7 cm 1
= <7.5 cm; 2.0% 2 = <10.8 cm; 36.7% 3 = <14.1 cm; 37.8% 4
= <17.4 cm; 16.3% 5 = >17.3 cm; 7.1% avg. = 12.0 cm, std =
3.0 (14) LEAF BLADE S37 = NT See LEAF LENGTH (Character No. 12)
WIDTH Value based on the on how to collect leaves. There are many
The width of the leaf average of a minimum of leaves that are not
symmetrical with lobing blade measured across three plants (unit of
on one side and not the other. The width the leaf blade at the
measure: cm) should still be measured across the widest widest
point at the 5.sup.th, Distribution within Sesaco point on a line
perpendicular to the main 10.sup.th, and 15.sup.th node for
5.sup.th leaf based on stable vein of the leaf. pairs lines in the
crossing On some lines the width exceeds the program in 2002 (Total
length, particularly on lobed leaves. number of lines tested =
COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH 196 with 711 samples) (Character No. 12)
for effects of low = 3.4 cm; high = 31.0 cm environment 1 = <8.9
cm; 53.1% The widest leaves are lobed. Normally, 2 = <14.4 cm;
33.7% the leaves have turned from lobed to 3 = <20.0 cm; 9.7%
lanceolate by the 10.sup.th leaf with the 4 = <25.5 cm; 2.6%
exception of the tropical lines. 5 = >25.4 cm; 1.0% avg. = 9.6
cm, std = 4.3 Distribution within Sesaco for 10.sup.th leaf based
on stable lines in the crossing program in 2002 (Total number of
lines tested = 196 with 711 samples) low = 1.3 cm; high = 17.6 cm 1
= <4.6 cm; 69.4% 2 = <7.8 cm; 25.0% 3 = <11.1 cm; 4.6% 4 =
<14.3 cm; 0% 5 = >14.2 cm; 1.0% avg. = 4.3 cm, std = 2.2
Distribution within Sesaco for 15.sup.th leaf based on stable lines
in the crossing program in 2002 (Total number of lines tested = 196
with 711 samples) low = 0.7 cm; high = 6.0 cm 1 = <1.8 cm; 29.1%
2 = <2.8 cm; 48.0% 3 = <3.9 cm; 15.3% 4 = <4.9 cm; 4.6% 5
= >4.8 cm; 3.1% avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 0.9 (15) PETIOLE LENGTH S37
= NT See LEAF BLADE LENGTH (Character The length of the Value based
on the No. 13) on how to collect leaves. In some petiole from the
base of average of a minimum of leaves, the blade on one side of
the petiole the petiole to the start three plants (unit of starts
before the other side. This measure
of the leaf blade at the measure: cm) should end where the earliest
blade starts. 5.sup.th, 10.sup.th, and 15.sup.th node Distribution
within Sesaco There are leaves that have enations where pairs for
5.sup.th leaf based on stable a blade starts and then stops. The
lines in the crossing enations are not considered part of the leaf
program in 2002 (Total blade because they are very irregular from
number of lines tested = plant to plant and within a plant and
should 196 with 711 samples) be measured as part of the petiole.
low = 3.0 cm; high = 17.0 cm COMMENTS: see LEAF LENGTH 1 = <5.8
cm; 35.2% (Character No. 12) for effects of 2 = <8.6 cm; 39.8%
environment 3 = <11.4 cm; 19.4% 4 = <14.2 cm; 4.1% 5 =
>14.1 cm; 1.5% avg. = 7.0 cm, std = 2.5 Distribution within
Sesaco for 10.sup.th leaf based on stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total number of lines tested = 196 with 711
samples) low = 1.0 cm; high = 14.2 cm 1 = <3.6 cm; 53.6% 2 =
<6.3 cm; 31.6% 3 = <8.9 cm; 11.7% 4 = <11.6 cm; 2.0% 5 =
>11.5 cm; 1.0% avg. = 4.0 cm, std = 2.1 Distribution within
Sesaco for 15.sup.th leaf based on stable lines in the crossing
program in 2002 (Total number of lines tested = 196 with 711
samples) low = 0.2 cm; high = 7.4 cm 1 = <1.6 cm; 38.8% 2 =
<3.1 cm; 41.8% 3 = <4.5 cm; 13.3% 4 = <6.0 cm; 3.1% 5 =
>5.9 cm; 3.1% avg. = 2.3 cm, std = 1.3 (16) NUMBER OF S37 = 2
The rating can be taken from about 60 CARPELS PER (All crops, all
nurseries) days after planting to all the way to the end CAPSULE
Subjective rating based on of the crop. The predominant the
following values: There are many plants with mixed number of
carpels per 2 = bicarpellate number of carpels as follows: capsule
in the middle 3 = tricarpellate 1. Some bicarpellate plants will
have half of the capsule zone 4 = quadricarpellate one or more
nodes near the center of the (unit of measure: actual capsule zone
that have tri- and/or number) quadricarpellate capsules and vice
versa. Distribution within Sesaco 2. Most tri- and
quadri-carpellate plants based on the introductions will begin and
end with bicarpellate nodes. received in 1982-2001 3. Some plants
have only one carpel (Total number of samples that develops. These
capsules are tested = 2702) generally bent, but on examination the
2.sup.nd 2 = 97.6% carpel can be seen. 3 = 0.0004% 4. On all types,
flowers may coalesce 4 = 2.3% and double or triple the number of
Sesaco has not developed carpels. lines with more than 2 5. On the
seamless gene plants (gs/gs) carpels. the false membranes do not
form locules. These are still considered bicarpellate. (17) CAPSULE
S37 = 2.10 cm After the plants are physiologically LENGTH FROM 10
cap (All experimental mature, take 2 capsules from five plants TEST
nurseries, 1997-2011) from the middle of the capsule zone. On The
length of the Value based on the three capsule per leaf axil lines,
one capsule from the average of a minimum of central capsule and
one axillary capsule bottom of the seed three samples of the should
be taken from the same leaf axil. chamber to the top of length
taken on the The measurement is taken on the median the seed
chamber from median capsule in a 10 capsule of single capsule lines
and on the the outside of the capsule sample (unit of median
central capsule on three capsule capsule. The tip of the measure:
cm) lines. The measurement is taken on dry capsule is not included
Distribution within Sesaco capsules because the length can shorten
in the measurement. based on 10 cap test in all as much as one mm
on drydown. nurseries in 1997-2002 The 10 capsules can be sampled
from (Total number of lines physiological maturity through complete
tested = 1,613 with 8,285 drydown without an effect on this
samples) character. low = 1.3 cm; high = 4.5 cm Generally, the
capsules in the middle of 1 = <1.94 cm; 2.7% the capsule zone
are the longest on the 2 = <2.58 cm; 67.9% plant. 3 = <3.22
cm; 27.2% COMMENTS: the length of the capsule 4 = <3.86 cm; 1.9%
is dependent on the amount of moisture, 5 = >3.85 cm; 0.3%
fertility, and population. Higher moisture avg. = 2.44 cm, std =
0.33 and fertility increase the length. Higher population decreases
the length even with adequate moisture/fertility. (18) SEED WEIGHT
S37 = 0.225 g See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP PER CAPSULE FROM (All
experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of 10 cap TEST
nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The capsules should be dried, The
weight of the seed Value based on the the seed threshed out, and
the seed in a capsule from the average of a minimum of weighed.
center of the capsule three samples of the The 10 capsules can be
sampled from zone weight of 10 capsules (unit physiological
maturity through complete of weight: grams) drydown without an
effect on this Distribution within Sesaco character. After drydown,
only capsules based on 10 cap test in all with all their seed are
taken. Thus, this test nurseries in 1997-2002 cannot be done on
shattering lines after (Total number of lines drydown. tested =
1,613 with 8,285 Generally, the capsules in the middle of samples)
the capsule zone have the highest seed low = 0.053 g; high = weight
per capsule on the plant. 0.476 g COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH 1 =
<0.138 g; 1.3% FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 17) 2 = <0.222
g; 47.6% for the effects of environmental factors. 3 = <0.307 g;
50.6% 4 = <0.391 g; 1.1% 5 = >0.390 g; 0.1% avg. = 0.221 g,
std = 0.039 (19) CAPSULE S37 = 0.156 g See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10
CAP WEIGHT PER (All experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for
collection of CAPSULE FROM nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The
capsules should be dried, 10 cap TEST Value based on the the seed
threshed out, and the capsules The weight of the average of a
minimum of weighed. At times the peduncle can still capsule from
the center three samples of the be attached to the capsules. The of
the capsule zone weight of 10 capsules (unit peduncles should be
removed and not after the seed has been of measure: grams) weighed.
removed Distribution within Sesaco The 10 capsules can be sampled
from based on 10 cap test in all physiological maturity through
complete nurseries in 1997-2002 drydown without an effect on this
(Total number of lines character. tested = 1,613 with 8,285
Generally, the capsules in the middle of samples) the capsule zone
have the highest capsule low = 0.059 g; high = weight per capsule
on the plant. 0.395 g COMMENTS: see CAPSULE LENGTH 1 = <0.126 g;
22.6% FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 17) 2 = <0.193 g; 69.1%
for the effects of environmental factors. 3 = <0.261 g; 8.2% 4 =
<0.328 g; 0.9% 5 = >0.327 g; 0.6% avg. = 0.152 g, std = 0.036
(20) CAPSULE S37 = 0.074 g The weight is derived by dividing the
WEIGHT PER CM OF (All experimental CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE
CAPSULE nurseries, 1997-2011) FROM 10 CAP TEST (Character No. 19)
The weight of a capsule Value based on the by the CAPSULE LENGTH
FROM 10 CAP per cm of capsule from average of a minimum of TEST
(Character No. 17). the center of the three samples of the The 10
capsules can be sampled from capsule zone weight per cm of 10
physiological maturity through complete capsules (unit of measure:
drydown without an effect on this grams) character. Distribution
within Sesaco COMMENTS: this character is used based on 10 cap test
in all instead of capsule width. Capsule width is nurseries in
1997-2002 difficult to measure because there are so (Total number
of lines many variables in a capsule. In a tested = 1,613 with
8,285 bicarpellate capsule, the width differs when samples)
measuring across one carpel or both low = 0.027 g; high = carpels.
Capsules can also vary through 0.123 g the length of the capsule by
being 1 = <0.046 g; 8.2% substantially narrower at the bottom, 2
= <0.065 g; 55.5% middle or top of the capsule. In 1997, four 3
= <0.085 g; 36.5% widths were measured on each capsule 4 =
<0.104 g; 4.4% and then averaged. This average had a 5 =
>0.103 g; 0.5% very high correlation to the capsule weight avg.
= 0.063 g; std = 0.012 per cm of capsule. See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM
10 CAP TEST (Character No. 17) for effects of environmental factors
(21) VISUAL SEED S37 = I This rating is used for plants that are
RETENTION (All crops, all nurseries) being selected for advanced
testing Amount of seed in most Subjective rating based on whether
individually or in a bulk with all the of the capsules in the the
following values: plants having the same level of seed middle half
of the X = <50% seed retention retention. capsule zone when the
(unsuitable for direct Most "X" plants can be identified from
plant(s) are dry enough harvest) the first capsule that dries since
the seed for direct harvest with a C = 50-74% seed will begin
falling out immediately. combine retention (unsuitable for A "C"
(close to V) plant will have some direct harvest, but may capsules
with seed and some without. segregate V or above in A "V" (visual
shatter resistance) plant future generations) can be identified
when the first 50% of the V = >74% seed retention capsules have
dried, but a "V+" rating (sufficient seed retention should not be
used until the complete plant for 10 cap testing) is dry and most
of the capsules are W = >74% seed retention showing seed
retention. on weathering in field after Some "V" plants can be
upgraded to rains and/or winds "W" after the dry capsules have been
I = in using the "drum subjected to weather (rain and/or wind)
test" the seed in the "V" and "W" become non-dehiscent only
capsules do not rattle and after 10 cap testing with about an 80%
>85% of the capsules on passing rate. 10 cap testing is done on
"I" the plant(s) harvested selections have had about a 99% passing
have visible seed in the rate. tips of the capsules four or The
"drum test" consists of placing the more weeks after the ideal
fingers from one hand about 1/2 inch from harvest time. The "I" the
center of the main stem and then rating is used for all of the
striking the stem alternately with one finger capsules on the
plant. and then the other finger in rapid `+` and `-` modifiers can
succession. The human ear can perceive be used. degree of rattling
over a range. IND is defined as having no rattle. Degree of rattle
in this test correlates with loss of increasing amounts of seed as
capsules are exposed to weather conditions. COMMENTS: the ratings
above should be made under normal conditions (600 mm of annual
rainfall and 30 kg/ha of nitrogen) through high moisture/fertility
conditions. In drought or very low fertility conditions, it has
been observed that there is less seed retention. In addition, high
populations may lead to low moisture or fertility causing less seed
retention. If unusual environmental conditions are present, the
effects should be taken into consideration prior to rating. (22)
SHAKER S37 = 71.1% See CAPSULE LENGTH FROM 10 CAP SHATTER (All
experimental TEST (Character No. 17) for collection of RESISTANCE
FROM nurseries, 1997-2011) capsules. The capsules should be dried
10 cap TEST Value based on the and inverted. The capsules and any
seed The amount of seed average of a minimum of that has fallen out
should then be placed in retention after the three samples of the
flasks on a reciprocal shaker with a 3.8 cm capsules are dry,
percentage of seed stroke with 250 strokes/min for 10 minutes
Inverted, and put retained in 10 capsules (see U.S. Pat. No.
6,100,452). The seed through a shaker (10 (unit of measure: Actual
that comes out of the capsules should be capsule sample) Number
expressed as weighed as `out seed.` The retained
seed percentage) should be threshed out of the capsules
Distribution within Sesaco and weighed to compute the `total seed`.
based on 10 cap test in all The shaker shatter resistance is
computed nurseries in 1997-2002 as a percentage as follows: (total
seed - (Total number of lines out seed)/total seed. tested = 1,613
with 8,285 The 10 capsules can be sampled from samples)
physiological maturity through complete low = 0; high = 100 drydown
without an effect on this character 1 = <20; 12.9% for shatter
resistant types. When taking 2 = <40; 6.9% capsules after
drydown, only capsules with 3 = <60; 23.4% all their seed are
taken. Thus, this test 4 = <80; 47.7% cannot be done on
shattering lines after 5 = >79.9; 9.2% drydown. avg. = 55.9%,
std = 23.9 COMMENTS: The ratings above should be made under normal
conditions through high moisture/fertility conditions. In drought
or very low fertility conditions, it has been observed that there
is less seed retention. In additions, high populations may lead to
low moisture or fertility causing there to be less seed retention.
If unusual environmental conditions are present, the effects should
be taken into consideration prior to rating. Lines with shaker
shatter resistance >64.9% are known as non-dehiscent lines (see
U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452). (23) CAPSULE S37 = SR The rating is based
on visual SHATTERING TYPE (All crops, all nurseries) observations
as to seed retention as the Amount of seed Subjective rating based
on plants remain standing in the field without retention in a line
or the following values: shocking. plant SUS = Super-shattering GS
plants can be identified while the (<2 visual seed retention -
plant is putting on capsules or at drydown equates to <25%)
because the carpels in the capsules do not SHA = Shattering (<4
form false membranes. There are plants visual seed retention - that
will have capsules with false equates to <50%) membranes on the
lower and upper nodes SSH = Semi-shattering (4-6 but most of the
capsules show no false visual seed retention - membranes. equates
to 50 to 75%) ID plants can be identified during the SR = Shatter
resistant (a growing season in that they have enations numeric
rating>6 visual on the bottoms of the leaves. At drydown seed
retention without id they are more difficult to distinguish from or
gs alleles - equates to other lines that have closed capsules
>75%; an alphabetical (other than GS). There is less of a suture
rating of V, W, or I) than other capsule types. ID = Indehiscent
SUS, SHA, SSH, and SR are defined by (presence of id/id with VISUAL
SEED RETENTION (Character capsule closed) No. 21). IDO =
Indehiscent COMMENTS: Most environmental (presence of id/id with
factors do not have much of an effect on capsule open at tip)
capsule shattering type other than to make GS = Seamless it more
difficult to distinguish in the overlap (presence of gs/gs with
zone. Generally, higher moisture, higher capsule closed) fertility,
and lower populations will GSO = Seamless decrease the shattering a
small amount - (presence of gs/gs with less than 10%. capsule open
at tip) The wind can have a large effect in decreasing the amount
of seed retention. Rain, dew and fog can also reduce seed
retention. (24) NON-DEHISCENT S37 = ND Lines are designated as ND
only after they TEST (All crops, all nurseries) have undergone a
minimum of 3 shaker A line that has passed Objective rating based
on shatter resistance tests. In order to be the non-dehiscent test
the following values: considered an ND variety, the line must of
having shaker shatter ND = Non-dehiscent line pass the ND threshold
in multiple nurseries resistance >64.9% is XX = Line that does
not for multiple years. considered an ND line pass the
non-dehiscent in accordance with U.S. test Pat. No. 6,100,452. ND
distribution within Sesaco based on 10 cap test in all nurseries in
1997-2006 (Total number of samples tested = 10,905) ND = 53.6% XX =
46.4% (25) IMPROVED NON- S37 = 7.29 This rating is used for a plot
or field that DEHISCENT VISUAL (Uvalde nursery, 2011) is being
evaluated. RATING S37 = 7.22 The data is taken four or more weeks
Amount of seed in most (Lorenzo nursery.sup.c, 2010) after the
ideal harvest time. See DAYS of the capsules in the Value based on
the TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. plants in a plot four or
average of a minimum of 30). Estimate the percentage of capsules
more weeks after the three plots of a subjective that have visible
seed at the top. In the ideal harvest time. rating based on the
beginning in order to develop an eye for percentage of capsules the
rating, the evaluator should observe all with visible seed
retention of the capsules and rate each of them; get 8 <100% a
count of those with visible seeds and a 7 <85% count of total
capsules; and compute a 6 <70% percentage. Once the evaluator is
skilled, 5 >55% there is no need to count the capsules. Z
<55% There is a very high correlation between `*`, `+`, and `-`
modifiers this rating upon visual evaluation and the can be used.
For amount of rattling generated by the "drum averages, 0.5 is
added for test" defined above. a `*`, 0.33 is added for a Although
retention can vary from plant `+`, and 0.33 is subtracted to plant
and even within a plant, the overall for a `-`, e.g., "7+" = 7.33.
rating is correlatable with IND. (Total number of lines In crossing
between lines, in early tested = 288 with 801 generations there is
a segregation of IND samples in 2006) plants and non-IND plants. In
this case low = 2.97; high = 7.33 the plot is given a rating of the
majority of 1 = <6.0; 2.1% plants while the plants selected can
have a 2 = <6.5; 20.8% higher rating, which is reflected in
VISUAL 3 = <7.0; 13.2% SEED RETENTION. The ratings that are 4 =
<7.5; 63.9% cited in this character are for plots, but 5 =
>7.5; 0% ratings of 7 or 8 are only given if over 90% avg. =
6.77, std = 0.54 of the plants have the higher rating. Note: The
percentage of lines between 7.0 and 7.6 is very high because Sesaco
has established a new threshold for a new variety of IND>6.9 and
only lines that are IND or segregating IND are rated. (26) IMPROVED
NON- S37 = IND Varieties were designated as IND after DEHISCENCE
TEST (All crops, all nurseries) they demonstrated the defined An ND
line that passes Subjective rating based on characteristics with
statistically significant the rattle test and has a the following
values: data. visual IND rating >6.99 IND = Improved Non- is
considered IND. A dehiscent line method for traditional ZZ = Line
that does not breeding of an IND line pass the improved non- is
described in U.S. dehiscent test Pat. No. 8,080,707. ND
Distribution within Sesaco and IND lines should based on visual IND
(Total not have id or gs number of lines tested = alleles. 1,934 in
all nurseries from 2005 to 2007) IND = 9.5% ZZ = 90.5% (27) DAYS TO
S37 = 43 days The vegetative phase in sesame is from FLOWERING
(Uvalde nursery, 2011) the time of planting to the start of Number
of days from Value based on the flowering. planting until 50% of
the average of a minimum of This data is taken as a date and later
plants are flowering three plots of the number converted to number
of days. Flowering is of days (unit of measure: defined as flowers
that are open - not days) buds. Distribution within Sesaco
COMMENTS: flowering can be based on lines in Uvalde accelerated by
drought and it can be nursery in 2000-2001 delayed by higher
moisture and/or fertility. (Total number of samples Higher heat
units will decrease the days to tested = 1831) flowering. low = 33
days; high = 89 Some lines are photosensitive and will days only
begin flowering at a certain number of 1 = <44.2 days; 87.9%
hours of daylight. 2 = <55.4 days; 7.8% Start of flowering does
not always 3 = <66.6 days; 2.4% equate to start of capsule
formation. Many 4 = <77.8 days; 1.7% lines will flower and not
set capsules from 5 = >77.7 days; 0.2% the first flowers. avg. =
40.9 days, std = 6.3 (28) DAYS TO S37 = 81 days The reproductive
phase of sesame is FLOWER (Uvalde nursery, 2011) from the start to
the end of flowering. TERMINATION Value based on the This data is
taken as a date and later Number of days from average of a minimum
of converted to number of days. Flowering is planting until 90% of
the three plots of the number defined as flowers that are open -
not plants have stopped of days (unit of measure: buds. At the end
of the flowering period, flowering days) the rate that a plant puts
on open flowers Distribution within Sesaco is reduced. Thus, there
can be more than based on lines in Uvalde 10% of plants with buds
and still have nursery in 2000-2001 reached this measure since
there will not (Total number of samples be more than 10% with open
flowers on tested = 2668) any one day. low = 61 days; high = 114
The measure is based on the number of days plants and not the
number of flowering 1 = <71.6 days; 21.1% heads. The branches
will stop flowering 2 = <82.2 days; 61.5% before the main stem,
and thus the plot will 3 = <92.8 days; 15.9% appear like there
are more plants not 4 = <103.4 days; 0.8% flowering. 5 =
>103.3 days; 0.8% COMMENTS: flower termination can avg. = 77.1
days, std = 6.9 be accelerated by lower moisture and/or fertility,
and it can be delayed by higher moisture and/or fertility. Higher
heat units will decrease the DAYS TO FLOWER TERMINATION. It is
known that there are lines that stop flowering sooner than expected
in northern latitudes, but it is not known if this is due to a
shorter photoperiod or cool temperatures. (29) DAYS TO S37 = 103
days The ripening phase of sesame is from PHYSIOLOGICAL (Uvalde
nursery, 2011) the end of flowering until physiological MATURITY
Value based on the maturity. Number of days from average of a
minimum of This data is taken as a date and later planting until
50% of the three plots of the number converted to number of days.
Physiological plants reach of days (unit of measure: maturity (PM)
is defined as the point at, physiological maturity days) which 3/4
of the capsules have seed with Distribution within Sesaco final
color. In most lines, the seed will also based on lines in Uvalde
have a seed line and tip that are dark. nursery in 2000-2001
COMMENTS: The concept of (Total number of samples physiological
maturity in sesame was tested = 2374) developed by M. L. Kinman
(personal low = 77 days; high = 140 communication) based on the
concept of days determining the optimum time to cut a 1 = <89.6
days; 16.8% plant and still harvest 95-99% of the 2 = <102.2
days; 58.0% potential yield. When the seed has final 3 = <114.8
days; 23.6% color, the seed can germinate under the 4 = <127.4
days; 1.4% proper conditions. If the plant is cut at 5 = >127.3
days; 0.2% physiological maturity, most of the seed avg. = 97.1
days, std = 7.1 above the 3/4 mark will go to final color and are
mature enough to germinate, but will not have as much seed weight.
Since in even a fully mature plant, there is less seed weight made
at the top of the plant, this loss of seed weight does not
seriously affect the potential seed weight of the plant. Although
present harvest methods let the plants mature and go to complete
drydown, PM is important because after that point, the crop is less
susceptible to yield loss due to frost or disease. The PM is also
important if the crop is to be swathed or harvest aids are to be
applied. Physiological maturity can be accelerated by lower
moisture and/or fertility, and it can be delayed by higher moisture
and/or fertility. Higher heat units will decrease the days to
physiological maturity. Cool weather can delay physiological
maturity. (30) DAYS TO DIRECT S37 = NT The drying phase of sesame
is from HARVEST Value based on the physiological maturity until
direct harvest. Number of days from average of a minimum of This
data is taken as a date and later
planting until there is three plots of the number converted to
number of days. Direct enough drydown for of days (unit of measure:
harvest is defined as the date at which the direct harvest days)
plants are dry enough for combining seed Distribution within Sesaco
at 6% or less moisture. Over 99% of the based on lines in all
sesame in the world is harvested by hand nurseries from 2004 before
the plant completely dries down. through 2006 The plants should be
dry below where (Total number of samples the cutter bar of the
combine will hit the tested = 1,998) plants. In many lines, 15-20
cm from the low = 103 days; high = 161 ground can be green without
an effect on days the moisture of the seed. In taking the 1 =
<114.6 days; 3.3% data on a plot, the plants at the aisle have 2
= <126.2 days; 13.3% more moisture and fertility available and 3
= <137.8 days; 32.1% will drydown later. The same is true for 4
= <149.4 days; 44.2% plants within the plot that have a gap of 5
= >149.3 days; 7.2% half a meter between plants. These plants
avg. = 136.7 days, std = should be disregarded in taking the data.
10.3 In addition, there are few farmer fields that dry down
uniformly because of varying soils and moisture. There is a certain
amount of green that can be combined and still attain the proper
moisture. The amount of green allowable is also dependent on the
humidity at the day of combining - the lower the humidity the
higher the amount of allowable green. COMMENTS: This date is the
most variable in the number of days that define the phenology of
sesame because weather is so important. In dry years with little
rainfall, the plants will run out of moisture sooner and will dry
down faster than in years with more rainfall. Fields that are
irrigated by pivots will generally dry down faster than fields with
flood or furrow irrigation because pivots do not provide deep
moisture. Fields with less fertility will drydown faster than
fields with high fertility. Fields with high populations will dry
down faster than fields with low populations. In low moisture
situations lines with a strong taproot will dry down later than
lines with mostly shallow fibrous roots. (31) LODGING S37 = NT The
data is taken after physiological TOLERANCE Average of a minimum of
maturity (see DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL The amount of lodging three
plots of a subjective MATURITY - Character No. 29) and rating based
on the before direct harvest (see DAYS TO following values: DIRECT
HARVEST - Character No. 30). 0 to 8 rating Lodging that occurs
after direct harvest in 8 = no lodging nurseries would not be a
factor in 7 = Less than 5% of plants commercial sesame. lodged
There are three types of lodging: where 4 = 50% of plants lodged
the plants break at the stem, where the 1 = All plants lodged
plants bend over but do not break, and Intermediate values are
where the plants uproot and bend over. used. When a plant breaks
over, it will rarely Distribution within Sesaco produce any new
seed, and the existing based on lines in Uvalde seed may or may not
mature. If there is a and Lorenzo nurseries in total break, there
is no hope, but if there is 2007 still some active stem
translocation (Total number of samples through the break, there can
be some yield tested = 1061) recovery. The main causes for
uprooting low = 1.0; high = 8.0 of plants are shallow root systems
and 1 = <2.4; 3.1% fields that have just been irrigated,
creating 2 = <3.8; 6.9% a soft layer of soil. When a plant bends
3 = <5.2; 22.6% over early in development, some lines 4 =
<6.6; 18.9% adapt better than others in terms of having 5 =
>8.0; 48.4% the main stems turn up and continue avg. = 6.1, std
= 1.7 flowering. The tips of the branches are usually matted under
the canopy and will rarely turn up, but new branches can develop.
As the plants go to drydown and the weight of the moisture is lost,
many of the bent plants will straighten up making the crop easier
to combine. COMMENTS: The major cause of lodging is the wind. In
areas where there are constant winds such as in Oklahoma and
northern Texas, the plants adjust by adding more lignin to the
stems. It takes a stronger wind to cause lodging than in those
areas where there are normally only breezes (unless there is a
strong front or thunderstorm that passes through). In areas with
more root rot, the stems are weak and it takes little wind to lodge
the plants. (32) SEED COLOR S37 = BF This data is taken in the
laboratory with The color of the seed (All crops, all nurseries)
the same lighting for all samples. The seed coat Subjective rating
based on from the whole plant is used. the following values: Seed
coat color is taken on mature WH = White seeds. If there is any
abnormal BF = Buff termination, the colors are not quite as TN =
Tan even. The color of immature seed varies. LBR = Light brown
Usually light seeded lines have tan to light GO = Gold brown
immature seed; tan, light brown, LGR = Light gray gold, brown,
light gray, and gray lines have GR = Gray lighter immature seed;
black lines can BR = Brown have tan, brown, or gray immature seed.
RBR = Reddish brown Usually; moisture, fertility, population BL =
Black and light intensity do not have an effect on Distribution
within Sesaco seed coat color. Light colored seeds in a based on
seed harvested drought may have a yellowish tinge. Seeds in all
nurseries in 1982-2001 in some lines in the tan, light brown and
(Total number of gold range can change from year to year samples
tested = 161,809) among themselves. WH = 0.8% BF = 74.8% TN = 9.0%
LBR = 1.4% GO = 1.5% LGR = 0.6% GR = 1.4% BR = 6.5% RBR = 0.6% BL =
3.5% (33) SEED WEIGHT - S37 = 0.284 g Plants that are being carried
further in 100 SEEDS FROM (All experimental research are selected
individually or in THE ENTIRE PLANT nurseries, 1997-2012) bulk. The
seed is then threshed and Weight of 100 seeds Value based on the
cleaned. Count out 100 seeds and weigh. taken from the entire
average of a minimum of The seed must be dry. plant. three samples
of the COMMENTS: The weight increases weight of 100 seeds from with
higher moisture/fertility. Generally, the 10 capsules (unit of the
weight of the seed from the whole plant weight: grams) is lighter
than the seed weight taken from Distribution within Sesaco the 10
cap test. In previous patents, the based on stable lines in all
seed size was determined from the middle nurseries in 1997-2002 of
the main stem using the seed from the (Total number of lines 10 cap
test samples. The change has tested = 820 with 2,899 been made
since the seed from the entire samples) plant is a better
reflection of the size of the low = 0.200 g; high = seed delivered
to processors. 0.455 g 1 = <0.251 g; 10.1% 2 = <0.302 g;
48.4% 3 = <0.353 g; 34.0% 4 = <0.404 g; 7.2% 5 = >0.403 g;
0.2% avg. = 0.298 g, std = 0.04 (34) COMPOSITE KILL S37 = 6.3 On
the week a plot reaches PM, a TOLERANCE (All nurseries, 2011-2013)
rating is assigned. The ratings are then The amount of plants
Average of a minimum of taken for 2 additional weeks. The three
killed by root rots in the three plots of a subjective ratings are
averaged for a final kill rating. Sesaco nurseries rating based on
the For example, if a plot has a final kill of 766, following
values: Ratings the average for the plot will be 6.33. When are
based on the number a value of 1 or 2 is assigned, there are no of
plants killed in a plot. additional ratings and there is no Before
physiological averaging. maturity (PM), the There are three root
diseases that affect following ratings are used: sesame in Texas:
Fusarium oxysporum, 1 = >90% kill before DAYS Macrophomina
phaseoli, and Phytophthora TO FLOWERING parasitica. Between 1988
and the present, TERMINATION (Character spores of these three have
been No. 28) accumulated in one small area (1 square 2 = >90%
kill between km) north of Uvalde, and thus it is an DAYS TO
FLOWERING excellent screening area for the diseases. TERMINATION
(Character Although each root rot disease attacks No. 28) and DAYS
TO sesame in a different way and may result PHYSIOLOGICAL in
different symptoms, no effort is made to MATURITY (Character No.
definitively determine which disease is the 29) etiological agent
for the affected plants. After PM, the following Pathological
screenings in the past have ratings are used: found all 3 pathogens
present in dead 3 = >90% kill plants. 4 = 50 to 89% kill
COMMENTS: Normally, the ratings will 5 = 25 to 49% kill decrease a
maximum of one value per 6 = 10 to 24% kill week. There is an
overlap between any 7 = less than 10% kill two ratings, but this is
overcome to a 8 = no kill certain extent by using three ratings
over 2 Distribution within Sesaco weeks. based on lines in Uvalde
The amount of kill is usually increased nursery in 2000-2001 with
any type of stress to the plants. (Total number of samples Drought
can increase the amount of tested = 3045) Macrophomina; too much
water can low = 1.00; high = 8.00 increase the amount of
Phytophthora; high 1 = <1.6; 1.7% temperatures and humidity can
increase 2 = <3.2; 16.7% the amount of Fusarium and
Phytophthora. 3 = <4.8; 38.7% High population can increase all
three 4 = <6.4; 31.2% diseases. 5 = >6.3; 11.6% The ratings
for any one year can be avg. = 4.52, std = 1.49 used to compare
lines grown in that year, but should not be used to compare lines
grown in different years. The amount of disease in any one year is
highly dependent on moisture, humidity, and temperatures. (35)
TOLERANCE TO S37 = NT Ratings can be done in several ways: FUSARIUM
WILT (F. oxysporum) Average of a minimum of 1. Take ratings after
the disease is no Amount of tolerance to three plots of a
subjective longer increasing Fusarium wilt rating based on the 2.
Take ratings on consecutive weeks following values: until disease
is no longer increasing and 0 to 8 scale of the average ratings. %
of infected plants 3. Take periodic ratings and average 8 = Zero
disease ratings. 7 = <10% infected COMMENTS: Fusarium has been a
4 = 50% infected problem in South Texas, particularly on 1 =
>90% infected fields that have been planted with sesame 0 = all
infected before. Normally, only the COMPOSITE Intermediate values
are KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) used. rating is taken. NT =
not tested NEC = no economic damage - not enough disease to do
ratings (36) TOLERANCE TO S37 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO
PHYTOPHTHORA Subjective rating FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35)
STEM ROT (P. parasitica) See Values for Fusarium COMMENTS:
Phytophthora has been Amount of tolerance to a problem in Arizona
and Texas, Phytophthora stem rot particularly on fields that have
been over- irrigated. Normally, only the COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE
(Character No. 34) rating is taken. (37) TOLERANCE TO S37 = NT See
Methodology for TOLERANCE TO CHARCOAL ROT Subjective rating
FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35) (Macrophomina See Values for
Fusarium COMMENTS: Macrophomina has been phaseoli) a problem in
Arizona and Texas, Amount of tolerance to particularly on fields
that go into a drought. Charcoal rot Normally, only the COMPOSITE
KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34) rating is taken. (38) TOLERANCE
TO S37 = 6.3 See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL BLACK
(Lorenzo nursery, 2010) FUSARIUM WILT (Character No. 35) ROT
(Pseudomonas Average of a minimum of COMMENTS: This disease occurs
sesami) three plots of a subjective occasionally when there is
continual rainy Amount of tolerance to rating based on the weather
with few clouds. In most years, bacterial black rot following
values: the disease abates once the weather 0 to 8 scale of the
changes. No economic damage has been % of infected plants noticed.
8 = Zero disease 7 = <10% infected 4 = 50% infected 1 = >90%
infected 0 = all infected Intermediate values are used. NT = not
tested NEC = no economic
damage - not enough disease to do ratings Distribution within
Sesaco based on lines in Uvalde nursery in 2004 (Total number of
samples tested = 593) low = 4.00; high = 8.00 1 = <2.4; 0.0% 2 =
<3.8; 0.0% 3 = <5.2; 8.6% 4 = <6.6; 16.0% 5 = >6.5;
75.4% avg. = 7.13, std = 1.00 (39) TOLERANCE TO S37 = 4.0 Ratings
can be done in several ways: SILVERLEAF (Puerto Rico nursery, 1.
Take ratings after the insects are no WHITEFLY (Bemisia 2012).sup.d
longer increasing. argentifolii) Average of a minimum of 2. Take
ratings on consecutive weeks Amount of tolerance to three plots of
a subjective until insects are no longer increasing and the
silverleaf whitefly rating based on the average ratings. following
values: 3. Take periodic ratings and average 0 to 8 scale of the
ratings. % of infected plants COMMENTS: there have been very 0 to 8
scale few years (1991-1995) where the 8 = Zero insects incidence of
silverleaf whitefly has affected 7 = Few insects nurseries or
commercial crops. In most 4 = Many insects years, a few whiteflies
can be seen in the 1 = Insects killing the sesame with no economic
damage. plants In the middle 1990s, the USDA began Intermediate
values are introducing natural predators of the used. silverleaf
whitefly in the Uvalde area. It is NT = not tested not known if the
predators reduced the NEC = no economic effects of the whitefly or
there is a natural damage - not enough tolerance to whitefly in the
current insects to do ratings varieties. Higher temperatures
decrease the number of days between generations. There are
indications that higher moisture and fertility increase the
incidence of whiteflies, but there is no definitive data. The sweet
potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) has been observed in nurseries
since 1978 without any economic damage. (40) TOLERANCE TO S37 = NT
See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO GREEN PEACH Subjective rating; see
SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. APHIDS (Myzus Values for
Whitefly 39) persicae) Distribution within Sesaco COMMENTS: there
have been very Amount of tolerance to based on lines in Uvalde few
years (1990-1995) where the the green peach aphid nursery in 2004
incidence of green peach aphid has (Total number of samples
affected nurseries or commercial crops. In tested = 412) most
years, a few aphids can be seen in low = 1.00; high = 8.00 the
sesame with no economic damage. 1 = <2.4; 1.0% There have been
many years in West 2 = <3.8; 0.5% Texas when the cotton aphid
has 3 = <5.2; 10.7% decimated the cotton and did not build up 4
= <6.6; 4.8% on adjacent sesame fields. 5 = >6.5; 83.0%
Higher moisture and fertility increase avg. = 7.04, std = 1.35 the
susceptibility to aphids. (41) TOLERANCE TO S37 = NT See
Methodology for TOLERANCE TO POD BORERS Subjective rating; see
SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. (Heliothis spp.) Values for
Whitefly 39) Amount of tolerance to COMMENTS: there have been very
pod borers few years (1985) where the incidence of Heliothis has
affected nurseries or commercial crops. In most years, a few borers
can be seen in the sesame with no economic damage. (42) TOLERANCE
TO S37 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO ARMY WORMS Subjective
rating; see SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. (Spodoptera spp.)
Values for Whitefly 39) Amount of tolerance to COMMENTS: there have
been very army worms few years (1984-1987) where the incidence of
Spodoptera has affected commercial crops in Arizona. In Texas, army
worms have decimated cotton and alfalfa fields next to sesame
without any damage to the sesame. It is not known if the Arizona
army worm is different from the Texas army worm. (43) TOLERANCE TO
S37 = NT See Methodology for TOLERANCE TO CABBAGE LOOPERS (Lorenzo
nursery 2007) SILVERLEAF WHITEFLY (Character No. (Pieris rapae)
Subjective rating; see 39) Amount of tolerance to values for
Whitefly COMMENTS: there have been very cabbage loopers few years
(1992-1993) where the incidence of cabbage loopers has affected
nurseries. In commercial sesame, cabbage loopers have been observed
with no economic damage. (44) PRESENCE OF S37 = PY/PY In the
homogygous condition. The PYGMY ALLELES (All crops; all nurseries)
pygmy allele (py) reduces the HEIGHT OF The pygmy allele is a py/py
= homozygous THE PLANT (Character No. 5), the new recessive gene
pygmy alleles HEIGHT OF THE FIRST CAPSULE that affects the growth
PY/py = heterozygous (Character No. 6), and the AVERAGE of the
sesame plant. pygmy alleles INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE PY/PY =
normal (no ZONE (Character No. 9). In the pygmy alleles)
heterozygous state, there are no Distribution within Sesaco
reductions in the characters. In a cross based on stable lines in
between a homozygous pygmy and a the collection as of 2009 normal,
the pygmy allele is a recessive (Total number of lines = gene that
will not show the shorter heights 40,715) and internode lengths
until segregating in py/py = 145 the F2 generation, with no
intermediates PY/py = 629 between the pygmy and the normal line. A
Normal = 39,941 homozygous pygmy selected in the F2, from the F3
generation on is pure in its effects on the three characters.
Within pygmy lines there are differences in the 3 characters, but
all of the pygmies differ from the normal lines. The name "pygmy"
was chosen because these lines are shorter than dwarf lines that
have been in the world germplasm for many years. The dwarf lines
share the same three characters, but there are intermediates in the
F2 generation and rarely any plants as short as the original dwarf.
(45) SEED OIL S37 = 53.2% The data is taken after the seed has
CONTENT (Uvalde nursery, 2010) been cleaned of all extraneous
material The percentage of oil in 51.9% and is less than 6%
moisture. the seed. (Uvalde nursery, 2011) There are two
methodologies for Value based on the determining oil content:
laboratory analysis average of a minimum of as prescribed in the
procedures of the three samples of the American Oil Chemists'
Society (AOCS) or peercentage of oil in the with a nuclear magnetic
resonance (NMR) seed (unit of measure: machine. The AOCS procedure
does not Actual number expressed remove all of the oil from the
seed and as a percentage.) thus has a lower content than with the
Distribution within Sesaco NMR procedure. The NMR procedure is
based on lines in Uvalde preferred because (1) it is
non-destructive nursery in 2010-2011 and (2) oil processors use
that procedure. (Total number of samples tested = 2,015) low =
36.0; high = 59.3 1 = <45; 0.8% 2 = <48; 4.8% 3 = <51;
27.4% 4 = <54; 47.4% 5 = >53.9; 19.6% avg. = 51.92, std =
2.52 .sup.aUvalde nursery planted north of Uvalde, Texas (latitude
29.degree. 22' north, longitude 99.degree. 47' west, 226 m elev) in
middle to late May to early June from 1988 to the present; mean
rainfall is 608 mm annually with a mean of 253 mm during the
growing season; temperatures range from an average low of 3.degree.
C. and an average high of 17.degree. C. in January to an average
low of 22.degree. C. and an average high of 37.degree. C. in July.
The nursery was planted on 96 cm beds from 1988 to 1997 and on 76
cm beds from 1998 to the present. The nursery was pre-irrigated and
has had 2-3 post-plant irrigations depending on rainfall. The
fertility has varied from 30-60 units of nitrogen. .sup.bRio Hondo
nursery planted east of Rio Hondo, Texas (latitude 26.degree. 14'
north, longitude 97.degree. 34' west, 8 m elev) in early April from
2010 to the present, mean rainfall is 715 mm annually with a mean
of 323 mm during the growing season; temperatures range from an
average low of 9.degree. C. and an average high of 20.degree. C. in
January to an average low of 24.degree. C. and an average high of
35.degree. C. in July. The nursery was planted on 81 cm beds. The
nursery was rainfed. The fertility was 80 units of nitrogen.
.sup.cLorenzo nursery planted southeast of Lubbock, Texas (latitude
33.degree. 40' north, longitude 101.degree. 49' west, 1000 m elev)
in mid-June from 2004 to the present; mean rainfall is 483 mm
annually with a mean of 320 mm during the growing season;
temperatures range from an average low of -4.degree. C. and an
average high of 11.degree. C. in January to an average low of
20.degree. C. and an average high of 33.degree. C. in July. The
nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery was rainfed. The
fertility was 30 units of nitrogen. .sup.dPuerto Rico nursery
planted east of Ponce, Puerto Rico (latitude 18.degree. 15' north,
longitude 66.degree. 30' west, 50 m elev) in December; mean
rainfall is 963 mm annually with a mean of 0 mm during the growing
season; temperatures range from an average low of 19.degree. C. and
an average high of 30.degree. C. in January to an average low of
23.degree. C. and an average high of 33.degree. C. in July. The
nursery was planted on 101 cm beds. The nursery had drip
irrigation. The fertility was 60 units of nitrogen.
[0115] In developing sesame varieties for the United States, there
are eight characters that are desirable for successful crops:
SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED
NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL
TOLERANCE (Character No. 34), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
(Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10), SEED COLOR
(Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT--100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT
(Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45). The
first four characters contribute to YIELD AT DRYDOWN, which is the
most important economic factor normally considered by a farmer in
the selection of a variety. The last three characters determine the
market value of the seed.
[0116] SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL
RATING determine how well the plants will retain the seed while
they are drying down in adverse weather.
[0117] COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE determines whether the plants can
finish their cycle and have the optimum seed fill.
[0118] DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY determines how far north and
to which elevation the varieties can be grown.
[0119] In improving the characters, the YIELD AT DRYDOWN has to be
comparable to or better than current varieties, or provide a
beneficial improvement for a particular geographical or market
niche.
[0120] In the United States and Europe, the SEED COLOR is important
since over 95% of the market requires white or buff seed. There are
limited markets for gold and black seed in the Far East. All other
colors can only be used in the oil market.
[0121] SEED WEIGHT--100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT determines the
market for the seed. Lack of Composite kill Tolerance can reduce
SEED WEIGHT--100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE PLANT. In parts of the
United States where there is little rain in dry years, the lack of
moisture can reduce the SEED WEIGHT--100 SEEDS FROM THE ENTIRE
PLANT.
[0122] SEED OIL CONTENT determines the market for the seed. Lack of
Composite kill Tolerance can reduce SEED OIL CONTENT. Low fertility
in terms of nitrogen raises SEED OIL CONTENT and high fertility
lowers SEED OIL CONTENT.
[0123] There are other characters important in developing
commercial sesame varieties explained in Langham, D. R. and T.
Wiemers, 2002. "Progress in mechanizing sesame in the US through
breeding", In: J. Janick and A. Whipkey (ed.), Trends in new crops
and new uses, ASHS Press, Alexandria, Va. BRANCHING STYLE
(Character No. 1), HEIGHT OF PLANT (Character No. 5) and HEIGHT OF
FIRST CAPSULE (Character No. 6) are important in combining. CAPSULE
ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7), NUMBER OF CAPSULE NODES (Character
No. 8), AVERAGE INTERNODE LENGTH WITHIN CAPSULE ZONE (Character No.
9), and SEED WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 18) are important in
creating potential YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character No. 10). LEAF
DIMENSIONS (Characters No. 12, 13, 14, and 15) are important in
determining optimum populations.
[0124] NUMBER OF CAPSULES PER LEAF AXIL (Character No. 2), NUMBER
OF CARPELS PER CAPSULE (Character No. 16), CAPSULE LENGTH
(Character No. 17), CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CAPSULE (Character No. 19),
and CAPSULE WEIGHT PER CM OF CAPSULE (Character No. 20) are
important in breeding for VISUAL SEED RETENTION (Character No. 21)
and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING (Character No. 25), which
lead to testing for SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No. 22)
and determining the CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No, 23),
NON-DEHISCENT TEST (Character 24) and IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT TEST
(Character No. 26).
[0125] DAYS TO FLOWERING (Character No. 27), DAYS TO FLOWER
TERMINATION (Character No. 28), DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
(Character No. 29) and MATURITY CLASS (Character No. 3) are highly
correlated and important in determining the phenology and
geographical range for the variety.
[0126] DAYS TO DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30) is important in
that once the plants reach physiological maturity there is no
weather event that will increase yield and many weather events that
may substantially lower the yield. A shorter drying phase increases
yield. Presently, harvest aids have been approved by the
Environmental Protection Agency for use on sesame. The harvest aids
are applied at physiological maturity leading to early drydown. The
days to direct harvest is not as important as in the past. PLANT
PHENOTYPE (Character No. 4) is a summary character of characters 1,
2, and 3 that allows an overall visualization of the line.
[0127] TOLERANCE TO DROUGHT (Character No. 11) may reduce yield and
seed weight. Even though there was a drought in the growing areas
in 2006, there has not been a drought in nurseries planted since
2000 because of irrigation. LODGING TOLERANCE (Character No. 31) is
important in years when there are high winds in the growing areas.
The tolerance characters (Characters No. 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40,
41, 42, and 43) are important in reducing the losses from diseases
and pests.
[0128] Over the past 37 years, Sesaco has tested 2,990
introductions from all over the world. Commercial samples have been
obtained from China, India, Sudan, Ethiopia, Burkina Faso, Nigeria,
Mozambique, Pakistan, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Egypt, Mexico,
Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Thailand, Turkey, Upper Volta,
Uganda, Mali. Kenya, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Afghanistan,
Philippines, Colombia, Ivory Coast, Gambia, Somalia, Eritrea,
Paraguay, Bolivia, and El Salvador. Additional research seed has
been received from the commercial countries and from many other
countries such as Australia, Iraq, Iran, Japan, Russia, Jordan,
Yemen, Syria, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Angola, Argentina, Peru,
Brazil, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Ghana, Gabon, Greece, Italy,
South Korea, Libya, Nepal, Zaire, England and Tanzania. Research
seed received from one country may have originated from another
unspecified country. All of the commercial and research
introductions have CAPSULE SHATTERING TYPE (Character No. 23) of
shattering, "SHA".
[0129] Using selected characters from Table II, Table III provides
a character differentiation between S37 and name cultivars from all
over the world.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE III Character Differentiation of Various
Sesame Varieties.sup.a Character Rating Name cultivars tested by
Sesaco CAPSULE SHATTERING SHA Eliminate the following from the
world: TYPE From Venezuela: Venezuela 51, Venezuela (Character No.
23) 52, Guacara, Aceitera, Inamar, Acarigua, Morada, Capsula Larga,
Arawaca, Piritu, Glauca, Turen, DV9, Fonucla, UCLA From Mexico:
Pachequeno, Yori, Anna, Teras, Denisse, Canasta, Tehvantepeter From
India: TMV1, TMV3 From Turkey: Ozberk, Muganli, Gamdibi, Marmara
From Israel: DT45 From Guatemala: R198, R30 From Paraguay: Escoba
and INIA, From Texas: Llano, Margo, Dulce, Blanco, Paloma, Oro,
Renner 1 and 2, Early Russian From California: UCR3, UCR4, Eva,
Calinda (Cal Beauty) From Thailand: KU18 From Korea: Danback,
Gwansan, Pungyiong, Suweon, Yuseong, Hanseon, Ahnsan, Kwangsan,
Jinback, Pungsan, Sodan, Yangheuk, Konheuk, Whaheuck, Sung boon SSH
Eliminate from Sesaco: S02, S03, S04, S05, S06, S07, S08, S09, S10,
S12, S14 ID Eliminate the following from the world; From Venezuela:
G2, Morada id From Texas: Rio, Delco, Baco, Improved Baco, Roy, Eli
From South Carolina: Palmetto From California: UCR234 From Sesaco:
S01 SR All others, go to NON-DEHISCENT TEST NON-DEHISCENT TEST XX
Eliminate from Sesaco: S11, S15, S16, S17, (Character No. 24) S18,
S19, S20, S21 ND All others to the SEED COLOR SEED COLOR (Character
No. BL Eliminate from Sesaco: S55 32) BF All others to the IMPROVED
NON- DEHISCENT TEST IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT ZZ Eliminate from
Sesaco: 11W, 19A, S22, S23, TEST (Character No. 26) S24, S25, S26,
S28, S29, (all of these lines and varieties have been disclosed in
previous patents, and there are no lines or varieties that are not
included.) IND go to the PRESENCE OF PYGMY ALLELES PRESENCE OF
PYGMY py/py Eliminate from Sesaco: S70 ALLELES (Character No. 44)
PY/PY From Sesaco: S27, S30, S32, S33, S34, S35, S36, and S37, go
to BRANCHING STYLE BRANCHING STYLE U Eliminate from Sesaco: S30 and
S34 (Character No. 1) B From Sesaco: S27, S32, S33, S35, S36, S37
S38 and S39, go to Table IV .sup.aSHA = shattering; SSH =
semi-shattering; ID = indehiscent; SR = shatter resistant; XX = not
non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. No.
6,100,452; ND = non-dehiscent according to the teachings of U.S.
Pat. No. 6,100,452; IND = improved non-dehiscent according to the
teachings of U.S. Pat. No. 8,080,707, py/py = presence of
homozygous pygmy alleles; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles
according to the teachings of U.S. Pat. Publication No.
2011/0271359; U = unbranched; B = branched
[0130] Table III differentiates S37 from all other cultivars and
varieties except S27, S32, S33, S35, S36, S38, and S39. Table IV
provides additional data that separates S37 from S27, S32, S33,
S35, S36, S37, and S39.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE IV Character Comparison of S37 to S27, S32,
S33, S35 S36, S38, and S39. Year/ No. Character nursery S27 S32 S33
S35 S36 S37 S38 S39 5 HEIGHT OF PLANT (cm) 2013 UV NT 120 129 120
129 141 126 135 7 CAPSULE ZONE 2013 UV NT 69 75 78 75 84 57 81
LENGTH (cm)
[0131] The essential difference between S37 and the other branched
varieties are the HEIGHT OF PLANT and CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH. S37 is
taller than the other varieties and has a longer capsule zone.
[0132] Table V shows all the characters from Table II for S37 and
the current branched varieties S28, S32, S35, S36, S38, and S39.
The table is in terms of all of the characters listed in Table II.
The major differences in Table V are indicated in the "Dif" column
by a "C" for commercially important differences and an "M" for
morphological differences.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE V Character Comparison of S28, S32, S35, S36,
S37, S38, and S39..sup.a Year/ No. Character nursery S28 S32 S35
S36 S37 S38 S39 Dif 1 Branching Style All B B B B B B B 2 Number of
Capsules All 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 per Leaf Axil 3 Maturity Class Adjusted
PM 100 99 100 101 103 103 99 2008-2013 UV M M M M M M M 4 Plant
Phenotype All B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M B1M 5 Height of Plant (cm)
2013 UV 126 120 120 129 141 126 135 M 6 Height of First 2013 UV 51
51 42 54 57 69 54 Capsule (cm) 7 Capsule Zone 2013 UV 75 69 78 75
84 57 81 M Length (cm) 8 Number of Capsule 2013 UV 27 29 28 33 28
32 28 Node pairs 9 Average Internode 2013 UV 2.8 2.4 2.8 3.3 3.0
1.7 3.0 Length within Capsule Zone (cm) 10 Yield at Drydown 2013 UV
1,504 1,485 1,647 1,570 1,664 1,487 1,347 (kg/ha) 2013 RH 1,265
1,109 1,261 1,416 1,490 1,388 1,539 11 Tolerance to NT NT NT NT NT
NT NT Drought 12 Leaf Length (cm) 5.sup.th - 2008 UV 23.0 25.5 NT
NT NT NT NT 10.sup.th - 2008 UV 18.0 18.3 NT NT NT NT NT 15.sup.th
- 2008 UV 13.7 14.1 NT NT NT NT NT 13 Leaf Blade Length 5.sup.th -
2008 UV 13.8 14.8 NT NT NT NT NT (cm) 10.sup.th - 2008 UV 14.4 14.7
NT NT NT NT NT 15.sup.th - 2008 UV 11.5 12.2 NT NT NT NT NT 14 Leaf
Blade Width 5.sup.th - 2008 UV 18.0 13.8 NT NT NT NT NT (cm)
10.sup.th - 2008 UV 3.6 3.0 NT NT NT NT NT 15.sup.th - 2008 UV 2.0
1.6 NT NT NT NT NT 15 Petiole Length (cm) 5.sup.th - 2008 UV 9.2
10.7 NT NT NT NT NT 10.sup.th - 2008 UV 3.6 3.6 NT NT NT NT NT
15.sup.th - 2008 UV 2.3 2.0 NT NT NT NT NT 16 Number of Carpels All
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 per Capsule 17 Capsule Length 1997-2011 All 2.27 2.14
2.20 2.19 2.10 2.31 1.96 (cm) 18 Seed Weight per 1997-2011 All
0.228 0.219 0.197 0.228 0.225 0.244 0.209 Capsule (g) 19 Capsule
Weight per 1997-2011 All 0.163 0.148 0.128 0.153 0.156 0.167 0.143
Capsule (g) 20 Capsule Weight per 1997-2011 All 0.072 0.069 0.058
0.070 0.074 0.072 0.073 cm of Capsule (g) 21 Visual Shatter All W I
I I I I I Resistance 22 Shaker Shatter 1997-2011 All 75.2 74.8 71.1
77.6 71.1 81.6 65.7 Resistance (%) 23 Capsule Shattering All SR SR
SR SR SR SR SR Type 24 Non-dehiscent Test All ND ND ND ND ND ND ND
25 Improved Non- 2011 UV 7.08 7.44 7.37 7.29 7.33 NT dehiscent
visual 2011 LO 6.67 7.00 7.48 7.25 7.22 7.22 7.00 rating 26
Improved Non- All ZZ IND IND IND IND IND IND dehiscent Test 27 Days
to Flowering 2011 UV 45 42 43 45 43 45 46 28 Days to Flower 2011 UV
78 78 78 80 81 80 78 Termination 29 Days to 2011 UV 102 100 97 101
103 101 107 Physiological Maturity 30 Days to Direct NT NT NT NT NT
NT NT Harvest 31 Lodging Tolerance 2007 UV 7.0 6.2 NT NT NT NT NT
2007 LO 5.3 7.1 NT NT NT NT NT 32 Seed Color All BF BF BF BF BF BF
BF 33 Seed Weight - 100 1997-2012 All 0.293 0.284 0.302 0.315 0.284
0.305 0.297 Seeds from the entire plant 34 Composite Kill 2011-2013
All 7.0 6.5 6.8 6.6 6.3 6.9 6.7 Tolerance 35 Tolerance to NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT Fusarium Wilt (F. oxysporum) 36 Tolerance to NT NT NT
NT NT NT NT Phytophthora Stem Rot (P. parasitica) 37 Tolerance to
NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Charcoal Rot (Macrophomia phaseoli) 38
Tolerance to 2010 LO 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.0 6.3 5.3 7.0 Bacterial Black
Rot (Pseudomonas sesami) 39 Tolerance to 2011 PR 5.0 5.0 5.7 4.0
4.0 NT 6.0 Silverleaf Whitefly (Bemisia argentifolii) 40 Tolerance
to Green 2004 UV 7.9 5.5 NT NT NT NT NT Peach Aphid (Myzus persica)
41 Tolerance to Pod 2001 UV NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Borer (Heliothis
spp.) 42 Tolerance to Army NT NT NT NT NT NT NT Worms (Spodoptera
spp.) 43 Tolerance to 2007 LO NT NEC NT NT NT NT NT Cabbage Loopers
(Pieris rapae) 44 Presence of pygmy All PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/ PY/
alleles PY PY PY PY PY PY PY 45 Oil content (%) 2010 UV 52.9 52.4
51.7 53.5 53.2 53.1 53.5 2011 UV 52.0 53.7 54.1 53.5 51.9 52.5 50.5
.sup.aB = true branches; U = uniculm (no true branches); UV =
Uvalde nursery; M = medium maturity class of 95-104 days; B1M =
phenotype of true branches, single capsules per leaf axil, and
medium maturity class of 95-104 days; U1M = phenotype of uniculm,
single capsules per leaf axil, and medium maturity class of 95-104
days; LO = Lorenzo nursery; NT = not tested; W = weather visual
seed retention >75%; SR = shatter resistant; ND = non-dehiscent;
ZZ = not improved non-dehiscent; IND = improved non-dehiscent; BF =
buff color; and NEC = no economic damage - not enough disease or
insects to do ratings; PY/PY = absence of pygmy alleles.
[0133] As stated earlier, in developing sesame varieties for the
United States, there are eight important characters: SHAKER SHATTER
RESISTANCE (Character No. 22), IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING
(Character No. 25), COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No. 34),
DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY (Character No. 29), YIELD AT DRYDOWN
(Character No. 10), SEED COLOR (Character No. 32), SEED WEIGHT--100
SEEDS FROM ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33), and SEED OIL CONTENT
(Character No. 45). These characters will be discussed first
comparing S37 to Sesaco varieties (S28, S30, S32, S34, S35, S36,
S38, and S39 which are the current varieties used in the United
States), followed by other characters that differentiate S37. The
data is based on planting the varieties side by side with five
replications in Uvalde and two in Lorenzo.
[0134] FIG. 2 provides the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE (Character No.
22) of various Sesaco sesame varieties using data from 1997 through
2011. SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE represents the amount of seed that
is retained by the plant several months after being dry in the
field. This standard was developed as a minimum standard in
1997-1998 and has proven to be a good predictor of shatter
resistance. All varieties have SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE in the
low-seventy to mid-eighty percent level.
[0135] S37 has 71.1% SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE, which is above the
65% threshold established in U.S. Pat. No. 6,100,452 to qualify S37
as a non-dehiscent variety.
[0136] FIG. 3 provides the IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING
(Character No. 25) of the patented varieties (data from Uvalde and
Lorenzo nurseries, 2011). When the plants have reached DAYS TO
DIRECT HARVEST (Character No. 30), the plants are holding more than
the seed represented by the SHAKER SHATTER RESISTANCE percentage.
If there is no rain, fog, dew, or wind during the drying phase, the
non-dehiscent plants will be retaining almost all of their seed for
the combine. However, the predominant weather in the harvest season
in the United States includes rain, fog, dew, and wind. The
IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING sets a new benchmark for
selecting varieties based on a rating done 4 weeks after DAYS TO
DIRECT HARVEST (the ideal harvest time).
[0137] S37 exhibited an IMPROVED NON-DEHISCENT VISUAL RATING of
7.29 (data from Uvalde nursery, 2011) and 7.22 (Lorenzo nurseries,
2011) which are above the 7.0 threshold established in U.S. Pat.
No. 8,080,707 to qualify S37 as an improved non-dehiscent
variety.
[0138] FIG. 4 provides the COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (Character No.
34) of the patented varieties (data from all nurseries, 2011-2013).
COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE is a composite rating of tolerance to
three root rots: Fusarium, Phytophthora, and Macrophomina. In most
years, Fusarium is the major cause of kill. When sesame is first
introduced into a growing area, there are few disease problems, but
over time the spores of these fungi accumulate and disease
tolerance becomes important. When sesame was first introduced in
Uvalde in 1988, the yields were high. As farmers planted on the
same fields in subsequent years, the yields decreased.
[0139] S37 has a rating of 6.3 for COMPOSITE KILL TOLERANCE (data
from Uvalde nursery, 2011) and is comparable to most of the other
patented commercial varieties. Any rating above 5.67 indicates that
over 90% of the plants produced good seed to the top of the
plant.
[0140] FIG. 5 provides the mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY
(Character No. 29) of the current Sesaco sesame varieties (data
from Uvalde nursery, 2011). In the United States, sesame is
currently grown from South Texas to Central Kansas. The growing
window of a crop is determined by the earliest the crop can be
planted in the spring as the ground warms up, and the onset of cold
weather in the fall. Current sesame varieties require about
21.degree. C. ground temperature to establish an adequate
population and night temperatures above 5.degree. C. for normal
termination. Generally, the ground is warm enough in South Texas in
middle March and in Central Kansas in late May, and the night
temperatures are warm enough in South Texas until the middle of
November and in southern Kansas unto the middle of October. The
states to the east from Texa/Oklahoma/Kansas to the Atlantic Ocean
are within the South Texas and Kansas extremes. Cold fronts may
affect the growth of sesame, and these are more likely in northern
growing areas from the middle of September on. Elevation may also
affect the growing temperature. For example, moving from east of
Lubbock, Tex., at the start of the Caprock toward the west, the
elevations begin climbing approaching toward the Rocky Mountains.
The higher the elevation, the earner the onset of fall cold
temperatures and the later the onset of spring warm temperatures.
In all years, if the sesame is planted as early as temperatures
allow, lines with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of 105 days or
less will not be adversely affected by the temperatures, even in
years with an early frost. Data gathered over a twenty-three year
period indicates that about 96% of the time, sesame with a value of
115 or less DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY will produce a crop.
Since most growing areas depend upon having a planting rain before
the sesame is planted, the earlier the DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL
MATURITY of the variety, the more flexibility the farmers have with
the planting date. Different geographical areas may have different
goals due to the normal weather patterns. In South Texas, varieties
with DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY of less than 110 days are
generally suitable, while planting after 30 June in southern Kansas
it is preferred, but not always necessary, to utilize varieties
with lower DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY such as 100 days or
less.
[0141] The mean DAYS TO PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY for S37 is 103,
which allows it to be planted in all of the current sesame growing
areas. Care should be taken in areas where early freezes may occur
to plant S37 in at a time where it will physiologically mature
prior to expected freezes.
[0142] FIG. 6 provides the mean YIELD AT DRYDOWN (Character 10) of
the patented varieties (testing in the Uvalde and Rio Hondo
nurseries in 2013). In releasing a new variety, another important
consideration is whether the yields will be comparable or better
than the existing varieties.
[0143] The yield of S37 is expected to be comparable to that of
prior varieties under typical growing conditions and was found to
be comparable under less than ideal conditions used for testing as
reported in FIG. 6. The yield data is taken close to DAYS TO DIRECT
HARVEST (Character No. 30), which is the ideal time to harvest.
However, weather in the fall in the sesame growing areas of the
United States can prevent harvest for up to a month subjecting the
crop to rain, fog, dew, and wind. Those four factors increase
shattering, and wind may bring on lodging. Drought can affect
yield. As reported in FIG. 6, the 2013 data from the Uvalde and Rio
Hondo areas indicates That S37 with yields of 1,664 kg/ha (Uvalde
nursery, 2013) and 1,490 kg/ha (Rio Hondo nursery, 2013) are
comparable to current varieties.
[0144] The SEED COLOR (Character No. 32) of S37 is buff, hich is
suitable for most of the U.S. and world markets.
[0145] FIG. 7 provides the mean SEED WEIGHT--100 SEEDS FROM THE
ENTIRE PLANT (Character No. 33) of the current varieties between
1997 and 2011. A particular seed weight may be a characteristic
desired by certain seed processors and end-users and commercial
specifications may require a threshold seed weight.
[0146] S37 seed is lighter than the other patented varieties (0.284
grams per hundred seeds), and thus is a bit lower than most
commercial specifications in the natural topping market for sesame
seed, which (in the United States) often set a threshold value of
0.30 grams per hundred seed weight. However, S37 seed is suitable
for the ingredient and foreign markets.
[0147] FIG. 8 provides the SEED OIL CONTENT (Character No. 45) of
the current varieties. The commercial oil markets generally
contractually require that sesame seed contain an oil content of at
least 50-52%. If the oil content is lower than the specified
requirement, the contract generally penalizes the seller. While
current commercial practice does not include a monetary incentive
to the seller if sesame seed has a higher oil content than the
contractual requirement, increasing the oil content of sesame seed
may provide de facto advantages to the purchaser or user.
[0148] S37 exhibited oil contents of 53.2% and 51.9% (data from
Uvalde 2010 and 2011) and thus is suitable for use as a source of
sesame oil for the commercial oil market.
[0149] FIG. 9 provides the TOLERANCE TO SILVERLEAF VVHITEFLY
(Character No. 39). This pest is a problem in areas having high
temperatures and other crops that attract whiteflies, such as
vegetable crops. Examples of sesame growing areas which may be
subject to whitefly issues are the South Texas/Lower Rio Grande
Valley region, which typically has many acres of vegetables
planted, and Puerto Rico. Having tolerance to the whitefly provides
a benefit to a sesame variety.
[0150] S37 has demonstrated adequate tolerance to whiteflies.
Variety S26 has been used as a comparative standard for whitefly
tolerance; S37 (with a rating of 4.0) had lower tolerance than S26
in testing conducted in Puerto Rico. Thus, S37 is not recommended
for areas with the Silverleaf whitefly.
[0151] FIG. 10 provides the TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL BLACK ROT
(Character No. 38). Bacterial black rot may occur, though rare,
when there are cool, cloudy days, usually at higher elevations.
While there may be little sesame acreage subject to these
conditions, tolerance may still be important to some growers.
[0152] S37, with a rating of 6.3, exhibits less tolerance when
these conditions are present than some previously described
varieties.
[0153] S37 is taller (HEIGHT OF PLANT, character No. 5) and has a
longer CAPSULE ZONE LENGTH (Character No. 7) than the current
branched varieties. The Variety is not so tall that it interferes
with the header reel of the combine. This extra height is
correlated with a longer vegetative phase, which is an advantage in
drought years.
[0154] On Mar. 13, 2014, a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of sesame
plant S37 was made by Sesaco Corporation under the provisions of
the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, Va. 20110-2209, and
the deposit was given ATCC Accession No. PTA-121089, This deposit
will be maintained in the ATCC depository for a period of 30 years
or 5 years after the last request or for the enforceable life of
the patent, whichever is longer. Should the seeds from the sesame
line S37 deposited with the American Type Culture Collection become
non-viable, the deposit will be replaced by Sesaco Corporation upon
request.
[0155] The foregoing invention has been described in some detail by
way of illustration and characters for purposes of clarity and
understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and
modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention as
limited only by the scope of the appended claims.
* * * * *