U.S. patent application number 14/401242 was filed with the patent office on 2015-06-18 for saponified tall oil fatty acid for use in treatment and animal feed supplements and compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is Hankkija Oy. Invention is credited to Hannele Kettunen, Juhani Vuorenmaa.
Application Number | 20150164966 14/401242 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49583198 |
Filed Date | 2015-06-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150164966 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Vuorenmaa; Juhani ; et
al. |
June 18, 2015 |
SAPONIFIED TALL OIL FATTY ACID FOR USE IN TREATMENT AND ANIMAL FEED
SUPPLEMENTS AND COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
The present invention relates to a tall oil fatty acid which is
modified by saponification for use in the prevention of growth of
harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or in the
prevention of intestinal disorders. The invention further relates
to a feed supplement and a feed composition comprising tall oil
fatty acid which is modified by saponification.
Inventors: |
Vuorenmaa; Juhani;
(Hyvinkaa, FI) ; Kettunen; Hannele; (Tervakoski,
FI) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Hankkija Oy |
Hyvinkaa |
|
FI |
|
|
Family ID: |
49583198 |
Appl. No.: |
14/401242 |
Filed: |
May 14, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
May 14, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/FI2013/050518 |
371 Date: |
November 14, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
424/195.18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 36/15 20130101;
Y02P 60/22 20151101; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A61K 9/0056 20130101;
A23K 20/158 20160501; Y02P 60/56 20151101; A61K 31/20 20130101;
A23K 50/75 20160501; A61K 31/19 20130101; A23L 33/12 20160801; A23K
50/10 20160501; A61K 36/13 20130101; A61P 31/04 20180101; A61P 1/00
20180101; A23K 50/15 20160501; A23V 2002/00 20130101; A23V 2200/32
20130101; A23V 2250/186 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 36/15 20060101
A61K036/15; A23L 1/30 20060101 A23L001/30; A23K 1/16 20060101
A23K001/16; A61K 36/13 20060101 A61K036/13 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 14, 2012 |
FI |
20125509 |
Claims
1. A tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal
digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal
disorders.
2. The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use according to claim 1, wherein it comprises 1-10% (w/w) resin
acids.
3. The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use according to claim 1, wherein it comprises 2-9% (w/w) resin
acids.
4. The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use according to claim 1, wherein it comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin
acids.
5. The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use according to claim 1, wherein it comprises 91-98% (w/w) fatty
acids.
6. The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification for
use according to claim 1, wherein it is dried.
7. A feed supplement, wherein it comprises the tall oil fatty acid
which is modified by saponification for use as defined in claim
1.
8. The feed supplement according to claim 7, wherein it is
effective in the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria and/or in
the prevention of intestinal disorders.
9. The feed supplement according to claim 7, wherein the tall oil
fatty acid which is modified by saponification comprises 1-10%
(w/w), preferably 2-9% (w/w), most preferably 5-9% (w/w) resin
acids.
10. The feed supplement according to claim 7, wherein the tall oil
fatty acid which is modified by saponification is dried.
11. The feed supplement according to claim 7, wherein the tall oil
fatty acid which is modified by saponification is absorbed into a
carrier material.
12. A feed composition comprising the feed supplement according to
claim 7.
13. A feed composition according to claim 12, wherein it comprises
a feed supplement in an amount of 0.00001-0.5% (w/w), preferably
0.0005-0.1% (w/w), most preferably 0.001-0.01% (w/w) of the dry
weight of the total amount of feed.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The invention relates to a modified tall oil fatty acid
which is modified by saponification, use thereof, and feed
supplement and feed composition comprising said modified tall oil
fatty acid.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Imbalances in microbial populations and growth of harmful
bacteria in the digestive tract of animals can cause significant
losses in animal growth and production. These imbalances manifest
themselves as intestinal disorders such as diarrhea. While
microbial infections of animals have been prevented by the use of
e.g. antibiotics and other agents that prevent the growth of
microorganisms, stricter regulations on their use are expected.
Generally, there is an increasing demand for ingredients for use in
animal feeding that can modulate the microbial population in the
animal digestive tract but which are readily available, well
tolerated and environmentally friendly.
[0003] Fractional distillation of crude tall oil, obtained as a
by-product of the Kraft process of wood pulp manufacture, produces
distilled tall oil (DTO) which typically comprises over 10% resin
acids and less than 90% fatty acids. Further refinement of
distilled tall oil produces tall oil fatty acid (TOFA), which is
available in a variety of compositions differing in the fatty acids
and resin acids content. Because TOFA is an inexpensive source of
fatty acids, it has previously been used in animal nutrition as an
energy source. For instance, GB 955316 discloses the use of alkali
metal salts of tall oil fatty acids to improve weight gain and
nitrogen retention in ruminant animals.
PURPOSE OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The purpose of the invention is to provide a new type of
modified tall oil fatty acid/feed supplement for use in the
prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive
tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
[0005] The present inventors have surprisingly found that
saponification of TOFA improves the solubility of its components
and resin acids in the digestive tract of an animal in particular
and significantly increases its effectiveness in the prevention of
growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract, in the
modulation of microbial population of the animal digestive tract
and/or in the prevention of intestinal disorders.
SUMMARY
[0006] The tall oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification
according to the present invention is characterized by what is
presented in claim 1.
[0007] The feed supplement according to the present invention is
characterized by what is presented in claim 7.
[0008] The feed composition according to the present invention is
characterized by what is presented in claim 12.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0009] FIG. 1a The turbidity change during 8 hours of Cl.
perfringens growth as a response to saponified TOFA and digested
saponified TOFA concentrations 1.
[0010] FIG. 1b Gas production during 8 hours by Cl. perfringens
growth as a response to saponified TOFA and digested saponified
TOFA concentrations.
[0011] FIG. 2a The turbidity change during 8 hours of Cl.
perfringens growth as a response to saponified TOFA and dried
saponified TOFA concentrations.
[0012] FIG. 2b Gas production during 8 hours by Cl. perfringens
growth as a response to saponified TOFA and dried saponified TOFA
concentrations.
[0013] FIG. 3a The turbidity change during 8 hours of Cl.
perfringens growth as a response to saponified TOFA and test
products at dose 1.
[0014] FIG. 3b The turbidity change during 8 hours of Cl.
perfringens growth as a response to saponified TOFA and test
products at dose 2.
[0015] FIG. 3c The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as
a response to saponified TOFA and test products at dose 1.
[0016] FIG. 3d The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. aureus as
a response to saponified TOFA and test products at dose 2.
[0017] FIG. 3e The turbidity change during 8 hours of S. suis as a
response to saponified TOFA and test products at dose 1.
[0018] FIG. 3f The turbidity change during 8 hours of C S. suis as
a response to saponified TOFA and test products at dose 2.
[0019] The present invention is based on the realization that tall
oil fatty acid which is modified by saponification can be used in
the prevention of growth of harmful bacteria in the animal
digestive tract and/or in the prevention of intestinal
disorders.
[0020] The term "tall oil fatty acid" or "TOFA" should be
understood as referring to a composition obtamed by distillation of
crude tall oil and further refinement of distilled tall oil. TOFA
or TOFA which is modified by saponification typically comprises
90-98% (w/w) fatty acids. Further, TOFA or TOFA which is modified
by saponification may comprise 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
[0021] Resin acids are known to have antimicrobial, including
antibacterial, properties. However, the present inventors have
found that resin acids of TOFA are poorly soluble in digestive
juices and tend to precipitate in the digestive tract of an animal.
Therefore their effectiveness in the digestive tract is less than
optimal.
[0022] The modification of TOFA improves the solubility of its
components and resin acids in the digestive tract of an animal.
[0023] In this context, the term "tall oil fatty acid which is
modified by saponification" or "TOFA which is modified by
saponification" should be understood as referring to TOFA that is
chemically modified so as to improve the solubility of its
components and resin acids in the digestive tract of an animal in
particular.
[0024] In one embodiment of the present invention, the tall oil
fatty acid which is modified by saponification for use according to
the present invention comprises 1-10% (w/w) of resin acids.
[0025] In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA or TOFA
which is modified by saponification comprises 2-9% (w/w) resin
acids.
[0026] In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA or TOFA
which is modified by saponification comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin
acids.
[0027] In this context, the term "resin acids" should be understood
as referring to a complex mixture of various acidic compounds
comprised by tall oil which share the same basic skeleton including
a three-fused ring. The exact composition of the resin acids
present in TOFA varies e.g. according to the species of the trees
the TOFA is obtained from and the processing conditions under which
it is manufactured.
[0028] Resin acids typically include compounds such as abietic
acid, dehydroabietic acid, levopimaric acid, neoabietic acid,
pimaric acid and isopimaric acid, only to mention a few.
[0029] In one embodiment of the present invention, TOFA or TOFA
which is modified by saponification comprises 90-98% (w/w) of fatty
acids.
[0030] Various processes for the saponification of TOFA using e.g.
NaOH or CaOH are known to a person skilled in the art.
[0031] In one embodiment of the present invention, the modified
TOFA, the TOFA soap, for use according to the present invention is
dried. The TOFA which is modified by saponification can be dried by
spray drying, drum drying or by any other known suitable drying
method.
[0032] The present invention also relates to a feed supplement
comprising the tall oil fatty acid which is modified by
saponification according to the invention.
[0033] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement is effective in the prevention of growth of harmful
bacteria and/or for prevention of intestinal disorders.
[0034] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which is modified by
saponification and which comprises 1-10% (w/w) resin acids.
[0035] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which is modified by
saponification and which comprises 2-9% (w/w) resin acids.
[0036] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises a tall oil fatty acid which is modified by
saponification and which comprises 5-9% (w/w) resin acids.
[0037] In this context, the term "feed supplement" should be
understood as referring to a composition that may be added to a
feed or used as such in the feeding of animals. The feed supplement
may comprise different active ingredients. The feed supplement may
be added in the feed in a concentration of 0.0001-5 kg//ton of dry
weight, preferably 0.005-1 kg/ton, most preferably 0.01-0.1 kg/ton
of the dry weight of the total amount of the feed. The TOFA which
is modified by saponification or the feed supplement comprising the
TOFA which is modified by saponification according to the invention
may be added to the feed or feed supplement as such, or it may in
general be further processed as desired.
[0038] Further, the TOFA which is modified by saponification or the
feed supplement comprising the TOFA which is modified by
saponification according to the invention may be added to the feed
or feed supplement, or it may be administered to an animal
separately (i.e. not as a part of any feed composition).
[0039] In this context, the term "feed composition" or "feed"
should be understood as referring to the total feed composition of
an animal diet or to a part thereof, including e.g. supplemental
feed, premixes and other feed compositions. The feed may comprise
different active ingredients.
[0040] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises TOFA which is modified by saponification and
which is absorbed into a carrier material suitable for the feed
composition such as sugarbeet pulp.
[0041] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
supplement comprises TOFA which is modified by saponification and
which is dried.
[0042] The present invention also relates to a feed composition
comprising the feed supplement according to the invention.
[0043] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
composition comprises the feed supplement in an amount of
0.00001-0.5% (w/w), preferably 0.0005-0.1% (w/w), most preferably
0.001-0.01% (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of the
feed.
[0044] In one embodiment of the present invention, the feed
composition comprises the feed supplement in the amount of
0.0005-0.1% (w/w) of the dry weight of the total amount of the
feed.
[0045] The modified tall oil fatty acid or feed supplement
according to the invention is produced by saponification. The
method comprises the steps of adding a base to an aqueous TOFA
solution and heating the mixture. The mixture is stirred during the
heating step. The mixture is heated at a temperature of
80-120.degree. C., preferably at 85-95.degree. C., for a period of
1-3 hours, preferably for 2 hours.
[0046] Any base suitable for saponification, such as an alkali
metal hydroxide, can be used as the base.
[0047] In one embodiment of the present invention, the base that is
used is a sodium or potassium hydroxide.
[0048] In one embodiment of the present invention, the method of
producing a saponified tall oil fatty acid or feed supplement
further comprises a step of drying. The dying can be carried out by
spray drying, drum drying or by by any other known drying
method.
[0049] The invention also relates to a method of preventing the
growth of harmful bacteria in the animal digestive tract and/or
preventing intestinal disorders, comprising the step of
administering to an animal the tall oil fatty acid which is
modified by saponification according to the invention.
[0050] In this context, the term "harmful bacteria" should be
understood as referring to any bacteria that is capable of
affecting the digestive tract or health of an animal in an adverse
manner, including competition for nutrients with the host animal.
(In this context, the term "microbial population" should be
understood as referring to the microorganisms that inhabit the
digestive tract, including the Bacteria and Archaea domains and
microscopic members of the Eukaryote domain and also intestinal
parasites. The microbial population will vary for different animal
species depending on e.g. the health of an animal and on
environmental factors.
[0051] In this context, the term "intestinal disorder" should be
understood as referring to various disorders of the digestive tract
in an animal, including e.g. diarrhea and other intestinal health
problems.
[0052] In this context, the term "animal" should be understood as
referring to all kinds of different animals, such as monogastric
animals, ruminants, fur animals, pets and aquaculture. Non-limiting
examples of different animals, including offspring, are cows, beef
cattle, pigs, poultry, sheep, goats, horses, foxes, dogs, cats and
fish.
[0053] In one embodiment of the present invention, the TOFA which
is modified by saponification is administered to an animal in an
effective amount. In a further embodiment, the TOFA which is
modified by saponification is administered in a therapeutically
effective amount.
[0054] The present invention has a number of advantages. TOFA is a
readily available, natural, low-cost and environmentally friendly
material. Further, it is non-toxic and well tolerated.
Subsequently, other benefits of the invention are e.g. improved
animal health and productivity, higher product quality, uniformity,
food and product safety. The invention also allows the production
of feed compositions and supplements at low cost.
[0055] The embodiments of the invention described hereinbefore may
be used in any combination with each other. Several of the
embodiments may be combined together to form a further embodiment
of the invention.
[0056] A product, a method or a use, to which the invention is
related, may comprise at least one of the embodiments of the
invention described hereinbefore.
EXAMPLES
[0057] In the following, the present invention will be described in
more detail.
Example 1
Pathogen Inhibition Test
[0058] Clostridium perfringens is a pathogenic bacterium that
causes necrotic enteritis in broiler chicks and other species of
poultry. This experiment was conducted to study the inhibition of
Cl. perfringens by saponified TOFA with 5% resin acids.
[0059] The saponified TOFA was manufactured by adding 140 mg of
NaOH (sodium hydroxide) to 1 gram of TOFA, adding enough water to
adjust the total dry matter (TOFA) percentage of the mixture to
18-20%, heating the mixture to +90.degree. C., keeping the
temperature at +90.degree. C. for 120 minutes, during which time
the mixture was gently stirred at 15 min intervals.
[0060] The efficiency of untreated and digested test compounds was
tested in a Cl. perfringens growth inhibition test that measures
both the turbidity of the clostridial culture medium as a result of
increased number of bacterial cells in a unit volume of medium, and
the cumulative gas production during the simulation.
[0061] Preparations of TOFA with 5% resin acids were produced:
[0062] 1. Saponified TOFA with 15% dry matter content
[0063] 2. Saponified and digested TOFA
[0064] Gastrointestinal Digestion of the Saponified TOFA:
[0065] Part of the saponified TOFA was digested by a pepsin-HCl
treatment (pH 2.5) at +37.degree. C. for 3 hours, followed by
neutralization of the digesta with NaOH (pH 6.5) and the treatment
with bile acids and pancreatin for additional 3 hours at
+37.degree. C. This digestion mimics the gastric and
small-intestinal digestion of monogastric animals. The digestion
was made to evaluate whether the products would resist the
conditions of the upper gastrointestinal tract before they enter
the distal intestine with higher microbial activity.
[0066] The efficiency of TOFA against the growth of Cl. perfringens
was tested at five concentrations of the dry matter of TOFA: 0%,
0.05%, 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001% and, 0.0005%. Each
treatment-concentration combination was replicated three times.
[0067] Simulation Procedure:
[0068] The simulation was conducted in 25-ml glass bottles
containing 15 ml of sterile anaerobic TSGY-media (tryptic soy broth
--yeast extract media with glucose) and the bottles were enclosed
with air-tight stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions throughout
the experiment. At the beginning of the simulation 0.1% inoculums
of the overnight grown Cl. perfringens culture was injected to
TSGY-bottles. Test compounds, or sterile deionized water for the
control treatment, were added in a 150 .mu.l final volume from the
respective stock solution according to the treatment. The
simulation bottles were randomized to avoid artificial bias between
treatments. The bottles were kept at an even 37.degree. C.
temperature and mixed 1 min before the turbidity measurement at
each time point. The total simulation time was 8 h.
[0069] The optical density was measured at the time points of 0.5,
3, 6 and 8 hours. The turbidity (optical density, OD) of growth
media increases proportionally as the Cl. perfringens cell number
and cell density increases.
[0070] The total gas production was measured at the end of the 8 h
simulation as an indicator of growth efficiency, since Cl.
perfringens produces gas due to the active metabolism during
exponential growth.
[0071] The student's t-test was used to compare the control
treatment without TOFA against the saponified TOFA and digested
saponified TOFA, and the two TOFA treatments against each
other.
[0072] Results
[0073] The results are illustrated in FIGS. 1a and 1b. The TOFA
treatments very effectively and statistically significantly
(p<0.05) inhibited the growth of Cl. perfringens down to the
concentration of 0.0005%, which was detected as the lack of
turbidity change (FIG. 1a) and the production of negligible amounts
of gas (FIG. 1b). The concentration 0.05% of TOFA, which is not
shown in the figures, totally prevented the growth of Cl.
perfringens.
[0074] The results show that saponified TOFA resists
gastrointestinal digestion and maintains its efficacy against the
growth of Cl. perfringens. This result shows that the saponified
TOFA prevents or alleviates the onset of necrotic enteritis if
given to broiler chicks or other species of poultry in the
feed.
[0075] The experiment shows that the saponified TOFA is very
effective against the growth of Cl. perfringens, and that most of
its activity can resist gastrointestinal digestion.
Example 2
Pathogen Inhibition Test
[0076] This experiment was conducted to study the inhibition of Cl.
perfringens by saponified TOFA with 7% resin acids. The
saponification of the TOFA was conducted as described in Example 1.
The efficiency of liquid and spray-dried TOFA soap was tested in a
Cl. perfringens growth inhibition test that measures both the
turbidity of clostridial culture medium as a result of an increased
number of bacterial cells in a unit volume of the medium, and the
cumulative gas production during the simulation.
[0077] Preparations of TOFA with 7% resin acids:
[0078] 1. Liquid TOFA with a 20.4% dry matter content
[0079] 2. Spray dried saponified TOFA
[0080] The spray-dried saponified TOFA was tested in the present
trial in order to study the resistance of the product to drying and
to detect any possible loss of efficacy due to the spray
drying.
[0081] The efficiency of TOFA against the growth of Cl. perfringens
was tested at eight concentrations of the dry matter of TOFA: 0%
(Control), 0.01%, 0.005%, 0.001% 0.0005%, 0.0001%, 0.00005% and
0.00001%. Each treatment-concentration combination was replicated
three times.
[0082] The simulation procedure and optical density and gas
production measurements were conducted similarly as in Example
1.
[0083] The student's t-test was used to compare the control
treatment without TOFA against the saponified TOFA and spray-dried
saponified TOFA, and the two TOFA treatments against each other.
The student's t-test p-values correspond to:
.about.p<0.1;*p<0.05; **p<0.01: ***p<0.001;
****p<0.0001.
[0084] Results
[0085] The results are illustrated in FIGS. 2a and 2b. The TOFA
treatments very effectively and statistically significantly
(p<0.01) inhibited the growth of Cl. perfringens down to the
concentration of 0.0001%, which was detected as the lack of
turbidity change (FIG. 2a) and the production of negligible amounts
of gas (FIG. 2b). The products at the concentrations of 0.00005%
and 0.00001% had some inhibitory effect on the production of gas,
indicating an anti-clostridial effect even at these low
concentrations.
[0086] The results show that spray dried TOFA is as efficient
against the growth of Cl. perfringens as liquid TOFA. Thus, the
efficacy of the product is not impaired by spray drying. This
result also shows that the saponified TOFA prevents or alleviates
the onset of necrotic enteritis, if given to broiler chicks or
other species of poultry in the feed.
[0087] This experiment suggests that the saponified TOFA is very
effective against the growth of Cl. perfringens, as a liquid or
spray dried product.
Example 3
[0088] Pathogen Inhibition Test
[0089] This experiment was conducted to compare the efficacy of
saponified TOFA with 8.5% resin acids and competing products for
their ability to inhibit the growth of pure cultures of three
Gram-positive pathogens: Clostridium perfringens, Staphylococcus
aureus and Streptococcus suis in vitro. The competing products were
commercial natural plant extracts and a medium-chain fatty acid
product. Plant extracts A-C are merchandised to have inhibitory
effects against Gram+ pathogenic bacteria and they can be used e.g.
in management of coccidiosis risk. The saponification of the TOFA
was conducted as described in Example 1. Before the simulation, the
bacteria were grown overnight as pure cultures in their specific
growth medium. The bacterial cultures were used as inoculant in the
experiment
[0090] Products and product doses are presented in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00001 Dose 1 Dose 2 Product (kg/ton of feed) (kg/ton of
feed) Saponified TOFA 8.5% resin acids 0.25 0.50 Plant (Oregano)
extract A 0.25 0.50 Plant extract B 0.25 0.50 Plant extract C 0.50
1.00 Medium chain fatty acid product 0.25 0.50 (MCFA)
[0091] The test products were first weighed into the glass bottles.
15 ml of bacterial growth medium was added. Bottles for Cl.
perfringens and S. aureus were prepared in anaerobic glove box,
while the bottles for S. suis and B. cereus were prepared in
aerobic environment. Next, the bottles were enclosed with air-tight
stoppers to ensure anaerobic conditions throughout the experiment
for Cl. perfringens and S. aureus. A needle was pushed through the
stoppers of the two aerobic bacteria to ensure oxygen supply for
the culture. 150 ml of bacterial culture was added into each bottle
to act as an inoculum (1% of the volume). The simulation time was
calculated starting from the time of inoculating each vessel.
During the simulation, the bottles were kept at 37.degree. C.
temperature in a constant, slow shaking for eight hours. Optical
density was measured at the time points of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours.
The turbidity (optical density, OD) of growth media increases
proportionally as bacterial cell density increases.
[0092] Each product was tested at two concentrations and three
replicates per concentration. Dose 2 was the recommended dose of
the commercial products. Each product concentration had also a
control vessel into which microbes were not included (one
replicate/product/dose). These treatments controlled for any
potential increase in the cloudiness that the test products may
have induced into the growth medium during the simulation time. The
total number of simulation vessels was 123 per bacterial
species.
[0093] Results
[0094] The results are illustrated in FIGS. 3a to 3f. The
saponified TOFA of the invention totally inhibited the growth of
Cl. perfringens at both product levels at the 8-hour time point
(FIGS. 3a and 3b).
[0095] S. aureus was not able to grow at all in the presence of
saponified TOFA at the studied concentrations, while the other
products showed no inhibition at dose 1 (FIG. 3c). Two of the other
products showed partial inhibition at product dose 2 (FIG. 3d).
[0096] Saponified TOFA fully prevented the growth of Streptococcus
suis during the 8-hour simulation at both product doses (FIGS. 3e
and 3f). At dose 2, MCFA product efficiently inhibited the growth
of S. suis at the 8-hour time point (FIG. 3f).
[0097] The experiment shows that the saponified TOFA is much more
effective against the growth of Cl. perfringens, Staphylococcus
aureus and Streptococcus suis as the commercial plant extracts A-C
and MCFA claiming inhibitory effects against Gram+ pathogenic
bacteria.
[0098] It is obvious to a person skilled in the art that, with the
advancement of technology, the basic idea of the invention may be
implemented in various ways. The invention and its embodiments are
thus not limited to the examples described above; instead they may
vary within the scope of the claims.
* * * * *