U.S. patent application number 14/403015 was filed with the patent office on 2015-06-11 for method of manufacturing a two-layer multistrand metal cord.
The applicant listed for this patent is COMPAGNE GENERALE DES ETABLISSEMENTS MICHELIN, Michelin Recherche et Technique S.A.. Invention is credited to Henri Barguet, Emmanuel Clement, Thibaud Pottier, Thibaud Rapenne.
Application Number | 20150159325 14/403015 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48485179 |
Filed Date | 2015-06-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150159325 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Barguet; Henri ; et
al. |
June 11, 2015 |
METHOD OF MANUFACTURING A TWO-LAYER MULTISTRAND METAL CORD
Abstract
In a method of manufacturing a two-layer multistrand metal cord,
N wires constituting an outer strand layer are wound in a helix
around two wires constituting an inner strand layer, so as to form
a strand. L>1 previously formed strands, which are incorporated
as outer strands of an unsaturated outer cord layer of the cord,
are wound in a helix around K>1 previously formed strands, which
are incorporated as inner strands of an inner cord layer of the
cord, to form a wound cord. The wound cord is overtwisted, the
overtwisted cord is balanced so as to obtain zero residual torque
in the overtwisted cord, and the balanced overtwisted cord is
untwisted.
Inventors: |
Barguet; Henri;
(Clermont-Ferrand, FR) ; Clement; Emmanuel;
(Clermont-Ferrand, FR) ; Rapenne; Thibaud;
(Clermont-Ferrand, FR) ; Pottier; Thibaud;
(Clermont-Ferrand, FR) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
COMPAGNE GENERALE DES ETABLISSEMENTS MICHELIN
Michelin Recherche et Technique S.A. |
Clermont-Ferrand
Granges-Paccot |
|
FR
CH |
|
|
Family ID: |
48485179 |
Appl. No.: |
14/403015 |
Filed: |
May 23, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
May 23, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2013/060564 |
371 Date: |
November 21, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
140/111 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D07B 2201/206 20130101;
D07B 2205/306 20130101; D07B 2401/2005 20130101; D07B 2201/2029
20130101; D07B 2401/2015 20130101; D07B 2201/2023 20130101; D07B
2201/2032 20130101; D07B 1/0646 20130101; D07B 2201/206 20130101;
D07B 2401/2085 20130101; D07B 2205/3021 20130101; D07B 2205/3035
20130101; D07B 2205/3089 20130101; D07B 2201/1068 20130101; D07B
2201/1076 20130101; D07B 1/0613 20130101; D07B 2205/306 20130101;
D07B 2205/3071 20130101; D07B 2201/1084 20130101; D07B 2207/4072
20130101; D07B 2201/2025 20130101; D07B 2205/3021 20130101; D07B
2205/3085 20130101; D07B 2205/3046 20130101; D07B 2401/208
20130101; D07B 2205/3028 20130101; D07B 2205/3089 20130101; D07B
2801/10 20130101; D07B 2801/18 20130101; D07B 2801/10 20130101;
D07B 2801/18 20130101; D07B 2801/10 20130101; D07B 2801/18
20130101; D07B 2801/18 20130101; D07B 2801/12 20130101; D07B
2801/24 20130101; D07B 2801/18 20130101; D07B 7/022 20130101; D07B
2201/2061 20130101; D07B 2401/201 20130101; D07B 5/12 20130101;
D07B 2205/3028 20130101; D07B 2205/3035 20130101; D07B 2201/2061
20130101; D07B 2205/3046 20130101; D07B 2205/3085 20130101; D07B
2501/2046 20130101; D07B 2205/3071 20130101; D07B 2801/12
20130101 |
International
Class: |
D07B 5/12 20060101
D07B005/12 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
May 25, 2012 |
FR |
1254837 |
Claims
1-30. (canceled)
31. A method of manufacturing a two-layer multistrand metal cord,
the method comprising steps of: obtaining a plurality of strands,
each strand being formed of an outer layer including N wires and an
inner layer including two wires, with the N wires of the outer
layer being wound in a helix around the two wires of the inner
layer; winding L>1 of the strands, which are incorporated as
outer strands of an unsaturated outer cord layer of the cord, in a
helix around K>1 of the strands, which are incorporated as inner
strands of an inner cord layer of the cord, to produce a wound
cord; overtwisting the wound cord, to produce an overtwisted cord;
balancing the overtwisted cord so as to obtain zero residual torque
in the cord, to produce a balanced overtwisted cord; and untwisting
the balanced overtwisted cord.
32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the K inner strands
are wound in a helix.
33. The method according to claim 31, wherein: (a) each of the
inner strands and the outer strands is obtained; (b) after (a), the
K inner strands are wound in a helix; and (c) after (b), the L
outer strands are wound in a helix around the helix formed of the K
inner strands.
34. The method according to claim 32, wherein: (a) each of the
inner strands and the outer strands is obtained; (b) after (a), the
K inner strands are wound in a helix; and (c) after (b), the L
outer strands are wound in a helix around the helix formed of the K
inner strands.
35. The method according to claim 31, wherein the outer layer of
each strand is unsaturated.
36. The method according to claim 31, wherein a structural
elongation (As) of the cord is greater than or equal to 1%.
37. The method according to claim 31, wherein a structural
elongation (As) of the cord is greater than or equal to 1.5%.
38. The method according to claim 31, wherein a structural
elongation (As) of the cord is greater than or equal to 2%.
39. The method according to claim 31, wherein a total elongation at
break (At) of the cord is greater than or equal to 4.5%.
40. The method according to claim 31, wherein a total elongation at
break (At) of the cord is greater than or equal to 5%.
41. The method according to claim 31, wherein a total elongation at
break (At) of the cord is greater than or equal to 5.5%.
42. The method according to claim 31, wherein K=3 or K=4.
43. The method according to claim 31, wherein L=8 or L=9.
44. The method according to claim 31, wherein N=2 or N=3 or
N=4.
45. A method of manufacturing a two-layer multistrand metal cord,
the method comprising steps of: forming a plurality of strands,
each strand including N wires, which constitute an outer layer,
wound in a helix around two wires, which constitute an inner layer;
winding L>1 of the strands, which are incorporated as outer
strands of an unsaturated outer cord layer of the cord, in a helix
around K>1 of the strands, which are incorporated as inner
strands of an inner cord layer of the cord, to produce a wound
cord; overtwisting the wound cord, to produce an overtwisted cord;
balancing the overtwisted cord so as to obtain zero residual torque
in the cord, to produce a balanced overtwisted cord; and untwisting
the balanced overtwisted cord.
Description
[0001] The invention relates to a method of manufacturing
multistrand cords that can be used in particular for reinforcing
tyres, particularly tyres for heavy industrial vehicles.
[0002] A tyre having a radial carcass reinforcement comprises a
tread, two inextensible beads, two sidewalls connecting the beads
to the tread and a belt, or crown reinforcement, arranged
circumferentially between the carcass reinforcement and the tread.
This belt comprises a plurality of rubber plies, optionally
reinforced with reinforcing elements or reinforcers such as cords
or monofilaments, of the metal or textile type.
[0003] The tyre belt is generally constituted of at least two
superimposed belt plies, sometimes referred to as "working" plies
or "cross" plies, the, generally metal, reinforcing cords of which
are positioned virtually parallel to one another inside a ply, but
crossed from one ply to the other, that is to say inclined,
symmetrically or asymmetrically, with respect to the median
circumferential plane, by an angle which is generally between
10.degree. and 45.degree., according to the type of tyre under
consideration. The cross plies may be supplemented by various other
auxiliary plies or layers of rubber, with widths that may vary as
the case may be, and which may or may not contain reinforcers.
Mention will be made by way of example of simple rubber cushions,
of "protective" plies which have the role of protecting the
remainder of the belt from external attacks or perforations, or
also of "hooping" plies which contain reinforcers that are oriented
substantially in the circumferential direction (what are known as
"zero-degree" plies), whether these be radially outer or inner with
respect to the cross plies.
[0004] A tyre of a heavy industrial vehicle, in particular of
construction plant type, is subjected to numerous attacks.
Specifically, this type of tyre usually runs on an uneven road
surface, sometimes resulting in perforations in the tread. These
perforations allow the entry of corrosive agents, for example air
and water, which oxidize the metal reinforcers of the crown
reinforcement and considerably reduce the useful life of the
tyre.
[0005] A cord for protective plies for a tyre of a heavy industrial
vehicle is known from the prior art. This cord has a structure of
the 4.times.(1+5) type and comprises four strands that each
comprise an inner layer constituted of one wire and an outer layer
constituted of five wires wound in a helix around the wire of the
inner layer.
[0006] This prior art cord has resistance to corrosion and
elasticity that are acceptable but a relatively limited force at
break which, although satisfactory for some uses, is not sufficient
for particular uses, in particular in the case of a cord for tyres
of heavy industrial vehicles.
[0007] It is thus the aim of the invention to provide a multistrand
cord that is resistant to corrosion and has a high force at
break.
[0008] To this end, the subject of the invention is a method of
manufacturing a two-layer multistrand metal cord, wherein [0009] N
wires constituting an outer layer of a strand are wound in a helix
around 2 wires constituting an inner layer of the strand so as to
form the strand; [0010] L previously formed outer strands
constituting an unsaturated outer layer of the cord, L being
strictly greater than 1, are wound in a helix around K previously
formed inner strands constituting an inner layer of the cord, K
being strictly greater than 1, overtwisting of the wound cord is
carried out; [0011] a step of balancing the overtwisted cord is
carried out so as to obtain zero residual torque in the cord, and
[0012] a step of untwisting the balanced overtwisted cord is
carried out.
[0013] The succession of overtwisting, balancing and untwisting
steps applied to the multistrand cord (K+L).times.(2+N) makes it
possible to obtain a ventilated cord, that is to say one that is
characterized both by a separation of the wires with respect to the
axial direction (direction perpendicular to the direction of the
axis of the strand) and by a separation of the strands with respect
to the axial direction (direction perpendicular to the direction of
the axis of the cord). Specifically, the wires constituting the
strands and the strands constituting the cord are plastically
deformed during the overtwisting step and thus, following the
untwisting step, have an excess curvature compared with the initial
curvature of the cord prior to the overtwisting step. This
relatively great excess curvature axially separates the wires
constituting the strands and the strands constituting the cord when
the cord is at rest, in particular when it is not subjected to a
tensile force. This curvature is defined both by the helix diameter
of each layer of wires or of strands and by the helix pitch or even
by the helix angle of each layer of wires or of strands (angle
measured from the axis of the cord).
[0014] The cord thus manufactured is of the "HE" type, that is to
say has high elasticity, and is highly penetrable. In addition to
making the cord elastic, the separation of the wires and of the
strands with respect to the axis of the strand and the axis of the
cord, respectively, encourages the rubber to pass between the wires
of each strand and between the different strands. Resistance to
corrosion is thus improved.
[0015] By definition, an unsaturated layer of strands is such that
there is sufficient room in this layer to add at least one (L+1)th
strand having the same diameter as the L strands of the layer
thereto, it thus being possible for a plurality of strands to be in
contact with one another. Conversely, this layer is referred to as
saturated if there was not enough room in this layer to add at
least one (L+1)th strand having the same diameter as the L strands
of the layer thereto.
[0016] The cord has high resistance to corrosion. Specifically, the
unsaturation of the outer layer of the cord makes it possible to
create at least one passage opening for the rubber between two
outer strands such that the rubber can penetrate effectively during
the vulcanization of the tyre. The 2+N structure of each strand
boosts the passage of the rubber. Specifically, each strand has an
envelope with an elongate contour, this promoting the lack of
contact between the adjacent strands and thus the passage of the
rubber.
[0017] Moreover, the cord has noteworthy strength properties. The
strength of a cord can be measured in terms of the value of its
force at break and characterizes its capacity of structural
strength with respect to a force.
[0018] The multistrand structure (K+L).times.(2+N) of the cord
gives the cord excellent mechanical strength, in particular a high
force at break.
[0019] The structure of the cord makes it possible to manufacture
protective crown plies, for example working plies or cross plies,
having a relatively high linear density. Thus, the strength of the
tyre is greatly improved.
[0020] When the cord is used in a protective ply, the protective
plies are rendered more resilient and more resistant to corrosion
on account of its high penetrability, which allows the rubber to
protect the cord from corrosive agents, and on account of its high
elasticity, which allows the cord to deform easily regardless of
the road surface.
[0021] When the cord is used in a working ply or cross ply, by
virtue of its high mechanical strength, in particular its
compression fatigue strength, the cord gives the tyre high
endurance with respect in particular to the phenomenon of
separation/cracking of the ends of the cross plies in the shoulder
region of the tyre, known under the term "cleavage".
[0022] The term "metal cord" is understood by definition to mean a
cord formed of wires constituted predominantly (i.e. more than 50%
of these wires) or entirely (100% of the wires) of a metallic
material. The invention is preferably implemented with a steel
cord, more preferably a cord made of pearlitic (or
ferritic-pearlitic) carbon steel referred to as "carbon steel"
below, or else made of stainless steel (by definition steel
comprising at least 11% chromium and at least 50% iron). However,
it is of course possible to use other steels or other alloys.
[0023] When a carbon steel is used, its carbon content (% by weight
of steel) is preferably comprised between 0.4% and 1.2%, in
particular between 0.5% and 1.1%; these contents represent a good
compromise between the mechanical properties required for the tyre
and the feasibility of the wires. It should be noted that a carbon
content of between 0.5% and 0.6% ultimately renders such steels
less expensive as they are easier to draw. Another advantageous
embodiment of the invention can also consist, depending on the
applications targeted, in using steels having a low carbon content,
for example of between 0.2% and 0.5%, due in particular to a lower
cost and to a greater ease of drawing.
[0024] The metal or the steel used, whether in particular it is a
carbon steel or a stainless steel, may itself be coated with a
metal layer which, for example, improves the workability of the
metal cord and/or of its constituent elements, or the use
properties of the cord and/or of the tyre themselves, such as
properties of adhesion, corrosion resistance or resistance to
ageing.
[0025] According to one preferred embodiment, the steel used is
covered with a layer of brass (Zn--Cu alloy) or of zinc. It will be
recalled that, during the process of manufacturing the wires, the
brass or zinc coating makes the wire easier to draw, and makes the
wire adhere to the rubber better. However, the wires could be
covered with a thin layer of metal other than brass or zinc having,
for example, the function of improving the corrosion resistance of
these wires and/or their adhesion to the rubber, for example a thin
layer of Co, Ni, Al, of an alloy of two or more of the compounds
Cu, Zn, Al, Ni, Co, Sn.
[0026] A person skilled in the art will know how to manufacture
steel wires having such properties, in particular by adjusting the
composition of the steel and the final degree of work hardening of
these wires, depending on its particular specific requirements, by
using for example micro-alloyed carbon steels containing specific
addition elements such as Cr, Ni, Co, V or various other known
elements (see for example Research Disclosure 34984--"Micro-alloyed
steel cord constructions for tyres"--May 1993; Research Disclosure
34054--"High tensile strength steel cord constructions for
tyres"--August 1992).
[0027] Preferably, the K inner strands are wound in a helix.
[0028] Preferably, and in this order: [0029] Each inner and outer
strand is formed. [0030] The K previously formed inner strands are
wound in a helix. [0031] The L previously formed outer strands are
wound in a helix around the K inner strands previously wound in a
helix.
[0032] Advantageously, the outer layer of each strand is
unsaturated.
[0033] By definition, an unsaturated layer of wires is such that
there is sufficient room in this layer to add at least one (N+1)th
wire having the same diameter as the N wires of the layer thereto,
it thus being possible for a plurality of wires to be in contact
with one another. Conversely, this layer is referred to as
saturated if there was not enough room in this layer to add at
least one (N+1)th wire having the same diameter as the N wires of
the layer thereto.
[0034] The protection of the cord from corrosion is improved for
similar reasons to those given in relation to the unsaturation of
the outer layer of the cord. In particular, the rubber is allowed
to penetrate as far as the central channel delimited by the strands
of the inner layer of the cord. Thus, in such a cord, the rubber
penetrates within each strand and between the strands.
[0035] Preferably, the force at break of the cord is greater than
or equal to 4000 N, preferably greater than or equal to 5000 N and
more preferably greater than or equal to 6000 N.
[0036] Preferably, the total elongation at break At of the cord,
i.e. the sum of its structural, elastic and plastic elongations
(At=As+Ae+Ap), is greater than or equal to 4.5%, preferably greater
than or equal to 5% and more preferably greater than or equal to
5.5%.
[0037] The structural elongation As results from the construction
and the actual ventilation of the multistrand cord and/or of its
elementary strands and also their intrinsic elasticity, where
appropriate with a preformation imposed on one or more of these
constituent strands and/or wires.
[0038] The elastic elongation Ae results from the actual elasticity
of the metal of the metal wires, taken individually (Hooke's
law).
[0039] The plastic elongation Ap results from the plasticity
(irreversible deformation beyond the yield point) of the metal of
these metal wires taken individually.
[0040] These different elongations and the meaning thereof, which
are well known to a person skilled in the art, are described in
documents U.S. Pat. No. 5,843,583, WO2005/014925 and
WO2007/090603.
[0041] Advantageously, the cord has a structural elongation As
greater than or equal to 1%, preferably greater than or equal to
1.5% and more preferably greater than or equal to 2%.
[0042] Advantageously, K=3 or K=4.
[0043] Preferably, L=8 or L=9.
[0044] Advantageously, N=2, N=3 or N=4.
[0045] The preferred cords are cords of structure
(3+8).times.(2+2), (3+8).times.(2+3), (3+8).times.(2+4),
(4+8).times.(2+2), (4+8).times.(2+3), (4+8).times.(2+4),
(4+9).times.(2+2), (4+9).times.(2+3) and (4+9).times.(2+4).
[0046] It will be recalled here that, as is known, the pitch
represents the length, measured parallel to the axis of the cord,
after which a wire that has this pitch has made a complete turn
around said axis of the cord.
[0047] According to optional features:
[0048] The inner wires of each of the K inner strands are wound in
a helix at a pitch of between 3.6 and 16 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 4 and 12.8 mm, inclusive.
[0049] The diameter of the inner wires of each of the K inner
strands is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive.
[0050] The ratio of the pitch to the diameter of the inner wires of
each of the K inner strands is between 20 and 40, inclusive.
[0051] The outer wires of each of the K inner strands are wound in
a helix at a pitch of between 3.1 and 8.4 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 3.4 and 6.7 mm, inclusive.
[0052] The diameter of the outer wires of each of the K inner
strands is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive. The ratio of the pitch to
the diameter of the outer wires of each of the K inner strands is
between 17 and 21, inclusive.
[0053] Thus, at a constant diameter, the outer wires preferably
have a pitch shorter than that of the inner wires. The elasticity
of each of the K strands is improved.
[0054] Preferably, the inner layer and outer layer of each of the K
inner strands are wound in the same direction of twisting. In
addition to promoting the elasticity of the cord, winding the inner
layer and outer layer in the same direction minimizes friction
between the two layers and therefore wear on the wires of which
they are made.
[0055] According to other optional features:
[0056] The inner wires of each of the L outer strands are wound in
a helix at a pitch of between 7.2 and 32 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 8 and 25.6 mm, inclusive.
[0057] The diameter of the inner wires of each of the L outer
strands is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive.
[0058] The ratio of the pitch to the diameter of the inner wires of
each of the L outer strands is between 40 and 80, inclusive.
[0059] The outer wires of each of the L outer strands are wound in
a helix at a pitch of between 4.1 and 13.2 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 4.6 mm and 10.6 mm, inclusive.
[0060] The diameter of the outer wires of each of the L outer
strands is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive.
[0061] The ratio of the pitch to the diameter of the outer wires of
each of the L outer strands is between 23 and 33, inclusive.
[0062] Thus, at a constant diameter, the outer wires preferably
have a pitch shorter than that of the inner wires. The elasticity
of each of the L strands is improved.
[0063] Preferably, the inner layer and outer layer of each of the L
outer strands are wound in the same direction of twisting. In a
manner similar to the inner strands, the elasticity and wear
resistance of the cord are therefore improved.
[0064] According to yet other optional features:
[0065] The inner strands are wound in a helix at a pitch of between
3.6 and 16 mm, inclusive, preferably between 4 and 12.8 mm,
inclusive.
[0066] The ratio of the pitch of the inner strands to the diameter
of the wires of each inner strand is between 20 and 40, inclusive.
All the wires of each inner strand thus have the same diameter.
[0067] The outer strands are wound in a helix at a pitch of between
7.2 and 32 mm, inclusive, preferably between 8 and 25.6 mm,
inclusive.
[0068] The ratio of the pitch of the outer strands to the diameter
of the wires of each outer strand is between 40 and 80, inclusive.
All the wires of each outer strand thus have the same diameter.
[0069] Thus, at a constant diameter, the outer strands preferably
have a pitch larger than that of the inner strands.
[0070] Preferably, the inner layer and outer layer of the cord are
wound in the same direction of twisting. This winding minimizes
friction between the two layers and therefore wear on the wires of
which they are made.
[0071] Advantageously, all of the wires and the strands are wound
in the same direction of twisting. This promotes the elasticity of
the cord.
[0072] For an optimized compromise between strength, capability of
structural lengthening or elasticity, endurance and flexibility, it
is preferable for the diameters of all of the outer wires and inner
wires of each strand, whether or not these wires have an identical
diameter, to be between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive, preferably
between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive.
[0073] For each strand, the inner wires and outer wires may have an
identical or different diameter from one layer to the other. Use is
preferably made of wires that have the same diameter from one layer
to the other. The inner wires of each strand are preferably made of
steel, more preferably of carbon steel. Independently, the outer
wires of each strand are preferably made of steel, more preferably
of carbon steel.
[0074] The cord is very particularly intended to be used as a
reinforcing element for a crown reinforcement of a tyre intended
for industrial vehicles chosen from heavy vehicles--i.e. metro
vehicles, buses, road transport vehicles (lorries, tractors,
trailers), off-road vehicles--, agricultural or construction plant
machinery, and other transport or handling vehicles.
[0075] Preferably, the tyre has a carcass reinforcement anchored in
two beads and surmounted radially by a crown reinforcement which is
itself surmounted by a tread which is joined to said beads by two
sidewalls, and said crown reinforcement has cords as defined
above.
[0076] Advantageously, the cord is intended to be used as a
reinforcing element for a protective ply. As a variant, the cord is
intended to be used as a reinforcing element for a working ply.
[0077] The cord could also be used, in other embodiments, to
reinforce other parts of tyres intended for other types of
vehicles.
[0078] Thus, for example, it may be conceivable to use the cord as
a reinforcing element for a hooping ply. According to different
embodiments, such a hooping ply may be disposed radially between
the carcass ply or plies and the working ply or plies, between the
working plies, or between the working ply or plies and the
protective ply or plies.
[0079] The invention will be better understood on reading the
following description, given solely by way of example and with
reference to the drawings, in which:
[0080] FIG. 1 is a view in section perpendicular to the axis of the
cord (which is assumed to be straight and at rest) of a cord
obtained by way of the method according to the invention;
[0081] FIG. 2 is a detail view of a strand of the cord from FIG.
1;
[0082] FIG. 3 is a view in section perpendicular to the
circumferential direction of a tyre comprising the cord from FIG.
1;
[0083] FIG. 4 is a view similar to that of FIG. 1 of a prior art
cord.
CORD OBTAINED BY THE METHOD ACCORDING TO THE INVENTION
[0084] FIG. 1 shows an example of a metal cord denoted by the
general reference 10. The cord 10 is of the multistrand type with
two cylindrical layers. Thus, it will be understood that there are
two layers of strands of which the cord 10 is made. The layers of
strands are adjacent and concentric. The cord 10 is devoid of
rubber when it is not integrated into the tyre.
[0085] The cord 10 comprises an inner layer C1 of the cord 10, said
inner layer C1 being constituted of K inner strands TI, where
preferably K=3 or K=4, and in this case K=3. The layer C1 has a
substantially tubular envelope that gives the layer C1 its
cylindrical contour E1.
[0086] The inner strands TI are wound in a helix at a pitch pl of
between 3.6 and 16 mm, inclusive, preferably between 4 and 12.8 mm,
inclusive. In this case, pl=7.5 mm.
[0087] The cord also comprises an outer layer C2 of the cord 10,
said outer layer C2 being constituted of L outer strands TE, where
preferably L=8 or L=9, and in this case L=8. The layer C2 has a
substantially tubular envelope that gives the layer C2 its
cylindrical contour E2.
[0088] The outer strands TE are side by side, this corresponding to
a position of mechanical equilibrium, and at least two outer
strands TE are separated by a passage opening 14 for the rubber.
The inner layer C2 is unsaturated, that is to say there is
sufficient room in the layer C2 to add at least one (L+1)th strand
having the same diameter as the L strands of the layer C2 thereto,
it thus being possible for a plurality of strands to be in contact
with one another. Thus, the outer strands TE are arranged such that
the layer C2 allows the rubber to pass radially between the outside
and the inside of the layer C2 through the opening 14.
[0089] The outer strands TE are wound in a helix around the inner
layer C1 at a pitch pE of between 7.2 and 32 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 8 and 25.6 mm, inclusive. In this case, pE=15
mm.
[0090] The strands TI and TE are advantageously wound in the same
direction of twisting, that is to say either in the S direction
("S/S" arrangement) or in the Z direction ("Z/Z" arrangement), in
this case in the S/S arrangement.
[0091] FIG. 2 shows a strand TI, TE. Such a strand is referred to
as an elementary strand.
[0092] Each strand TI, TE has an extended envelope that gives each
strand TI, TE its elongate contour E3. Each strand TI, TE comprises
an inner layer 12 constituted of 2 inner wires F1 and also an outer
layer 16 constituted of N outer wires F2, where N=2, N=3 or N=4 and
in this case N=3.
[0093] The outer wires F2 are generally side by side when the cord
is at rest, this corresponding to a position of mechanical
equilibrium, and at least two outer wires F2 are separated by a
passage opening 18 for the rubber. The layer 16 is unsaturated,
that is to say there is enough room in the layer 16 to add at least
one (N+1)th outer wire F2 having the same diameter as the N outer
wires F2 of the layer 16 thereto. Thus, the outer wires F2 of the
layer 16 are arranged such that the layer 16 allows the rubber to
pass radially between the outside and the inside of the layer 16
through the opening 18.
[0094] Each wire F1, F2 is preferably made of carbon steel coated
with brass. The carbon steel wires are prepared in a known manner,
for example from machine wire (diameter 5 to 6 mm) which is first
of all work-hardened, by rolling and/or drawing, down to an
intermediate diameter of around 1 mm. The steel used for the cord
10 is a carbon steel of the NT type (standing for "Normal Tensile")
with a carbon content of 0.7%, the rest consisting of iron and the
usual inevitable impurities associated with the steel manufacturing
process. As a variant, use is made of an SHT ("Super High Tensile")
carbon steel, the carbon content of which is around 0.92% and which
comprises around 0.2% chromium.
[0095] The wires of intermediate diameter undergo a degreasing
and/or pickling treatment prior to their subsequent conversion.
After a brass coating has been applied to these intermediate wires,
what is known as a "final" work-hardening operation is carried out
on each wire (i.e. after the final patenting heat treatment) by
cold drawing in a wet medium with a drawing lubricant for example
in the form of an aqueous emulsion or an aqueous dispersion. The
brass coating which surrounds the wires has a very small thickness,
much less than one micron, for example around 0.15 to 0.30 .mu.m,
this being negligible compared with the diameter of the steel
wires. Of course, the composition of the steel of the wire in terms
of its various elements (for example C, Cr, Mn) is the same as that
of the steel of the starting wire.
[0096] The inner wires F1 of each of the K inner strands TI are
wound in a helix at a pitch p1,i of between 3.6 and 16 mm,
inclusive, preferably between 4 and 12.8 mm, inclusive.
[0097] The diameter D1,i of the inner wires F1 of each of the K
inner strands TI is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive. Preferably, all
of the inner wires F1 of the K inner strands TI have the same
diameter.
[0098] The inner wires F1 of each inner strand TI are wound such
that the ratio R1,i of the pitch p1,i of the inner wires F1 to
their diameter D1,i is between 20 and 40, inclusive. In this case,
p1,i=7.5 mm, D1,i=0.26 mm and R1,i=28.8.
[0099] The outer wires F2 of each of the K inner strands TI are
wound in a helix at a pitch p2,i of between 3.1 and 8.4 mm,
inclusive, preferably between 3.4 and 6.7 mm, inclusive.
[0100] The diameter D2,i of the outer wires F2 of each of the K
inner strands TI is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive. Preferably, all
of the outer wires F2 of the K inner strands TI have the same
diameter.
[0101] The outer wires F2 of each inner strand TI are wound in a
helix around the inner layer 12 such that the ratio R2,i of the
pitch p2,i of the outer wires F2 of each inner strand TI to their
diameter D2,i is between 17 and 21, inclusive. In this case, p2,i=5
mm, D2,i=0.26 mm and R2,i=19.2.
[0102] The inner wires F1 of each of the L outer strands TE are
wound at a pitch p1,e of between 7.2 and 32 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 8 and 25.6 mm, inclusive.
[0103] The diameter D1,e of the inner wires F1 of each of the L
outer strands TE is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive. Preferably, all
of the inner wires F1 of the L outer strands TE have the same
diameter.
[0104] The inner wires F1 of each outer strand TE are wound such
that the ratio R1,e of the pitch p1,e of the inner wires F1 to
their diameter D1,e is between 40 and 80, inclusive. In this case,
p1,e=15 mm, D1,e=0.26 mm and R1,e=57.7.
[0105] The outer wires F2 of each of the L outer strands TE are
wound at a pitch p2,e of between 4.1 and 13.2 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 4.6 mm and 10.6 mm, inclusive.
[0106] The diameter D2,e of the outer wires F2 of each of the L
outer strands TE is between 0.18 mm and 0.40 mm, inclusive,
preferably between 0.20 mm and 0.32 mm, inclusive. Preferably, all
of the outer wires F2 of the L outer strands TE have the same
diameter.
[0107] The outer wires F2 of each outer strand TE are wound in a
helix around the inner layer 12 such that the ratio R2,e of the
pitch p2,e of the outer wires F2 of each outer strand TE to their
diameter D2,e is between 23 and 33, inclusive. In this case,
p2,e=7.5 mm, D2,e=0.26 mm and R2,e=28.8.
[0108] Preferably, all of the wires F1 and F2 have the same
diameter.
[0109] The inner strands TI are wound in a helix such that the
ratio RI of the pitch pl of the inner strands TI to the diameter
D1,i, D2,i of the wires F1, F2 of each inner strand TI is between
20 and 40, inclusive. In this case, RI=28.8.
[0110] The outer strands TE are wound in a helix around the inner
layer C1 such that the ratio RE of the pitch pE of the outer
strands TE to the diameter D1,e, D2,e of the wires F1, F2 of each
outer strand TE is between 40 and 80, inclusive. In this case,
RE=57.7.
[0111] The wires F1, F2 of each strand TI, TE are advantageously
wound in the same direction of twisting, that is to say either in
the S direction ("S/S" arrangement) or in the Z direction ("Z/Z"
arrangement), in this case in the S/S arrangement.
[0112] Thus, all of the wires F1, F2 and all of the strands TI, TE
are wound in the same direction of twisting S. As a variant, they
are all wound in the same direction of twisting Z.
[0113] FIG. 4 shows the prior art cord, denoted by the general
reference 100.
[0114] This cord 100 has a structure of the 4.times.(1+5) type and
comprises four strands T that each comprise an inner layer 102
constituted of one wire 104 and an outer layer 106 constituted of
five wires 108 wound in a helix around the wire 104 of the inner
layer 102. The strands T delimit a central channel 110.
[0115] A method according to the invention for manufacturing the
cord 10 will now be described.
[0116] Beforehand, it will be recalled that there are two possible
techniques for assembling metal wires or strands:
[0117] either by cabling: in which case the wires or strands
undergo no twisting about their own axis, because of a synchronous
rotation before and after the assembling point;
[0118] or by twisting: in which case the wires or strands undergo
both a collective twist and an individual twist about their own
axis, thereby generating an untwisting torque on each of the wires
or strands.
[0119] Assembly of Each Strand TI and TE
[0120] First of all, each elementary strand TI and TE is formed as
follows.
[0121] During a twisting assembly step, the N inner wires F2
constituting the outer layer 16 are wound in a helix at an
intermediate pitch equal to 15 mm in the S direction around the 2
inner wires F1 constituting the inner layer 12. During this step,
the inner wires F1 are parallel and thus have an infinite
intermediate pitch.
[0122] Assembly of the Cord 10
[0123] Next, the cord 10 is assembled as follows.
[0124] During a twisting assembly step, K inner strands TI that
were previously formed during the step of forming strands TI and
constitute the inner layer C1 are wound in a helix at what is
referred to as an initial pitch, equal to 7.5 mm, in the S
direction.
[0125] Then, during another twisting assembly step that is or is
not implemented in line with the preceding twisting step, the outer
layer C2 that is constituted of L outer strands TE that were
previously formed during the step of forming the strands TE is
wound in a helix at what is referred to as an initial pitch, equal
to 15 mm, in the S direction around the inner layer C1 of the K
inner strands previously wound in a helix. The strands TI, TE and
the wires F1, F2 of the layers C1, C2 thus have the initial pitches
mentioned in Table 1. As a variant, they have other initial
pitches.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Layer Strand Wires Pitch C1 TI 7.5 mm F1 7.5
mm F2 5 mm C2 TE 15 mm F1 15 mm F2 7.5 mm
[0126] Next, a step of overtwisting the cord 10 is carried out.
Thus, the wires F1, F2 and the strands TE, TI that were previously
wound are overtwisted, that is to say that the cord 10 is twisted
further in the S direction. During this overtwisting step, the
respective initial pitches of the wires F1, F2 and of the stands
TI, TE are reduced so as to obtain intermediate pitches smaller
than the corresponding initial pitches.
[0127] Then, a step of balancing the overtwisted cord 10 is carried
out so as to obtain zero residual torque in the cord 10. To this
end, the cord is passed through balancing means of the rotary type.
The term "balancing" is understood here, in a manner known to a
person skilled in the art, as meaning the cancelling out of
residual twisting torque (or of untwisting spring-back) that is
exerted both on each wire of the cord in the twisted state and on
each strand of the cord in the twisted state. The balancing means
are known to a person skilled in the art of twisting. They may
consist for example of twisters that comprise for example one, two
or four pulleys, through which the cord runs, in a single
plane.
[0128] Next, a step of untwisting the overtwisted and balanced cord
is carried out. Thus, the wires F1, F2 and the strands TE, TI of
the previously balanced cord 10 are untwisted, that is to say that
the cord 10 is twisted in the Z direction. Thus, the intermediate
pitches of the wires F1, F2 and of the strands TE, TI are increased
in order to obtain the initial pitches. At the end of this
untwisting step, the pitches of the wires F1, F2 and of the strands
TI, TE are thus those of Table 1 again.
[0129] Finally, preferably, the cord 10 is wound onto a storage
spool.
[0130] The above-described cord 10 is able to be obtained by the
above-described method.
[0131] Tyre Comprising the Cord Obtained by the Method According to
the Invention
[0132] FIG. 3 shows a tyre denoted by the general reference 20.
[0133] The tyre 20 has a crown 22 reinforced by a crown
reinforcement 24, two sidewalls 26 and two beads 28, each of these
beads 28 being reinforced with a bead wire 30. The crown 22 is
surmounted by a tread, not shown in this schematic figure. A
carcass reinforcement 32 is wound around the two bead wires 30 in
each bead 28 and comprises a turn-up 34 disposed towards the
outside of the tyre 20, which is shown fitted onto a wheel rim 36
here. The carcass reinforcement 32 is, in a way known per se, made
of at least one ply reinforced by what are known as "radial" cords
which means that these cords run practically parallel to one
another and extend from one bead to the other to form an angle of
between 80.degree. and 90.degree. with the circumferential median
plane (plane perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the tyre and
which is situated midway between the two beads 28 and passes
through the middle of the crown reinforcement 24).
[0134] The crown reinforcement 24 has at least one crown ply of
which the reinforcing cords are metal cords 10 as described above.
In this crown reinforcement 24 that is depicted in a very simple
manner in FIG. 3, it will be understood that the cords may for
example reinforce all or some of the working crown plies, or
triangulation crown plies (or half plies) and/or protective crown
plies, when such triangulation or protective crown plies are used.
Besides the working plies, and the triangulation and/or protective
plies, the crown reinforcement 24 of the tyre 20 can of course have
other crown plies, for example one or more hooping crown plies.
[0135] Of course, the tyre 20 additionally comprises, in a known
manner, an inner layer of rubber or elastomer (commonly known as
"inner liner") which defines the radially inner face of the tyre
and which is intended to protect the carcass ply from the diffusion
of air originating from the space inside the tyre. Advantageously,
in particular in the case of a tyre for a heavy vehicle, it may
also comprise an intermediate reinforcing elastomer layer which is
located between the carcass ply and the inner layer, intended to
reinforce the inner layer and, consequently, the carcass layer, and
also intended to partially delocalize the forces undergone by the
carcass reinforcement.
[0136] In this belt ply, the density of the cords 10 is preferably
between 15 and 80 cords per dm (decimetre) of belt ply, inclusive,
more preferably between 35 and 65 cords per dm of ply, inclusive,
the distance between two adjacent cords, axis to axis, preferably
being between around 1.2 and 6.5 mm, inclusive, more preferably
between around 1.5 and 3.0 mm, inclusive.
[0137] The cords 10 are preferably disposed such that the width
(denoted L) of the bridge of rubber between two adjacent cords is
between 0.5 and 2.0 mm, inclusive. This width L represents, in a
known manner, the difference between the calendering pitch (the
pitch at which the cord is laid in the rubber fabric) and the
diameter of the cord. Below the minimum value indicated, the bridge
of rubber, which is too narrow, runs the risk of being mechanically
degraded when the ply is working, in particular during the
deformations undergone in its own plane under extension or shear.
Above the maximum indicated, there is a risk of objects
penetrating, by perforation, between the cords. More preferably,
for these same reasons, the width L is chosen to be between 0.8 and
1.6 mm, inclusive.
[0138] Preferably, the rubber composition used for the fabric of
the belt ply has, in the vulcanized state (i.e. after curing), a
secant modulus in extension E10 of between 5 and 25 MPa, inclusive,
more preferably between 5 and 20 MPa, inclusive, in particular in a
range from 7 to 15 MPa, inclusive, when this fabric is intended to
form a belt ply, for example a protective ply. It is in such ranges
of moduli that the best endurance compromise between the cords 10
on the one hand and the fabrics reinforced by these cords on the
other has been recorded.
[0139] A method of manufacturing the tyre 20 will now be
described.
[0140] The cord 10 is incorporated by calendering into composite
fabrics formed from a known composition based on natural rubber and
carbon black as reinforcing filler, conventionally used for
manufacturing crown reinforcements of radial tyres. This
composition essentially has, in addition to the elastomer and the
reinforcing filler (carbon black), an antioxidant, stearic acid, an
oil extender, cobalt naphthenate as adhesion promoter, and finally
a vulcanization system (sulphur, accelerator and ZnO).
[0141] The composite fabrics reinforced by these cords have a
rubber matrix formed from two thin layers of rubber which are
superposed on either side of the cords and which have a thickness
of between 0.5 mm and 0.8 mm, inclusive, respectively. The
calendering pitch (the pitch at which the cord is laid in the
rubber fabric) is between 1.3 mm and 2.8 mm, inclusive.
[0142] These composite fabrics are then used as protective ply in
the crown reinforcement during the method of manufacturing the
tyre, the steps of which are otherwise known to a person skilled in
the art.
[0143] Measurements and Comparative Tests
[0144] The cord 10 was compared with the prior art cord 100 of
structure 4.times.(1+5).
[0145] The diameter of each wire 104, 108 of the cord 100 is equal
to 0.26 mm. The pitch P of the strands 106 is equal to 8 mm and the
pitch p of the wires 108 around the wire 104 is equal to 5 mm.
[0146] Dynamometric Measurements
[0147] For metal cords, force at break, denoted Fm (maximum load in
N), is measured under tension in accordance with standard ISO 6892,
1984. The measurements of total elongation at break (At) and
capability of structural lengthening or elongation (As)
(elongations in %) are well known to a person skilled in the art
and described for example in document US 2009/294009 (cf. FIG. 1
and the description relating thereto).
[0148] The following Table 2 shows the results obtained for force
at break Fm and structural elongation.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Structural elongation Total elongation Cord
Force at break (Fm) (As) (At) 10 6325 N 1.8% 5.5% 100 2750 N 1.8%
5.5%
[0149] The cord 10 has a total elongation at break At greater than
or equal to 4.5%, preferably greater than or equal to 5% and more
preferably greater than or equal to 5.5%.
[0150] The cord 10 has a structural elongation As greater than or
equal to 1%, preferably greater than or equal to 1.5%. In a variant
that is not shown, the structural elongation As is greater than or
equal to 2%.
[0151] The force at break of the cord 10 is greater than or equal
to 4000 N, preferably greater than or equal to 5000 N and even
greater than or equal to 6000 N.
[0152] The cord 10 has a force at break 2.3 times greater than the
cord 100 while retaining its properties of structural elongation
and thus its elasticity. This elasticity is, as described above,
representative of the ventilation of the cord, which also favours
the high penetrability of the cord with the rubber.
[0153] Air Permeability Test
[0154] This test makes it possible to determine the longitudinal
permeability to air of the cords tested, by measuring the volume of
air that passes through a test specimen under constant pressure in
a given time. The principle of such a test, which is well known to
a person skilled in the art, is to demonstrate the effectiveness of
the treatment of a cord to make it impermeable to air; it has been
described for example in standard ASTM D2692-98.
[0155] The test is performed here either on cords that have been
extracted from tyres or rubber plies that they reinforce, and have
thus already been coated from the outside with rubber in the cured
state, or on as-manufactured cords.
[0156] In the latter case, the as-manufactured cords need to be
coated from the outside beforehand with a rubber referred to as
coating rubber. For this purpose, a series of 10 cords laid
parallel (distance between cords: 20 mm) is placed between two
layers or "skims" (two rectangles measuring 80.times.200 mm) of a
diene rubber compound in the raw state, each skim having a
thickness of 3.5 mm; all of this is then immobilized in a mould,
with each of the cords kept under sufficient tension (for example 2
daN) to guarantee that it lies straight as it is being placed in
the mould, using clamping modules; it is then vulcanized (cured)
for 40 min at a temperature of 140.degree. C. and at a pressure of
15 bar (rectangular piston measuring 80.times.200 mm). After that,
the entirety is removed from the mould and ten test specimens of
cords thus coated are cut out, for characterizing, in the shape of
parallelepipeds measuring 7.times.7.times.20 mm.
[0157] The compound used as a coating rubber is a diene rubber
compound conventionally used in tyres, based on natural (peptized)
rubber and carbon black N330 (65 phr), also containing the
following usual additives: sulphur (7 phr), sulphenamide
accelerator (1 phr), ZnO (8 phr), stearic acid (0.7 phr),
antioxidant (1.5 phr), cobalt naphthenate (1.5 phr) (phr meaning
parts by weight per hundred parts of elastomer); the E10 modulus of
the coating rubber is around 10 MPa.
[0158] The test is carried out on a 2 cm length of cord, which is
thus coated with its surrounding rubber composition (or coating
rubber) in the cured state, in the following manner: air is sent to
the inlet of the cord, under a pressure of 1 bar, and the volume of
air at the outlet is measured using a flow meter (calibrated, for
example, from 0 to 500 cm3/min). During the measurement, the sample
of cord is immobilized in a compressed airtight seal (for example,
a seal made of dense foam or of rubber) so that only the amount of
air passing along the cord from one end to the other, along its
longitudinal axis, is taken into account by the measurement; the
airtightness of the airtight seal itself is checked beforehand
using a solid rubber test specimen, that is to say one devoid of
cord.
[0159] The higher the longitudinal impermeability of the cord, the
lower the mean air flow rate measured (averaged over the ten
specimens). As the measurement is taken with a precision of .+-.0.2
cm3/min, measured values of less than or equal to 0.2 cm3/min are
considered to be zero; they correspond to a cord that can be
described as airtight (completely airtight) along its axis (i.e. in
its longitudinal direction).
[0160] The cord 10 was subjected to the air permeability test
described above, by measuring the volume of air (in cm.sup.3)
passing along the cords in one minute (averaged over 10
measurements).
[0161] The average air flow rate measured on the cord 10 is zero,
which means that for each test specimen, the air flow rate measured
is less than or equal to 0.2 cm3/min.
[0162] The cord 10 thus has very low permeability to air, since it
is virtually zero (average air flow rate of zero), and consequently
a higher rate of penetration by the rubber. The cord 10 thus
improves corrosion resistance notably.
[0163] Of course, the invention is not restricted to the exemplary
embodiments described above.
[0164] For example, some wires could have a non-circular, for
example plastically deformed, cross section, in particular a cross
section which is oval or polygonal, for example triangular, square
or even rectangular.
[0165] The wires, having or not having a circular cross section,
for example a wavy wire, could be twisted or contorted into the
shape of a helix or a zigzag. In such cases, it should of course be
understood that the diameter of the wire represents the diameter of
the imaginary cylinder of revolution that surrounds the wire
(envelope diameter), and no longer the diameter (or any other
transverse size, if the cross section thereof is not circular) of
the core wire itself.
[0166] For reasons of industrial feasibility, cost and overall
performance, the invention is preferably implemented with linear
wires, that is to say ones that are straight, having a conventional
circular cross section.
[0167] It may also be possible to combine the features of the
different embodiments described or envisaged above, as long as
these are compatible with one another.
* * * * *