U.S. patent application number 14/622745 was filed with the patent office on 2015-06-11 for solar cell, module, array, network, and power grid.
The applicant listed for this patent is Robert M. Lyden. Invention is credited to Robert M. Lyden.
Application Number | 20150162869 14/622745 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 46635967 |
Filed Date | 2015-06-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150162869 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Lyden; Robert M. |
June 11, 2015 |
SOLAR CELL, MODULE, ARRAY, NETWORK, AND POWER GRID
Abstract
The present invention teaches a solar cell, a solar module, a
solar array, a network of solar arrays, and also a solar power grid
suitable for providing power for industrial, residential and
transportation use. A solar cell or solar module including a
plurality of solar cells can be made in a structure configured to
have the appearance of natural foliage. Accordingly, a solar array
including a plurality of solar modules each including at least one
solar cell can be made to resemble a palm tree, a deciduous tree,
an evergreen tree, or other type of natural foliage. A network of
solar arrays can be made to resemble a row or grove of palm trees,
and thus meet the functional and aesthetic demands of landscape
architecture. The network of solar arrays can extend for many miles
alongside roads, highways, railways, pipelines, or canals, and can
further include means for storing and transmitting electric power.
In particular, a network of solar arrays can be in communication
with recharging stations for use by electric and hybrid
transportation vehicles. Accordingly, a network of solar arrays can
form at least a portion of a solar power grid.
Inventors: |
Lyden; Robert M.; (Aloha,
OR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Lyden; Robert M. |
Aloha |
OR |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
46635967 |
Appl. No.: |
14/622745 |
Filed: |
February 13, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13027207 |
Feb 14, 2011 |
8957301 |
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14622745 |
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10652474 |
Aug 29, 2003 |
7888584 |
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13027207 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
320/101 ;
136/251; 136/256; 136/259 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02T 90/12 20130101;
H01L 31/02008 20130101; F24S 25/10 20180501; H01L 31/042 20130101;
Y02E 60/10 20130101; H02S 30/00 20130101; Y02P 80/20 20151101; Y02T
90/14 20130101; Y02T 90/16 20130101; H01L 31/02 20130101; H02S
40/36 20141201; Y02T 10/7072 20130101; H02J 7/35 20130101; B60L
53/305 20190201; B60L 53/31 20190201; Y02T 10/70 20130101; B60L
53/53 20190201; H01L 31/05 20130101; B60L 2200/26 20130101; Y02E
10/50 20130101; B60L 53/14 20190201; Y04S 30/14 20130101; H02S
20/00 20130101; H01M 10/465 20130101; B60L 53/665 20190201; H02S
20/10 20141201; B60L 53/51 20190201; B60L 2200/12 20130101; Y02T
90/167 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01L 31/042 20060101
H01L031/042; H02J 7/35 20060101 H02J007/35; H01L 31/0236 20060101
H01L031/0236 |
Claims
1. A solar module comprising: a substrate having a shape resembling
a palm frond, comprising a stem portion and a blade portion; and at
least one solar cell coupled with an upper surface of said blade
portion, said at least one solar cell being shaped to have
peripheral edges following the shape of the peripheral edges of
said blade portion.
2. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell comprises a plurality of solar cells collectively being shaped
to have peripheral edges following said peripheral edges of said
blade portion.
3. The solar module of claim 2, wherein each of said plurality of
solar cells are separated by spaces resembling leaf veins.
4. The solar module of claim 3, wherein said plurality of solar
cells comprises a plurality of central solar cells proximate to a
midline of said blade portion and a plurality of edge solar cells
proximate to said peripheral edges of said blade portion.
5. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell is at least partially spaced away from said peripheral edges
of said blade portion.
6. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell is textured with a plurality of peaks and valleys.
7. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell comprises photovoltaic film.
8. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell comprises a coating.
9. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell comprises paint.
10. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said at least one solar
cell comprises at least one nano structure.
11. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said blade portion
comprises a central section extending along a midline of said blade
portion and a plurality of blades extending outward from said
central section.
12. The solar module of claim 1, wherein said blade portion is
serrated.
13. The solar module of claim 1, further comprising at least one
secondary solar cell coupled with a lower surface of said blade
portion.
14. The solar module of claim 1, further comprising a capacitor
configured to store energy output by said at least one solar
cell.
15. The solar module of claim 14, wherein said capacitor is a layer
positioned beneath said at least one solar cell.
16. The solar module of claim 15, wherein said capacitor comprises
paint and/or a coating.
17. The solar module of claim 15, wherein said capacitor comprises
vapor and/or power deposited material.
18. The solar module of claim 15, wherein said capacitor is a layer
positioned between said at least one solar cell and at least one
secondary solar cell coupled with a lower surface of said blade
portion.
19. A solar module comprising: a substrate having a shape
resembling a leaf of a deciduous tree, comprising a stem portion
and a blade portion; and at least one solar cell coupled with an
upper surface of said blade portion, said at least one solar cell
being shaped to have peripheral edges following the shape of the
peripheral edges of said blade portion.
20. A solar module comprising: a substrate having a shape
resembling a branch of an evergreen tree, comprising a central
portion extending substantially along a midline of said branch, a
plurality of stem portions extending outward from said central
portion, and a plurality of needle portions extending outward from
each of said plurality of stem portions; and at least one solar
cell coupled with an upper surface of said substrate, said at least
one solar cell being shaped to have peripheral edges following the
shape of the peripheral edges of said substrate.
Description
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to a solar cell, a solar
module, a solar array, a network of solar arrays, and a solar power
grid for generating electric power for industrial, residential, and
transportation use.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The world's present population is over six billion, and it
is projected that by the year 2020 it will grow to over nine
billion persons. Worldwide power consumption in 1997 was
approximately 380 quadrillion British thermal units (Btu), and in
response to the projected growth in population and industry the
demand for power is expected to grow to about 608 quadrillion Btu
by the year 2020. Likewise, worldwide consumption of oil is
presently over 75 million barrels per day, and demand is expected
to grow to about 120 million barrel per day by the year 2020. The
world's oil reserves are estimated to be approximately 1,027
billion barrels. Fossil fuels such as coal, gas, and oil are
non-renewable resources, and the burning of these fuels results in
pollution of the earth's atmosphere, land, and water. Further, the
burning of various fossil fuels contributes to global warming and
dramatic changes in climate, thus mankind is presently faced with
an environmental catastrophe. Various alternate means of producing
power such as hydrogen cells are presently being developed for use.
However, even the burning of a non-fossil fuel such as hydrogen can
possibly contribute to the problem of global warming. The United
States and other industrialized nations of the world are still
largely dependent upon internal combustion engines for
transportation which consume gasoline or diesel fuel. Accordingly,
the demand for a renewable and environmentally friendly source of
power is one of the foremost needs and problems facing mankind.
[0003] Moreover, the creation of power generating facilities have
sometimes compromised aesthetics and had other adverse
environmental impacts. Dams have sometimes restricted the
navigation of waterways and adversely effected fish populations
such as salmon in the Pacific Northwest region of the United
States. Nuclear power stations have been associated with radiation
leaks, pollution, and the production of hazardous radioactive
waste, whereas coal, oil and gas burning power stations are
associated with more conventional forms of pollution. The
installation of poles and overhead transmission lines alongside
roads can constitute a hazard for motorists and compromise
aesthetics. Substantially all of the energy required for the
creation and maintenance of life on the earth was originally
provided by the sun. Solar energy is renewable and environmentally
friendly. Faced with population, energy, and pollution crises,
mankind can take a lesson from nature. The evolution of trees and
other natural foliage on earth has been such as to maximize their
ability to collect sunlight and perform photosynthesis. The present
invention is directed towards providing renewable solar energy
using solar arrays which resemble and emulate some of the light
gathering abilities of natural foliage. In the words of Thomas
Aquinas, "Grace does not abolish nature but perfects it."
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The present invention teaches a solar cell, a solar module,
a solar array, a network of solar arrays, and also a solar power
grid suitable for providing power for industrial, residential and
transportation use. A solar cell or solar module including a
plurality of solar cells can comprise a structure configured to
have the appearance of natural foliage. Accordingly, a solar array
including a plurality of solar modules each including at least one
solar cell can be made to resemble a palm tree, a deciduous tree,
an evergreen tree, or other type of natural foliage. A network of
solar arrays can be made to resemble a row or grove of palm trees,
and thus meet the functional and aesthetic demands of landscape
architecture. A network of solar arrays can extend for many miles
alongside roads, highways, railways, pipelines, or canals. A
network of solar arrays can comprise means for storing electric
power. A network of solar arrays can comprise means for
transmitting electric power. A network of solar arrays can comprise
recharging stations for use by electric and hybrid transportation
vehicles. A network of solar arrays can comprise at least a portion
of a solar power grid.
[0005] The present invention teaches a solar cell comprising a
structure configured to resemble natural foliage. The solar cell
can comprise a structure configured to resemble a leaf.
Alternatively, the solar cell can comprise a structure configured
to resemble a branch including at least one leaf. Moreover, a solar
cell can comprise a structure figured to resemble a leaf comprising
a palm frond. A solar cell comprising a structure configured to
resemble natural foliage can further include integral energy
storage means such as a battery, or a capacitor. A solar cell
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
further include one or more other electronic devices such as a
transistor, diode, or chip.
[0006] The present invention teaches a solar module including a
plurality of solar cells comprising a structure configured to
resemble natural foliage. The solar module including a plurality of
solar cells comprising a structure configured to resemble natural
foliage can comprise a leaf. Further, the solar module including a
plurality of solar cells comprising a structure configured to
resemble natural foliage can comprise a branch including at least
one leaf. The solar module including a plurality of solar cells
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
comprise a leaf comprising a palm frond.
[0007] The present invention teaches a solar array comprising a
structure configured to resemble natural foliage. The solar array
can comprise a structure configured to resemble a plant such as a
fern, a bush, grass, or other plant variety or species. In
particular, a preferred solar array comprises a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage comprising a tree, such as a
palm tree, a deciduous tree, or an evergreen tree. The solar array
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
comprise a plurality of solar modules each including at least one
solar cell. The solar array comprising a structure configured to
resemble natural foliage can further comprise electrical energy
storage means such as a battery or capacitor. The solar array
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
further comprise an inverter for changing DC current to AC current.
The solar array comprising a structure configured to resemble
natural foliage can further comprise means for transmitting
electric power. The solar array comprising a structure configured
to resemble natural foliage can further comprise means for
recharging electric appliances. The solar array comprising a
structure configured to resemble natural foliage can further
comprise means for recharging a transportation vehicle.
[0008] The present invention teaches a network of solar arrays each
including a plurality of solar modules comprising a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage. A network of solar arrays
each including a plurality of solar modules comprising a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage can extend substantially
alongside at least one road. Accordingly, a network of solar arrays
each including a plurality of solar modules comprising a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage can extend alongside a
plurality of roads and highways. Alternatively, or in addition, the
network of solar arrays each including a plurality of solar modules
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
extend substantially alongside canals. Alternatively, or in
addition, the network of solar arrays each including a plurality of
solar modules comprising a structure configured to resemble natural
foliage can extend substantially alongside a railway.
Alternatively, or in addition, a network of solar arrays each
including a plurality of solar modules comprising a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage can comprise a portion of
the landscape architecture about a building. For example, the
network of solar arrays each including a plurality of solar modules
comprising a structure configured to resemble natural foliage can
comprise a portion of the landscape architecture about a
residential home. A network of solar arrays each including a
plurality of solar modules comprising a structure configured to
resemble natural foliage can be in communication with at least one
recharging station for transportation vehicles.
[0009] The present invention teaches a network of solar arrays each
including a plurality of solar modules comprising a structure
configured to resemble natural foliage which can comprise at least
a portion of a solar power grid. The solar power grid can include
means for storing electric power such as a battery or capacitor.
The solar power grid can further include a transformer for changing
the voltage of current. A transformer can comprise a step-up
transformer for increasing the voltage of current, or alternatively
can comprise a step-down transformer for decreasing the voltage of
current. The solar power grid can further include an inverter for
changing DC current to AC current, and also a converter for
changing AC current to DC current. The solar power grid can further
include means for transmitting electric power such as transmission
lines. A network of solar arrays each including a plurality of
solar modules comprising a structure configured to resemble natural
foliage can comprise at least a portion of a solar power grid which
can further include at least one recharging station for
transportation vehicles.
[0010] Moreover, the present invention teaches a network of solar
arrays extending substantially alongside at least one road, said
network being in communication with at least one recharging station
for providing electric power for transportation vehicles.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0011] FIG. 1 is a perspective side view of an artificial palm tree
that consists of a solar array.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a top plan view of an artificial palm frond that
consists of a solar module including at least one solar cell for
use with an artificial palm tree that consists of a solar
array.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a top plan view an alternate artificial palm frond
that consists of a solar module including a plurality of solar
cells for use with an artificial palm tree that consists of a solar
array.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a top plan view an alternate artificial palm frond
including a plurality of blades that consists of a solar module
including a plurality of solar cells for use with an artificial
palm tree that consists of a solar array.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate solar
module including a solar cell having a textured surface including a
plurality of peaks and valleys.
[0016] FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate solar
module including a solar cell including an integral capacitor.
[0017] FIG. 7 is a top plan view of one layer of artificial palm
fronds, each artificial palm frond consisting of a solar module
including at least one solar cell for use with an artificial palm
tree that consists of a solar array.
[0018] FIG. 8 is a top plan view of two staggered layers of
artificial palm fronds, each artificial palm frond consisting of a
solar module including at least one solar cell for use with an
artificial palm tree that consists of a solar array.
[0019] FIG. 9 is a perspective side view of an artificial palm tree
that consists of a solar array showing one possible orientation of
five layers of artificial palm fronds, each artificial palm frond
consisting of a solar module including at least one solar cell.
[0020] FIG. 10 is a side cross-sectional view of a top portion of a
trunk of an artificial palm tree that consists of a solar array
including provision for four layers, and also a cap portion showing
both internal and external components.
[0021] FIG. 11 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion of an artificial palm tree including provision for two
layers showing both internal and external components.
[0022] FIG. 12 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion of an artificial palm tree including provision for one
layer showing both internal and external components.
[0023] FIG. 13 is a side view with parts broken away of an
alternate middle portion of a trunk of an artificial palm tree
including at least two sections which can be removably secured
together to substantially determine the overall height of an
artificial palm tree.
[0024] FIG. 14 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion and cap portion of a trunk of an artificial palm tree for
accommodating a transformer.
[0025] FIG. 15 is a side cross-sectional view of a bottom portion
of a trunk and also a footing of an artificial palm tree that
consists of a solar array.
[0026] FIG. 16 is a side cross-sectional view of a bottom portion
of a trunk of an artificial palm tree generally similar to that
shown in FIG. 15, but including additional electrical devices
within the interior compartment.
[0027] FIG. 17 is a top perspective view of an alternate access
door to the interior compartment of the bottom portion of the trunk
of an artificial palm tree.
[0028] FIG. 18 is a side perspective view of a solar electric power
control panel for possible residential use.
[0029] FIG. 19 is a perspective view of one side of a street and
sidewalk including a row of artificial palm trees that consist of
solar arrays.
[0030] FIG. 20 is a perspective view of two rows of artificial palm
trees that consist of solar arrays positioned on opposite sides of
a street.
[0031] FIG. 21 is a top plan view of a section of interstate
highway showing a plurality of artificial palm trees that consist
of solar arrays.
[0032] FIG. 22 is a side perspective view of an electric or hybrid
automobile parked at an electric recharging station by the side of
a road.
[0033] FIG. 23 is a top view of an artificial oak leaf for use with
an artificial deciduous oak tree that consists of a solar
array.
[0034] FIG. 24 is a top view of an artificial maple leaf for use
with an artificial deciduous maple tree that consists of a solar
array.
[0035] FIG. 25 is a side perspective view of an artificial
deciduous maple tree that consists of a solar array.
[0036] FIG. 26 is a top view of a portion of an artificial
evergreen tree branch and leaf for use with an artificial evergreen
tree that consists of a solar array.
[0037] FIG. 27 is a side perspective view of an artificial
evergreen tree that consists of a solar array.
[0038] FIG. 28 is a top view of an artificial fern leaf for making
an artificial fern plant consisting of a solar array.
[0039] FIG. 29 is a side perspective view of an artificial palm
tree that consists of a solar array including a plurality of
artificial palm fronds that consist of solar modules.
[0040] FIG. 30 is a flow diagram showing a solar array in
communication with a grid-tie DC to AC inverter that is in
communication with low voltage AC power transmission lines
associated with an AC power grid.
[0041] FIG. 31 is a flow diagram showing a solar array in
communication with low voltage DC power transmission lines
associated with a DC solar power grid.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0042] The present invention teaches a solar cell, a solar module,
a solar array, a network of solar arrays, and also a solar power
grid suitable for providing power for industrial, residential and
transportation use. A solar cell or solar module including a
plurality of solar cells can be made in a structure configured to
have the appearance of natural foliage. Accordingly, a solar array
including a plurality of solar modules each including at least one
solar cell can be made to resemble a palm tree, a deciduous tree,
an evergreen tree, or other type of natural foliage. A network of
solar arrays can be made to resemble a row or grove of palm trees,
and thus meet the functional and aesthetic demands of landscape
architecture. In the present application, the word road shall be
understood to mean any path, road, street, or highway for
transportation, and the word railway shall be understood to mean
any mode or means of transportation guided by at least one rail. A
network of solar arrays can extend for many miles alongside roads,
highways, railways, pipelines, or canals, and can further include
means for storing and transmitting electric power. A network of
solar arrays can thereby provide power for residential, industrial,
and transportation use. In particular, a network of solar arrays
can be in communication with at least one recharging station for
use by electric and hybrid transportation vehicles. Accordingly, a
network of solar arrays can form at least a portion of a solar
power grid.
[0043] Photovoltaic solar cells having a monocrystalline,
polycrystalline, or amorphous structure, and an efficiency in the
range between 1-35 percent have been in use for some time, and the
associated cost of electricity using this technology has been in
the range between 20-30 cents per kilowatt-hour, as compared with
9-10 cents for hydroelectric generated power. However, the
efficiency of photovoltaic solar cells continues to improve, and
their costs continue to decline such that they are expected to be
as cost-effective as other forms of power within the next
decade.
[0044] The following U.S. Patents are directed to photovoltaic
roofing or shading applications: U.S. Pat. No. 4,636,579, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,385,848, U.S. Pat. No. 5,433,259, U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,407,
U.S. Pat. No. 5,482,569, U.S. 2002/0129849, and U.S. 2002/0134422,
all of these patents and patent applications hereby being
incorporated by reference herein. Further, the following U.S.
Patents are directed to photovoltaic lights or signs: U.S. Pat. No.
4,200,904, U.S. Pat. No. 4,224,082, U.S. Pat. No. 4,281,369, U.S.
Pat. No. 4,718,185, U.S. Pat. No. 4,841,416, U.S. Pat. No.
4,989,124, U.S. Pat. No. 5,149,188, U.S. Pat. No. 5,564,816, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,060,658, U.S. Pat. No. 6,455,767, U.S. Pat. No.
D353,014, all of these patents hereby being incorporated by
reference herein.
[0045] Solar cells have often been made in panels which comprise a
relatively rigid material such as crystalline silicon or
crystalline gallium arsenide. However, photovoltaic solar cells can
also be made in the form of flexible plastic thin film, such as
Powerfilm.RTM. made by Iowa Thin Film Technologies, Inc., which
holds both U.S. Pat. No. 6,300,158, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,848,
these patents hereby being incorporated by reference herein. Solar
cells have also been made in the form of textiles and fabrics, or
alternatively, they can be affixed to textile and fabric materials
as taught in U.S. Pat. No. 4,768,738, U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,407, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,237,521, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,224,016, all of these
patents hereby being incorporated by reference herein. The
following U.S. patents and patent applications relate to solar
cells, and in particular, many specifically relate to making thin
film solar cells: U.S. Pat. No. 4,609,770, U.S. Pat. No. 4,670,293,
U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,874, U.S. Pat. No. 5,584,940, U.S. Pat. No.
5,674,325, U.S. Pat. No. 5,863,354, U.S. Pat. No. 6,160,215, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,168,968, U.S. Pat. No. 6,211,043, U.S. Pat. No.
6,224,016, U.S. Pat. No. 6,271,053, U.S. Pat. No. 6,294,722, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,310,281, U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,994, U.S. Pat. No.
6,380,477, U.S. Pat. No. 6,437,231, U.S. Pat. No. 6,543,725, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,552,405, U.S. 2001/0020485, U.S. 2002/0000242, U.S.
2002/0092558, U.S. 2002/0139411, and U.S. 2002/0153037, U.S.
2002/0182769, U.S. 2003/0029493, U.S. 2003/0041894, U.S.
2003/0113481, U.S. 2003/0127127, U.S. 2003/0127128, all of these
patents and patent applications hereby being incorporated by
reference herein. Some of the advances and reduction in the cost of
photovoltaic solar cells is expected to derive from the ability to
make extremely thin film solar cells.
[0046] Alternately, photovoltaic solar cells can also be made by
painting or otherwise coating the surfaces of a desired substrate.
Other electronic devices such as capacitors, resistors, transistors
can also be made in this manner, and these can be included and used
in combination with a solar cell. For example, see U.S. Pat. No.
6,099,637, U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,378, U.S. Pat. No. 6,480,366, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,576,290, U.S. 2002/0157702, U.S. 2002/0158584, and U.S.
2003/0141417, by James E. Cordaro, and also U.S. Pat. No. 4,414,252
to Curtis M. Lampkin, all of these patents and patent applications
hereby being incorporated by reference herein. Further, A. Paul
Alivisatos, a professor of chemistry at University of California,
Berkeley and others at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory are
developing solar cells consisting of nanorods dispersed in an
organic polymer or plastic which can be painted onto a surface.
These researchers anticipate making solar cells which can absorb
light having several different colors and wavelengths in order to
better span the spectrum associated with sunlight. In addition,
Neal R. Armstrong in the Department of Chemistry and others at the
University of Arizona, are working to develop organic molecules
that self-assemble or organize from liquid into efficient solar
cell coatings, thus creating organic solar cell thin-films.
[0047] Conventional solar cells are commonly made in standard
geometric shapes such as squares, rectangles, or circles. However,
the present invention teaches making solar cells and solar modules
including at least one solar cell having the appearance of leafs,
palm fronds, branches, plants, trees and other natural foliage.
Further, the present invention teaches making solar cells and solar
modules in colors to resemble natural foliage. For example, plastic
solar cell thin films and solar cells made by painting or other
coating process can be pigmented to assume a desired color, and
this can include the primary colors red, yellow, blue, and green,
as well as a multiplicity of other colors, shades, and tones.
Moreover, instead of the individual solar cells in a solar module
being square, rectangular, or circular in appearance, the present
invention teaches solar cells having a structure configured to
resemble that of natural foliage, and in particular, the structures
found in various types of leaves which commonly include a plurality
of veins and isolated groups of cells. As a result, artificial
leaves, palm fronds, branches, plants, and trees, as well as other
artificial foliage can be created which closely resemble their
natural counterparts. Besides providing clean and renewable solar
generated electric power, the artificial foliage can provide shade,
serve as windbreak, and meet both the functional and aesthetic
demands of landscape architecture.
[0048] Palm trees line the streets of Beverly Hills, Calif., but
also Las Palmas Drive in Hope Ranch, and also along the beach in
Santa Barbara, Calif., a location that is sometimes called the
American Riviera. Similarly, palm trees line the street and beach
area in the city of Bandol, France and much of the French Riviera.
Further, the presence of palm trees has long been associated with
the presence of an oasis, water, life, and wealth in the Middle
East. Accordingly, palm trees line most of the major streets and
highways in the United Arab Emirates. In contrast with conventional
power and telephone poles associated with overhead transmission
lines, a palm tree, even an artificial palm tree, has an appearance
which is aesthetically pleasing and associated with an upscale
community. Artificial palm trees having a realistic appearance and
a height between 8-28 feet are presently made and distributed by
Earthflora.com of Cleveland, Ohio. Antenna towers which are
disguised to have the appearance as trees are taught in U.S. Pat.
No. 5,611,176, U.S. Pat. No. 5,787,649, U.S. Pat. No. 6,343,440,
and U.S. 2002/0184833, all of these patents and the patent
application hereby being incorporated by reference herein.
[0049] A multitude of different palm tree species exist having
different characteristics. Common varieties of palm trees include
date palms, banana palms, coconut palms, queen palms, and royal
palms. Palm trees having upwards of six and even thirty or more
leaves or palm fronds are common. Trees are one of nature's solar
collectors. The palm tree often includes a multiplicity of palm
fronds projecting at a plurality of different angles and
orientations relative to the truck of the palm tree in order to
maximize its ability to capture light. The resulting exposed
surface area can be substantial, and in this regard nature has
provided an efficient model for capturing sunlight from sunrise to
sunset. Further, when the ground surface surrounding a tree such as
a palm tree consists of light colored sand or other surface that
reflects substantial light, the tree's leaves or palm fronds can
capture reflected light as well as direct sunlight. Accordingly,
light can sometimes be captured by the bottom side of the leaves or
palm fronts as well as the top side. This greatly increases the
exposed surface area and enhances the ability of the foliage to
capture light.
[0050] In an embodiment of the present invention, an artificial
palm tree consisting of a solar array can be created by using
between six and forty artificial palm fronds, although a greater or
lesser number of artificial palm fronds can be used, as desired.
For the purpose of providing an example concerning the performance
of such a solar array, a model can be constructed using
photovoltaic thin film made by Iowa Thin Film Technology, Inc. A
total of thirty-two artificial palm fronds can be arranged in four
staggered layers with each layer including eight artificial palm
fronds. The artificial palm fronds can have a stem approximately
one and one half feet long. The working surface of the blade
portion of each of the artificial palm fronds can measure
approximately one foot by six feet, thus providing an area of six
square feet. Accordingly, the total working surface area of the
artificial palm tree model can consist of 192 square feet.
[0051] The resulting solar array can produce significant amounts of
electrical power. In particular, each artificial palm frond
including a R15-1200 Powerfilm.RTM. module made by Iowa Thin Film
Technology, Inc. operates at 15.4 volts and produces 1.2 amps.
Multiplying the volts times the amps yields 18.48 watt-hours of
power, and then multiplying the rounded off 18 watt-hours by eight
hours of sunlight yields 144 watt-hours per day for each artificial
palm frond. Further, multiplying 144 watt-hours by thirty two
fronds yields 4.6 kilowatt-hours per day for a single artificial
palm tree consisting of a solar array. If and when there would be
more than eight hours of sunlight, or when the artificial palm
fronds would be larger in size, or when an additional thirty two
R15-1200 Powerfilm.RTM. modules would be affixed to the bottom side
of the artificial palm fronds as well, then the amount of power
generated in a single day would be increased over and above the 4.6
kilowatt-hours per day.
[0052] A large portion of the Southwest region of the United States
averages between six and seven hours of peak solar exposure or
so-called "full sun hours" during the day, and the peak solar
exposure in desert regions located closer to the equator is even
greater. The sun's power or irradiance peaks at about 1,000 watts
per square meter per hour. Most commercially available crystalline
silicon photovoltaic solar cells have an efficiency of about 14-16
percent, but at least one major manufacture has a solar cell in
development which can exceed 35 percent efficiency. Typical
amorphous solar cells such as those commonly associated with
flexible thin-films presently have an efficiency of approximately
5-6 percent, but thin-film solar cells are also in development
which have greater efficiency. It would be possible to enjoy sunny
days at least 75 percent of the time when the solar array would be
located in Southern California, Arizona, or Nevada, thus providing
about 294 days of productive power generation each year. In this
regard, a solar reference cell such as one made or distributed by
Kyocera Solar, Inc. of Scottsdale, Ariz. can be used to measure the
solar energy present in a given location. A solar array which can
produce 4.6 kilowatt-hours given eight hours of exposure each day
can generate approximately 1,352 kilowatt-hours each year, that is,
given 294 productive days and a total of 2,262 productive hours.
However, in desert climates such as the United Arab Emirates there
could well be 360 productive days each year, thus 1,656
kilowatt-hours could be produced over 2,880 productive hours.
[0053] The artificial palm tree model consisting of a solar array
can include a trunk approximately twenty feet high and have an
overall height of about twenty-four feet. Further, each solar array
can have a diameter of approximately sixteen feet, that is, given
the span of two opposing artificial palm fronds each including
stems one and one half feet long, blades six feet long, and a pole
or trunk having a diameter of one foot. Given these dimensions, it
can be advantageous that the artificial palm trees be separated by
approximately thirty two feet on center in order to provide
approximately sixteen feet of space between the ends of the
artificial palm fronds in closest proximity, as this will avoid
counterproductive shading out of adjacent artificial palm trees and
solar arrays when the sun is inclined at less than 45 degrees with
respect to the underlying ground surface. Accordingly, a single row
of artificial palm trees and solar arrays spaced thirty two feet
apart on both sides of a road can total approximately 330 units
over a linear mile, and when a staggered double row is used on both
sides of a highway the total can be approximately 660 units.
Multiplying 1,352 kilowatt-hours per individual artificial palm
tree and solar array per year given 294 productive days by 660
units along each mile of highway yields 892,320 kilowatt-hours per
year. The average U.S. home consumes approximately 8,900
kilowatt-hours each year, thus each mile of highway so equipped
could satisfy the power requirements of approximately 100
homes.
[0054] In the worst case scenario, given present distributor
pricing for R15-1200 Powerfilm.RTM. photovoltaic thin film, the
cost of each installed model artificial palm tree solar array would
be approximately $13,000. dollars. The cost of 660 solar arrays
along a one mile stretch of highway would then be approximately
$8,580,000. dollars. Assuming that the solar arrays would have a
twenty year working life, then the annual cost for providing power
to approximately 100 homes would be $429,000. dollars, or $4,290.
dollars for each home. In the Pacific Northwest region of the
United States, the cost of electricity is approximately 10 cents
per kilowatt-hour, thus the annual cost of electricity for a home
that consumes 8,900 kilowatt-hours is only $890. dollars. The
relative cost of the photovoltaic solar energy system would then be
approximately 4.8 times greater than that of the existing system in
the Pacific Northwest. However, if the solar arrays would enjoy a
forty year working life the annual cost for providing power to
approximately 100 homes would be $214,500. dollars, or $2,145.
dollars for each home. The relative cost of the photovoltaic solar
energy system would then be approximately 2.4 times greater than
that of the existing system in the Pacific Northwest.
[0055] However, the present distributor pricing for R15-1200
Powerfilm.RTM. photovoltaic thin film is based upon a scale of
production associated with the manufacture of only several thousand
feet of material. If each artificial palm tree and solar array
would use thirty two artificial palm fronds including a one foot by
six foot long photovoltaic thin-film solar module, then 192 linear
feet of such material would be required just to cover the top sides
of the artificial palm fronds. The creation of 660 solar arrays
over a mile of highway would require some 126,720 linear feet or
approximately 24 miles of material. Accordingly, 100 miles of
highway would require 2,400 miles of such material, and 1,000 miles
of highway would require 24,000 miles of such material, that is,
nearly equal to the circumference of the earth. Accordingly, the
cost of producing photovoltaic thin film would decrease
dramatically when manufactured on this scale. If the cost of the
photovoltaic material used to make the solar modules can be cut in
half when manufactured on this scale, and the solar arrays have a
working life of forty years, then the cost of producing solar
energy by this means equals the 9-10 cents per kilowatt-hour
presently being paid by homeowners in the Pacific Northwest.
[0056] Once installed, the solar arrays can be easily maintained
without substantial further expense. The artificial palm frond and
solar module portion of the solar arrays can be recycled and
renewed at the end of their expected twenty to forty year service
life. If and when newer and more highly efficient artificial palm
fronds and solar modules become available, then the older and less
efficient components can be easily replaced without requiring
significant changes to the network of solar arrays and solar power
grid.
[0057] It is also important to recognize that the above
calculations are unrealistically biased in favor of the status quo,
as they are based on the assumption that the present cost of
residential electric power in the Pacific Northwest will remain
fixed at the present price of 9-10 cents per kilowatt-hour over the
next forty years. Given the ever-increasing demand for energy this
will certainly not be the case. Further, the Pacific Northwest is
fortunate to enjoy hydroelectric power, whereas most of the United
States and the rest of the world is dependent upon the burning of
fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and gas in order to generate
electric power. The cost of burning fossil fuels to produce energy
is expected to increase dramatically over the next twenty to forty
year time horizon. In fact, some experts believe that the world's
non-renewable fossil fuel reserves will be largely exhausted during
this period. In contrast, the cost of making and producing
photovoltaic solar cells is expected to decrease dramatically.
[0058] Moreover, it should also be recognized that the investment
costs associated with creating a network of solar cell arrays and
solar power grid today will be partially offset by the effects of
inflation over the next twenty to forty year period, as was the
case with the dams and hydroelectric power plants built during the
administration of President Franklin Roosevelt. Inflation is
difficult to predict with great certainty, but since 1980 the value
of the dollar has decreased such that it now enjoys slightly less
than 50 percent of its former purchasing power. In particular, it
would have taken $2.18 in 2002 to match the purchasing power of one
dollar in 1980. Accordingly, in the years 2020 and 2040 the
investment made today in photovoltaic solar energy will appear as
cost effective and prudent as the hydroelectric power initiatives
of the 1930's and 1940's.
[0059] It can also be maintained that the net social welfare
benefit associated with the use of clean and renewable solar power,
as opposed to non-renewable fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural
gas, or coal, also includes the cost savings and investment
associated with the latter resources not being consumed. A barrel
of oil saved is in some sense a barrel of oil earned, that is, it
is a form of accumulated wealth. For example, when renewable solar
energy is used the world has essentially saved the equivalent
amount of energy associated with burning fossil fuels and saved it
for higher value added use in the future. When viewed from a time
horizon of a hundred or thousand years, fossil fuels such as
petroleum are worth far more in the ground, than they are today
when simply burned-up as fuel.
[0060] It is possible to roughly estimate the net social welfare
benefit associated with using clean and renewable solar power as
opposed to non-renewable fossil fuels such as petroleum, natural
gas, or coal. The present cost of a barrel containing 42 gallons of
crude oil is approximately $30.00 dollars, but this represents only
about 42 percent of the cost of a petroleum end product as
delivered to a consumer, thus the actual cost to a household would
be approximately $71.42 dollars. One barrel of crude oil is equal
to 5,800,000 Btu, and one gallon of gasoline is equal to 124,000
Btu, whereas one gallon of diesel fuel is equal to 139,000 Btu. One
kilowatt-hour of electricity is equal to 3,412 Btu. Accordingly,
one barrel of crude oil is equal to approximately 1,670
kilowatt-hours. The annual energy consumption associated with
electric power and heating for the average home in the United
States is approximately 8,900 kilowatt-hours. However, the energy
consumption of the average middle class home in the United States
is greater. The inventor presently owns a 2,450 square foot home in
a suburb of Portland, Oreg. Last year about $567. dollars was paid
for electric power, and about $815. dollars was paid for natural
gas for a total of approximately $1,381. dollars. Converting that
sum into kilowatt-hours given a present cost of 10 cents per
kilowatt-hour yields a total annual consumption of 13,810
kilowatt-hours.
[0061] Furthermore, the annual fuel consumption and energy cost
associated with the use of an automobile in the United States
should also be considered. An automobile that uses gasoline having
a fuel efficiency of 20 miles to the gallon which is driven 12,000
miles each year will consume approximately 600 gallons of gasoline.
Given a gasoline fuel cost of $1.75 per gallon, those 600 gallons
will cost $1,050. dollars, and they would fill about 14.25 barrels
having a capacity of 42 gallons. Almost everything contained in a
barrel of crude oil is refined and used to make various petroleum
products, but most refineries only produce about 19 gallons of
gasoline from a 42 gallon barrel of crude oil. Accordingly, about
1,326 gallons of crude oil are refined to produce those 600 gallons
of gasoline, and such would fill about 31.6 barrels having a
capacity of 42 gallons. One gallon of gasoline is equal to 124,000
Btu, and thus 600 gallons of gasoline equals 74,400,000 Btu. One
kilowatt-hour of electricity is equal to 3,412 Btu. Accordingly,
those 600 gallons of gasoline equate to about 21,805
kilowatt-hours, thus over twice what the average home in the United
States consumes for basic electric power and heating. Moreover, the
burning of fossil fuels also results in additional direct and
indirect costs associated with pollution and global warming. While
substantial, these indirect costs are difficult to estimate.
[0062] It is clear that United States needs to switch from
automobiles which burn gasoline and diesel fuel to electric
vehicles as soon as possible. In this regard, it should be
recognized that merely switching from automobiles that burn
gasoline and diesel fuel to electric cars which must be charged by
electric power plants which burn fossil fuels would not provide a
viable long term solution to the world's energy and pollution
problems. At this time, and for the foreseeable future, the only
clean and renewable form of electric power comes from the sun. That
power needs to be made available where automobiles are most often
used, thus along the sides of our nation's roads and highways.
Accordingly, the creation of a network of solar arrays and a solar
grid along roads and highways can not only provide electric power
for residential and commercial use, but also support and make
viable the use of electric vehicles.
[0063] FIG. 1 is a side perspective view of an artificial palm tree
29 that constitutes a solar array 30. The artificial palm tree 29
and solar array 30 can include a trunk 31 having a trunk bottom
portion 32, a trunk middle portion 33, and trunk top portion 34.
The truck bottom portion 32 can include an access door 35. The
artificial palm tree 29 and solar array 30 can include a central
support pole 38 including a base 37 having a reinforced base flange
46. The base flange 46 can bear against a footing 126 including
support platform 49 having a reinforced platform flange 50. The
support platform 49 can include a bottom portion including a
stand-off 43 for permitting concrete to substantially encompass the
support platform 49. The concrete can be contained when poured by a
circular shaped tube or form 41. The top side of the platform
flange 50 of the support platform 49 can then be made approximately
level with the surrounding ground surface 36. The base flange 46
can be secured to the platform flange 50 using bolts 47, nuts 48,
and washers 51 which can also be used to properly align the central
support pole 38 vertically. The artificial palm tree 29 and solar
array 30 can include a plurality of artificial palm fronds 72 that
include at least one solar panel or solar module 28 including at
least one solar cell 73. The artificial palm tree 29 and solar
array 30 can include at least one layer 27 of artificial palm
fronds 72, and each layer can include a plurality of artificial
palm fronds 72 and solar modules 28. Alternatively, the structure
and placement of the artificial palm fronds 72 and solar modules 28
can be configured to appear more random.
[0064] FIG. 2 is a top plan view of an artificial leaf or palm
frond 72 that includes at least one solar panel or solar module 28
for use with an artificial palm tree 29 that constitutes a solar
array 30. Over two hundred varieties of palms exist in nature, and
this particular embodiment generally resembles a banana leaf or
palm frond. The artificial palm frond 72 includes a stem portion
74, a blade portion 84, at least one electrical connection or
socket 75, a top side 79, a bottom side 80, an edge 76, a plurality
of notches 78, and can also include a plurality of artificial veins
77. The color of the solar cells 73 can be a medium or dark green,
and that of the veins 77 and edge can be a lighter green, yellow,
or brown. Further the color of the individual solar cells 73, and
also both the top side 79 and bottom side 80 of the artificial palm
frond 72 can be varied in different locations so as to create a
natural appearance. The structure and color of the artificial palm
frond 72 can also be selected to maximize light absorption from
different angles of incidence, and if desired, the structure and
color can also be selected for its ability to coincidentally
reflect light which can then be absorbed by other nearby artificial
palm fronds 72. As shown in FIG. 2, the solar module 28 can include
at least one solar cell 73. Depending upon their particular
structure and electrical properties, the solar cells 73 can be
wired in series, or alternately they can be wired in parallel with
other solar cells 73. Likewise, depending upon their structure and
electrical properties, the solar panels or modules 28 can also be
wired in series or parallel. The bottom side 80 of the artificial
palm frond 72 can consist of plastic material such as polyethylene,
polypropylene, polyurethane, a metal material such as aluminum,
copper, stainless steel, or a ceramic material. Flexible plastic or
polyurethane materials can be advantageous for use, and in
particular, when an artificial palm frond 72 is configured to
resemble one for a coconut palm or a date palm tree. As shown in
FIG. 4, the palm fronds associated with these palm trees include a
plurality of highly flexible separate blades. Artificial palm
fronds 72 and leaves which are flexible can be advantageous when
attempting to simulate a natural appearance. Moreover, artificial
leaves, palm fronds, and branches which are flexible also enhance
the ability of these structures to be self-cleaning, as wind,
morning dew, and rain can then better wash their surfaces clean. As
shown in FIG. 2, the stem 74 portion of the artificial palm frond
72 measures approximately one and one half feet in length and is
approximately one inch in diameter. The blade 84 portion is
approximately eight feet long and two feet wide, and has a working
surface area of approximately twelve square feet. Accordingly, an
artificial palm tree 29 or solar array 30 including thirty two such
artificial palm fronds 72 has a working surface area of 384 square
feet, and so could provide double the power output of the model
solar array discussed earlier that used a plurality of solar
modules 28 consisting of Powerfilm R15-1200 Powerfilm.RTM.
photovoltaic thin film having a working surface of only 192 square
feet. And an artificial palm tree 29 or solar array 30 including
thirty six such artificial palm fronds 72 and solar modules 28
would have a working surface area of 432 square feet, and provide
even more power. Accordingly, a network including 660 such solar
arrays along a one mile stretch of highway could meet the needs of
approximately 200 average homes.
[0065] FIG. 3 is a top plan view of an artificial palm frond 72
generally similar to that shown in FIG. 2. However, the artificial
palm frond 72 shown in FIG. 2 further includes a middle portion 81
and also peripheral portion 82, each of these portions including a
plurality of separate solar cells 73. The color as well as other
physical and electrical properties of the middle portion 81 and
peripheral portion 82 of the artificial palm frond 72 can be
selectively varied, as desired, in order to enhance its efficiency
and natural appearance. Depending upon the structure and electrical
characteristics of the solar cells 73 being used, the use of more
numerous solar cells 73, and the location of solar cells 73 in both
the middle portion 81 and also the peripheral portion 82 can
increase the efficiency of the solar module 28 when partial shading
of the artificial palm frond 72 would occur.
[0066] FIG. 4 is a top plan view of an artificial palm frond 72
generally similar to that shown in FIGS. 2 and 3. However, this
particular embodiment includes a plurality of separate and
relatively thin blades 84. Accordingly, this embodiment of an
artificial palm frond 72 has a structure configured to resemble the
palm fronds associated with coconut palms and date palms.
[0067] FIG. 5 is an enlarged side view of an alternate solar module
28 including at least one solar cell 73 having a textured surface
103 including a plurality of peaks 101 and valleys 102. A textured
surface 103 which is not perfectly planar and smooth can increase
the effective working area of a solar module 28 and solar cell 73.
Accordingly, the use of a textured surface 103 can sometimes
enhance the light absorption properties, but also the light
reflecting properties of a solar module 28 and solar cell 73. Many
plant species have leaves or exterior surfaces that are not
perfectly smooth, rather they commonly include textured surfaces,
convolutions, or other irregularities. For example, many forms of
seaweed have textured, ribbed or convoluted surfaces including
numerous peaks and valleys, and this can provide greater surface
area both for collecting light, but also for absorbing nutrients
from the sea. Photovoltaic solar cells including textured surfaces
are known in the prior art, such as U.S. Pat. No. 6,552,405 granted
to Sugawara et al. and assigned to Kyocera Corporation, this patent
hereby being incorporated by reference herein.
[0068] FIG. 6 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate solar
module 28 including an integral capacitor 104. The capacitor 104
can consist of a relatively thin layer which can be formed or
deposited by conventional means including but not limited to
painting, coating, vapor and also powder deposition upon one of the
substrates used to make the solar module 72. U.S. Pat. No.
6,480,366 and U.S. Patent Application 2002/0158584 by James F.
Cordaro teach painted capacitor energy storage, these two patent
documents hereby being incorporated by reference herein. As shown
on the left side in FIG. 6, an integral capacitor 104 can be
positioned on the bottom side 80 of an artificial leaf or palm
frond 72, thus the top side 79 can be used exclusively for
absorbing light. Alternatively, as shown on the right side in FIG.
6, an integral capacitor 104 can be positioned between the top side
79 and bottom side 80 of an artificial leaf or palm frond 72, thus
both the top side 79 and bottom side 80 can be used to absorb
light. An artificial leaf or palm frond 72 including a solar module
28 including at least one solar cell 73 can be made in the general
configuration shown on the left side of FIG. 6, or alternatively,
in the general configuration shown on the right side of FIG. 6. As
shown, it is also possible to combine the two structures
illustrated in FIG. 6 when making a single solar module 72.
Moreover, a plurality of solar modules 28 including capacitors 104
can be selectively positioned in functional relation to a solar
array 30 to maximize both energy production and energy storage.
[0069] FIG. 7 is a top plan view of a layer 27 including a
plurality of artificial palm fronds 72. The artificial palm fronds
72 each include a solar module 28 including at least one solar cell
73, and can be used to create an artificial palm tree 29 that forms
solar array 30. As shown, the layer 27 includes eight artificial
palm fronds 72 each having a stem 74 approximately one and one half
foot long. The blade 84 has a maximum width of approximately two
feet, a length of approximately eight feet, and a working surface
area of approximately twelve square feet. Other dimensions for the
stem and blade portions can be used. However, given the
configuration and dimensions shown in FIG. 7, a maximum blade 84
width of approximately three feet is all that can be attempted
without causing portions of adjacent artificial palm fronds 72 to
overlap one another. When less than eight artificial palm fronds 72
are used, then the width dimension of the blades 84 can be more
easily increased. Generally, it is most advantageous to use between
five and ten artificial palm fronds 72 in a single layer 27. As
shown in FIG. 7, the artificial palm fronds 72 including solar
modules 28 can be removably secured to the top portion 34 of the
trunk 21 of an artificial palm tree 29.
[0070] FIG. 8 is a top plan view of two partially overlapping and
staggered layers 27 of artificial palm fronds 72, each including a
solar module 28 including at least one a solar cell 73 for use with
an artificial palm tree 29 that consists of a solar array 30. In
particular, shown is a first layer 27.1, and also a second layer
27.2 which is in a superior position relative to the first layer
27.1. Some photovoltaic solar panels or modules that are made with
a plurality of solar cells which are wired in series can suffer a
substantial degradation in their power output when even a single
solar cell is shaded. And some of these solar panels or modules
cannot be wired in parallel in order to simply correct for this
problem, as those solar cells which are being shaded can still
unduly influence the overall power output of the solar panel or
solar module. However, it is possible to introduce transistors,
diodes, sensors, chips, and controllers for monitoring the activity
of individual solar cells, or groups of solar cells which are
present in a solar module, as well as the activity between
different solar modules, and then appropriately turn off, isolate,
or otherwise control the current either flowing from or being drawn
towards a given solar cell or solar module. In this way, any
undesired effects which might be caused by shading, or by a solar
cell possibly becoming damaged or rendered inoperable can be
avoided. Accordingly, the operational efficiency of the solar
module and solar array can be optimized. One of the advantages of
flexible thin film solar cells and also those which can be made by
painting or other coating processes is that they can be less prone
to suffering a dramatic reduction in their power output given low
light conditions, shading, or damage to individual solar cells. In
many cases, when a portion of the solar cell is being shaded, then
the power output of that particular area is effected, but there is
then little or no collateral effect upon other solar cells in a
given solar module.
[0071] It can be advantageous to design a solar array in order to
maximize its power output during operation. At some point, the
introduction of a greater number of artificial palm fronds, or a
larger size artificial palm frond, or additional layers of
artificial palm fronds can introduce more substantial shading and
this can provide diminishing returns with regards to the efficiency
of the solar array. It can also be advantageous to consider and
factor in the relative height, path, intensity, and position of the
sun at various times of the year when designing and installing a
solar array. In some cases, a single layer including between five
and ten artificial palm fronds can provide optimal efficiency, and
the appearance of these solar arrays can then more closely resemble
certain palm species such as coconut palms. In other cases, a
plurality of layers including solar modules consisting of
artificial palm fronds each including a plurality of relatively
thin blades can be more suitable, and in particular, when
attempting to imitate the appearance of date palms.
[0072] Another consideration is whether to provide solar cells on
only the top side, or on both the top side and bottom side of some
or all of the artificial palm fronds. Given the presence of light
colored sand in desert conditions beneath a solar array,
substantial light can be reflected from the surrounding ground
surface to the solar modules overhead. Light can also be reflected
by the artificial palm fronds to at least partially illuminate the
top and bottom surfaces of other adjacent artificial palm fronds
including solar cells. In the past, most conventional photovoltaic
solar cells have been black or dark blue in coloration, as this was
thought to maximize light absorption. However, in some
circumstances it is possible for medium and dark green coloration
to actually maximize the total light absorption of a solar array
when the effect of reflected light as between various artificial
leaves or palm fronds is considered. Further, the use of dark blue
or black coloration can be associated with higher operating
temperatures and this can possibly result in more rapid degradation
of an artificial palm frond having a solar module including at
least one solar cell over several decades of use.
[0073] FIG. 9 is a side perspective view of an artificial palm tree
29 generally similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 1 forming a
solar array 30, and showing the orientation of five layers 27 of
artificial palm fronds 72 each including a solar module 28
including at least one solar cell 73. As shown, the artificial palm
fronds 72 on the inferiormost first layer 27.1 are orientated
downwards at approximately 45 degrees, whereas those on the second
layer 27.2 are orientated approximately horizontally. The
artificial palm fronds 72 on the third layer 27.3 are orientated
upwards at approximately 30 degrees, whereas those on the fourth
layer 27.4 are orientated upwards at approximately 45 degrees. The
fifth layer 27.5 of artificial palm fronds 72 is orientated upwards
between 45 and 90 degrees. The different orientations of these
layers and also the staggered placement of the artificial palm
fronds 72 can permit the capture of substantial direct light and
also reflected light by the solar array 30. The structure and
configuration shown in FIG. 9 can also provide a large resulting
working area, and tends to minimize counterproductive shading of
adjacent artificial palm fronds 72 and solar modules 28.
[0074] FIG. 10 is a side cross-sectional view of a top portion 34
of the trunk 31 of an artificial palm tree 29 including provision
for four layers 27, and also of a cap portion 69 of the trunk 31 of
an artificial palm tree 29 including provision for one layer 27.5
showing both internal and external components. The top portion 34
of the trunk 31 includes a top portion 113 of pole 38 that includes
a sleeve 70 which can be inserted within the inner diameter of the
bottom portion 114 of the pole 38. The sleeve 70 can be made
integral to the top portion 113 of the pole 38, or can be secured
by mechanical fasteners such as bolts 61, or can be welded thereto.
Alternately, a sleeve 70 portion can extend from the bottom portion
114 of pole 38 and instead be received within the inner diameter of
the top portion 113 of the pole 38. The sleeve 70 and top portion
113 of the pole 38 can then be further removably secured to the
bottom portion 114 of the pole 38 with the use of a long bolt 55,
washer 57, and nut 56. When the long bolt 55 is removed, the entire
top portion 34 and cap portion 69 of the trunk 31 including a
plurality of solar modules 28 can be lifted and removed using a
rope or cable which can be attached to the external ring 64 present
at the top of the cap portion 69 of the trunk 31. Conversely, the
entire top portion 34 and cap portion 69 of the trunk 31 including
a plurality of solar modules 28 can be simply lifted and installed
using a rope or cable that can be attached to the external ring 64
present at the top of the cap portion 69 of the trunk 31.
Accordingly, the process of installing, repairing, or renewing
components of a solar array 30 is made fast and easy.
[0075] As shown in FIG. 10, the top portion 34 of the trunk 31
includes four layers 27, namely, layers 27.1, 27.2, 27.3, 27.4, and
27.5 of solar modules 28, and each layer 27 can include between
five and ten artificial palm fronds 72 including or essentially
consisting of solar modules 28. The conduit 39 containing and
protecting the electrical wire 115 terminates a short distance from
the top of the middle portion 33 of the trunk 31 so as to avoid it
possibly becoming damaged during the installation of the top
portion 34 of the trunk 31. The electrical wire 115 can include a
plug 116 and socket 117 type connector 118 which can include
locking means 141 for selectively locking the two subcomponents
together so as to prevent accidental disconnection. Likewise, a
plurality of electric power cords 67 can be used to connect each
layer 27 of solar modules 28 to the other, or alternatively, to
simultaneously connect all of the layers 27. The electric power
cords 67 can be affixed to an internal ring 65 via a clip 66 and
thereby be suspended vertically.
[0076] The cap portion 69 of the trunk 31 can also include a sleeve
70, or alternatively, can receive a sleeve 70 for properly
positioning and securing the cap portion 69 to the top portion 34
of the trunk 31. The cap portion 69 can then be further removably
secured by using a long bolt 55, nut 56, and washer 57. A portion
of an artificial palm frond 72 including or substantially
consisting of a solar module 28 is also shown in position in FIG.
10. The stem 74 of the artificial palm frond 72 is configured to
fit within the inner diameter of the receptacle 119. The stem 74
can then be further secured using a bolt 58, nut 59, and washer 60
which can either serve to clamp the receptacle 119 about the stem
74 of the artificial palm frond 29, or alternatively, and as show
in FIG. 10, the bolt 58 can pass through an opening 120 in the stem
74. The stem 74 can be provided with a plurality of alternate
openings 120 for possible use so as to permit the selection of a
particular orientation of the artificial palm frond 72 during
installation, as desired. The wiring connection between the
artificial palm frond 72 including the solar module 28 can be made
by manual means and the use of wire nuts 53, but as shown in FIG.
10, the wiring connection is preferably made with the use of a plug
116 and socket 117 connector 118 including locking means 141 which
is generally similar in structure and function with those used to
connect the electrical wire 115 and the electric power cords 67,
but being smaller in size. Many different styles and sizes of
connectors 118 are commercially available and can be used. A seal
83 can be used to cover and protect the junction of the stem 74
with the receptacle 119, and so prevent the ingress of dirt, water,
insects, or rodents which could cause damage to the solar array 30.
When not all of the provided layers 27 or receptacles 119 are
required or desired for use in a given solar array 30, a plug 121
can be used to seal the opening 120 associated with a receptacle
119.
[0077] FIG. 11 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion 34 of the trunk 31 of an artificial palm tree 29 including
provision for two layers 27.1 and 27.2, and also a cap portion 69
including provision for one layer 27.5 for use in making a solar
array 30 showing both internal and external components. As a
result, the top portion 34 of the trunk 31 of an artificial palm
three 29 can be removably secured and assembled using a component
that includes provision for two layers 27.1 and 27.2, that is, if
and when this configuration is desired.
[0078] FIG. 12 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion 34 of the trunk 31 of an artificial palm tree 29 including
provision for one layer 27.1 and also a cap portion 69 including
provision for one layer 27.5 for use in making a solar array 30
showing both internal and external components. As a result, the top
portion 34 of the trunk 31 of an artificial palm three 29 can be
removably secured and assembled using a component that includes
provision for only one layer 27.1, that is, if and when this
configuration is desired. The provision of multiple power cords 67
each providing sufficient wiring for one layer of solar modules 28
which can be easily coupled together can facilitate rapid assembly.
The possible provision of alternate top portions 34 in one, two, or
four layer 27 configurations makes it possible to easily assemble
different resulting structures. Accordingly, the power generating
capability and also the aesthetic appearance of a solar array 30
can be customized.
[0079] FIG. 13 is a side view of an alternate middle portion 33 of
the trunk 31 of an artificial palm tree 29 with parts broken away.
The middle portion 33 includes at least two segments or sections
90, and in particular, sections 90.1 and 90.2, which can be
removably secured together with the use of a long bolt 55, nut 56
and washer 57 in order to determine the overall height of the
resulting trunk 31 of an artificial palm tree 29, as desired. Shown
in FIG. 13 is a section 90.1 having a length of eight feet, and
another section 90.2 having a length of four feet. Accordingly,
multiple sections 90.1 and 90.2 can be easily combined in various
partial or complete combinations to create trunks 31 and artificial
palm trees 29 having different heights. The configuration and
texture of the outer surface of the trunk 31 can be made to
resemble that of a palm tree by making the molds for these
components from an actual palm tree. The trunk 31 can then be made
of plastic, polyurethane, fiberglass, metal, ceramic, and also
natural organic and fibrous materials in various combinations.
[0080] FIG. 14 is a side cross-sectional view of an alternate top
portion 34 and cap portion 69 of a trunk 31 for use in making an
artificial palm tree 29. As shown, the top portion 34 and cap
portion 69 have greater width that the embodiment shown in FIG. 10,
and this can provide space for accommodating and substantially
concealing a transformer 100. A step-up transformer can be used to
step-up the voltage being generated by the solar array so that it
can be more efficiently carried over long distances. Conversely, a
step-down transformer can be used to step-down the voltage being
carried by a high voltage power line. A transformer can be
connected to overhead transmission lines, or alternatively to
buried power lines which can carry DC current or AC current. Shown
is a duct 125 including a vent 68 having a screen 63 for permitting
ventilation while preventing the entry of birds, bees, or other
foreign matter.
[0081] FIG. 15 is a side cross-sectional view of the bottom portion
32 of a trunk 31, and also a footing 126 including a support
platform 49 for an artificial palm tree 29 that forms a solar array
30 showing both internal and external components. As shown, the
bottom portion 32 of the trunk 31 gradually widens as it approaches
the ground surface 36, thus simulating the appearance of many palm
tree species. The bottom portion 32 of the trunk 31 can include at
least one access door 35 to an interior compartment 122. The
support pole 38 can further include a cover 123 and a gasket 124
which permits access to a wire connection 52 between the solar
array 30 and electric wire 115. The wire connection 52 can be
secured by wire nuts 53, or alternatively, by other conventional
fastening means such as bolts or screws associated with a junction
box 54. The electric wire 115 can be protected from damage by a
conduit 39 made of metal or plastic, and in particular, in areas
where the soil, insects, or rodents could cause harm or degradation
to the wire 115.
[0082] The base 37 of the pole 38 includes a reinforced flange 46
that provides several openings for the passage of bolts 47. The
base 37 of the pole 38, and in particular, the inferior side of the
flange 46 is configured to bear upon a footing 126 which can
include a submerged platform 49 including a reinforced flange 50.
The vertical alignment of the pole 38 can be adjusted at the
junction of flange 46 and flange 50 with the use of one or more
washers 51 when the bolts 47 and nuts 48 are secured. The platform
49 can include a stand-off at the inferior side for permitting the
conduit 39 and conduit fitting 40 including the electric wire 115
to pass directly beneath, but also to permit the concrete 42 used
in the footing 126 to substantially encompass the platform 49. The
concrete 42 can be further reinforced by including metal rebar 44
therein. The rebar 44 can be configured as desired and secured with
the use of tie wire 45 prior to pouring the concrete 42. A circular
hole or pit can be drilled in the ground using power equipment and
a circular or tube shaped form 41 can be inserted into the hole or
pit for properly containing the concrete 42 when it is poured. It
can be readily understood that the particular configuration,
structure, and size of a footing 126 can vary depending upon the
geology, soil conditions, climate, and seismic characteristics of
the installation site.
[0083] FIG. 16 is a side cross-sectional view of the bottom portion
32 of the trunk 31 and of an artificial palm tree 29 that
constitutes a solar array 30 showing both internal and external
components generally similar to that shown in FIG. 15. However,
instead of the solar array 30 being directly connected by an
electric wire 115 to a network of solar arrays and a solar power
grid or conventional electric power grid, the solar array 30
further includes a number of devices which can be located
internally. In particular, a solar array 30 can include in various
partial or complete combinations, an inverter 91 such as a Sunnyboy
brand grid-tie inverter made by SMA America, Inc. of Grass Valley,
Calif. for converting DC current to AC current, a converter for
converting AC current to DC current, a transformer, a battery 97
and associated battery cables 98, a battery box 99, a junction box
54, a control panel, an AC circuit breaker, a DC circuit breaker,
an AC disconnect 94, a DC disconnect 95, a meter, a ground fault
switch, a power surge protection device, a fuse, a capacitor, a
resistor, a transistor, a diode, a chip, a battery controller 109,
a battery status meter 110, a generator, conduit 39 including
suitable electric wire 115, a retractable extension cord including
a plug, a light, an adapter for recharging small batteries,
appliances and power tools, and, an electric power recharging cord
112 for recharging a vehicle such as an electric scooter, bicycle,
car, boat, or aircraft. The recharging cord 112 can be mounted
within the interior compartment 122 of the base 32 on an automatic
retractable reel, whereas the end of the recharging cord 112
including the connector 118 can be located externally and be
readily accessible for use. It can be readily understood that some
of the devices and things recited in this paragraph can be combined
in structure and function in the form of hybrid devices.
[0084] FIG. 17 is a top perspective view of an access door 35 to
the interior compartment 122 of the bottom portion 32 of the trunk
31 of an artificial palm tree 29 which forms a solar array 30. As
shown, the access door 35 can include a transparent window 127 on
the exterior side 142 for viewing the status of one or more devices
such as an inverter 91, a meter, an AC disconnect, a DC disconnect,
a battery controller 109, and a battery status meter 110. A battery
controller 109 can be used to prevent overcharging of a battery,
and also to reverse electric power flow at night. As shown, the
visual display 158 associated with these electronic devices, and
the like, can be mounted near or directly to the interior side 143
of the access door 35, whereby these devices can be easily viewed
and serviced. As shown, the access door can included a keyed lock
145, or other closure and locking means.
[0085] FIG. 18 is a perspective view of a grid-tie power center 151
which could be used in a typical residential installation in
combination with one or more solar arrays 30 resembling natural
foliage according to the present invention. Shown is an inverter 91
for converting DC current to AC current, an AC disconnect 94, a DC
disconnect 95, a meter 93, a control panel 108 including circuit
breakers 144, and conduit 39 containing suitable wire 115. A
grid-tie power center 151, or alternately an off-grid power center,
can also include or integrate in various partial or complete
combinations a battery and associated battery cables, a battery
box, a battery status meter, a battery controller, a ground fault
switch, a surge protector, a converter, a transformer, an extension
cord, a light, a generator, an adapter for recharging small
batteries, appliances, and power tools, and an electric power
recharging cord for recharging a vehicle such as an electric
scooter, bicycle, car, or boat.
[0086] FIG. 19 shows a row 128 of artificial palm trees 29 that
consist of solar arrays 30 on one side of a street 85. The solar
arrays 30 have a structure configured to resemble natural foliage
and can be placed in communication to create a network 153 of solar
arrays 30 that constitute at least a portion of a solar power grid
154. Further, the solar arrays 30 can be individually connected to
power transmission lines associated with a power grid.
Alternatively, a plurality of solar arrays 30 can be connected
together, and then connected as a group to power transmission
lines. The solar arrays 30 can be wired together in series, or
alternately in parallel. When a plurality of solar arrays 30 are
wired together for connecting to an AC power grid, a grid-tie
inverter can be used. The artificial palm trees 29 are
aesthetically more pleasing than conventional overhead power lines,
and also the sparse vegetation found by the sides of roads and
highways in the Southwest area of the United States and other arid
regions of the world. The artificial palm trees 29 are shown near a
curb 86 and adjacent sidewalk 87. Besides providing clean and
renewable electric power, the solar arrays 30 can also provide
shade and serve as a windbreak. Unlike natural foliage which is
difficult to maintain by the sides of roads and highways in the
Southwest area of the United States and other arid regions of the
world, an artificial palm tree 29 always has a healthy appearance,
never needs watering, and requires little maintenance. In desert
areas, the shade provided by artificial palm trees 29 can be used
to facilitate the cultivation of natural foliage and agriculture. A
network of solar arrays 30 can also be positioned along canals and
pipelines. The power produced by a solar array 30 can be used to
pump oil, or water, and also to desalinate and filter water for
residential and agricultural use. Solar water heating devices such
as those made by Maltezos SA of Athens, Greece can then be used to
provide hot water. Solar arrays 30 can also be positioned alongside
railways for providing power for electric trains. The ability to
generate and distribute power where it is actually needed can
result in logistical and economic efficiency. In this regard, the
location, pattern, and density of public roads and highways
generally well reflects the local population density and demand for
energy. Accordingly, the creation of a network 153 of solar arrays
30, and at least one solar power grid 154 alongside public roads
can be consistent with the local economy of scale.
[0087] FIG. 20 shows a row 128 of artificial palm trees 29 that
consist of solar arrays 30 located on both sides of a street 85.
The solar arrays 30 have a structure configured to resemble natural
foliage and can be linked together to create a network 153 of solar
arrays 30 and a solar power grid 154. FIG. 20 conveys some sense of
the structure and aesthetic impression created by a network 153
including a plurality of solar arrays 30.
[0088] FIG. 21 is a top plan view of a section of interstate
highway 129 showing one possible configuration of a plurality of
artificial palm trees 29 consisting of solar arrays 30 positioned
in staggered double rows 128 on each side of the highway 129. The
solar arrays 30 have a structure configured to resemble natural
foliage and can be linked together to create a network 153 of solar
arrays 30 and a solar power grid 154. In FIG. 21, the opposite
lanes 152 of the interstate highway 129 each have two shoulders
147, and are separated by a center divider or barrier 146. Further,
the topography to the outside of both lanes 152 of the interstate
highway 129 is characterized by gradually increasing vertical
elevation and hills 157. Many other landscapes, topographical
characteristics, and configurations are possible. As shown, the
artificial palm trees 29 are positioned approximately thirty-two
feet apart in each row 128, and the two rows 128 are also separated
by thirty-two feet. Other dimensions can be used, as desired, but
it can be advantageous to provide sufficient spacing to prevent
substantial shading of adjacent solar arrays 30. The height,
diameter, and composition of the artificial palm trees 29 can be
varied, and other styles and types of artificial foliage consisting
of alternative solar arrays can be used in synergistic combination
with the artificial palm trees 129, or alternatively, with
evergreen or deciduous trees, as may be desired. Accordingly, many
combinations and permutations are possible. The ability to provide
a large number of different combinations can be functional from the
standpoint of optimizing power generation, and can also serve
aesthetic purposes consistent with the best practices of
engineering and landscape architecture.
[0089] Moreover, the present invention anticipates and teaches
making various planning models for application to common road
configurations regarding the installation of solar arrays, and also
recharging stations. For example, various standardized models can
be created for installations alongside relatively straight one mile
stretches or other standard distances such as one kilometer
stretches of two lane, divided two lane, divided four lane, divided
three lane, and other common road and highway configurations.
Appropriate models can also be made for various common
intersections such as four way intersections, T shaped
intersections, L shaped intersections, turnabouts, and various on
and off ramp configurations associated with roads and highways.
Accordingly, the planning for various installations can be made
relatively fast and easy, and both the costs and electrical power
generated by any selected set of options can be known with a great
degree of certainty. A city, county, state, or federal planner, or
an elected official such as a commissioner, mayor, governor,
representative, or senator can then be empowered with accurate
information for decision making concerning the installation of a
network of solar arrays, recharging stations, and other devices and
structures associated with a solar power grid.
[0090] FIG. 22 is a perspective view of an electric or hybrid
automobile 130 that is parked at an electric recharging station 131
by the side of a street. The roof 150 of the recharging station can
include conventional photovoltaic solar panels 149. Manufacturers
of conventional photovoltaic solar panels 149 include Kyocera
Solar, Inc. of Scottsdale, Ariz., Sharp Electronics Corporation,
Inc. of Mahwah, N.J., Evergreen Solar of Marlboro, Mass., BP Solar
of Linthicum, Md., and Shell Solar of Camarillo, Calif. The
recharging station 131 can serve as an energy storage facility, and
can be in communication with electric power which is produced by a
network 153 of artificial palm trees 29 or other forms of
artificial foliage which constitute solar arrays 30. The solar
arrays 30 can line the sides of at least one street, or a nearby
highway. The network 153 of solar arrays 30 and recharging station
131 can form or be in communication with one or more solar power
grids 154. Moreover, a solar power grid 154 can be linked to one or
more conventional power grids.
[0091] FIG. 23 is a top view of an artificial oak leaf 132 for use
with an artificial deciduous oak tree 135 which consists of a solar
array 30. The artificial oak leaf 132 can include a solar module 28
having at least one solar cell 73. As shown, the artificial oak
leaf 132 can include a stem 74, a blade portion 84, notches 78 and
veins 77.
[0092] FIG. 24 is a top view of an artificial maple leaf 133 for
use with an artificial deciduous maple tree 136 which consists of a
solar array 30. The artificial maple leaf 133 can include a solar
module 28 having at least one solar cell 73. As shown, the
artificial maple leaf 133 can include a stem 74, a blade portion
84, notches 78 and veins 77.
[0093] FIG. 25 is a side perspective view of an artificial
deciduous maple tree 136 which consists of a solar array 30. The
artificial maple tree 136 includes a trunk 31 and a plurality of
artificial branches 139 which include a plurality of artificial
maple leaves 133. Again, the artificial maple leaves 133 can
include a solar module 28 having at least one solar cell 73. The
trunk 31 can be made in a plurality of sections having different
lengths such as sections 90.1 and 90.2, and the height of an
artificial maple tree 136 can then be varied, as desired.
[0094] FIG. 26 is a perspective view of a portion of an artificial
branch 139 including leaves 134 for use with an artificial
evergreen tree 137 that consists of a solar array 30. The
artificial leaf 134 can include a solar module 28 having at least
one solar cell 73. As shown in FIG. 26, the branches 139 and leaves
134 can be made to resemble those of a western red cedar or
sequoia. It is possible to use conventional molding and cutting
techniques to make at least a portion of an artificial branch 139
including leaves 134.
[0095] FIG. 27 is a side perspective view of an artificial
evergreen tree 137 such as a western red cedar which consists of a
solar array 30. The leaves or needles of the cedar tree and also
sequoias are relatively planar, and in particular, when compared
with the leaves or needles of many other evergreen trees. In this
regard, the leaves or needles of a cedar tree have the appearance
of having been pressed. Gravity then causes the leaves and branches
of cedar trees to drape and take on a soft random feathered
appearance. Because of the relatively planar configuration of their
leaves, it is possible to made artificial branches and leaves 134
resembling those of the western red cedar and sequoia. The leaves
134 can include a solar module 28 including at least one thin-film
solar cell 73, or alternatively one made by painting, or other
coating process.
[0096] FIG. 28 is a top view of an artificial fern leaf 138 for
making an artificial fern plant. The artificial fern leaf 138 can
include a solar module 28 having at least one solar cell 73. As
shown, the artificial fern leaf 138 can include a stem 74, a blade
portion 84 including notches 78, and veins 77.
[0097] FIG. 29 is a side perspective view showing an artificial
palm tree 29 which consists of a solar array 30. In this
embodiment, the leaves or artificial palm fronds 72 can include a
solar module 28 made of a relatively rigid material including
monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, crystalline
gallium arsenide, and the like. The artificial palm fronds 72 can
be relatively rigid and the solar modules 28 including at least one
solar cell 73 can then be affixed to a relatively rigid substrate.
In this regard, glass reinforced plastics, ceramics, or metal
materials such as aluminum or stainless steel can be used. Using
conventional photovoltaic solar cells 73 that are presently
commercially available, the solar modules 28 and solar array 30
shown in FIG. 29 can have an efficiency of approximately 14-16
percent. However, given the status of current research and
development efforts in the solar industry something exceeding 35
percent efficiency may be possible to achieve within the next
decade. For example, Spectrolab of Sylmar, California, a subsidiary
of The Boeing Company has achieved an efficiency of 36.9 percent
with a photovoltaic cell. Given the commercial products available
today, the efficiency of a solar cell made using a crystalline
silicon material is then nearly three times that of one made using
amorphous thin-film materials which commonly enjoy an efficiency of
only 5-6 percent. However, the former solar cells are more
expensive and less environmentally friendly to manufacture relative
to the latter.
[0098] As shown in FIG. 29, a solar array 30 can have eight
artificial palm fronds 72 including solar modules 28 each having a
working area of 18 square feet. Accordingly, the solar array 30 has
a total working area of about 144 square feet, or approximately two
square meters. Given an efficiency of 15 percent, the solar array
30 will produce about 300 watt-hours, thus about 2.4 kilowatt-hours
during an eight hour period. However, given an efficiency of 35
percent, such a solar array 30 would produce about 700 watt-hours,
thus about 5.6 kilowatt-hours during an eight hour period. In
comparison, the model discussed previously of a solar array made
using some thirty-two artificial palm fronds including solar
modules having solar cells consisting of an amorphous thin-film
material, and in particular, R15-1200 Powerfilm.RTM. made by Iowa
Thin Film Technology, Inc. enjoyed a working surface area of 192
square feet and could produce 4.6 kilowatt-hours during an eight
hour period.
[0099] FIG. 30 is a flow diagram showing a solar array 30 linked to
a grid-tie inverter for changing DC current to AC current, and then
also to a low voltage AC (LVAC) power transmission line associated
with a conventional AC power grid. The AC power grid can further
include step-up transformers for creating high voltage AC (HVAC)
current from low voltage AC current for long distance distribution.
Further, the AC power grid can further include step-down
transformers for converting high voltage AC power to low voltage AC
power. Many other devices and means are also commonly used to
generate and control electric power within a power grid, including
but not limited to generators, capacitors, combiners, inductors,
shot reactors, transformers, breakers, means for balancing power
swings such as a static var compensator, thyristors, a
thyristor-controlled series capacitor, and the like. Power coming
into a residence in the United States is normally 120 volts (V) or
220 V AC at a frequency of 60 cycles per second, whereas local
distribution lines commonly carry voltages of 6.9 kilovolts (kV),
13.8 kV, 27.6 kV, 44 kV, and high voltage AC transmission lines can
be at 115 kv, 230 kV, or 500 kv.
[0100] FIG. 31 is a flow diagram showing a network of solar arrays
which form at least a portion of a solar power grid. As shown, the
solar arrays can transmit power using low voltage DC (LVDC) lines.
The DC solar power grid can be linked to an AC power grid.
Inverters can be used to change DC to AC current, and converters
can be used to change AC to DC current. Step-up transformers can be
used to change low voltage DC current to high voltage DC current
(HVDC), or low voltage AC current (LVAC) to high voltage AC current
(HVAC). Conversely, step-down transformers can be used to change
HVDC to LVDC, or HVAC to LVAC. Many other devices and means are
also commonly used to generate and control electric power within a
power grid. Given the technology which is available at the present
time and at distances greater than 500 miles, high voltage DC power
is less expensive to transmit than high voltage AC power. Low
voltage DC power can generally be transmitted as inexpensively as
AC power for a distance of 50 km when buried underground, and also
for a distance of 600-800 km when transmitted by overhead power
lines. If the power being produced by the solar arrays will
primarily be used locally, then the use of low voltage DC power can
indeed be efficient. Various DC combiners and converters can be
used with a DC solar power grid. Further, it is anticipated that
low voltage DC power created by a network including a plurality of
solar arrays can be changed using a step-up transformer to create
high voltage DC (HVDC) current which can be efficiently transmitted
long distances using superconductors.
[0101] While the above detailed description of the invention
contains many specificities, these should not be construed as
limitations on the scope of the invention, but rather as
exemplifications of several preferred embodiments thereof. Although
the present invention has been described with reference to
preferred embodiments, workers skilled in the art will recognize
that changes may be made in form and detail without departing from
the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the scope of
the invention should be determined not by the embodiments discussed
or illustrated, but by the appended claims and their legal
equivalents.
* * * * *