U.S. patent application number 14/672939 was filed with the patent office on 2015-07-23 for using resting load to augment active material actuator demand in power seats.
The applicant listed for this patent is GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC. Invention is credited to Jennifer P. Lawall, Nilesh D. Mankame, Richard J. Skurkis.
Application Number | 20150202993 14/672939 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47020714 |
Filed Date | 2015-07-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150202993 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mankame; Nilesh D. ; et
al. |
July 23, 2015 |
USING RESTING LOAD TO AUGMENT ACTIVE MATERIAL ACTUATOR DEMAND IN
POWER SEATS
Abstract
A power adjusted seat assembly includes a seat, and is adapted
for use when a resting load is present within the seat. The
assembly further includes at least one reconfigurable seat
structure shiftable between first and second permanent dimensions,
orientations, positions, or conditions. An active material actuator
is drivenly coupled to the structure. A mechanical transmission is
drivenly coupled to the structure, so as to act in concert with the
actuator, and is configured to receive and modify at least a
portion of the load. The actuator and transmission are
cooperatively configured to cause the structure to shift between
the first and second permanent dimensions, orientations, positions,
or conditions, when the resting load is present and the actuator is
activated.
Inventors: |
Mankame; Nilesh D.; (Ann
Arbor, MI) ; Lawall; Jennifer P.; (Waterford, MI)
; Skurkis; Richard J.; (Lake Orion, MI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
GM GLOBAL TECHNOLOGY OPERATIONS LLC |
Detroit |
MI |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47020714 |
Appl. No.: |
14/672939 |
Filed: |
March 30, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
13535371 |
Jun 28, 2012 |
8998320 |
|
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14672939 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
297/284.4 ;
297/284.9; 297/463.1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B60N 2/002 20130101;
B60N 2/0284 20130101; B60N 2/0244 20130101; B60N 2/99 20180201;
B60N 2002/924 20180201; B60N 2/66 20130101; B60N 2/0224 20130101;
B60N 2/919 20180201 |
International
Class: |
B60N 2/02 20060101
B60N002/02; B60N 2/66 20060101 B60N002/66; B60N 2/44 20060101
B60N002/44 |
Claims
1. A power adjusted seat assembly including a seat for use when a
resting load is present within the seat, the seat assembly
comprising: a seat base structure extendable and retractable
between a first seat base length and a second seat base length,
wherein: the seat base structure includes a rigid horizontal member
rotatably connected to a seat base frame at a pivot axis at a first
end of the horizontal member and the horizontal member having a
pivot connection to a flexible member at a second end of the
horizontal member opposite the first end; the flexible member is
pivotally connected to the seat base frame at a base end of the
flexible member opposite the pivot connection to the horizontal
member; the flexible member has a first shape in a first
configuration that defines the first seat base length; the flexible
member has a second shape in a second configuration that defines
the second seat base length; and an actuator drivenly coupled to
the horizontal member, wherein: the horizontal member is drivenly
coupled to the seat base frame to selectably rotate about the pivot
axis in response to at least a portion of the resting load acting
upon the horizontal member; and the actuator and the horizontal
member are cooperatively configured to cause the flexible member to
shift between the first configuration and the second configuration
by shifting between the corresponding first shape and the second
shape to shift between the first seat base length and the second
seat base length when the resting load is present and the actuator
is activated.
2-4. (canceled)
5. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 1, further
comprising: a lever pivotally connected to the base frame at a
pivot axis defined laterally by the seat base structure; and a seat
upright structure rotatable between a first upright angle of
inclination and a second upright angle of inclination, wherein: the
lever has a first lever arm connected to the seat base structure
and a second lever arm connected to the seat upright structure; a
rotation of the first lever arm downward corresponds with an upward
rotation of the second lever arm to rotate the seat upright
structure to the second upright angle of inclination; the actuator
is drivenly coupled to the lever; the lever is drivenly coupled to
the seat base structure to selectably rotate about the pivot axis
in response to at least a portion of the resting load acting upon
the first lever arm; the actuator and the lever are cooperatively
configured to cause the seat upright structure to rotate between
the first upright angle of inclination and the second upright angle
of inclination when the resting load is present and the actuator is
activated; and the shift between the first seat base length and the
second seat base length is simultaneous with the rotation of the
seat upright structure.
6. (canceled)
7. A power adjusted seat assembly for use when a resting load is
present within the seat, the seat assembly comprising: a seat base;
a seat upright structure pivotally connected to the seat base at a
pivot axis defined laterally by the seat base, the seat upright
structure defining a back of the seat assembly having a lumbar area
a lumbar support defined in the seat upright structure in a plane
parallel to the pivot axis, wherein the lumbar support is bi-stable
having a bowed-inward state to present a more rigid surface to the
lumbar area to support an occupant at a first depth into the seat
upright structure, and a bowed-rearward state to present a less
rigid surface to the lumbar area to support the occupant at a
second depth into the seat upright structure deeper than the first
depth; and an actuator drivenly coupled to the lumbar support,
wherein: the lumbar support is to receive at least a portion of the
resting load to bias the lumbar support toward the bowed-rearward
state; the actuator and the lumbar support are cooperatively
configured to cause the lumbar support to snap from the
bowed-inward state to the bowed-rearward state when the resting
load is present and the actuator is activated; and the lumbar
support snaps to the bowed-inward state or remains in the
bowed-inward state when the actuator is deactivated.
8. A power adjusted seat assembly including a seat for use when a
resting load is present within the seat, the seat assembly
comprising: a seat base; a lateral bolster pivotally connected to
the seat base at a pivot axis defined longitudinally by the seat
base, the lateral bolster defining a lateral side of the seat
assembly; an angle of inclination defined between the seat base and
the lateral bolster, wherein: the lateral bolster is rotatable
between a first value of the angle of inclination and a second
value of the angle of inclination; the seat base includes a base
frame and a lever pivotally connected to the base frame at the
pivot axis; the lever defines a first arm and a second arm; and a
rotation of the first arm downward corresponds with an upward
rotation of the second arm to rotate the lateral bolster to the
second value of the angle of inclination; and an actuator drivenly
coupled to the lever, wherein: the lever is selectably rotatable
about the pivot axis in response to at least a portion of the
resting load acting upon the first arm; and the actuator and the
lever are cooperatively configured to cause the lateral bolster to
rotate between the first value of the angle of inclination and the
second value of the angle of inclination when the resting load is
present and the actuator is activated.
9. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 8, further
comprising a folding mechanism, wherein: the folding mechanism
includes the lever; the folding mechanism further includes a
plurality of parallel slats, each of the slats pivotally connected
at a central end to a floating rib and each of the slats pivotally
connected to the lever at a distal end of the slat opposite the
central end; the folding mechanism is manipulable between a
collapsed state and an extended state.sup.. the actuator is to
cause the folding mechanism to shift between the collapsed state
and the extended state; the actuator is augmented by a platform and
a column orthogonally connected to the floating rib to receive the
resting load; the slats are to transfer at least a portion of the
resting load to the lever; and the collapsed state corresponds to
the first value of the angle of inclination, and the extended state
corresponds to the second value of the angle of inclination.
10. A power adjusted seat assembly for use when a resting load is
present within the seat, the seat assembly comprising: a seat base;
a lateral bolster pivotally connected to the seat base at a pivot
axis defined longitudinally by the seat base, the lateral bolster
defining a lateral side of the seat assembly; an angle of
inclination defined between the seat base and the lateral bolster,
wherein: the lateral bolster is rotatable between a first value of
the angle of inclination and a second value of the angle of
inclination; the seat base includes a base frame and a lever
pivotally connected to the base frame at the pivot axis; the lever
defines a first arm and a second arm; and a rotation of the first
arm downward corresponds with an upward rotation of the second arm
to rotate the lateral bolster to the second value of the angle of
inclination; and a vertically movable toothed rack and a pinion
gear to meshingly engage the rack to rotate the pinion gear; a
crank arm fixedly connected to the pinion gear to rotate therewith;
a connecting rod pivotably connected to the crank arm and pivotably
connected to second arm; a platform fixedly connected to the top of
the rack, the platform receive the resting load; and an actuator
drivenly coupled to the rack, wherein: the rack is selectably
vertically movable in response to at least a portion of the resting
load acting upon the platform to cause the lever to rotate via the
pinion gear, the crank arm, and the connecting rod; and the
actuator, the rack, the pinion gear, the crank arm, the connecting
rod and the lever are cooperatively configured to cause the lateral
bolster to rotate between the first value of the angle of
inclination and the second value of the angle of inclination when
the resting load is present and the actuator is activated.
11. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 10 wherein
the actuator, the rack, the pinion gear, the crank arm, the
connecting rod and the lever are cooperatively configured to cause
the lateral bolster to rotate from the first value of the angle of
inclination toward the second value of the angle of inclination
when the resting load is present and the actuator is activated.
12. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 10 wherein
the actuator, the rack, the pinion gear, the crank arm, the
connecting rod and the lever are cooperatively configured to cause
the lateral bolster to rotate from the second value of the angle of
inclination toward the first value of the angle of inclination when
the resting load is present and the actuator is activated.
13. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 10,
further comprising: a compression spring having a preload to bias
the rack antagonistically to the resting load and to the actuator
wherein the actuator is a first actuator; a multi-position detent
having multiple holes in a member connected to the rack; a biased
locking pin to selectably engage the detent to secure the position
of the rack; and a second actuator to selectably overcome a bias on
the locking pin to disengage the locking pin from the detent
wherein when the resting load is greater than the preload and the
second actuator is actuated, the rack is downwardly movable to
cause the lateral bolster to move between the first value of the
angle of inclination and the second value of the angle of
inclination.
14. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 13,
further comprising a third actuator connected to the rack to work
antagonistically to the resting load wherein when the resting load
is greater than the preload and the second actuator is actuated,
the rack is upwardly movable to cause the lateral bolster to move
between the second value of the angle of inclination and the first
value of the angle of inclination.
15. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 1, further
comprising: an auxiliary shape memory actuator wire having an
anchor end and an active end opposite the anchor end, wherein: the
anchor end is connected to the horizontal member at the pivot
connection between the horizontal member and the flexible member;
the active end is connected to the flexible member to form a
diagonal chord when the flexible member has the bowed shape; and
when the auxiliary shape memory actuator wire is activated, a
curvature of the flexible member is altered to extend the seat base
beyond the second seat base length.
16. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 1 wherein
the actuator is an active material actuator.
17. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 7 wherein
the actuator is an active material actuator.
18. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 8 wherein
the actuator is an active material actuator.
19. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 10 wherein
the actuator is an active material actuator.
20. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 13 wherein
the second actuator is an active material actuator.
21. The power adjusted seat assembly as defined in claim 14 wherein
the third actuator is an active material actuator.
22. A power adjusted seat assembly for use when a resting load is
present within the seat, the seat assembly comprising: a seat base
structure extendable and retractable between a first seat base
length and a second seat base length, wherein: the seat base
structure includes a base frame and an angled flap pivotally
connected to the base frame at a pivot axis defined laterally by
the seat base structure; the angled flap defines a first panel and
a second panel; and a rotation of the first panel downward
corresponds with an outward rotation of the second panel to extend
the seat base to the second seat base length; and an actuator
drivenly coupled to the angled flap, wherein: the angled flap is
drivenly coupled to the seat base structure to selectably rotate
about the pivot axis in response to at least a portion of the
resting load acting upon the first panel; and the actuator and the
angled flap are cooperatively configured to cause the seat base
structure to extend between the first seat base length and the
second seat base length when the resting load is present and the
actuator is activated.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/535,371, filed Jun. 28, 2012, which itself
is related to U.S. Non-provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
12/392,080, entitled "ACTIVE MATERIAL ACTUATED SEAT BASE EXTENDER,"
filed on Feb. 24, 2009, the disclosure of each of which is
incorporated by reference herein.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to power adjusted
seat features, and more particularly, to power adjusted seat
features having an adjustable structure and transmission
cooperatively driven by a resting load, such as the weight of an
occupant, and an actuator, so as to reduce actuator demand.
[0003] Power adjusted seat features, such as manipulable base
length, positioning, and tilt, bolster orientation, upright angles
of inclination, and lumbar support tensioning and position are
conventionally provided to support and comfort occupants presenting
differing dimensions, and preferences. These features typically
employ actuators (e.g., electro-mechanical motors, solenoids, etc.)
that are selected and/or sized to translate the maximum anticipated
load, irrespective of the presence of a resting load applied to the
seat component. It has long been appreciated that the addition of
such actuators adds to the complexity, weight, and cost of the
seat. In an aircraft or vehicular setting, for example, this
concern further results in a reduction in fuel efficiency, as well
as an increase in energy consumption during adjustment.
SUMMARY
[0004] The present invention provides an assembly for and method of
reducing actuator demand in power adjusted seats by using the
resting load upon the seat to augment the actuation force necessary
to adjust the seat component. As a result, the invention is useful
for enabling the use of lower rated or smaller actuators in
comparison to prior art equivalents. More particularly, the
invention is useful for leveraging occupant-exerted loads to reduce
the force and/or displacement requirements on the actuators used to
provide additional power-operated features in seats. The invention
is therefore useful for presenting an energy efficient seat
adjustment solution that better accommodates a plurality of
differing (e.g., in size and/or preference) occupants. Finally,
where active material actuation is employed in lieu of
electro-mechanical motors, solenoids, etc., the invention is
useful, among other things, for reducing weight, packaging
requirements, and noise (both acoustically and with respect to
EMF), as well as the power/energy requirements on the actuator
thereby expanding their use.
[0005] In general, the inventive assembly comprises a
reconfigurable seat structure shiftable between first and second
permanent dimensions, orientations, positions, or conditions. The
assembly further includes an actuator drivenly coupled to the
structure, and a mechanical transmission also coupled to the
structure. The transmission is operable to receive and modify at
least a portion of a resting load within the seat. The actuator and
transmission are cooperatively configured to cause the structure to
shift between the first and second permanent dimensions,
orientations, positions, or conditions, when the resting load is
present and the actuator is activated.
[0006] This disclosure, including examples, and applications of the
assembly, with particular respect to the seat base and seat
bolsters, may be understood more readily by reference to the
following detailed description of the various features of the
disclosure and drawing figures associated therewith.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0007] Example(s) of the present disclosure are described in detail
below with reference to the attached drawing figures of exemplary
scale, wherein:
[0008] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an automotive seat having a
base and an upright, and particularly illustrating a base extension
system including a pivotal structure, and adjustable lumbar
supports communicatively coupled to a controller, signal source,
input device, and sensor, in accordance with an example of the
present disclosure;
[0009] FIG. 2 is a side elevation of an automotive seat under a
resting load, showing internally base extension and upright
inclination adjustment systems, including pivotal structures, shape
memory wire and torque tube actuators respectively, and in enlarged
caption view a toothed gear locking mechanism, in accordance with
an example of the present disclosure;
[0010] FIG. 2a is a partial perspective view of the seat shown in
FIG. 2, particularly illustrating the extended portion of the pivot
structure disposed within the base cushioning, and concentrically
aligned with the extender pivot axis, in accordance with an example
of the present disclosure;
[0011] FIG. 3 is a side elevation of a flexible structural member
pivotally connected to the base frame and presenting a first raised
position (in solid-line type) and an extended position
cooperatively caused by the activation of a shape memory wire
actuator and a resting load (in hidden-line type), in accordance
with an example of the present disclosure;
[0012] FIG. 3a is a schematic side elevation of a flexible
structural member pivotally connected to the base frame and
presenting a first raised condition and inwardly bowed vertical
component (in solid-line type) and an extended condition and
outwardly bowed component cooperatively caused by the activation of
a shape memory wire actuator and resting load (in hidden-line
type), in accordance with an example of the present disclosure;
[0013] FIG. 4a is a partial elevation of a base extension assembly
including a fixed section, adjustable free section, flexible rib
transmission, and in enlarged caption view a detent locking
mechanism, in accordance with an example of the present
disclosure;
[0014] FIG. 4b is a top view of the system shown in FIG. 4a,
further illustrating a bow-string shape memory wire actuator, and
the transmission, in accordance with an example of the present
disclosure;
[0015] FIG. 5 is an elevation of an adjustable bolster including an
arcuate shaped structure, and a vertically oriented wire actuator,
shown in flattened (hidden-line type) and raised (solid line-type)
conditions as a result of activation and augmentation by the
resting load, in accordance with an example of the present
disclosure;
[0016] FIG. 6 is a front elevation of an adjustable bolster system
including a rack and pinion, and a linkage transmission
interconnecting first and second pivotal structures, and an SMA
wire actuator augmented by a resting load and drivenly coupled to
the transmission, in accordance with an example of the present
disclosure;
[0017] FIG. 7a is a perspective view of a seat section under a
resting load, and more particularly, first and second adjustable
lateral bolsters including an active material based actuator and
transmission employing a folding mechanism and platform shown in a
flattened and deactivated condition, in accordance with an example
of the present disclosure; and
[0018] FIG. 7b is a perspective view of the bolsters shown in FIG.
7a, wherein the assembly is in a raised condition caused by
activation.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0019] The following description of examples of a power adjusted
seat assembly 10 for and methods of using a resting load 100, such
as the weight of an occupant, to augment actuator performance (i.e.
reduce actuator load), is exemplary in nature and in no way
intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. The
inventive assembly 10 is described and illustrated as composing an
automotive seat 12 including a base 14 configured to support the
posterior of an occupant (not shown), an upright 16 configured to
support the back of the occupant, and a headrest 16a (FIG. 1). It
is well appreciated, however, that the benefits of the present
invention may be utilized variously with other types of seats (or
furniture), including, for example, power adjusted reclining sofas,
airplane seats, bar stools, etc. As shown in the illustrated
examples, the inventive assembly 10 is configured to augment a
conventional power adjusted seat feature, such as the upright angle
of inclination, upright lumbar tensioning, base fore-aft position,
base altitude, base length, base ramp angle or tilt, lateral base
or upright bolster configurations, and/or headrest positioning.
[0020] The inventive power adjusted seat assembly 10 includes a
reconfigurable seat structure 18 shiftable between first and second
permanent dimensions, orientations, positions, or conditions
(collectively referred to hereafter as "first and second
configurations" though not limited thereto), to achieve, for
example, deployed and stowed conditions. That is to say, the
structure 18 is retained within, or otherwise able to maintain both
the first and second configurations without external force being
applied. The structure 18 may be a seat base structure composing,
for example, a fore-aft adjustment system, base extension system,
or an adjustable base pan, ramp, or mount. The structure 18 may be
an upright structure, such as an upright frame pivotal about an
axis to produce the angle of inclination, or a lumbar support
member disposed within the upright and adjustably tensioned to
variably support an occupant. Finally, the structure 18 may compose
a manipulable headrest 16a communicatively coupled to the load
experienced by the upright 16.
[0021] In an example, the assembly 10 includes an actuator 20
drivenly coupled to the structure 18, and a mechanical transmission
or link 22 also drivenly coupled to the structure 18 and acting in
concert with the actuator 20. The actuator 20 is sized and/or rated
to produce the force necessary to effect the intended function of
the invention as augmented by the transmission 22, and may include
an electro-mechanical motor, solenoid, etc.; however, it is
appreciated that the present invention is particularly suited for
use with an active material actuator 20. The actuator 20 may be
directly or indirectly driven to the structure 18 in such a manner
as to present a primary or secondary actuator. That is to say, the
active material actuator 20 may present a secondary actuator that
reduces the resistance to change in position of the structure 18 in
one direction, e.g. by releasing a latch, changing the linkage
geometry, introducing a bias in the deformation of a flexible
member that causes it to choose a lower energy bending mode instead
of a higher energy compression mode, etc. Once the resistance to
change in positions is reduced, the resting load produces a change
in position either by itself or in conjunction with a primary
actuator or energy storage component (e.g., spring). The primary
actuator may be used to a) augment the resting load in producing
motion in one direction, and/or b) produce motion in the opposite
i.e. upward direction. Where the primary actuator is replaced by an
energy storage component, the active material actuator reduces
resistance to change in position in both directions.
[0022] I. Active Material Description and Functionality
[0023] As used herein the term "active material" shall be afforded
its ordinary meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in
the art, and includes any material or composite that exhibits a
reversible change in a fundamental (e.g., chemical or intrinsic
physical) property, when exposed to an external signal source.
Thus, active materials shall include those compositions that can
exhibit a change in stiffness properties, shape and/or dimensions
in response to an activation signal.
[0024] Active materials suitable for use herein, include, without
limitation, shape memory alloys (SMA), ferromagnetic shape memory
alloys, electroactive polymers (EAP), piezoelectric materials,
high-output-paraffin (HOP) wax actuators, and the like. Depending
on the particular active material, the activation signal can take
the form of, without limitation, heat energy, an electric current,
an electric field (voltage), a temperature change, a magnetic
field, a mechanical loading or stressing, and the like, with the
particular activation signal dependent on the materials and/or
configuration of the active material. For example, a magnetic field
may be applied for changing the property of the active material
fabricated from magnetostrictive materials. A heat signal may be
applied for changing the property of thermally activated active
materials such as SMA. An electrical signal may be applied for
changing the property of the active material fabricated from
electroactive materials and piezoelectrics (PZT's).
[0025] More particularly, shape memory alloys (SMA's) generally
refer to a group of metallic materials that demonstrate the ability
to return to some previously defined shape or size when subjected
to an appropriate thermal stimulus. Shape memory alloys are capable
of undergoing phase transitions in which their yield strength,
stiffness, dimension and/or shape are altered as a function of
temperature. The term "yield strength" refers to the stress at
which a material exhibits a specified deviation from
proportionality of stress and strain. Generally, in the low
temperature, or martensite phase, shape memory alloys can be
pseudo-plastically deformed and upon exposure to some higher
temperature will transform to an austenite phase, or parent phase,
returning to their shape prior to the deformation.
[0026] Thus, shape memory alloys exist in several different
temperature-dependent phases. The most commonly utilized of these
phases are the so-called martensite and austenite phases discussed
above. In the following discussion, the martensite phase generally
refers to the more deformable, lower temperature phase whereas the
austenite phase generally refers to the more rigid, higher
temperature phase. When the shape memory alloy is in the martensite
phase and is heated, it begins to change into the austenite phase.
The temperature at which this phenomenon starts is often referred
to as austenite start temperature (A.sub.s). The temperature at
which this phenomenon is complete is called the austenite finish
temperature (A.sub.f).
[0027] When the shape memory alloy is in the austenite phase and is
cooled, it begins to change into the martensite phase, and the
temperature at which this phenomenon starts is referred to as the
martensite start temperature (M.sub.s). The temperature at which
austenite finishes transforming to martensite is called the
martensite finish temperature (M.sub.f). Generally, the shape
memory alloys are softer and more easily deformable in their
martensitic phase and are harder, stiffer, and/or more rigid in the
austenitic phase. In view of the foregoing, a suitable activation
signal for use with shape memory alloys is a thermal activation
signal having a magnitude to cause transformations between the
martensite and austenite phases.
[0028] Shape memory alloys can exhibit a one-way shape memory
effect, an intrinsic two-way effect, or an extrinsic two-way shape
memory effect depending on the alloy composition and processing
history. Annealed shape memory alloys typically only exhibit the
one-way shape memory effect. Sufficient heating subsequent to
low-temperature deformation of the shape memory material will
induce the martensite to austenite type transition, and the
material will recover the original, annealed shape. Hence, one-way
shape memory effects are only observed upon heating. Active
materials comprising shape memory alloy compositions that exhibit
one-way memory effects do not automatically reform, and will likely
require an external mechanical force to reform the shape that was
previously presented.
[0029] Intrinsic and extrinsic two-way shape memory materials are
characterized by a shape transition both upon heating from the
martensite phase to the austenite phase, as well as an additional
shape transition upon cooling from the austenite phase back to the
martensite phase. Active materials that exhibit an intrinsic shape
memory effect are fabricated from a shape memory alloy composition
that will cause the active materials to automatically reform
themselves as a result of the above noted phase transformations.
Intrinsic two-way shape memory behavior must be induced in the
shape memory material through processing. Such procedures include
extreme deformation of the material while in the martensite phase,
heating-cooling under constraint or load, or surface modification,
such as laser annealing, polishing, or shot-peening. Once the
material has been trained to exhibit the two-way shape memory
effect, the shape change between the low and high temperature
states is generally reversible and persists through a high number
of thermal cycles. In contrast, active materials that exhibit the
extrinsic two-way shape memory effects are composite or
multi-component materials that combine a shape memory alloy
composition that exhibits a one-way effect with another element
that provides a restoring force to reform the original shape.
[0030] The temperature at which the shape memory alloy remembers
its high temperature form when heated can be adjusted by slight
changes in the composition of the alloy and through heat treatment.
In nickel-titanium shape memory alloys, for instance, it can be
changed from above about 100.degree. C. to below about -100.degree.
C. The shape recovery process occurs over a range of just a few
degrees and the start or finish of the transformation can be
controlled to within a degree or two depending on the desired
application and alloy composition. The mechanical properties of the
shape memory alloy vary greatly over the temperature range spanning
their transformation, typically providing the system with shape
memory effects, super-elastic effects, and high damping
capacity.
[0031] Suitable shape memory alloy materials include, without
limitation, nickel-titanium based alloys, indium-titanium based
alloys, nickel-aluminum based alloys, nickel-gallium based alloys,
copper based alloys (e.g., copper-zinc alloys, copper-aluminum
alloys, copper-gold, and copper-tin alloys), gold-cadmium based
alloys, silver-cadmium based alloys, indium-cadmium based alloys,
manganese-copper based alloys, iron-platinum based alloys,
iron-platinum based alloys, iron-palladium based alloys, and the
like. The alloys can be binary, ternary, or any higher order so
long as the alloy composition exhibits a shape memory effect, e.g.,
change in shape orientation, damping capacity, and the like.
[0032] It is appreciated that SMA's exhibit a modulus increase of
2.5 times and a dimensional change of up to 8% (depending on the
amount of pre-strain) when heated above their Martensite to
Austenite phase transition temperature. It is appreciated that
thermally induced SMA phase changes are typically one-way so that a
biasing force return mechanism (such as a spring) would be required
to return the SMA to its starting configuration once the applied
field is removed. Joule heating can be used to make the entire
system electronically controllable.
[0033] Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys (FSMA) are a sub-class of
SMA. FSMA can behave like conventional SMA materials that have a
stress or thermally induced phase transformation between martensite
and austenite. Additionally FSMA are ferromagnetic and have strong
magneto-crystalline anisotropy, which permit an external magnetic
field to influence the orientation/fraction of field aligned
martensitic variants. When the magnetic field is removed, the
material exhibits partial two-way or one-way shape memory. For
partial or one-way shape memory, an external stimulus, temperature,
magnetic field or stress may permit the material to return to its
starting state. Perfect two-way shape memory may be used for
proportional control with continuous power supplied. One-way shape
memory is most useful for latching-type applications where a
delayed return stimulus permits a latching function. External
magnetic fields are generally produced via soft-magnetic core
electromagnets in automotive applications. Electric current running
through the coil induces a magnetic field through the FSMA
material, causing a change in shape. Alternatively, a pair of
Helmholtz coils may also be used for fast response.
[0034] Exemplary ferromagnetic shape memory alloys are
nickel-manganese-gallium based alloys, iron-platinum based alloys,
iron-palladium based alloys, cobalt-nickel-aluminum based alloys,
cobalt-nickel-gallium based alloys. Like SMA these alloys can be
binary, ternary, or any higher order so long as the alloy
composition exhibits a shape memory effect, e.g., change in shape,
orientation, yield strength, flexural modulus, damping capacity,
superelasticity, and/or similar properties. Selection of a suitable
shape memory alloy composition depends, in part, on the temperature
range and the type of response in the intended application.
[0035] Electroactive polymers include those polymeric materials
that exhibit piezoelectric, pyroelectric, or electrostrictive
properties in response to electrical or mechanical fields. An
example of an electrostrictive-grafted elastomer with a
piezoelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoro-ethylene)
copolymer. This combination has the ability to produce a varied
amount of ferroelectric-electrostrictive molecular composite
systems. These may be operated as a piezoelectric sensor or even an
electrostrictive actuator.
[0036] Materials suitable for use as an electroactive polymer may
include any substantially insulating polymer or rubber (or
combination thereof) that deforms in response to an electrostatic
force or whose deformation results in a change in electric field.
Exemplary materials suitable for use as a pre-strained polymer
include silicone elastomers, acrylic elastomers, polyurethanes,
thermoplastic elastomers, copolymers comprising PVDF,
pressure-sensitive adhesives, fluoroelastomers, polymers comprising
silicone and acrylic moieties, and the like. Polymers comprising
silicone and acrylic moieties may include copolymers comprising
silicone and acrylic moieties, polymer blends comprising a silicone
elastomer and an acrylic elastomer, for example.
[0037] Materials used as an electroactive polymer may be selected
based on one or more material properties such as a high electrical
breakdown strength, a low modulus of elasticity--(for large or
small deformations), a high dielectric constant, and the like. In
one example, the polymer is selected such that it has a maximum
elastic modulus of about 100 MPa. In another example, the polymer
is selected such that it has a maximum actuation pressure between
about 0.05 MPa and about 10 MPa, and preferably between about 0.3
MPa and about 3 MPa. In another example, the polymer is selected
such that is has a dielectric constant between about 2 and about
20, and preferably between about 2.5 and about 12. The present
disclosure is not intended to be limited to these ranges. Ideally,
materials with a higher dielectric constant than the ranges given
above would be desirable if the materials had both a high
dielectric constant and a high dielectric strength. In many cases,
electroactive polymers may be fabricated and implemented as thin
films. Thickness suitable for these thin films may be below 50
micrometers.
[0038] As electroactive polymers may deflect at high strains,
electrodes attached to the polymers should also deflect without
compromising mechanical or electrical performance. Generally,
electrodes suitable for use may be of any shape and material
provided that they are able to supply a suitable voltage to, or
receive a suitable voltage from, an electroactive polymer. The
voltage may be either constant or varying over time. In one
example, the electrodes adhere to a surface of the polymer.
Electrodes adhering to the polymer are preferably compliant and
conform to the changing shape of the polymer. Correspondingly, the
present disclosure may include compliant electrodes that conform to
the shape of an electroactive polymer to which they are attached.
The electrodes may be only applied to a portion of an electroactive
polymer and define an active area according to their geometry.
Various types of electrodes suitable for use with the present
disclosure include structured electrodes comprising metal traces
and charge distribution layers, textured electrodes comprising
varying out of plane dimensions, conductive greases such as carbon
greases or silver greases, colloidal suspensions, high aspect ratio
conductive materials such as carbon fibrils and carbon nanotubes,
and mixtures of ionically conductive materials.
[0039] Materials used for electrodes of the present disclosure may
vary. Suitable materials used in an electrode may include graphite,
carbon black, colloidal suspensions, thin metals including silver
and gold, silver filled and carbon filled gels and polymers, and
ionically or electronically conductive polymers. It is understood
that certain electrode materials may work well with particular
polymers and may not work as well for others. By way of example,
carbon fibrils work well with acrylic elastomer polymers while not
as well with silicone polymers.
[0040] Suitable piezoelectric materials include, but are not
intended to be limited to, inorganic compounds, organic compounds,
and metals. With regard to organic materials, all of the polymeric
materials with non-centrosymmetric structure and large dipole
moment group(s) on the main chain or on the side-chain, or on both
chains within the molecules, can be used as suitable candidates for
the piezoelectric film. Exemplary polymers include, for example,
but are not limited to, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), poly
(poly(vinylamine) backbone azo chromophore), and their derivatives;
polyfluorocarbons, including polyvinylidenefluoride, its co-polymer
vinylidene fluoride ("VDF"), co-trifluoroethylene, and their
derivatives; polychlorocarbons, including poly(vinyl chloride),
polyvinylidene chloride, and their derivatives; polyacrylonitriles,
and their derivatives; polycarboxylic acids, including
poly(methacrylic acid), and their derivatives; polyureas, and their
derivatives; polyurethanes, and their derivatives; bio-molecules
such as poly-L-lactic acids and their derivatives, and cell
membrane proteins, as well as phosphate bio-molecules such as
phosphodilipids; polyanilines and their derivatives, and all of the
derivatives of tetramines; polyamides including aromatic polyamides
and polyimides, including Kapton and polyetherimide, and their
derivatives; all of the membrane polymers; poly(N-vinyl
pyrrolidone) (PVP) homopolymer, and its derivatives, and random
PVP-co-vinyl acetate copolymers; and all of the aromatic polymers
with dipole moment groups in the main-chain or side-chains, or in
both the main-chain and the side-chains, and mixtures thereof
[0041] Piezoelectric material can also comprise metals selected
from the group consisting of lead, antimony, manganese, tantalum,
zirconium, niobium, lanthanum, platinum, palladium, nickel,
tungsten, aluminum, strontium, titanium, barium, calcium, chromium,
silver, iron, silicon, copper, alloys comprising at least one of
the foregoing metals, and oxides comprising at least one of the
foregoing metals. Suitable metal oxides include SiO.sub.2,
Al.sub.2O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2, TiO.sub.2, SrTiO.sub.3, PbTiO.sub.3,
BaTiO.sub.3, FeO.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, ZnO, and mixtures thereof
and Group VIA and IIB compounds, such as CdSe, CdS, GaAs,
AgCaSe.sub.2, ZnSe, GaP, InP, ZnS, and mixtures thereof.
Preferably, the piezoelectric material is selected from the group
consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride, lead zirconate titanate, and
barium titanate, and mixtures thereof
[0042] Finally, it is appreciated that piezoelectric ceramics can
also be employed to produce force or deformation when an electrical
charge is applied. PZT ceramics consists of ferroelectric and
quartz material that are cut, ground, polished, and otherwise
shaped to the desired configuration and tolerance. Ferroelectric
materials include barium titanate, bismuth titanate, lead magnesium
niobate, lead metaniobate, lead nickel niobate, lead zinc titanates
(PZT), lead-lanthanum zirconate titanate (PLZT) and niobium-lead
zirconate titanate (PNZT). Electrodes are applied by sputtering or
screen printing processes, and then the block is put through a
poling process where it takes on macroscopic piezoelectric
properties. Multi-layer piezo-actuators typically require a foil
casting process that allows layer thickness down to 20 .mu.m. Here,
the electrodes are screen printed and the sheets laminated; a
compacting process increases the density of the green ceramics and
removes air trapped between the layers. Final steps include a
binder burnout, sintering (co-firing) at temperatures below 1100
.degree. C., wire lead termination, and poling.
[0043] Barium titanates and bismuth titanates are common types of
piezoelectric ceramics Modified barium-titanate compositions
combine high-voltage sensitivity with temperatures in the range of
-10.degree. C. to 60.degree. C. Barium titanate piezoelectric
ceramics are useful for hydrophones and other receiving devices.
These piezoelectric ceramics are also used in low-power projectors.
Bismuth titanates are used in high temperature applications, such
as pressure sensors and accelerometers. Bismuth titanate belongs to
the group of sillenite structure-based ceramics (Bi.sub.12MO.sub.2O
where M.dbd.Si, Ge, Ti).
[0044] Lead magnesium niobates, lead metaniobate, and lead nickel
niobate materials are used in some piezoelectric ceramics. Lead
magnesium niobate exhibits an electrostrictive or relaxor behavior
where strain varies non-linearly. These piezoelectric ceramics are
used in hydrophones, actuators, receivers, projectors, sonar
transducers, and in micro-positioning devices because they exhibit
properties not usually present in other types of piezoelectric
ceramics. Lead magnesium niobate also has negligible aging, a wide
range of operating temperatures and a low dielectric constant. Like
lead magnesium niobate, lead nickel niobate may exhibit
electrostrictive or relaxor behaviors where strain varies
non-linearly.
[0045] Piezoelectric ceramics include PZN, PLZT, and PNZT. PZN
ceramic materials are zinc-modified, lead niobate compositions that
exhibit electrostrictive or relaxor behavior when non-linear strain
occurs. The relaxor piezoelectric ceramic materials exhibit a
high-dielectric constant over a range of temperatures during the
transition from the ferroelectric phase to the paraelectric phase.
PLZT piezoelectric ceramics were developed for moderate power
applications, but can also be used in ultrasonic applications. PLZT
materials are formed by adding lanthanum ions to a PZT composition.
PNZT ceramic materials are formed by adding niobium ions to a PZT
composition. PNZT ceramic materials are applied in high-sensitivity
applications such as hydrophones, sounders and loudspeakers.
[0046] Piezoelectric ceramics include quartz, which is available in
mined-mineral form and man-made fused quartz forms. Fused quartz is
a high-purity, crystalline form of silica used in specialized
applications such as semiconductor wafer boats, furnace tubes, bell
jars or quartzware, silicon melt crucibles, high-performance
materials, and high-temperature products. Piezoelectric ceramics
such as single-crystal quartz are also available.
[0047] II. Exemplary Assemblies, Methods, and Applications
[0048] Returning to the structural configuration of the present
invention, the transmission 22 is operable to receive at least a
portion of the load 100, and may present a singular construct such
as a lever arm, or a multi-part mechanism, such as a rack and
pinion. The actuator 20 and transmission 22 are cooperatively
configured to cause the structure 18 to shift between the first and
second configurations, when the resting load 100 is present and the
actuator 20 is activated. The inventive transmission 22 modifies
the force vector presented by the load 100 to effect the targeted
motion of the structure 18 and augment the actuation force provided
by the actuator 20. For example, where the structure 18 defines a
pivot axis, the transmission 22 may be configured to convert the
linear load 100 into a useful moment about the axis (FIGS. 2, 5,
and 6). In other examples, the transmission 22 may be configured to
redirect the force vector, and/or modify the magnitude of the
vector, so as to provide mechanical advantage (FIGS. 2 and 5). The
transmission 22 may be intermediate the structure 18 and actuator
20, so as to be driven by both the load 100 and actuator 20 (FIGS.
3, and 5-7); alternatively, the transmission 22 and actuator 20 may
be separately coupled to the structure 18 (FIGS. 4a,b). Finally,
the transmission 22 may include a stored energy element 24 drivenly
coupled to the structure 18, and operable to release stored energy
when the actuator 20 is activated and the structure 18 is free to
shift, so as to augment actuator performance. That is to say, in an
example, the transmission 22 is configured to store energy
generated by the load 100 until needed (FIGS. 4 and 7).
[0049] Whereas the structure 18 or a peripheral component thereto
(e.g., latch) presents a resistance to shifting between different
configurations, the load 100 and actuator 20, in a first aspect of
the invention, may be cooperatively configured to overcome the
resistance. In a second aspect, the load 100 and actuator 20 may be
individually able to overcome the resistance, but cooperatively
configured to achieve the final stroke. That is to say, the load
100 (upon release of the structure 18 by the secondary actuator)
may be operable to drive the structure 18 to a first intermediate
configuration, so that a primary actuator 20 of lesser stroke may
be used to drive the structure 18 from the intermediate
configuration to the second configuration.
[0050] In a first example of the invention, FIGS. 1 and 2 show an
extendable seat base 14 in a normal state, wherein a first support
length, L.sub.1, is defined. At least a portion of the base 14 is
drivenly coupled to or otherwise associated with at least one
active material actuator 20, so as to be reconfigurable thereby.
Here, shifting between two different configurations causes the
support length to extend (or refract) to a second length, L.sub.2.
More particularly, the base 14 includes a moveable structure 18a
that is pivotally connected to the base frame 26, so as to define a
pivot axis. In this configuration, the preferred actuator 20 is
essentially a torque tube, and more preferably an SMA driven torque
tube, so as to facilitate the intended function of the invention.
The structure 18a presents an angled flap co-extending with the
base 14 and defining short and extended panels 18c,d (FIGS. 2 and
2a). As illustrated, the actuator 20 is configured to rotate the
extended panel 18d downward, such that the short panel 18c is
caused to swing outward and establish the second length.
[0051] To augment actuator performance in this configuration, the
extended panel 18d is configured to receive a resting load 100 upon
the seat base 14, and convert at least a portion of the load 100
into torque at the pivot axis, wherein the torque is stored as
potential energy via a locking mechanism 28 (FIG. 2). When base
extension is desired, the locking mechanism 28 is released, so that
the torque produced by the load 100 aids the actuator 20 in
pivoting the short panel 18c. That is to say, the torque tube 20 is
concentrically aligned with the pivot axis, and presents suitable
ratcheting action and resistive rotation, so that the entirety of
the axis is locked under the load 100, but allowed to rotate and
reestablish its basis when released. An internal drum (not shown)
drivenly coupled to the short panel 18c is caused to further rotate
as a result of activation, and presents an automatic return when
deactivated. The preferred extended panel 18d is flexible so as to
enable the load 100 to sink into the base 14 when base extension is
not desired, as is normally experienced. It is appreciated that
internal base supports, such as springs 30, and/or foam 32 may be
used to limit flexure experienced by the extended panel 18d (FIG.
2a). A full depth cut-out, however, enables the extended panel 18d
to swing further into the base 14 when the actuator 20, connected
thereto, is activated.
[0052] Also shown in FIG. 2 is a power adjustment assembly 10 for
augmenting actuation when adjusting the upright angle of
inclination. More particularly, a second structure 18b is
concentrically aligned with a pivot axis defined by the base 14 and
upright 16, and presents short and extended sections 18c,d similar
to structure 18a. When a resting load 100 acts upon the extended
section 18d, the second structure 18b redirects and transfers the
force vector, so as to bias the upright 16 towards a more vertical
orientation. More preferably, the structure 18b is flexible and
therefore, operable to store energy when caused to bend under the
resting load 100. It is appreciated that as the upright 16
reclines, as shown in hidden-line type in FIG. 2, energy is
increasingly stored in the structure 18b. Thus, greater
augmentation is provided where greater work is demanded upon the
actuator 20.
[0053] In this configuration, an SMA wire 20 may be interconnected
to the structure 18 and frame 26 preferably near the axis, as
shown. The SMA wire 20 is of suitable gauge, stroke, and
composition to effect the intended manipulation, as augmented by
the minimal anticipated load 100. The wire 20 is preferably
connected to the frame 26 at its ends, and medially coupled to the
structure 18b, so as to form a bow-string configuration. In this
configuration, it is appreciated that wire activation results in
amplified displacement at the vertex due to the trigonometric
relationship presented. As used herein, the term "wire" is
non-limiting, and encompasses other equivalent geometric
configurations such as bundles, loops, braids, cables, ropes,
chains, strips, etc. Moreover, the wire 20 may present a looped
configuration, wherein actuation force is doubled but displacement
is halved. The wire 20 may be oriented as illustrated, or
redirected by wrapping it around one or more pulleys, bent
structures, etc., to facilitate packaging.
[0054] In the illustrated examples, an SMA wire actuator 20 is
preferably connected to the structure 18 and frame 26 through
reinforcing structural fasteners (e.g., crimps, etc.), which
facilitate and isolate mechanical and electrical connection. For
tailored force and displacement performance, the actuator 20 may
include a plurality of active material elements 14 (e.g., SMA
wires) configured electrically or mechanically in series or
parallel, and mechanically connected in telescoping, stacked, or
staggered configurations. The electrical configuration may be
modified during operation by software timing, circuitry timing, and
external or actuation induced electrical contact. Finally, to take
up slack caused by bending the extended panel 18b, it is
appreciated that the wire 20 may be wound about a spring biased
spool 34 pivotally coupled to the frame 26. The spool 34 presents
one-way action, and is cooperatively configured with the resistance
to shifting, so as not to produce motion when not in use.
[0055] As shown in FIG. 2, the locking mechanism 28 may include a
"toothed" gear 36 fixedly coupled to the structure 18, and
concentrically aligned with the axis. A pawl 38 pivotally connected
to the frame 26 is operable to selectively engage the gear 36, so
as to prevent relative motion between the structure 18 and frame 26
in one direction. A second active material element (e.g., SMA wire)
40 is preferably connected to the pawl 38 and configured to cause
selectively disengagement with the structure 18 (FIG. 2). The
locking mechanism 28 is configured to retain the structure 18 in
the first and/or second configurations, as desired. Finally, a
return mechanism (e.g., an extension, compression, torsional
spring, or a third active material element, etc.) 42 functions
antagonistically to the disengaging element 40, so as to bias the
mechanism 28 towards the engaged position. It is preferable to
construct the locking mechanism 28 so as to provide passive
overload protection; for example, wherein the pawl 38 and/or frame
26 present break-away connection.
[0056] Thus, an exemplary mode of operation includes an initial
base configuration wherein the torque tube 20, and flexible panel
18d are undeformed, and the locking mechanism (e.g., latch) 28 is
engaged. Next, the resting load 100 is applied, so as to deform and
store energy within the panel 18d, while the tube 20 and latch 28
remain unchanged. Here, the SMA whether Austenitic or Martensitic
stores energy, so as to dampen the system 10. When the latch 28 is
released, the energy stored in the panel 18d by the resting load
100 is released and the panel 18d adapts a modified configuration.
The rotation/pivoting of the panel 18d causes the tube 20 to
deform, and then activation of the tube 20 effects the extended
position shown in hidden line type (FIG. 2). Means (e.g., dampers,
ratchets, etc.) to regulate the manipulation when the latch 28 is
released is preferably provided. Alternatively, the tube 20 may be
used to reset the assembly 10, after the load 100 drives the
extender outward. Here it is appreciated that where the latch 28 is
of a one-way type, the secondary actuator 40 need not be activated
to allow reverse rotation; however, where the latch 28 is a two-way
latch, it is appreciated that the secondary actuator 40 must be
activated.
[0057] In another example shown in FIG. 3, the base 14 includes a
flexible member 44 presenting a first raised position that defines
the first base length, and configured to be bowed by the load 100
and actuator 20 to a second lowered position, so as to define the
second base length. Here, it is appreciated that the work done by
the actuator 20 is directly augmented by the resting load 100. In
this configuration, the base 14 includes a resistively flexible
member 44 (e.g., a plastic panel, wire frame, basket or mesh, etc.)
that laterally spans the base 14. The member 44 presents a first
raised configuration that defines the first length, when a resting
load 100 is not reposed on the seat 12. The actuator 20 is drivenly
coupled to the member 44 and operable to cause the member 44 to
achieve a second position wherein a portion of the member 44 is
bowed outward, and positioned so as to be further bowed by the load
100 to a third position that defines the second length. A
mechanical overload or system shut-off is preferably provided to
prevent "hot" stretching the SMA actuator 20 where the load 100 is
removed. Again, damping is preferably provided to prevent sudden
extensions; and base supports (e.g., springs 30 or foam 32) are
preferably compressed to limit structure bending due to occupant
travel in the third position.
[0058] More particularly, the flexible member 44 is vertically and
horizontally connected to base frame 26, so as to define an "L"
shaped structure and a pivotal joint 44a. As shown in FIG. 3, a
vertically oriented SMA wire 20 may interconnect the relatively
stiffer horizontal component 44b of the member 44 to the base frame
26. In the raised position, the joint 44a is raised so as to
present a vertical component 44c of the member 44. When the
actuator 20 is activated, the joint 44a is pulled downward,
resulting in the bowing of the vertical component 44c. It is
appreciated that the resting load 100, when present, causes the
joint 44a to further lower and the vertical component 44c to
further bow, resulting in the second support length.
[0059] A second auxiliary wire 20a is preferably provided, and
interconnected from the joint 44a to an intermediate point along
the height of the vertical component 44c, so as to form a diagonal
chord, when the vertical component 44c is bowed (FIG. 3). When the
auxiliary wire 20a is activated, the vertical component 44c is
caused to further extend the second support length. Finally, a
return mechanism 46, such as a vertically oriented compression
spring (also shown in FIG. 3) may be provided to bias the member 44
towards the raised configuration; though it is appreciated that the
bowed component 44c provides some spring action.
[0060] Alternatively, the vertical component 44c may present in
inwardly bowed profile as shown in FIG. 3a. In this configuration,
the resting load 100 stores energy within the vertical component
44c further bowing it, generally fixing its upper end, and
transforming it into a bi-stable structure. As a result, actuator
demand is augmented by reducing the stroke necessary to effect full
deployment. More particularly, where the wire 20 is oriented
traversely (e.g., horizontally), it may be briefly activated, so as
to selectively effect a momentary actuation force operable to shift
the component 44c past its limit point to achieve an outwardly
bowed profile. Once past the limit point, it is appreciated that
the component 44c snaps to the deployed (shown in hidden line type)
configuration; and that retention of the outwardly bowed profile is
effected by the load 100. Once deactivated, the actuator 20 regains
the slack and/or pseudo-plasticity necessary to allow the component
44c to return to the inward profile when the load 100 is removed.
An opposite biasing mechanism or actuator (not shown) may be added
to automatically or selectively restore the inwardly bowed profile,
when the load 100 is removed.
[0061] In yet another base example, an extension assembly 10 is
shown in FIGS. 4a,b, including a fixed section 48 of the base, a
selectively released free section 50, and in enlarged caption view
a detent locking mechanism 28. Here, the actuator (e.g., bow-string
SMA wire) 20 is configured to selectively cause the free section 50
to slide outwardly, thereby extending the length of the base 14
(shown in hidden line type). A return mechanism (e.g., extension
spring) 46 is coupled to the free section 50 and works opposite the
actuator 20, so as to partially define the resistance to shifting.
The actuator 20 is augmented by a transmission 22 comprising first
and second flexible arcuate members or ribs 52 disposed within the
base 14 such that the vertex is facing up (FIGS. 4a,b). The arcuate
members 52 are configured to receive at least a portion of the load
100, which acts to flatten the members 52. By flattening the
arcuate members 52 an outward force is applied to the free section
50 when the resting load 100 is present. A simple linkage (not
shown) may also be used as the transmission instead of the arcuate
members 52 described above.
[0062] More preferably, first and second compression springs 24 are
intermediately disposed between the free section 50 and member 52.
The springs 24 store energy and enable the arcuate members 52 to
flatten under the resting load 100 when the free section 50 is not
free to translate. As shown in FIG. 4a, a detent 32 is preferably
employed to retain the free section 50 in a non-extended or stowed
configuration. The assembly 10 is configured such that both the
load 100 and actuation force are required to overcome the detent
32. A second detent (not shown) along the track is preferably
provided to engage the free section 50 in the extended position,
and configured to retain the free section 50 therein, under the
resting load 100. That is to say, the second detent retains the
free section 50 in the extended position when the actuator 20 is
deactivated, so long as the resting load 100 continues. It is
certainly within the ambit of the invention, for one or both
detents to be releasably engaged (e.g., by a second SMA actuator)
prior to translating the free section 50 or for a latch to be used
similarly, so as to retain a desired setting until manually
released. Finally, when the resting load is ceased, the return
spring 46 overcomes the second detent, and automatically returns
the base 14 to the original configuration.
[0063] In another example of the invention, a suitable transmission
22 may be used to augment the actuation of manipulable base or
upright bolsters 54 (FIGS. 1, 5, and 6). In FIG. 5, for example,
the reconfigurable structure 18 presents arcuate bolster engaging
portions 18a, an interior pivot axis, and interconnected actuator
and load engaging portions 18b. An SMA wire 20 is connected to the
structure 18 near the inner edge and to the frame 26. When
activated, the SMA wire 20 contracts causing the distal edge of the
structure 18 to rotate upward. The work performed by the wire 20 is
augmented by the resting load 100, where the engaging portion 18b
is extended towards the centerline of the base 14. Here, it is
appreciated that the load 100 and material activation cooperatively
work to achieve the final displacement of the structure 18. Again,
to enable occupant travel when the bolster 54 is not manipulated,
the engaging portion 18b is preferably flexible and limited by
internal base supports (e.g., springs 30, foam/cushion 32, etc.).
That is to say, the engaging portion 18b may be caused to bend
solely under the load 100 as far as the internal base supports
allow, thereby storing torque along the pivot axes.
[0064] When the structure 18 is released for manipulation, the
torque is converted into rotational displacement, and the actuator
20 acts to further pivot the bolsters 54. It is appreciated that
mechanical advantage may be provided according to the relative
lengths of the bolster and load engaging portions 18a, b. A slot
and pin connection 19 at the intersection of the load engaging
sections 18b enable the sections 18b to relatively swing and
achieve differing overlapping configurations as the bolsters are
manipulated. Alternatively, the slot and pin connection 19 may be
replaced by a latch preferably defining multiple intermediate
stops, so that the engaging sections 18b may be caused to lock in
an achieved configuration. Here, it is again appreciated that a
secondary actuator may be used to selectively release the latch,
such that the resting load 100 and/or primary actuator 20 are able
to manipulate the bolsters. Finally, and as shown in FIG. 5, a
torsion spring concentrically aligned with the pivot axis and
presenting a spring modulus less than the load 100 and/or actuation
force may be used to provide an automatic return.
[0065] In another bolster example, and as shown in FIG. 6, a set of
lateral bolsters 54 may be drivenly coupled by a vertical rack 56,
pinion 58, and pivotal linkage, collectively defining the
transmission 22, so as to effect simultaneous motion. A middle bar
60 is fixedly connected to and passes through the center of the
pinion 58, so as to congruently rotate therewith. First and second
exterior bars 62,64 are pivotally coupled at the ends of the middle
bar 60 and to the lateral structures 18 at congruent points above
their pivot axes. The rack 56 presents a platform 66 at its upper
end. The platform 66 concentrates and transfers the resting load
100, and engages a compression return spring 46 buttressed by the
seat frame 26 at its lower end to act as a return. At least one
shape memory wire 20 is aligned with the spring 46 and
interconnects the rack 56 and frame 26. The rack 56 is lowered, and
the pinion 58 and therefore the bolsters 54 are caused to rotate,
when the wire(s) 20 is activated and/or the resting load 100 is
applied to the platform 66. As shown in FIG. 6, the transmission 22
may be configured to effect a more pronounced bolster configuration
when the rack 56 is lowered, so as to provide more lateral support
during loading and a flatter configuration during ingress/egress.
Alternatively, it is appreciated that the pinion 58 may be
positioned on the opposite side of the rack 56 from what is shown
to effect a flatter bolster configuration proportional to the load
100, so as to provide increased comfort to larger passengers
(heavier loads) and increased lateral support to smaller passengers
(lighter loads). When the load 100 is removed and the wire 20
deactivated, the compression spring 46 drives the rack 56 and
bolsters 54 back to their original configurations. Alternatively, a
two-way actuator 20, including a second SMA wire (shown in hidden
line type in FIG. 6) may be used to drive the transmission 22 and
bolsters 54 back to their original configurations. Lastly, at least
one locking mechanism, configured to engage either the rack 56 or
pinion 58, is provided to retain the bolsters 54 in the second or
deployed position, when the wire(s) 20 is deactivated.
[0066] More preferably, the role of the compression spring 46 is to
maintain a default configuration which is deemed to be comfortable
for a user having a mass within a specified range. The spring 46
has a preload that prevents the bolsters 54 from moving for such
users. Once the mass preload corresponding to this threshold is
exceeded, and the rack 56 is free to move, the spring 46 begins to
deflect (compress) under the action of the load 100. This causes
the rack 56 to move down, which causes the gear 58 to rotate
clock-wise, which in turn, causes the bolsters 54 to rotate outward
(i.e. reduce their prominence) or inward depending upon which side
of the rack 56 the gear 58 engages. Again, damping (viscous,
frictional, etc) is preferably introduced into the assembly to
allow the motion to take place smoothly. A multi-position detent
(not shown) comprising multiple holes in a member connected to the
rack 56 and at least one biased locking pin (also not shown) is
preferably used to secure the position of the platform 66. A
(secondary) SMA actuator is activated to overcome the bias and
disengage the detent thereby allowing the rack 56 to move. If the
mass 100 is removed and the detent is disengaged, the restoring
spring 46 will restore the assembly 10 to the default
configuration. Lastly, the (primary) actuator 20 may be configured
(e.g., include two antagonistic SMA actuators) to work against the
external load 100 and/or the return spring 46 to position the
platform 66, and hence the bolsters 54.
[0067] In a final example shown in FIGS. 7a,b, the transmission 22
presents a generally horizontally oriented folding mechanism
manipulable between collapsed and extended conditions. The folding
mechanism 22 comprises a series of parallel slats 68 that are
pivotally connected to a centrally located floating rib 70 and to
the structures 18 at their distal ends. Through interconnection,
the structures 18 are caused to congruently pivot as a result of
shifting the mechanism 22. A preferred actuator 20 in this
configuration consists of SMA wires 20 coextending with and
supported by each set of pivotally connected slats 68. By
flattening each set of slats 68, the wires 20 cause the mechanism
22 to shift when activated. In this configuration, the actuator 20
is augmented by a platform 66 and column 72 orthogonally connected
to the floating rib 70 and configured to receive the load 100. That
is to say, the load 100 acting directly upon the rib 70 reduces the
actuation force necessary.
[0068] More preferably, the column 72 presents telescoping parts,
and a compression spring 24 disposed intermediate the parts. The
spring 24 is configured to store energy from the load 100, so as to
allow occupant travel again preferably limited by internal base
supports, when the bolsters 54 are not free to shift. When bolster
manipulation is desired, the spring 24 augments the actuation force
offered by the wires 20. As further shown in FIG. 7a, a second
spring 46 is preferably positioned beneath the rib 70 and
configured to act as a return mechanism. That is to say, the second
spring 46 restores the platform 66 and bolsters 54 to their
original configurations, when the load 100 is removed and/or the
SMA wires 20 are deactivated. Again, in this configuration, the
assembly 10 preferably includes a multi-position detent (not shown)
and secondary SMA actuator (also not shown) selectively operable to
release the detent, so as to provide zero-power hold.
[0069] With respect to the upright 16, it is appreciated that the
resting load 100 may be similarly used to augment the actuation
force necessary to alter the tension within the lumbar supports 74
(FIG. 1). More particularly, a resting load upon the upright 16 may
be used to augment an actuator 20 used to snap bi-stable lumbar
supports 74 from a bowed inward to a bowed rearward condition,
thereby resulting in a less rigid engaging surface that enables the
occupant to sink further into the upright 16. This enables the
shape memory wires 20 used to drive rearward modification to be
downgraded in size and/or rating accordingly. When the resting load
is ceased and/or the wires 20 are deactivated, a return mechanism
(e.g., spring steel, etc.) 46 may be used to snap the support 74
back to the original or bowed inward condition.
[0070] In operation, a signal source 76 is communicatively coupled
to the actuator 20 and operable to generate the activation signal,
so as to activate the actuator 20. For example, in an automotive
setting, the source 76 may consist of the charging system of a
vehicle, including the battery (FIG. 1), and the actuator 20 may be
interconnected thereto via bus, leads 78, or suitable short-range
wireless communication (e.g., RF, Bluetooth, infrared, etc.). A
button or otherwise input device 80 with an electrical interface to
the shape memory alloy actuator 20 is preferably used to close the
circuit between the source 76 and actuator 20, so as to provide
on-demand control of the assembly 10. It is appreciated that the
input device 80 may generate only a request for actuation that is
otherwise processed by a gate at the controller 26, which
determines whether to grant the request. For example, the gate may
determine which input device was manually activated, so as to
predict the presence of a resting load within a particular seat. In
FIG. 1, the input 80 is located on the side of the base 14.
[0071] More preferably, the inventive assembly 10 preferably
provides both on-demand (i.e., manual) and autonomous
functionality. With respect to the latter, the assembly 10
preferably includes a controller 82 communicatively coupled to the
actuator 20, and operable to selectively activate the actuator 20.
The preferred controller 82 is able to control, the timing,
duration, and extent of activation. In an example, at least one,
and more preferably a plurality of in concert sensors 84 are
communicatively coupled to the controller 82 and operable to detect
a prerequisite condition. The controller 82 and sensor 84 are
cooperatively configured to autonomously activate the actuator 20,
only when the prerequisite condition exists. For example, so as to
avoid overloading a lesser sized and/or rated actuator 20, the
controller 82 and sensor 84 may be cooperatively configured to
cause activation only when a sufficient resting load 100 is
detected in the seat 12.
[0072] It is appreciated that suitable algorithms, processing
capability, and sensor inputs are well within the skill of those in
the art in view of this disclosure. Again, it is also appreciated
that alternative configurations and active material selections are
encompassed by this disclosure. For instance, SMP may be utilized
to release stored energy, where caused to achieve its lower modulus
state.
[0073] This written description uses examples to disclose the
invention, including the best mode, and also to enable any person
skilled in the art to make and use the invention. The patentable
scope of the invention is defined by the claims, and may include
other examples that occur to those skilled in the art. Such other
examples are intended to be within the scope of the claims if they
have structural elements that do not differ from the literal
language of the claims, or if they include equivalent structural
elements with insubstantial differences from the literal languages
of the claims.
[0074] Furthermore, the terms "first," "second," and the like,
herein do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather
are used to distinguish one element from another, and the terms "a"
and "an" herein do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather
denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item. The
modifier "about" used in connection with a quantity is inclusive of
the state value and has the meaning dictated by context, (e.g.,
includes the degree of error associated with measurement of the
particular quantity). The suffix "(s)" as used herein is intended
to include both the singular and the plural of the term that it
modifies, thereby including one or more of that term (e.g., the
colorant(s) includes one or more colorants). Reference throughout
the specification to "one example", "another example", "an
example", and so forth, means that a particular element (e.g.,
feature, structure, and/or characteristic) described in connection
with the example is included in at least one example described
herein, and may or may not be present in other examples. In
addition, it is to be understood that the described elements may be
combined in any suitable manner in the various examples.
* * * * *