U.S. patent application number 14/551671 was filed with the patent office on 2015-05-28 for cutter block for a downhole underreamer.
The applicant listed for this patent is SMITH INTERNATIONAL, INC.. Invention is credited to Georges Ishak, Vincente S. Salvo, Michael Stewart, Sike Xia.
Application Number | 20150144405 14/551671 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 53180285 |
Filed Date | 2015-05-28 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150144405 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Salvo; Vincente S. ; et
al. |
May 28, 2015 |
CUTTER BLOCK FOR A DOWNHOLE UNDERREAMER
Abstract
A downhole tool has a body with a bore formed at least partially
therethrough. A cutter block may be coupled to the body and move
radially outward from the body in response to an increased pressure
in the bore. The cutter block may include an outer surface that
transitions from a first portion to a second portion, with the
first portion being downhole of the second portion. A radius of
curvature between the first and second portions may be less than
about 7 cm. The second portion or a line tangential thereto may be
oriented at an angle from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree.
with respect to a central longitudinal axis of the body. A
plurality of cutting elements may be disposed on the outer surface
of the cutter block. At least one of the cutting elements may be
disposed at least partially on the first or second portion of the
outer surface.
Inventors: |
Salvo; Vincente S.; (Spring,
TX) ; Stewart; Michael; (Spring, TX) ; Xia;
Sike; (Pearland, TX) ; Ishak; Georges;
(Houston, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SMITH INTERNATIONAL, INC. |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
53180285 |
Appl. No.: |
14/551671 |
Filed: |
November 24, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61908597 |
Nov 25, 2013 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
175/263 |
Current CPC
Class: |
E21B 10/322
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
175/263 |
International
Class: |
E21B 10/32 20060101
E21B010/32 |
Claims
1. A cutting tool, comprising: a body; a cutter block coupled to
the body and adapted to move radially outward from the body, the
cutter block including an outer surface that transitions from a
first portion to a second portion, the first portion and the second
portion remaining stationary relative to each other with the first
portion being downhole of the second portion, a radius of curvature
between the first and second portions being less than about 7 cm,
the second portion or a line tangential thereto being oriented at
an angle from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree. with respect to
a central longitudinal axis of the body; and a plurality of cutting
elements disposed on the outer surface of the cutter block, at
least one of the plurality of cutting elements being disposed at
least partially on the first or second portion of the outer
surface.
2. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein the radius of curvature is
less than about 5 cm, and wherein the angle is from about
75.degree. to about 105.degree..
3. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein a first one of the cutting
elements is at least partially disposed on the first portion of the
outer surface of the cutter block, and wherein a second one of the
cutting elements is at least partially disposed on the second
portion of the outer surface of the cutter block.
4. The cutting tool of claim 3, wherein the first portion of the
outer surface of the cutter block is substantially parallel to the
central longitudinal axis through the body.
5. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein a first distance between an
apex of a cutting element closest to an inner surface of the cutter
block and an apex of a cutting element farthest from the inner
surface of the cutter block is from about 0.5 cm to about 10 cm,
and wherein the first distance is measured in a direction
perpendicular to the central longitudinal axis through the
body.
6. The cutting tool of claim 5, wherein a second distance between
an apex of a cutting element closest to an end portion of the
cutter block and an apex of a cutting element farthest from the end
portion of the cutter block is from about 2 cm to about 20 cm, and
wherein the second distance is measured in a direction parallel to
the central longitudinal axis through the body.
7. The cutting tool of claim 6, wherein a ratio of the first
distance to the second distance is from about 1:1 to about
1:10.
8. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein an angle between a central
longitudinal axis extending through a first one of the cutting
elements and an X-axis in an X-Y plane is from about -90.degree. to
about 90.degree., the X-axis being aligned with a length of the
cutter block, and a Y-axis being aligned with a height of the
cutter block.
9. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein an angle between a central
longitudinal axis extending through a first one of the cutting
elements and an X-axis in an X-Z plane is from about -90.degree. to
about 45.degree., the X-axis being aligned with a length of the
cutter block, and a Z-axis being aligned with a width of the cutter
block.
10. The cutting tool of claim 1, wherein an angle between a central
longitudinal axis extending through a first one of the cutting
elements and an Y-axis in an Y-Z plane is from about -45.degree. to
about 90.degree., the Y-axis being aligned with a height of the
cutter block, and a Z-axis being aligned with a width of the cutter
block.
11. A downhole tool, comprising: a body; a cutter block coupled to
the body and adapted to move radially outward from the body, the
cutter block including an outer surface that transitions from a
first portion to a second portion, the first portion and the second
portion remaining stationary relative to each other with the first
portion defined as being downhole of the second portion, an angle
between the first portion or a line tangential thereto and the
second portion or a line tangential thereto being from about
60.degree. to about 120.degree., the second portion or the line
tangential thereto being oriented at an angle from about 60.degree.
to about 120.degree. with respect to a central longitudinal axis of
the body; and a plurality of cutting elements disposed on the outer
surface of the cutter block, at least one of the plurality of
cutting elements being disposed at least partially on the second
portion of the outer surface.
12. The downhole tool of claim 11, wherein the angle between the
first portion or the line tangential thereto and the second portion
or the line tangential thereto is from about 75.degree. to about
105.degree..
13. The downhole tool of claim 11, wherein the angle between the
second portion or the line tangential thereto and the central
longitudinal axis of the body is from about 75.degree. to about
105.degree..
14. The downhole tool of claim 11, further comprising another one
of the plurality of cutting elements is at least partially disposed
on the first portion of the outer surface of the cutter block.
15. The downhole tool of claim 11, wherein the first portion of the
outer surface of the cutter block is substantially parallel to the
central longitudinal axis through the body.
16. A downhole tool, comprising: a body; a cutter block coupled to
the body and adapted to move radially outward from the body, a
plurality of cutting elements disposed at least partially on the
outer surface of the cutter block, at least 50% of the cutting
elements being positioned between first and second points along a
length of the cutter block, a distance between the first and second
points being 30% of the length of the cutter block, and the first
point being at an end portion of the cutter block.
17. The downhole tool of claim 16, wherein the first point is at a
downhole end portion of the cutter block.
18. The downhole tool of claim 16, wherein at least 80% of the
cutting elements are positioned between the first and second
points, and wherein the distance is 20% of the length of the cutter
block.
19. The downhole tool of claim 16, wherein the outer surface
transitions from a first portion to a second portion, the first
portion being downhole of the second portion, a radius of curvature
between the first and second portions being less than about 7 cm,
the second portion or a line tangential thereto being oriented at
an angle from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree. with respect to
a central longitudinal axis of the body, and at least one of the
cutting elements being disposed at least partially on the second
portion of the outer surface.
20. The downhole tool of claim 16, wherein the outer surface
transitions from a first portion to a second portion, the first
portion being downhole of the second portion, an angle between the
first portion or a line tangential thereto and the second portion
or a line tangential thereto being from about 60.degree. to about
120.degree., the second portion or the line tangential thereto
being oriented at an angle from about 60.degree. to about
120.degree. with respect to a central longitudinal axis of the
body, and at least one of the cutting elements being disposed at
least partially on the second portion of the outer surface.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The present application claims priority to U.S. provisional
application 61/908,597 filed Nov. 25, 2013, the entirety of which
is incorporated by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Aspects relate to drilling wellbores. More specifically,
aspects relate to cutter blocks for downhole reamers.
BACKGROUND
[0003] After a subterranean bore is drilled, an underreamer is
oftentimes used to enlarge the diameter of the bore. The
underreamer is run into the bore in a retracted state. In the
retracted state, one or more cutter blocks of the underreamer are
folded into the body of the underreamer such that the cutter blocks
are positioned radially-inward from the surrounding casing or bore
wall. Once the underreamer reaches the desired depth in the bore,
the underreamer is actuated into an expanded state. In the expanded
state, the cutter blocks move radially-outward and into contact
with the bore wall.
[0004] The cutter blocks each include a plurality of cutting
elements designed to remove or displace rock through shearing
fracture and/or brittle fracture to increase the diameter of the
bore. The cutting elements remove rock through shearing fracture by
gouging into the rock formation and volumetrically displacing the
rock by compressing and fracturing the rock along local, leading
shear planes. The cutting elements remove rock through brittle
fracture by penetrating into the rock formation, which causes
cracks to propagate and radiate outwardly. The cracks may join or
combine with other proximate cracks, allowing a greater amount of
rock to be removed than through shearing fracture.
[0005] Conventional cutter blocks have the cutting elements
disposed thereon in a gradual bore enlarging profile. Cutting
elements arranged in this manner, however, may lead to an
overreliance on shearing fracture (as opposed to brittle fracture)
for rock removal. As a result, the amount of rock that is removed
per unit time (and energy) is not optimized. In addition,
conventional cutter blocks have cutting elements disposed on a
relatively large portion of the axial length of the cutter blocks.
This increases the lateral forces generated during drilling
operations, which causes instability of the underreamer. This
instability leads to a reduced drilling efficiency (i.e., a lower
rate of penetration or "ROP"). What is needed, therefore, is an
improved system and method for enlarging the diameter of a bore,
e.g., a wellbore or borehole.
SUMMARY
[0006] This summary is provided to introduce a selection of
concepts that are further described below in the detailed
description. This summary is not intended to identify key or
essential features of the claimed subject matter, nor is it
intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope of the claimed
subject matter.
[0007] A cutting tool is disclosed. The cutting tool may have a
body. A cutter block may be coupled to the body and move radially
outward from the body. The cutter block may include an outer
surface that transitions from a first portion to a second portion,
the first portion and the second portion remaining stationary
relative to each other with the first portion being downhole of the
second portion. A radius of curvature between the first and second
portions may be less than about 7 cm. The second or more uphole
portion or a line tangential thereto may be oriented at an angle
from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree. with respect to a
central longitudinal axis of the body. A plurality of cutting
elements may be disposed on the outer surface of the cutter block.
At least one of the cutting elements may be disposed at least
partially on the first or second portion of the outer surface.
[0008] In another implementation, a downhole tool may include a
body. A cutter block may be coupled to the body and move radially
outward from the body. The cutter block may include an outer
surface that transitions from a first portion to a second portion,
the first portion and the second portion remaining stationary
relative to each other with the first portion defined as being
downhole of the second portion. An angle between the first portion
or a line tangential thereto and the second portion or a line
tangential thereto may be from about 60.degree. to about
120.degree.. The second portion or the line tangential thereto may
be oriented at an angle from about 60.degree. to about 120.degree.
with respect to a central longitudinal axis of the body. A
plurality of cutting elements may be disposed on the outer surface
of the cutter block. At least one of the cutting elements may be
disposed at least partially on the second portion of the outer
surface.
[0009] In yet another implementation, the downhole tool may include
a body. A cutter block may be coupled to the body and move radially
outward from the body. A plurality of cutting elements may be
disposed at least partially on the outer surface of the cutter
block. At least 50% of the cutting elements may be positioned
between first and second points along a length of the cutter block.
A distance between the first and second points may be 30% of the
length of the cutter block, and the first point may be at a
downhole end portion of the cutter block.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] So that the recited features may be understood in detail, a
more particular description, briefly summarized above, may be had
by reference to one or more implementations, some of which are
illustrated in the appended drawings. It is to be noted, however,
that the appended drawings are illustrative implementations, and
are, therefore, not to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts a cross-section side view of an illustrative
downhole tool for increasing a diameter of a wellbore, according to
one or more implementations disclosed.
[0012] FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of an illustrative cutter
block of the downhole tool shown in FIG. 1, according to one or
more implementations disclosed.
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts a portion of a leading side surface of the
cutter block shown in FIG. 2.
[0014] FIG. 4 depicts a portion of an outer surface of the cutter
block shown in FIG. 2.
[0015] FIG. 5 depicts a plan view of the lower end portion of the
cutter block shown in FIG. 2.
[0016] FIG. 6 depicts a profile view of the cutting elements of
three circumferentially offset cutter blocks shown in a single
plane after the downhole tool has been rotated about its
longitudinal axis, according to one or more implementations
disclosed.
[0017] FIG. 7 depicts a view of a leading side surface of another
illustrative cutter block, according to one or more implementations
disclosed.
[0018] FIG. 8 depicts a view of an outer surface of the cutter
block shown in FIG. 7.
[0019] FIG. 9 depicts a view of a leading side surface of another
illustrative cutter block, according to one or more implementations
disclosed.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0020] FIG. 1 depicts a cross-sectional side view of an
illustrative downhole tool 100 for increasing a diameter of a
subterranean bore 180, e.g., a wellbore, borehole, subterranean
tunnel or the like, according to one or more implementations. The
downhole tool 100 may be or include an underreamer having a tool
body 110 with a central longitudinal axis 111 extending
therethrough. A tool bore 112 may be formed at least partially
through the tool body 110. The tool body 110 may include a first or
"upper" end portion 114 and a second or "lower" end portion
116.
[0021] One or more cutter blocks 200 may be movably coupled to the
tool body 110. The number of cutter blocks 200 may range from about
1, 2, or 3 to about 4, 6, 8, 10, or more. For example, the tool
body 110 may have three cutter blocks 200 coupled thereto that are
circumferentially offset from one another. As shown in FIG. 1, the
cutter blocks 200 are in a retracted position. In the retracted
position, the cutter blocks 200 are folded into corresponding
recesses in the tool body 110 such that the outer surfaces 240 of
the cutter blocks 200 are substantially aligned with or positioned
radially inward from the outer surface 118 of the tool body
110.
[0022] The cutter blocks 200 are arranged and designed to actuate
from the retracted position into an expanded position. When
actuating into the expanded position, the cutter blocks 200 move
toward the first end portion 114 of the tool body 110 and radially
outward until the outer surfaces 240 of the cutter blocks 200 are
positioned radially outward from the outer surface 118 of the tool
body 110. The cutter blocks may cut, grind, or scrape a wall 182 of
the subterranean bore 180 to increase the diameter thereof when in
the expanded position.
[0023] The downhole tool 100 may also include a chamber 120
positioned radially outward from the tool bore 112 and in fluid
communication therewith. As discussed in greater detail below, a
piston 122 and a drive ring 124 may be arranged and designed to
move axially within the tool body 110 in response to an increased
pressure in the tool bore 112 and the chamber 120. Movement of the
piston 122 and drive ring 124 toward the first end portion 114 of
the tool body 110 may cause the cutter block 200 to actuate from
the retracted position into the expanded position. This movement
also compresses a spring 126 or other biasing device positioned
within the tool body 110 and adjacent the cutter block 200.
[0024] FIG. 2 depicts a perspective view of the cutter block 200 of
the downhole tool 100 shown in FIG. 1, according to one or more
implementations. The cutter block 200 may include a body 210 having
a first or "upper" end portion 214 and a second or "lower" end
portion 216. A plurality of cutting elements 220 may be disposed at
least partially on the outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200.
The cutting elements 220 may include polycrystalline diamond
cutters ("PDCs") or the like. The cutting elements 220 may be
conical or frustoconical (i.e., stingers), shear type cutters,
semi-round top ("SRT") cutters, ballistic cutters, chisel cutters,
or the like. The cutting elements 220 are adapted to cut, grind, or
scrape the wall 182 of the subterranean bore 180 (see FIG. 1) to
increase the diameter thereof.
[0025] A plurality of stabilizing pads or inserts 230 may be
disposed on the outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200 and
positioned at least partially between the cutting elements 220 and
the upper end portion 214 of the cutter block 200. As shown, the
stabilizing inserts 230 are positioned in two axial rows on the
outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200; however, as may be
appreciated, the stabilizing inserts 230 may be positioned in any
orientation on the outer surface 240 of the cutter block, and any
number of stabilizing inserts 230 may be used. In at least one
implementation, the stabilizing inserts 230 may be or include
tungsten carbide inserts, or the like. The stabilizing inserts 230
are adapted to absorb and reduce vibration between the cutter block
200 and the wall 182 of the subterranean bore 180 (see FIG. 1).
[0026] The cutter block 200 may have a plurality of splines 252
disposed on the longitudinal side surfaces 250 thereof. The splines
252 may be or include offset ridges or protrusions adapted to
engage and translate within corresponding grooves or channels in
the tool body 110 of the downhole tool 100. The splines 252 (and
the corresponding grooves) may be oriented at an angle with respect
to the central longitudinal axis 111 through the tool body 110 (see
FIG. 1). The angle may range from a low of about 10.degree., about
15.degree., or about 20.degree. to a high of about 25.degree.,
about 30.degree., about 35.degree., or more. For example, the angle
may be between about 10.degree. and about 30.degree., about
15.degree. and about 25.degree., or about 17.degree. and about
23.degree.. The engagement of the splines 252 and corresponding
grooves enable the cutter block 200 to move with respect to the
tool body 110 of the downhole tool 100 at a predetermined angle.
The cutter block 200 may simultaneously move toward the first end
portion 114 of the tool body 110 and radially-outward at the angle
discussed above (e.g., between about 15.degree. and about
25.degree., or about 17.degree. and about 23.degree.), thereby
actuating into the expanded position.
[0027] The cutter block 200 may have a length 260 (aligned with an
x-axis) ranging from about 10 cm, about 20 cm, about 30 cm, about
40 cm, or about 50 cm to about 60 cm, about 80 cm, about 100 cm,
about 150 cm, or more. The cutter block may have a height/depth 262
(aligned with a y-axis) ranging from about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about
4 cm, or about 5 cm to about 6 cm, about 8 cm, about 10 cm, about
15 cm, about 20 cm, or more. The cutter block 200 may have a width
264 (z-axis) ranging from about 2 cm, about 3 cm, about 4 cm, or
about 5 cm to about 6 cm, about 8 cm, about 10 cm, about 15 cm, or
more.
[0028] FIG. 3 depicts a view of a portion of a leading side surface
250 of the cutter block 200 shown in FIG. 2. A first portion 242 of
the outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200 (or a line tangential
thereto) may be substantially parallel to an inner surface 254 of
the cutter block 200 and/or the longitudinal axis 111 of the
downhole tool 100 (see FIG. 1). As used herein, "substantially
parallel" means within +/-20.degree. of parallel. The first portion
242 of the outer surface 240 may be a first distance 266 from the
inner surface 254 of the cutter block 200.
[0029] The first portion 242 of the outer surface 240 may
transition to a second portion 244 of the outer surface 240. The
second portion 240 of the outer surface 240 (or a line tangential
thereto) may be oriented at an angle with respect to the inner
surface 254 of the cutter block 200 and/or the longitudinal axis
111 of the downhole tool 100 (for clarity, such angle is external
to the cutter block 200) from about 50.degree. to about
150.degree., e.g., the angle may be about 50.degree., about
60.degree., about 70.degree., about 80.degree., about 90.degree.,
about 100.degree., about 110.degree., about 120.degree., about
130.degree., about 140.degree., or about 150.degree., or any angle
therebetween. The radius of curvature from or between the first
portion 242 to the second portion 244 may be less than about 20 cm,
less than about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 8 cm,
less than about 6 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 2 cm,
or less than about 1 cm. In another implementation, the first and
second portions 242, 244 of the outer surface 240 (or lines
tangential thereto) may be oriented at an angle with respect to one
another (for clarity, such angle is external to the cutter block
200) from about 50.degree. to about 150.degree., e.g., the angle
may be about 50.degree., about 60.degree., about 70.degree., about
80.degree., about 90.degree., about 100.degree., about 110.degree.,
about 120.degree., about 130.degree., about 140.degree., or about
150.degree., or any angle therebetween.
[0030] The second portion 244 of the outer surface 240 may
transition to a third or "gage" portion 246 of the outer surface
240. The third portion 246 of the outer surface 240 may be
substantially parallel to the inner surface 254 of the cutter block
200 and/or the longitudinal axis 111 of the downhole tool 100. The
third portion 246 of the outer surface 240 may be positioned
farther from the lower end portion 216 of the cutter block 200 than
the first portion 242 of the outer surface 240. The radius of
curvature from the second portion 244 to the third portion 246 may
be less than about 20 cm, less than about 15 cm, less than about 10
cm, less than about 8 cm, less than about 7 cm, less than about 6
cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 2 cm, or less than about
1 cm. In another implementation, the second and third portions 244,
246 of the outer surface 240 (or lines tangential thereto) may be
oriented at an angle with respect to one another (for clarity, such
angle is an interior angle inside of the cutter block 200 between
second and third portions 244, 246 of outer surface 240) from about
50.degree. to about 150.degree., e.g., the angle may be about
50.degree., about 60.degree., about 70.degree., about 80.degree.,
about 90.degree., about 100.degree., about 110.degree., about
120.degree., about 130.degree., about 140.degree., or about
150.degree., or any angle therebetween.
[0031] A distance 268 between the third portion 246 of the outer
surface 240 and the inner surface 254 may be greater than the
distance 266 between the first portion 242 of the outer surface 240
and the inner surface 254. A ratio of the distance 266 to the
distance 268 may be from about 1.0:1.2 to about 1.0:1.5, about
1.0:1.5 to about 1.0:2.0, about 1.0:2.0 to about 1.0:2.5, about
1.0:2.5 to about 1.0:3.0, or about 1.0:3.0 to about 1.0:5.0, or any
ratio therebetween.
[0032] At least 50% to as much as 100% of the cutting elements 220,
e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at
least 90%, or as much as 100%, or any percentage therebetween, may
be positioned between first and second points 273, 274 along the
length 260 of the body 210 (FIG. 2). A distance 276 between the
first and second points 273, 274 may be between about 10% to about
50% of the length 260 of the body 210, e.g., distance 276 may be
about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, or about 50%, or any
percentage therebetween, of length 260 of body 210. As shown, the
first point 273 may be at or proximate the lower end portion 216 of
the body 210. Arranging the cutting elements 220 in this manner may
reduce the lateral vibrations experienced by the cutter block 200
and the downhole tool 100.
[0033] A distance 270 (measured along the y-axis) between an apex
of the cutting element 220, e.g., 220-1, closest to the inner
surface 254 and the apex of the cutting element 220, e.g., 220-5,
farthest from the inner surface 254 may range from about 0.5 cm,
about 1 cm, about 1.5 cm, about 2 cm, or about 2.5 cm to about 3
cm, about 4 cm, about 5 cm, about 7.5 cm, about 10 cm, or more. For
example, the distance 270 may be from about 0.5 cm to about 2 cm,
about 1 cm to about 4 cm, about 2 cm to about 5 cm, about 4 cm to
about 8 cm, about 6 cm to about 10 cm, or about 0.5 cm to about 10
cm. When central longitudinal axes through two adjacent cutting
elements 220 are substantially parallel, a distance between an apex
of the first of the cutting element 220 and an apex of the second
of the cutting element 220 (measured along the central longitudinal
axes) may be less than about 10 mm, less than about 8 mm, less than
about 6 mm, less than about 4 mm, less than about 2 mm, less than
about 1 mm, less than about 0.5 mm, or less than about 0.1 mm.
[0034] A distance 272 (measured along the x-axis) between an apex
of the cutting element 220, e.g., 220-1, closest to the lower end
portion 216 of the cutter block 200 and the apex of the cutting
element 220, e.g., 220-7, farthest from the lower end portion 216
of the cutter block 220 may range from about 2 cm, about 4 cm,
about 6 cm, about 8 cm, or about 10 cm to about 15 cm, about 20 cm,
about 25 cm, about 30 cm, about 40 cm, or more. For example, the
distance 272 may be from about 2 cm to about 5 cm, about 4 cm to
about 8 cm, about 6 cm to about 10 cm, about 10 cm to about 20 cm,
about 20 cm to about 30 cm, or about 2 cm to about 20 cm.
[0035] A ratio of the distance 270 to the distance 272 may be from
about 1:1 to about 1:2, about 1:2 to about 1:3, about 1:3 to about
1:5, about 1:5 to about 1:10, or about 1:1 to about 1:10, or any
ratio therebetween. A ratio of the distance 272 to the length 260
of the cutter block 200 may range from about 1:2 to about 1:3,
about 1:3 to about 1:5, about 1:5 to about 1:10, about 1:10 to
about 1:15, or about 1:2 to about 1:15, or any ratio
therebetween.
[0036] An angle 224 between the x-axis and a central longitudinal
axis 223 through one of the cutting elements 220, e.g., 220-1, in
the x-y plane may range from about -90.degree. to about
+90.degree., e.g., about -90.degree., about -75.degree., about
-60.degree., about -45.degree., about -30.degree., about
-15.degree., or about 0.degree. to about 15.degree., about
30.degree., about 45.degree., about 60.degree., about 75.degree.,
or about 90.degree., or any angle therebetween. For example, the
angle 224 may be from about 0.degree. to about +/-20.degree., about
+/-10.degree. to about +/-30.degree., about +/-20.degree. to about
+/-40.degree., about +/-30.degree. to about +/-50.degree., about
+/-40.degree. to about +/-60.degree., about +/-50.degree. to about
+/-70.degree., about +/-60.degree. to about +/-80.degree., about
+/-70.degree. to about +/-90.degree., or about 0.degree. to about
+/-90.degree.. As used herein, a positive angle is measured
counterclockwise from the horizontal axis, and a negative angle is
measured clockwise from the horizontal axis. The angle 224 is shown
as about positive 30.degree. in FIG. 3. Seven cutting elements 220
are shown for illustrative purposes: 220-1, 220-2, 220-3, 220-4,
220-5, 220-6, and 220-7. However, it may be appreciated, that more
or fewer cutting elements 220 may be used.
[0037] The first cutting element 220-1 may be positioned at least
partially in the first and/or second portion 242, 244 of the outer
surface 240 of the cutter block 200. The angle 224 between the
x-axis and the central longitudinal axis 223 through the first
cutting element 220-1 in the x-y plane may be from about 20.degree.
to about 40.degree., about 30.degree. to about 50.degree., about
40.degree. to about 60.degree., or about 50.degree. to about
70.degree.. The second cutting element 220-2 may be positioned at
least partially in the second and/or third portion 244, 246 of the
outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200. The angle between the
x-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the second cutting
element 220-2 in the x-y plane may be from about 0.degree. to about
10.degree., about 5.degree. to about 15.degree., about 10.degree.
to about 20.degree., or about 20.degree. to about 30.degree.. The
third cutting element 220-3 may be positioned at least partially in
the second and/or third portion 244, 246 of the outer surface 240
of the cutter block 200. The angle between the x-axis and the
central longitudinal axis through the third cutting element 220-3
in the x-y plane may be from about 20.degree. to about 40.degree.,
about 30.degree. to about 50.degree., about 40.degree. to about
60.degree., or about 50.degree. to about 70.degree.. The fourth
cutting element 220-4 may be positioned at least partially in the
second and/or third portion 244, 246 of the outer surface 240 of
the cutter block 200. The angle between the x-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the fourth cutting element 220-4 in the
x-y plane may be from about 40.degree. to about 60.degree., about
50.degree. to about 70.degree., or about 60.degree. to about
80.degree.. The fifth cutting element 220-5 may be positioned at
least partially in the second and/or third portion 244, 246 of the
outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200. The angle between the
x-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the fifth cutting
element 220-5 in the x-y plane may be from about 40.degree. to
about 60.degree., about 50.degree. to about 70.degree., or about
60.degree. to about 80.degree.. The sixth and seventh cutting
elements 220-6, 220-7 may be positioned at least partially in the
third portion 246 of the outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200.
The angle between the x-axis and the central longitudinal axis
through the sixth and seventh cutting elements 220-6, 220-7 in the
x-y plane may be from about 60.degree. to about 70.degree., about
70.degree. to about 80.degree., or about 80.degree. to about
90.degree..
[0038] FIG. 4 depicts a view (in the x-z plane) of a portion of the
outer surface 240 of the cutter block 200 shown in FIG. 2. An angle
226 between the x-axis and the central longitudinal axis 223
through one of the cutting elements 220, e.g., 220-1, in the x-z
plane may range from between about -90.degree. to about
+90.degree., e.g., about -90.degree., about -75.degree., about
-60.degree., about -45.degree., about -30.degree., about
-15.degree., or about 0.degree. to about 15.degree., about
30.degree., about 45.degree., about 60.degree., about 75.degree.,
about 90.degree., or any angle therebetween. For example, the angle
226 may be from about 0.degree. to about +/-20.degree., about
+/-10.degree. to about +/-30.degree., about +/-20.degree. to about
+/-40.degree., about +/-30.degree. to about +/-50.degree., about
+/-40.degree. to about +/-60.degree., about +/-50.degree. to about
+/-70.degree., about +/-60.degree. to about +/-80.degree., about
+/-70.degree. to about +/-90.degree., or about 0.degree. to about
+/-90.degree.. The angle 226 is shown as about negative 20.degree.
in FIG. 4. As used herein, the "x-axis" is along the length 260 of
the cutter block 200, and the z-axis is along the width 264 of the
cutter block 200 (see FIG. 2).
[0039] The angle 226 between the x-axis and the central
longitudinal axis 223 through the first cutting element 220-1 in
the x-z plane may be from about -10.degree. to about -30.degree.,
about -20.degree. to about -40, or about -30.degree. to about
-50.degree.. The angle between the x-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the second cutting element 220-2 in the
x-z plane may be from about -10.degree. to about -30.degree., or
about -20.degree. to about -40.degree.. The angle 226 between the
x-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the third cutting
element 220-3 in the x-z plane may be from about -10.degree. to
about -30.degree., about -20.degree. to about -40, or about
-30.degree. to about -50.degree.. The angle between the x-axis and
the central longitudinal axis through the fourth cutting element
220-4 in the x-z plane may be from about -30.degree. to about
-50.degree., about -40.degree. to about -60.degree., about
-50.degree. to about -70.degree., or about -60.degree. to about
-80.degree.. The angle between the x-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the fifth cutting element 220-5 in the
x-z plane may be from about -30.degree. to about -50.degree., about
-40.degree. to about -60.degree., about -50.degree. to about
-70.degree., or about -60.degree. to about -80.degree.. The angle
between the x-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the
sixth and seventh cutting elements 220-6, 220-7 in the x-z plane
may be from about -70.degree. to about -80.degree. or about
-80.degree. to about -90.degree..
[0040] FIG. 5 depicts a plan view (y-z plane) of the lower end
portion 216 of the cutter block 200 shown in FIG. 2. An angle 228
between the y-axis and the central longitudinal axis 223 through
one of the cutting elements 220, e.g., 220-1, in the y-z plane may
range from about -90.degree. to about +90.degree., e.g., about
-90.degree., about -75.degree., about -60.degree., about
-45.degree., about -30.degree., about -15.degree., or about
0.degree. to about 15.degree., about 30.degree., about 45.degree.,
about 60.degree., or about 75.degree., about 90.degree., or any
angle therebetween. For example, the angle 228 may be from about
0.degree. to about +/-20.degree., about +/-10.degree. to about
+/-30.degree., about +/-20.degree. to about +/-40.degree., about
+/-30.degree. to about +/-50.degree., about +/-40.degree. to about
+/-60.degree., about +/-50.degree. to about +/-70.degree., about
+/-60.degree. to about +/-80.degree., about +/-70.degree. to about
+/-90.degree., or about 0.degree. to about +/-90.degree.. As shown,
the angle 228 in FIG. 5 is about positive 20.degree.. As used
herein, the "y-axis" is along the height/depth 262 of the cutter
block 200, and the z-axis is along the width 264 of the cutter
block 200 (see FIG. 2).
[0041] The angle 228 between the y-axis and the central
longitudinal axis 223 through the first cutting element 220-1 in
the y-z plane may be from about 20.degree. to about 40.degree.,
about 30.degree. to about 50, or about 40.degree. to about
60.degree.. The angle between the y-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the second cutting element 220-2 in the
y-z plane may be from about 70.degree. to about 80.degree., or
about 80.degree. to about 90.degree.. The angle between the y-axis
and the central longitudinal axis through the third cutting element
220-3 in the y-z plane may be from about 20.degree. to about
40.degree., about 30.degree. to about 50, or about 40.degree. to
about 60.degree.. The angle between the y-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the fourth cutting element 220-4 in the
y-z plane may be from about 20.degree. to about 40.degree., about
30.degree. to about 50.degree., about 40.degree. to about
60.degree., or about 50.degree. to about 70.degree.. The angle
between the y-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the
fifth cutting element 220-5 in the y-z plane may be from about
30.degree. to about 50.degree., about 40.degree. to about
60.degree., or about 50.degree. to about 70.degree.. Although not
shown in FIG. 5, the angle between the y-axis and the central
longitudinal axis through the sixth and seventh cutting elements
220-6, 220-7 in the y-z plane may be from about 70.degree. to about
80.degree. or about 80.degree. to about 90.degree..
[0042] FIG. 6 depicts a profile view of the cutting elements 220 of
three circumferentially offset cutter blocks 200 shown in the same
x-y plane after the downhole tool 100 has rotated 360.degree. about
its longitudinal axis 111 (FIG. 1), according to one or more
implementations. The cutting elements 220 may not be in the same
position on each cutter block 200. Rather, one or more of the
cutting elements 220 on a first cutter block 200 may be offset or
spaced apart from the corresponding cutting elements 221 on a
second cutter block (not shown). The cutting elements 220, 221 may
be offset or spaced apart along the length 260, the height/depth
262, and/or the width 264 of the cutter blocks 200 from about 1 mm,
about 2 mm, about 3 mm, about 4 mm, or about 5 mm to about 6 mm,
about 8 mm, about 10 mm, about 15 mm, about 20 mm, or more.
[0043] As a result, the angle 224 in the x-y plane (as shown), the
angle 226 in the x-z plane (not shown), and/or the angle 228 in the
y-z plane (not shown) of one or more cutting elements 220 on the
first cutter block 200 may vary with respect to the corresponding
cutter elements 221 on the second cutter block (not shown). The
corresponding angles 224, 226, and/or 228 (of cutter elements 220,
221 on the first and second cutter blocks) may vary with respect to
each other by about 1.degree. to about 20.degree., e.g., about
1.degree. to about 5.degree., about 5.degree. to about 10.degree.,
or about 10.degree. to about 20.degree..
[0044] As shown in FIG. 6, the first cutting element 222-1 on the
second cutter block (element/block not shown but cutting pattern of
cutting element shown) may be offset along the length 260 (FIG. 2)
and the height/depth 262 (FIG. 2) from the first cutting element
220-1 on the first cutter block 200. In addition, the angle 225-1
between the x-axis and the central longitudinal axis through the
first cutting element 221-1 of the second cutter block in the x-y
plane may be different (e.g., shown greater but may be less) than
the corresponding angle 224-1 of the first cutting element 220-1 of
the first cutter block 200 by about 1.degree. to about
10.degree..
[0045] FIG. 7 depicts a view of a leading side surface 750 of
another illustrative cutter block 700, and FIG. 8 depicts a view of
an outer surface 740 of the cutter block 700 shown in FIG. 7,
according to one or more implementations disclosed herein. The
cutter block 700 shown in FIG. 7 may be similar to the cutter block
200 shown in FIGS. 2-5; however, the outer surface 740 of the
cutter block 700 shown in FIG. 7 may include additional stepped
portions 744, 745, 746.
[0046] As illustrated in FIG. 7, the third portion 743 of the outer
surface 740 (similar to the third portion 246 of outer surface 240
illustrated in FIG. 3) may transition to a fourth portion 744 of
the outer surface 740. The fourth portion 744 of the outer surface
740 of the cutter block 700 may be substantially parallel to the
inner surface 754 of the cutter block 700 and/or the longitudinal
axis 111 of the downhole tool 100 (see FIG. 1). A distance 766
between the fourth portion 744 of the outer surface 740 and the
inner surface 754 may be less than the distance 765 between the
third portion 743 of the outer surface 740 and the inner surface
754. The distance 766 may be substantially the same as the distance
764 between the first portion 741 of the outer surface 740 and the
inner surface of the cutter block 700.
[0047] The fourth portion 744 of the outer surface 740 may
transition to a fifth portion 745 of the outer surface 740. The
fifth portion 745 of the outer surface 740 may be substantially
perpendicular to the inner surface 754 of the cutter block 700 and
the longitudinal axis 111 of the downhole tool 100. As used herein
"substantially perpendicular" means within +/-20.degree. of
perpendicular. The radius of curvature from the fourth portion 744
to the fifth portion 745 may be from less than about 20 cm, less
than about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 8 cm, less
than about 6 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 2 cm, or
less than about 1 cm. In another implementation, the fourth and
fifth portions 744, 745 of the outer surface 740 may be oriented at
an angle with respect to one another from about 50.degree. to about
150.degree., e.g., about 50.degree., about 60.degree., about
70.degree., about 80.degree., or about 90.degree. to about
100.degree., about 110.degree., about 120.degree., about
130.degree., about 40.degree., or about 150.degree., or any angle
therebetween.
[0048] The fifth portion 745 of the outer surface 740 may
transition to a sixth portion 746 of the outer surface 740. The
sixth portion 746 of the outer surface 740 may be substantially
parallel to the inner surface 754 of the cutter block 700 and the
longitudinal axis 111 of the downhole tool 100. The sixth portion
746 of the outer surface 740 may be positioned farther from the
lower end portion 716 of the cutter block 700 than the fourth
portion 744 of the outer surface 740. The radius of curvature from
the fifth portion 745 to the sixth portion 746 may be less than
about 20 cm, less than about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, less
than about 8 cm, less than about 6 cm, less than about 4 cm, less
than about 2 cm, or less than about 1 cm. In another
implementation, the fifth and sixth portions 745, 746 of the outer
surface 740 may be oriented at an angle with respect to one another
from about 50.degree. to about 150.degree., e.g., about 50.degree.,
about 60.degree., about 70.degree., about 80.degree., or about
90.degree. to about 100.degree., about 110.degree., about
120.degree., about 130.degree., about 140.degree., or about
150.degree., or any angle therebetween.
[0049] A distance 767 between the sixth portion 746 of the outer
surface 740 and the inner surface 754 may be greater than the
distance 766 between the fourth portion 744 of the outer surface
740 and the inner surface 754. As shown, the fourth, fifth, and
sixth portions 744, 745, 746 of the outer surface 740 may be
positioned closer to the upper end portion 714 of the cutter block
700 than the first, second, and third portions 741, 742, 743 of the
outer surface 740.
[0050] The first, second, and/or third portions 741, 742, 743 of
the outer surface 740 of the cutter block 700 may be worn away over
time due to contact with the wall 182 of the subterranean bore 180
(see FIG. 1). When this occurs, the cutting elements 720 disposed
on the fourth, fifth, and/or sixth portions 744, 745, 746 of the
outer surface 740 of the cutter block 700 may serve as a secondary
or backup to the cutting elements 720 disposed on the first,
second, and/or third portions 741, 742, 743 of the outer surface
740 of the cutter block 700. In addition, the rate of penetration
of the downhole tool 100 may decrease when the cutting elements 720
on the first, second, and third portions 741, 742, 743 are worn
away, and the rate of penetration may once again increase when the
cutting elements 720 on the fourth, fifth, and sixth portions 744,
745, 746 engage the formation. Monitoring these variations in the
rate of penetration may give an operator an estimate of the life
left in the cutter blocks 700 (e.g., 50% life left when the cutting
elements 720 on the fourth, fifth, and sixth portions 744, 745, 746
engage the formation).
[0051] FIG. 9 depicts a view of a leading side surface 950 of
another illustrative cutter block 900, according to one or more
implementations. The third portion 943 of the outer surface 940
(similar to the third portion 246 of outer surface 240 illustrated
in FIG. 3) may transition to a fourth portion 944 of the outer
surface 940. The fourth portion 944 of the outer surface 940 may be
substantially perpendicular to the inner surface 954 of the cutter
block 900 and/or the longitudinal axis 111 of the downhole tool 100
(see FIG. 1). The radius of curvature from the third portion 943 to
the fourth portion 944 may be less than about 20 cm, less than
about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, less than about 8 cm, less than
about 6 cm, less than about 4 cm, less than about 2 cm, or less
than about 1 cm. In another implementation, the third and fourth
portions 943, 944 of the outer surface 944 may be oriented at an
angle with respect to one another from about 50.degree. to about
150.degree., e.g., about 50.degree., about 60.degree., about
70.degree., about 80.degree., or about 90.degree. to about
100.degree., about 110.degree., about 120.degree., about
130.degree., about 140.degree., or about 150.degree., or any angle
therebetween.
[0052] The fourth portion 944 of the outer surface 940 may
transition to a fifth portion 945 of the outer surface 940. The
fifth portion 945 of the outer surface 940 may be substantially
parallel to the inner surface 954 of the cutter block 900 and/or
the longitudinal axis 111 of the downhole tool 100. The fifth
portion 945 of the outer surface 940 may be positioned farther from
the lower end portion 916 of the cutter block 900 than the third
portion 943 of the outer surface 940. The radius of curvature from
the fourth portion 944 to the fifth portion 945 may be less than
about 20 cm, less than about 15 cm, less than about 10 cm, less
than about 8 cm, less than about 6 cm, less than about 4 cm, less
than about 2 cm, or less than about 1 cm. In another
implementation, the fourth and fifth portions 944, 945 of the outer
surface 940 may be oriented at an angle with respect to one another
from about 50.degree. to about 150.degree., e.g., about 50.degree.,
about 60.degree., about 70.degree., about 80.degree., or about
90.degree. to about 100.degree., about 110.degree., about
120.degree., about 130.degree., about 140.degree., or about
150.degree., or any angle therebetween.
[0053] A distance 965 between the third portion 943 of the outer
surface 940 and the inner surface 954 may be greater than the
distance 964 between the first portion 941 of the outer surface 940
and the inner surface 954. In addition, a distance 967 between the
fifth portion 945 of the outer surface 940 and the inner surface
954 may be greater than the distance 965 between the third portion
943 of the outer surface 940 and the inner surface 954. As shown,
the fourth and fifth portions 944, 945 of the outer surface 940 may
be positioned closer to the upper end portion 914 of the cutter
block 900 than the first, second, and third portions 941, 942, 943
of the outer surface 940.
[0054] The cutting elements 920 on the first, second, and/or third
portions 941, 942, 943 of the outer surface 940 of the cutter block
900 may be arranged and designed to increase the diameter of the
subterranean bore 180 to a first increased diameter. The cutting
elements 920 on the fourth and fifth portions 944, 945 of the outer
surface 940 of the cutter block 900 may be arranged and designed to
further increase the diameter of the subterranean bore 180 to a
second increased diameter.
[0055] Referring to FIGS. 1-9, in operation, the downhole tool 100
may be run into the subterranean bore 180 on a drill pipe or drill
string with the cutter blocks 200 in the retracted position. Once
positioned at the desired depth in the subterranean bore 180, the
cutter blocks 200 may be actuated into the expanded position. To
actuate the downhole tool 100, a pump at the surface may cause a
drilling fluid to flow down through the drill string and into the
tool bore 112 of the downhole tool 100. This may cause a pressure
of the fluid in the tool bore 112 and the chamber 120 to increase.
The increased pressure of the fluid may exert a force on the piston
122 and the drive ring 124 toward the upper end portion 114 of the
downhole tool 100. When this force exceeds the biasing or opposing
force exerted by the spring 126, the cutter blocks 200 may
simultaneously move toward the upper end portion 114 of the
downhole tool 100 and radially outward (i.e., into the expanded
position).
[0056] The downhole tool 100 may be rotated about its longitudinal
axis 111 and moved axially within the subterranean bore 180. As the
downhole tool 100 moves within the subterranean bore 180, the
cutting elements 220 on the cutter blocks 200 may cut, grind, or
scrape the wall 182 of the subterranean bore 180 to increase the
diameter thereof. To actuate the cutter blocks 220 back into the
retracted state, the pump may decrease the fluid flow through the
drill string and the tool bore 112 of the downhole tool 100. This
may cause the pressure of the fluid in the tool bore 112 and the
chamber 120 to decrease. When the force exerted by the fluid
decreases below the opposing force exerted by the spring 126, the
cutter blocks 200 may simultaneously or near simultaneiously move
toward the lower end portion 116 of the downhole tool 100 and
radially inward (i.e., into the retracted position).
[0057] As used herein, the terms "inner" and "outer"; "up" and
"down"; "upper" and "lower"; "upward" and "downward"; "above" and
"below"; "inward" and "outward"; and other like terms refer to
relative positions to one another and are not intended to denote a
particular direction or spatial orientation. The terms "couple,"
"coupled," "connect," "connection," "connected," "in connection
with," and "connecting" refer to "in direct connection with" or "in
connection with via one or more intermediate elements or
members."
[0058] Although only a few example implementations have been
described in detail above, those skilled in the art will readily
appreciate that many modifications are possible in the example
implementations without materially departing from "Cutter Block for
a Downhole Underreamer." Accordingly, all such modifications are
intended to be included within the scope of this disclosure. In the
claims, means-plus-function clauses are intended to cover the
structures described herein as performing the recited function and
not only structural equivalents, but also equivalent structures.
Thus, although a nail and a screw may not be structural equivalents
in that a nail employs a cylindrical surface to secure wooden parts
together, whereas a screw employs a helical surface, in the
environment of fastening wooden parts, a nail and a screw may be
equivalent structures.
[0059] Certain implementations and features have been described
using a set of numerical upper limits and a set of numerical lower
limits. It should be appreciated that ranges including the
combination of any two values, e.g., the combination of any lower
value with any upper value, the combination of any two lower
values, and/or the combination of any two upper values are
contemplated unless otherwise indicated. Certain lower limits,
upper limits and ranges appear in one or more claims below. All
numerical values are "about" or "approximately" the indicated
value, and take into account experimental error and variations that
would be expected by a person having ordinary skill in the art.
[0060] Various terms have been defined above. To the extent a term
used in a claim is not defined above, it should be given the
broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that
term as reflected in at least one printed publication or issued
patent. Furthermore, all patents, test procedures, and other
documents cited in this application are fully incorporated by
reference to the extent such disclosure is not inconsistent with
this application and for all jurisdictions in which such
incorporation is permitted.
* * * * *