U.S. patent application number 14/421963 was filed with the patent office on 2015-08-27 for polyester.
This patent application is currently assigned to Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited. The applicant listed for this patent is Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited. Invention is credited to John Stuart Cowman, Dirk Fischer, Achim Kohler, Antonella Leone-Kammler, Roman Morschhaeuser, Peter Naumann.
Application Number | 20150240029 14/421963 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48998567 |
Filed Date | 2015-08-27 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150240029 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Fischer; Dirk ; et
al. |
August 27, 2015 |
Polyester
Abstract
The present invention relates to polyester that can be obtained
by polymerization of a) terephtalacid dimethylester, and b)
ethylene glycol, and c) 1,2-propylene glycol, and d) one or a
plurality of polyethylene glycols having weight average molecular
weights in the range of 1,000 to 2,000 g/mol, and e) one methyl
polyethylene glycol having a weight average molecular weight in the
range of 1,050 to 1,350 g/mol, f) either when a plurality of
compounds having a reticulating effect and 3 to 6 functions that
are enabled for polycondensation are present or absent. The
polyester according to the invention can be used in an advantageous
manner, e.g. to modify hydrophobic surfaces, which can be used,
e.g., in paper recycling.
Inventors: |
Fischer; Dirk;
(Klein-Winternheim, DE) ; Morschhaeuser; Roman;
(Mainz, DE) ; Naumann; Peter; (Taunusstein,
DE) ; Leone-Kammler; Antonella; (Munchestein, CH)
; Cowman; John Stuart; (Bradford, GB) ; Kohler;
Achim; (Heilbronn, DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Clariant Finance (BVI) Limited |
Tortola |
|
VG |
|
|
Assignee: |
Clariant Finance (BVI)
Limited
Tortola
VG
|
Family ID: |
48998567 |
Appl. No.: |
14/421963 |
Filed: |
August 14, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
August 14, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2013/002452 |
371 Date: |
February 16, 2015 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
528/296 ;
528/301 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D21C 5/025 20130101;
C08G 63/672 20130101; Y02W 30/648 20150501; Y02W 30/64 20150501;
D21H 17/53 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C08G 63/672 20060101
C08G063/672 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Aug 18, 2012 |
DE |
10 2012 016 444.0 |
Claims
1. A polyester prepared by polymerization of a) dimethyl
terephthalate, and b) ethylene glycol, and c) 1,2-propylene glycol,
and d) at least one polyethylene glycol having a weight-average
molecular weight in the range from 1000 to 2000 g/mol, and e) one
methyl polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight
in the range from 1050 to 1350 g/mol f) in the presence or absence
of at least one crosslinking compound having 3 to 6 functions
capable of polycondensation.
2. The polyester as claimed in claim 1 wherein it is prepared by
polymerization with at least one polyethylene glycol having a
weight-average molecular weight in the range from 1000 to 2000
g/mol.
3. The polyester as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one
polyethylene glycol has a having weight-average molecular weight in
the range from 1200 to 1800 g/mol is used in the polymerization as
component d).
4. The polyester as claimed in claims 1, wherein at least one
polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight of
1500 g/mol is used in the polymerization as component d).
5. The polyester as claimed in claim 1, one or more of claims 1
wherein one methyl polyethylene glycol having a weight-average
molecular weight in the range from 1100 to 1300 g/mol is used in
the polymerization as component e).
6. The polyester as claimed in claim 5 wherein one methyl
polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight of
1250 g/mol is used in the polymerization as component e).
7. The polyester as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyester is
prepared by polymerization of components a) to e) in the presence
of component f).
8. The polyester as claimed in claim 7 wherein at least one
compound selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic
acid, tartaric acid, gallic acid, 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic
acid, pentaerythritol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol,
1,2,3-hexanetriol, benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (hemimellitic
acid), benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid) and
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (trimesic acid) are used in the
polymerization as component f).
9. The polyester as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyester is
prepared by polymerization of components a) to e) in the following
molar ratios, each based on 1 mol of component a): 0.2 to 0.8 mol
of component b), and 1.0 to 2.0 mol of component c), and 0.05 to
2.0 mol of component d), and 0.01 to 1.0 mol of component e), in
the presence of 0.0 to 1.0 mol of component f).
10. The polyester as claimed in claim 9 wherein the polyester is
prepared by polymerization of components a) to e) in the following
molar ratios, each based on 1 mol of component a): 0.3 to 0.7 mol
of component b), and 1.1 to 1.6 mol of component c), and 0.1 to 1.0
mol of component d), and 0.05 to 0.8 mol of component e), in the
presence of 0.0 to 0.5 mol of component f.
11. The polyester as claimed in claim 10 wherein the polyester is
prepared by polymerization of components a) to e) in the following
molar ratios, each based on 1 mol of component a): 0.4 to 0.6 mol
of component b), and 1.2 to 1.5 mol of component c), and 0.2 to 0.8
mol of component d), and 0.1 to 0.5 mol of component e), in the
presence of 0.0 to 0.01 mol of component f.
12. The polyester as claimed in claim 1, wherein the polyester has
a weight-average molecular weight in the range from 700 to 50 000
g/mol.
13. The polyester as claimed in claim 12 wherein the polyester has
a weight-average molecular weight in the range from 1000 to 15 000
g/mol.
Description
[0001] This invention concerns polyesters comprising units derived
from dimethyl terephthalate, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol,
polyethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (or
methyl polyethylene glycol) and optionally crosslinking structural
units.
[0002] The polyesters of the present invention are very useful for
modifying hydrophobic surfaces, in particular for raising the
surface tension thereof and hence reducing the affinity of the
modified surfaces for hydrophobic chemistries and hence reducing
disruptive effects due to deposits on the hydrophobic surfaces.
This may be exploited in recycling processes for paper and board
for example. The polyesters of the present invention have a high
level of affinity for hydrophobic surfaces and have the effect that
hydrophobic surfaces become more hydrophilic and hence their
wettability is improved.
[0003] The polyesters of the present invention are also highly
compatible both toxicologically and ecotoxicologically.
[0004] Polyesters formed from aromatic dicarboxylic acids, e.g.,
terephthalic acid, and diols such as alkylene glycol are well
known, for example in the context of reducing the tackiness of
paper furnishes contaminated with adhesives.
[0005] U.S. Pat. No. 5,415,739 describes a method of reducing the
tackiness of paper furnishes contaminated with adhesives, which
comprises adding to the furnish a water-soluble terpolymer formed
from the distillation product of various monomers. Said monomers
may be selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, a
phthalic ester moiety derived from either a phthalic ester or a
phthalic acid and a simple glycol. The phthalic ester moiety may be
derived for example from terephthalic acid or dimethyl
terephthalate. Antimony trioxide in particular is recited as
catalyst for preparing the terpolymers.
[0006] Polyesters of this type have also been described as
constituents of laundry detergent and cleaning compositions, in
particular for use as soil release polymers (SRPs).
[0007] DE 10 2008 023 803 describes additives for laundry detergent
and cleaning compositions obtained by polycondensing an aromatic
dicarboxylic acid and/or C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl esters thereof with
ethylene glycol, optionally 1,2-propylene glycol, optionally
polyethylene glycol having an average molar mass of 200 to 8000
g/mol, optionally C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl polyalkylene glycol ethers
having an average molar mass of 200 to 5000 for the polyalkylene
glycol ether and optionally a polyfunctional compound, and extols
for example their solid consistency and hydrolysis stability.
Explicitly disclosed polyesters are prepared using, for example,
polyethylene glycol 6000 and a mixture of methyl polyethylene
glycol 750 and methyl polyethylene glycol 2000.
[0008] DE 198 26 356 describes oligoesters obtained by
polycondensing dicarboxylic acids or esters, ethylene glycol and/or
propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, a water-soluble addition
product of an alkylene oxide onto C.sub.1-C.sub.24 alcohols and one
or more polyols having 3 to 6 hydroxyl groups and used for example
as soil release polymers in laundry detergents. Polyesters
explicitly disclosed are obtained, for example, from dimethyl
terephthalate, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, polyethylene
glycol 1500, a mixture of methyl polyethylene glycol 750 and methyl
polyethylene glycol 1820 and pentaerythritol.
[0009] However, the polyesters described for use in paper recycling
processes are often unsatisfactory in outcome.
[0010] It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel
product for modifying hydrophobic surfaces, in particular for
enhancing the surface tension thereof, and for efficiently
eliminating or significantly reducing deposits of undesired
adhesive residues in the paper recycling process.
[0011] It has now been found that, surprisingly, this problem is
solved by polyesters obtainable by polymerization of [0012] a)
dimethyl terephthalate, and [0013] b) ethylene glycol, and [0014]
c) 1,2-propylene glycol, and [0015] d) one or more polyethylene
glycols, preferably one polyethylene glycol, having weight-average
molecular weights in the range from 1000 to 2000 g/mol, and [0016]
e) one methyl polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular
weight in the range from 1050 to 1350 g/mol [0017] f) in the
presence or absence of one or more crosslinking compounds having 3
to 6 functions capable of polycondensation, especially acid,
alcohol or ester functions.
[0018] The present invention accordingly provides polyesters
obtainable by polymerization of [0019] a) dimethyl terephthalate,
and [0020] b) ethylene glycol, and [0021] c) 1,2-propylene glycol,
and [0022] d) one or more polyethylene glycols, preferably one
polyethylene glycol, having weight-average molecular weights in the
range from 1000 to 2000 g/mol, and [0023] e) one methyl
polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight in the
range from 1050 to 1350 g/mol [0024] f) in the presence or absence
of one or more crosslinking compounds having 3 to 6 functions
capable of polycondensation, especially acid, alcohol or ester
functions.
[0025] The polyesters of the present invention are obtainable by
transesterification and condensation of components a) to e) in the
presence or absence of component f) in the presence of
transesterification and condensation catalysts of the prior art,
such as, preferably, titanium tetraisopropoxide/sodium acetate,
dibutyltin oxide, or alkali metal or alkaline earth metal
alkoxides. It is advantageous that the polyesters of the present
invention are obtainable without use of Sb.sub.2O.sub.3 as
catalyst, which is classed as a possible carcinogen.
[0026] The polyesters of the present invention are notable for not
containing residual monomers selected from polyethylene glycols and
methyl polyethylene glycols having weight-average molecular weights
below 1000 g/mol, which are toxicologically and ecotoxicologically
undesirable.
[0027] It is an essential feature of the present invention that a
single methyl polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular
weight in the range from 1050 to 1350 g/mol is used as monomer and
not a mixture of two or more methyl polyethylene glycols. This
provides polyesters of narrower molecular weight distribution and
improved quality.
[0028] Preference for use as component d) is given to one or more
compounds selected from polyethylene glycols having weight-average
molecular weights in the range from 1200 to 1800 g/mol.
[0029] It is particularly preferable to use one polyethylene glycol
having a weight-average molecular weight of 1500 g/mol as component
d).
[0030] It is preferable for component e) to be one methyl
polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight in the
range from 1100 to 1300 g/mol.
[0031] It is particularly preferable for component e) to be one
methyl polyethylene glycol having a weight-average molecular weight
of 1250 g/mol.
[0032] In one preferred embodiment of the invention, the polyesters
of the invention are obtainable by polymerization of components a)
to e) in the presence of component D.
[0033] Preference for use as component f) is given to compounds
selected from the group consisting of citric acid, malic acid,
tartaric acid, garlic acid, 2,2-dihydroxymethylpropionic acid,
pentaerythritol, glycerol, sorbitol, mannitol, 1,2,3-hexanetriol,
benzene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid (hemimellitic acid),
benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid (trimellitic acid) and
benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (trimeric acid).
[0034] Compounds selected from the group consisting of
pentaerythritol and glycerol are particularly preferred for use as
component f).
[0035] Pentaerythritol is greatly preferred for use as component
f).
[0036] In one further preferred embodiment of the invention, the
polyesters of the invention are obtainable by polymerization of
components a) to e) in the absence of component f).
[0037] Preference is given to polyesters of the invention
obtainable by polymerization of components a) to e) in the presence
or absence of component f) in the following molar ratios, each
based on 1 mol of component a): [0038] 0.2 to 0.8 mol, preferably
0.3 to 0.7 mol, more preferably 0.4 to 0.6 mol and most preferably
0.5 to 0.6 mol of component b), and [0039] 1.0 to 2.0 mol,
preferably 1.1 to 1.6 mol, more preferably 1.2 to 1.5 mol and most
preferably 1.3 to 1.4 mol of component c), and [0040] 0.05 to 2.0
mol, preferably 0.1 to 1.0 mol, more preferably 0.2 to 0.8 mol and
most preferably 0.25 to 0.5 mol of component d), and [0041] 0.01 to
1.0 mol, preferably 0.05 to 0.8 mol, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 mol
and most preferably 0.11 to 0.3 mol of component e), and [0042] in
the presence of 0.00001 to 1.0 mol, preferably 0.00001 to 0.5 mol,
more preferably 0.0001 to 0.01 mol and most preferably 0.0002 to
0.01 mol, of component f) or in the absence of component f).
[0043] The polyesters preferably have weight-average molecular
weights in the range from 700 to 50 000 g/mol, more preferably in
the range from 800 to 25 000 g/mol, even more preferably in the
range from 1000 to 15 000 g/mol and yet more preferably in the
range from 1200 to 12 000 g/mol. Weight-average molecular weight is
determined by size exclusion chromatography in aqueous solution by
using a calibration with narrowly distributed sodium polyacrylate
as standard.
[0044] The polyesters of the present invention are preferably
obtained by polymerizing components a) to e) in the presence or
absence of component f).
[0045] The polyesters of the present invention are preferably
nonionic polyesters.
[0046] In one particularly preferred embodiment of the invention,
the polyesters of the invention are obtainable by polymerization of
components a) to e) in the presence or absence of component f),
wherein the amount of component d) used in the polymerization is
<80.0 wt %, preferably <70.0 wt % and more preferably
<50.0 wt %, all based on the overall weight of components a) to
e) or a) to f) used for the polymerization.
[0047] In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the
invention, the polyesters of the invention are obtainable by
polymerization of components a) to e) in the presence or absence of
component f), wherein the amount of structural units derived from
component d) in the polyesters of the invention is <80.0 wt %,
preferably <70.0 wt % and more preferably <50.0 wt %, all
based on the overall weight of the polyesters according to the
invention.
[0048] In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the
invention, the polyesters of the invention are obtainable by
polymerization of components a) to e) in the presence or absence of
component f), wherein the amount of components d) and e) used for
the polymerization is together <80.0 wt % and preferably
<70.0 wt %, both based on the overall weight of components a) to
e) or a) to f) used for the polymerization.
[0049] In a further particularly preferred embodiment of the
invention, the polyesters of the invention are obtainable by
polymerization of components a) to e) in the presence or absence of
component f), wherein the amount of structural units derived from
components d) and e) together in the polyesters of the invention is
<80.0 wt % and preferably <70.0 wt %, both based on the
overall weight of the polyesters according to the invention.
[0050] As mentioned, the polyesters of the present invention are
very useful for modifying hydrophobic surfaces, in particular for
increasing the surface tension thereof, and hence for reducing
disruptive effects by deposits on the hydrophobic surfaces, which
for example is advantageously exploitable in recycling processes
for paper and board.
[0051] The present invention accordingly further provides for one
or more of the polyesters according to the present invention to be
used for modifying hydrophobic surfaces, preferably in recycling
processes for paper and board.
[0052] The polyesters of the present invention are further very
useful for reducing the deposition of undesired adhesive residues,
in particular in the paper recycling process.
[0053] The present invention accordingly further provides for one
or more of the polyesters of the present invention to be used for
reducing the deposition of unwanted adhesive residues, in
particular in the paper recycling process.
[0054] The one or more polyesters according to the present
invention are preferably used in the form of aqueous dispersions,
for example as an aqueous dispersion in recycling processes for
paper and board. The use of an aqueous dispersion has the advantage
of easier meterability and improved handleability over the use of
the polyesters as such.
[0055] The present invention accordingly also provides aqueous
dispersions comprising one or more polyesters according to the
present invention.
[0056] The aqueous dispersions comprise the one or more polyesters
of the present invention in an amount of preferably 5.0 to 50.0 wt
%, more preferably 10.0 to 30.0 wt % and still more preferably 15.0
to 25.0 wt %, all based on the overall weight of the final aqueous
dispersion. In one particularly preferred embodiment of the
invention, the aqueous dispersions consist of the one or more
polyesters of the present invention and water.
[0057] The polyesters of the present invention are notable for an
advantageous dispersibility and solubility in water. Aqueous
dispersions consisting of the polyesters of the present invention
and water have advantageous stability in storage and exhibit little
if any sedimenting.
[0058] The examples which follow are provided for further
elucidation, but not limitation of the invention. Unless explicitly
stated otherwise, all percentages are by weight (wt %).
EXAMPLES
Preparation of Inventive Polyester 1
[0059] A 1-L four-neck flask equipped with KPG stirrer, internal
thermometer, Vigreux column, distillation bridge, N.sub.2 supply (5
l/h) and Anschutz-Thiele adapter was initially charged with 164.4 g
(0.85 mol) of dimethyl terephthalate, 87.9 g (1.155 mol) of
1,2-propanediol, 29.5 g (0.475 mol) of ethylene glycol, 1.14 g
(0.008 mol) of pentaerythritol and 0.75 g (0.0009 mol) of sodium
acetate and the reaction mixture was subsequently heated up to
60.degree. C. internal temperature under N.sub.2 blanketing (5
l/h), with stirring at a stirrer speed of 50-100 rpm. The N.sub.2
line was closed and then 0.2 g (0.0007 mol) of titanium
tetraisopropoxide was added. Stirrer speed was subsequently raised
to 300 rpm and the batch was heated up to an internal temperature
of 150.degree. C. in the course of 2 h and to an internal
temperature of 200.degree. C. in the course of a further 2 h. The
N.sub.2 line was reopened at an internal temperature of 170.degree.
C. The reaction mixture was heated at 200.degree. C. for 2 h and
the methanol formed was distilled off and condensed in an
ice-cooled receiver. The reaction mixture was subsequently cooled
down to room temperature and 328.7 g (0.219 mol) of polyethylene
glycol 1500 and 137.8 g (0.11 mol) of polyethylene glycol
monomethyl ether 1250 were added. The mixture was heated up to
215.degree. C. internal temperature under N.sub.2 blanketing (5
l/h) with stirring at a stirrer speed of 300 rpm, the N.sub.2 line
was closed and the pressure was reduced to 150 mbar in the course
of 2 h and to 10 mbar in the course of a further 2 h while glycol
was distilled off. After supplementary condensation at 215.degree.
C. and 10 mbar for 2 h the melt was cooled down to 140-150.degree.
C. The system was then vented with N.sub.2 and the hot melt was
discharged. A solidified beige polymer melt was obtained.
Preparation of Comparative Polyester 1:
[0060] A 1-L four-neck flask equipped with KPG stirrer, internal
thermometer, Vigreux column, distillation bridge, N.sub.2 supply (5
l/h) and Anschutz-Thiele adapter was initially charged with the
following starting materials: 41.53 g (0.25 mol) of dimethyl
terephthalate, 27.13 g (0.437 mol) of ethylene glycol, 362.5 g
(0.29 mol) of methyl polyethylene glycol 1250, 0.5 g of sodium
acetate anhydrous (NaOAc) and 0.13 g of titanium tetraisopropoxide
(Ti(iPr).sub.4).
[0061] The mixture was heated to about 160.degree. C. (about 15-20
min) and the methanol produced was distilled off. During the
distillation, the temperature was gradually raised to 210.degree.
C. in the course of 3 h (N.sub.2 (5 l/h) was passed over from an
internal temperature of about 180.degree. C.). Methanol was
distilled off until the head temperature was below 55.degree. C.
(min. 4 h/210.degree. C. subsequent stirring). This was followed by
cooling down to 195.degree. C., pressure reduction to 10 mbar in
the course of one hour and distillative removal of glycol (head
temperature up to about 150.degree. C.). This was followed by
supplementary condensation at 10 mbar/195.degree. C. for 4 h (the
head temperature was below 75-80.degree. C. at the end). The vacuum
was reduced to 5 mbar for 5 min and then the apparatus was vented
with N.sub.2 (oil bath below flask, T.sub.i 185-195.degree. C.) and
the hot melt was discharged onto a metal tray.
Measurement of Surface Tensions:
TABLE-US-00001 [0062] TABLE 1 Surface tension of untreated
polyester fiber X (polyester fiber X is not made of the inventive
polyesters) and of polyester fiber X treated with a 0.04 wt %
aqueous dispersion of inventive polyester 1 and of comparative
polyester 1. Polyester fiber X Surface tension [mN/m] untreated
45.5 inventive polyester 1 61.2 comparative polyester 1 53.3
[0063] instrument: SITA Pro Line T15 bubble pressure tensiometer
[0064] setting: Auto Mode [0065] bubble life: 15 ms to 15 s [0066]
measurement: at 15 s [0067] sample solution: 0.04 wt % inventive
polyester 1 or comparative [0068] polyester 1 [0069] in distilled
water [0070] temperature: 20.degree. C.
Measurement of Deposits:
TABLE-US-00002 [0071] TABLE 2 Deposition of a paper stock which
contains adhesive material on a polyester wire a) having an
unmodified surface, b) modified with inventive polyester 1, c)
modified with comparative polyester 1 Polyester Polyester Polyester
wire wire after 15 Reduc- concen- before min contact Weight tion in
tration deposition time increase deposit Sample [wt %] [g] [g] [mg]
[%] a 0 308.7 315.9 7.2 0 (control) b (inventive 0.1 311.0 311.7
0.7 90.3 polyester l) c (comparative 0.1 305.6 310.2 4.6 36.1
polyester l)
[0072] The polyester wire used is not made of the inventive
polyesters.
[0073] An adhesive label consisting of 75 g of paper and 25 g of an
acrylic pressure-sensitive adhesive which in turn consists of 80 wt
% of poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-acrylic acid) copolymer and 20 wt %
of styrene-butadiene copolymer is applied to a 10 g pulp sheet from
bleached birchwood. This sheet has 750 ml of tap water added to it
and is stirred at 50.degree. C. for 2 minutes in a mixer at a high
speed to form a homogeneous paper stock. The mixture obtained is
bulked with tap water to an overall volume of 1000 ml and split
into 200 ml samples.
[0074] Inventive polyester 1 and comparative polyester 1 are each
made up into 0.1 weight percent solutions with 100 ml of tap water
in each case. 3 polyester wires of the Primobond SF brand
(Heimbach), measuring 30.times.50 mm, are weighed out to the
nearest decimal. Each polyester wire is dipped for 10 seconds at
room temperature either into pure tap water or into the 0.1 weight
percent inventive polyester 1 solution or into the 0.1 weight
percent comparative polyester 1 solution for 10 seconds at a time
and then removed from the tap water or the 0.1 weight percent
solutions and placed into an empty 400 ml glass beaker. The 400 ml
glass beakers are each filled with 200 ml of paper stock. Each
polyester wire, which is either untreated (tap water, control) or
else treated (with inventive polyester 1 or comparative polyester
1) in the above-described manner, is placed into the 200 ml sample
a), b) or c) and the sample is stirred at 200 revolutions/minute
for 15 minutes. The polyester wires are removed from the samples,
rinsed off with cold water, air dried and weighed.
[0075] The results show that the use of inventive polyester 1
causes a distinctly smaller amount of adhesive to adhere to the
polyester wire (90.3% improvement), compared with the untreated
polyester wire (0% improvement) or compared with the use of
comparative polyester 1 (36.1% improvement).
* * * * *