U.S. patent application number 14/542338 was filed with the patent office on 2015-05-21 for scalable objects for use in an on-demand services environment.
The applicant listed for this patent is salesforce.com, inc.. Invention is credited to Jonathan Mark Bruce, Eli Levine, Simon Toens.
Application Number | 20150142844 14/542338 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 53174354 |
Filed Date | 2015-05-21 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150142844 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Bruce; Jonathan Mark ; et
al. |
May 21, 2015 |
SCALABLE OBJECTS FOR USE IN AN ON-DEMAND SERVICES ENVIRONMENT
Abstract
Techniques and mechanisms to manage data. A relational database
environment having at least a relational database storage device is
coupled with a server entity. Data stored in the relational
database is stored in a custom object, which is one or more custom
database tables that allow a customer/tenant/organization to store
information unique to the customer/tenant/organization. A
non-relational database environment having at least a
non-relational database storage device is also coupled with the
server entity. Data stored in the non-relational database is
immutable. A single user interface and search language is utilized
by the server entity to provide access to both the relational
database environment and the non-relational database
environment.
Inventors: |
Bruce; Jonathan Mark; (San
Rafael, CA) ; Levine; Eli; (San Francisco, CA)
; Toens; Simon; (San Francisco, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
salesforce.com, inc. |
San Francisco |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
53174354 |
Appl. No.: |
14/542338 |
Filed: |
November 14, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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61904822 |
Nov 15, 2013 |
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61904826 |
Nov 15, 2013 |
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61905439 |
Nov 18, 2013 |
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61905457 |
Nov 18, 2013 |
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61905460 |
Nov 18, 2013 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
707/760 ;
707/792 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G06F 16/25 20190101;
G06F 16/289 20190101; G06F 16/20 20190101; G06F 16/21 20190101;
G06F 16/219 20190101; G06F 16/256 20190101; G06F 16/284 20190101;
G06F 16/214 20190101; G06F 16/245 20190101; G06F 16/258 20190101;
G06F 16/27 20190101; G06F 16/18 20190101; G06F 16/217 20190101;
G06F 16/211 20190101; G06F 16/2471 20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
707/760 ;
707/792 |
International
Class: |
G06F 17/30 20060101
G06F017/30; H04L 29/06 20060101 H04L029/06 |
Claims
1. A system to manage data, the system comprising: a server entity
to provide service to one or more remote client devices; a
relational database system having at least a relational database
storage device as part of a multitenant environment, the relational
database system coupled with the server entity; and a
non-relational database system having at least a non-relational
database storage device as part of the multitenant environment, the
relational database system coupled with the server entity, wherein
data stored in the non-relational database is immutable, wherein
data stored in the non-relational database system is stored in a
custom object, which is one or more custom database tables that
allow a tenant to store information unique to the tenant; wherein a
single user interface and single search language is utilized by the
server entity to provide access to both the relational database
system and the non-relational database system.
2. The system of claim 1 wherein the server entity provides an
on-demand services environment utilizing both the relational
database environment and the non-relational database
environment.
3. The system of claim 2 wherein the on-demand services environment
comprises a multitenant database environment.
4. The system of claim 1 wherein the service provider is
configurable to receive a Structure Query Language (SQL) query, to
transform the SQL query into one or more non-relational database
scans having associated row key ranges, to execute the one or more
non-relational database scans in parallel for each row key range,
to combine results from the parallel scans of the non-relational
database, and to provide the combined results as results of the SQL
query.
5. The system of claim 1 wherein data mutations utilize a copy
operation so that changes in the data cause generation of a
superset or of a subset of data.
6. A method for managing data within a database environment having
a relational database and a non-relational database, the method
comprising: storing data in the relational database using a custom
object comprising one or more database tables that allow a tenant
of a multitenant environment to store information unique to the
tenant using a first database interface; storing immutable data in
the non-relational database using a second database interface;
providing access to both the relational database and the
non-relational database via the first database interface and the
second database interface via a singe graphical user interface to
receive database queries in a single search language for both the
relational database and the non-relational database.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein providing access to both the
relational database and the non-relational database via the first
database interface and the second database interface via a singe
graphical user interface comprises providing search functionality
over data in both the relational database and the non-relational
database via a single search mechanism.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein the database environment provides
an on-demand services environment utilizing both the relational
database environment and the non-relational database
environment.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein the on-demand services environment
comprises a multitenant database environment.
10. The method of claim 6 wherein the graphical user interface is
configurable to receive a Structure Query Language (SQL) query, to
transform the SQL query into one or more non-relational database
scans having associated row key ranges, to execute the one or more
non-relational database scans in parallel for each row key range,
to combine results from the parallel scans of the non-relational
database, and to provide the combined results as results of the SQL
query.
11. The method of claim 6 wherein data mutations utilize a copy
operation so that changes in the data cause generation of a
superset or of a subset of data.
12. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon
instructions to provide data management within a database
environment having a relational database and a non-relational
database, the instructions, when executed by one or more
processors, cause the one or more processors to: store data in the
relational database using a custom object comprising one or more
database tables that allow a tenant of a multitenant environment to
store information unique to the tenant using a first database
interface; store immutable data in the non-relational database
using a second database interface; provide access to both the
relational database and the non-relational database via the first
database interface and the second database interface via a singe
graphical user interface to receive database queries in a single
search language for both the relational database and the
non-relational database.
13. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein
the instructions that cause the one or more processors to provide
access to both the relational database and the non-relational
database via the first database interface and the second database
interface via a singe graphical user interface comprise
instructions that, when executed by the one or more processors,
cause the one or more processors to provide search functionality
over data in both the relational database and the non-relational
database via a single search mechanism.
14. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein
the database environment provides an on-demand services environment
utilizing both the relational database environment and the
non-relational database environment.
15. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 14 wherein
the on-demand services environment comprises a multitenant database
environment.
16. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein
the graphical user interface is configurable to receive a Structure
Query Language (SQL) query, to transform the SQL query into one or
more non-relational database scans having associated row key
ranges, to execute the one or more non-relational database scans in
parallel for each row key range, to combine results from the
parallel scans of the non-relational database, and to provide the
combined results as results of the SQL query.
17. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 12 wherein
data mutations utilize a copy operation so that changes in the data
cause generation of a superset or of a subset of data.
18. An apparatus for managing data within a database environment
having a relational database and a non-relational database, the
apparatus comprising: means for storing data in the relational
database using a custom object comprising one or more database
tables that allow a tenant of a multitenant environment to store
information unique to the tenant using a first database interface;
means for storing immutable data in the non-relational database
using a second database interface; means for providing access to
both the relational database and the non-relational database via
the first database interface and the second database interface via
a singe graphical user interface to receive database queries in a
single search language for both the relational database and the
non-relational database.
19. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the means for providing
access to both the relational database and the non-relational
database via the first database interface and the second database
interface via a singe graphical user interface comprise means for
providing search functionality over data in both the relational
database and the non-relational database via a single search
mechanism.
20. The apparatus of claim 18 wherein the graphical user interface
comprises means for receiving a Structured Query Language (SQL)
query, to transform the SQL query into one or more non-relational
database scans having associated row key ranges, to execute the one
or more non-relational database scans in parallel for each row key
range, to combine results from the parallel scans of the
non-relational database, and to provide the combined results as
results of the SQL query.
Description
CLAIM OF PRIORITY
[0001] This application is related to, and claims priority to,
provisional utility application No. 61/904,822 entitled "SCALABLE
OBJECTS," filed on Nov. 15, 2013, and having attorney docket No.
1362PROV; provisional utility application No. 61/904,826 entitled
"MULTI-TENANCY FOR A NOSQL DATABASE," filed Nov. 15, 2013, and
having attorney docket No. 1363PROV; provisional utility
application No. 61/905,439 entitled "BIG OBJECTS," filed Nov. 18,
2013, and having attorney docket No. 1364PROV; provisional utility
application No. 61/905,457 entitled "ORCHESTRATION BETWEEN TWO
MULTI-TENANT DATABASES," filed Nov. 18, 2013, and having attorney
docket No. 1365PROV; and provisional utility application No.
61/905,460 entitled "FIELD HISTORY RETENTION," filed Nov. 18, 2013,
and having attorney docket No. 1366PROV, the entire contents of
which are all incorporated herein by reference.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] Embodiments relate to database management. More
specifically, embodiments relate to providing services from both a
relational database environment and a non-relational database
environment.
BACKGROUND
[0003] Any subject matter discussed in the background section
should not be assumed to be prior art merely as a result of its
mention in the background section. Similarly, a problem mentioned
in the background section or associated with the subject matter of
the background section should not be assumed to have been
previously recognized in the prior art. The subject matter in the
background section merely represents different approaches, which in
and of themselves may also correspond to implementations of the
claimed inventions.
[0004] As service providers grow (in terms of numbers of customers
and/or amount of customer data), data retention and management
becomes more complex. With that growth comes the significant
challenge of how to effectively and efficiently represent the
increased volume of data. Object models and semantics that work at
one level may not be effective with this growth. While the service
provider is pushed to provide more suitable storage and/or
semantics, customers want to continue to work within the same data
model, platform and/or data accessibility.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0005] Embodiments of the invention are illustrated by way of
example, and not by way of limitation, in the figures of the
accompanying drawings in which like reference numerals refer to
similar elements.
[0006] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an
architecture that may provide big objects as described herein.
[0007] FIG. 2 is an interaction diagram of one embodiment of a
technique for querying a non-relational (NoSQL) database using
relational database (SQL) commands.
[0008] FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an environment where
an on-demand database service might be used.
[0009] FIG. 4 illustrates a block diagram of an environment where
an on-demand database service might be provided.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] In the following description, numerous specific details are
set forth. However, embodiments of the invention may be practiced
without these specific details. In other instances, well-known
circuits, structures and techniques have not been shown in detail
in order not to obscure the understanding of this description.
[0011] For some on-demand services environments significant
portions of data storage requirements can be used without using a
relational database. However, a relational database may be needed
for some data and/or may have been the basis for data when the
services started. Data that does not require the relational
database can be, for example, data that does not change over time,
thus not requiring the ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation,
Durability) properties of the relational database. In one
embodiment, a new object type (sometimes referred to herein as a
"big" object) is provide that can "unhook"
customers/tenants/organizations from these constraints when it is
desirable and/or appropriate to do so.
[0012] In one embodiment, a system provides declarative and
programmatic ways to construct and use these big objects. In one
embodiment, the system can operate to create custom objects within
the bounds of a relational database, such as an Oracle.RTM.
database, and replumbing it to a higher scale. Custom objects are
custom database tables that allow a user to store information
unique to their organization. In one embodiment, the system creates
objects through the Salesforce (SFDC) metadata application
programming interface (API) and, yet, data goes to a non-relational
(e.g., NoSQL) database, such as HBase instead. The NoSQL database
can, in some instances, hold more information that is addressable
from the SFDC platform. Similarly, in one implementation, all the
standard features of Salesforce work with both the relational
database and the non-relational database.
[0013] For a typical application of the big objects as described
herein, a customer/client/tenant will have a large volume of data
to be stored, the data is historical in nature (can be considered
immutable) and access to the data can be controlled by simple
accessibility rules, and native platform sharing is not required.
Use of the big objects as described herein can be accomplished with
different types of data as well.
[0014] The techniques herein allow customers/tenants/organizations
to be unleashed from data limits that could interfere with
application effectiveness. The Big Object feature set asserts a
differentiating primitive--it allows
customers/tenants/organizations to think at scale from the
inception of their data, but also that these objects are conceived
and used independent of the functional expectations and feature set
of traditional base platform and custom objects.
[0015] In one embodiment, the big objects utilize frameworks such
as the the Metadata API from salesforce to push data to a NoSQL
database such as HBase where vast amounts of data can quickly be
analyzed, yet the system still provides the same functionality as a
SQL server, in terms of allowing queries and other features to be
implemented on the data. In one embodiment, the following behavior
is assumed when utilizing big objects.
[0016] Once created and populated, a big object, the data, in one
implementation, is immutable--it cannot change its current form.
Yet, the data has full API and SOQL access from the platform. Data
immutability can force a consciousness on users to take a more
prescriptive look on the data they have on the platform, which
objects contain data that needs to change on a frequent basis, and
which data does not need to change.
[0017] In one embodiment, data mutations utilize a copy. In one
embodiment, should any change in the data be required, the system
can generate a superset or subset of data from one or more big
objects. Customers/tenants/organizations are free to create as many
big objects of any size as they need.
[0018] Rather than having customers/tenants/organizations restrain
their thinking as to how much data should or could have on a
platform, the system (by utilizing big objects) eliminates many
boundaries to this thinking. By allowing
customers/tenants/organizations to operate in terms of the how
valuable this data is to them on a time basis, this allows for a
good fit with immutable data--therefore the system allows the
customer/tenant/organization to define the importance of their data
based on how long they want to keep it.
[0019] In one embodiment, creating big objects can be available via
typical user interface techniques, for example, using the custom
object wizard experience, customers are free to define the full
range field types, but with no limits to how many fields they
define, or the data types they can use. In one embodiment, big
objects, when created, are typically empty, and they can be
populated with data from, for example, the current CRM database
from the following sources: by creating clones of BPOs or custom
objects, and/or by mapping fields from BPOs/custom object to a new
big objects, and orchestrating data across with a timeline or other
criteria. Big objects can also be populated from third-party
sources, for example, via structured Data Ingest using our Bulk API
and/or Data Loader where very large third-party data that is
structured can be mapped to one or more big objects.
[0020] In one embodiment, data that is encapsulated by a big object
may by definition not be sharable. In one embodiment, establishing
and maintaining visibility to this data is controlled using a set
of reference and custom permission sets. In one embodiment, data in
an big object is by definition is immutable, so features that rely
on a material data change to function may by definition be
unavailable to big objects.
[0021] One aspect of big objects is that the mechanism allows
platform to manage large amounts of data, and provide the
associated capabilities with these objects without data storage
costs or scale being a consideration for the customer. Instead, the
anticipated model may focus more on which objects are more
important to retain for longer--on a per big object basis a
customer may be able to set a retention policy that governs how
long this data must be stored.
[0022] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one embodiment of an
architecture that may provide big objects as described herein. In
one embodiment, client devices are used by one or more users to
access services from a service provider. The service provided can
be, for example, an on-demand services environment, a multitenant
database environment, or any other type of service provider.
[0023] Client devices 110 and 115 operate to allow a user to access
remote services provided by service provider 140 via network 130.
Client devices 110 can be, for example, desktop computers, laptop
computers, tablets, smart phones, thin clients, etc. Network 130
can be any network, for example, the Internet, a corporate local
area network or wide area network, a cellular network, and/or any
combination thereof.
[0024] Service provider 140 can be any number of servers and/or
other devices that operate to provide services to one or more
client devices. In one embodiment, service provider 140 operates
with one or more relational databases (e.g., 150) and one or more
non-relational databases (e.g., 160). Service provider 140 operates
using relational database 150 and non-relational database 160 as
described above.
[0025] In one embodiment, service provider 140 is an on-demand
services environment with multiple client organizations that
provides different and/or different levels of services to the
client organizations. For example, service provider 140 can be a
multitenant database environment that provides custom interfaces
and data isolation to the different client organizations. In the
example, multitenant database environment, the utilization of
relational database 150 and non-relational database 160 can be on
an organization-by-organization basis with different parameters
and/or conditions for different organizations.
[0026] In one embodiment, service provider 140 operates using
relational database 150 to provide custom objects, which are custom
database tables that allow a customer/tenant/organization to store
information unique to the customer/tenant/organization. For
example, an organization may create a custom object called "Quotes"
to store data for the organization's sales quotes. The custom
object can be used to, for example, create custom fields, associate
the custom object with other records and display the custom object
data in custom related lists, track tasks and events for custom
object records, build page layouts, customize search results and
the custom object fields that display them, create reports and
dashboards to analyze custom object data, import custom object
records.
[0027] In one embodiment, service provider 140 operates using
non-relational database 160 to provide big objects as described
above. The big objects can provide most or nearly all of the
functionality of a custom object with increased scalability because
non-relational database 160 can provide better scalability than
relational database 150.
[0028] FIG. 2 is an interaction diagram of one embodiment of a
technique for querying a non-relational (NoSQL) database using
relational database (SQL) commands. In one embodiment, the
technique of FIG. 2 is performed within a multitenant database
environment.
[0029] SQL interface 210 is any type of interface/client device
that can be used to receive SQL commands and provide results form
the SQL commands. For example, SQL interface 210 can be a SQL
application running on a client computing device. SQL-to-NoSQL
agent 220 provides the functionality described herein. SQL-to-NoSQL
agent 220 may be a centralized single agent or can be distributed
over multiple entities. Non-relational database 230 can be any type
of non-relational database, for example, HBase.
[0030] In response to receiving at least one SQL command
representing a query, SQL interface 210 sends the query, 250, to
SQL-to-NoSQL agent 220. In response to receiving the SQL command,
SQL-to-NoSQL agent 220 parses the query, 252. SQL-to-NoSQL agent
220 then compiles a query, which can include retrieving metadata,
254, from non-relational database 230. The query plan can be
optimized, 256. In one embodiment the SQL query is transformed into
one or more scans that are relatively simple, for example, with no
joins, basic filtering and/or simple aggregation.
[0031] In one embodiment, the scans can be run on a sub-section of
tables so that not all tables need to be replicated in the
non-relational database. In some embodiments, the results need only
be approximately correct. Other optimizations can be utilized to
provide the desired level of performance.
[0032] The query plan can be executed as multiple parallel scans,
260, of non-relational database 230. In one embodiment, a set of
HBase (or other non-relational database) scans that can be executed
in parallel for each row key range. In one embodiment, these scans
are executed in parallel for each row key range and can be combined
to provide results of the query.
[0033] In one embodiment, non-relational database 230 can perform
filtering and/or aggregation. Results of the multiple parallel
scans are returned, 265, to SQL-to-NoSQL agent 220. In one
embodiment, SQL-to-NoSQL agent 220 can perform merge sorting on the
results. By combining the results of the one or more scans, the
system can provide an aggregated/unified result to the original SQL
query. The results are provided, 270, to SQL interface 210.
[0034] In one embodiment, deletion from the relational database
environment is decoupled from the copy process. In embodiment, a
system job in the relational database environment periodically
(e.g., daily, weekly, 12 hours) runs to query tenants/organizations
that have the functionality described herein enabled to determine
whether any data copy jobs have been completed. If so, the data
that has been copied to the non-relational database environment may
be deleted from the relational database environment.
[0035] In one embodiment, when a deletion message/job is processed,
the handler determines the parameters (e.g., field history, older
than a specified date) for the deletion request. The non-relational
database can be queried to determine the data within the specified
range. For each chunk, the handler passes identifiers loaded from
the non-relational database environment to the relational database
environment to cause a hard delete of the corresponding rows from
the relational database environment. Loading the identifiers from
the non-relational database environment to the relational database
environment ensures that data will not be deleted before being
successfully copied from the relational database environment to the
non-relational database environment.
[0036] FIG. 3 illustrates a block diagram of an environment 310
wherein an on-demand database service might be used. Environment
310 may include user systems 312, network 314, system 316,
processor system 317, application platform 318, network interface
320, tenant data storage 322, system data storage 324, program code
326, and process space 328. In other embodiments, environment 310
may not have all of the components listed and/or may have other
elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed above.
[0037] Environment 310 is an environment in which an on-demand
database service exists. User system 312 may be any machine or
system that is used by a user to access a database user system. For
example, any of user systems 312 can be a handheld computing
device, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a work station, and/or a
network of computing devices. As illustrated in herein FIG. 3 (and
in more detail in FIG. 4) user systems 312 might interact via a
network 314 with an on-demand database service, which is system
316.
[0038] An on-demand database service, such as system 316, is a
database system that is made available to outside users that do not
need to necessarily be concerned with building and/or maintaining
the database system, but instead may be available for their use
when the users need the database system (e.g., on the demand of the
users). Some on-demand database services may store information from
one or more tenants stored into tables of a common database image
to form a multi-tenant database system (MTS). Accordingly,
"on-demand database service 316" and "system 316" will be used
interchangeably herein. A database image may include one or more
database objects. A relational database management system (RDMS) or
the equivalent may execute storage and retrieval of information
against the database object(s). Application platform 318 may be a
framework that allows the applications of system 316 to run, such
as the hardware and/or software, e.g., the operating system. In an
embodiment, on-demand database service 316 may include an
application platform 318 that enables creation, managing and
executing one or more applications developed by the provider of the
on-demand database service, users accessing the on-demand database
service via user systems 312, or third party application developers
accessing the on-demand database service via user systems 312.
[0039] The users of user systems 312 may differ in their respective
capacities, and the capacity of a particular user system 312 might
be entirely determined by permissions (permission levels) for the
current user. For example, where a salesperson is using a
particular user system 312 to interact with system 316, that user
system has the capacities allotted to that salesperson. However,
while an administrator is using that user system to interact with
system 316, that user system has the capacities allotted to that
administrator. In systems with a hierarchical role model, users at
one permission level may have access to applications, data, and
database information accessible by a lower permission level user,
but may not have access to certain applications, database
information, and data accessible by a user at a higher permission
level. Thus, different users will have different capabilities with
regard to accessing and modifying application and database
information, depending on a user's security or permission
level.
[0040] Network 314 is any network or combination of networks of
devices that communicate with one another. For example, network 314
can be any one or any combination of a LAN (local area network),
WAN (wide area network), telephone network, wireless network,
point-to-point network, star network, token ring network, hub
network, or other appropriate configuration. As the most common
type of computer network in current use is a TCP/IP (Transfer
Control Protocol and Internet Protocol) network, such as the global
internetwork of networks often referred to as the "Internet" with a
capital "I," that network will be used in many of the examples
herein. However, it should be understood that the networks that one
or more implementations might use are not so limited, although
TCP/IP is a frequently implemented protocol.
[0041] User systems 312 might communicate with system 316 using
TCP/IP and, at a higher network level, use other common Internet
protocols to communicate, such as HTTP, FTP, AFS, WAP, etc. In an
example where HTTP is used, user system 312 might include an HTTP
client commonly referred to as a "browser" for sending and
receiving HTTP messages to and from an HTTP server at system 316.
Such an HTTP server might be implemented as the sole network
interface between system 316 and network 314, but other techniques
might be used as well or instead. In some implementations, the
interface between system 316 and network 314 includes load sharing
functionality, such as round-robin HTTP request distributors to
balance loads and distribute incoming HTTP requests evenly over a
plurality of servers. At least as for the users that are accessing
that server, each of the plurality of servers has access to the
MTS' data; however, other alternative configurations may be used
instead.
[0042] In one embodiment, system 316, shown in FIG. 3, implements a
web-based customer relationship management (CRM) system. For
example, in one embodiment, system 316 includes application servers
configured to implement and execute CRM software applications as
well as provide related data, code, forms, webpages and other
information to and from user systems 312 and to store to, and
retrieve from, a database system related data, objects, and Webpage
content. With a multi-tenant system, data for multiple tenants may
be stored in the same physical database object, however, tenant
data typically is arranged so that data of one tenant is kept
logically separate from that of other tenants so that one tenant
does not have access to another tenant's data, unless such data is
expressly shared. In certain embodiments, system 316 implements
applications other than, or in addition to, a CRM application. For
example, system 316 may provide tenant access to multiple hosted
(standard and custom) applications, including a CRM application.
User (or third party developer) applications, which may or may not
include CRM, may be supported by the application platform 318,
which manages creation, storage of the applications into one or
more database objects and executing of the applications in a
virtual machine in the process space of the system 316.
[0043] One arrangement for elements of system 316 is shown in FIG.
3, including a network interface 320, application platform 318,
tenant data storage 322 for tenant data 323, system data storage
324 for system data 325 accessible to system 316 and possibly
multiple tenants, program code 326 for implementing various
functions of system 316, and a process space 328 for executing MTS
system processes and tenant-specific processes, such as running
applications as part of an application hosting service. Additional
processes that may execute on system 316 include database indexing
processes.
[0044] Several elements in the system shown in FIG. 3 include
conventional, well-known elements that are explained only briefly
here. For example, each user system 312 could include a desktop
personal computer, workstation, laptop, PDA, cell phone, or any
wireless access protocol (WAP) enabled device or any other
computing device capable of interfacing directly or indirectly to
the Internet or other network connection. User system 312 typically
runs an HTTP client, e.g., a browsing program, such as Microsoft's
Internet Explorer browser, Netscape's Navigator browser, Opera's
browser, or a WAP-enabled browser in the case of a cell phone, PDA
or other wireless device, or the like, allowing a user (e.g.,
subscriber of the multi-tenant database system) of user system 312
to access, process and view information, pages and applications
available to it from system 316 over network 314. Each user system
312 also typically includes one or more user interface devices,
such as a keyboard, a mouse, trackball, touch pad, touch screen,
pen or the like, for interacting with a graphical user interface
(GUI) provided by the browser on a display (e.g., a monitor screen,
LCD display, etc.) in conjunction with pages, forms, applications
and other information provided by system 316 or other systems or
servers. For example, the user interface device can be used to
access data and applications hosted by system 316, and to perform
searches on stored data, and otherwise allow a user to interact
with various GUI pages that may be presented to a user. As
discussed above, embodiments are suitable for use with the
Internet, which refers to a specific global internetwork of
networks. However, it should be understood that other networks can
be used instead of the Internet, such as an intranet, an extranet,
a virtual private network (VPN), a non-TCP/IP based network, any
LAN or WAN or the like.
[0045] According to one embodiment, each user system 312 and all of
its components are operator configurable using applications, such
as a browser, including computer code run using a central
processing unit such as an Intel Pentium.RTM. processor or the
like. Similarly, system 316 (and additional instances of an MTS,
where more than one is present) and all of their components might
be operator configurable using application(s) including computer
code to run using a central processing unit such as processor
system 317, which may include an Intel Pentium.RTM. processor or
the like, and/or multiple processor units. A computer program
product embodiment includes a machine-readable storage medium
(media) having instructions stored thereon/in which can be used to
program a computer to perform any of the processes of the
embodiments described herein. Computer code for operating and
configuring system 316 to intercommunicate and to process webpages,
applications and other data and media content as described herein
are preferably downloaded and stored on a hard disk, but the entire
program code, or portions thereof, may also be stored in any other
volatile or non-volatile memory medium or device as is well known,
such as a ROM or RAM, or provided on any media capable of storing
program code, such as any type of rotating media including floppy
disks, optical discs, digital versatile disk (DVD), compact disk
(CD), microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, and magnetic or
optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), or any
type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/or
data. Additionally, the entire program code, or portions thereof,
may be transmitted and downloaded from a software source over a
transmission medium, e.g., over the Internet, or from another
server, as is well known, or transmitted over any other
conventional network connection as is well known (e.g., extranet,
VPN, LAN, etc.) using any communication medium and protocols (e.g.,
TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS, Ethernet, etc.) as are well known. It will
also be appreciated that computer code for implementing embodiments
can be implemented in any programming language that can be executed
on a client system and/or server or server system such as, for
example, C, C++, HTML, any other markup language, Java.TM.,
JavaScript, ActiveX, any other scripting language, such as
VBScript, and many other programming languages as are well known
may be used. (Java.TM. is a trademark of Sun Microsystems,
Inc.).
[0046] According to one embodiment, each system 316 is configured
to provide webpages, forms, applications, data and media content to
user (client) systems 312 to support the access by user systems 312
as tenants of system 316. As such, system 316 provides security
mechanisms to keep each tenant's data separate unless the data is
shared. If more than one MTS is used, they may be located in close
proximity to one another (e.g., in a server farm located in a
single building or campus), or they may be distributed at locations
remote from one another (e.g., one or more servers located in city
A and one or more servers located in city B). As used herein, each
MTS could include one or more logically and/or physically connected
servers distributed locally or across one or more geographic
locations. Additionally, the term "server" is meant to include a
computer system, including processing hardware and process
space(s), and an associated storage system and database application
(e.g., OODBMS or RDBMS) as is well known in the art. It should also
be understood that "server system" and "server" are often used
interchangeably herein. Similarly, the database object described
herein can be implemented as single databases, a distributed
database, a collection of distributed databases, a database with
redundant online or offline backups or other redundancies, etc.,
and might include a distributed database or storage network and
associated processing intelligence.
[0047] FIG. 4 also illustrates environment 310. However, in FIG. 4
elements of system 316 and various interconnections in an
embodiment are further illustrated. FIG. 4 shows that user system
312 may include processor system 312A, memory system 312B, input
system 312C, and output system 312D. FIG. 4 shows network 314 and
system 316. FIG. 4 also shows that system 316 may include tenant
data storage 322, tenant data 323, system data storage 324, system
data 325, User Interface (UI) 430, Application Program Interface
(API) 432, PL/SOQL 434, save routines 436, application setup
mechanism 438, applications servers 400.sub.1-400.sub.N, system
process space 402, tenant process spaces 404, tenant management
process space 410, tenant storage area 412, user storage 414, and
application metadata 416. In other embodiments, environment 310 may
not have the same elements as those listed above and/or may have
other elements instead of, or in addition to, those listed
above.
[0048] User system 312, network 314, system 316, tenant data
storage 322, and system data storage 324 were discussed above in
FIG. 3. Regarding user system 312, processor system 312A may be any
combination of one or more processors. Memory system 312B may be
any combination of one or more memory devices, short term, and/or
long term memory. Input system 312C may be any combination of input
devices, such as one or more keyboards, mice, trackballs, scanners,
cameras, and/or interfaces to networks. Output system 312D may be
any combination of output devices, such as one or more monitors,
printers, and/or interfaces to networks. As shown by FIG. 4, system
316 may include a network interface 320 (of FIG. 3) implemented as
a set of HTTP application servers 400, an application platform 318,
tenant data storage 322, and system data storage 324. Also shown is
system process space 402, including individual tenant process
spaces 404 and a tenant management process space 410. Each
application server 400 may be configured to tenant data storage 322
and the tenant data 323 therein, and system data storage 324 and
the system data 325 therein to serve requests of user systems 312.
The tenant data 323 might be divided into individual tenant storage
areas 412, which can be either a physical arrangement and/or a
logical arrangement of data. Within each tenant storage area 412,
user storage 414 and application metadata 416 might be similarly
allocated for each user. For example, a copy of a user's most
recently used (MRU) items might be stored to user storage 414.
Similarly, a copy of MRU items for an entire organization that is a
tenant might be stored to tenant storage area 412. A UI 430
provides a user interface and an API 432 provides an application
programmer interface to system 316 resident processes to users
and/or developers at user systems 312. The tenant data and the
system data may be stored in various databases, such as one or more
Oracle.TM. databases.
[0049] Application platform 318 includes an application setup
mechanism 438 that supports application developers' creation and
management of applications, which may be saved as metadata into
tenant data storage 322 by save routines 436 for execution by
subscribers as one or more tenant process spaces 404 managed by
tenant management process 410 for example. Invocations to such
applications may be coded using PL/SOQL 434 that provides a
programming language style interface extension to API 432. A
detailed description of some PL/SOQL language embodiments is
discussed in commonly owned U.S. Pat. No. 7,730,478 entitled,
"Method and System for Allowing Access to Developed Applicants via
a Multi-Tenant Database On-Demand Database Service" issued Jun. 1,
2010 to Craig Weissman, which is incorporated in its entirety
herein for all purposes. Invocations to applications may be
detected by one or more system processes, which manage retrieving
application metadata 416 for the subscriber making the invocation
and executing the metadata as an application in a virtual
machine.
[0050] Each application server 400 may be communicably coupled to
database systems, e.g., having access to system data 325 and tenant
data 323, via a different network connection. For example, one
application server 400.sub.1 might be coupled via the network 314
(e.g., the Internet), another application server 400.sub.N-1 might
be coupled via a direct network link, and another application
server 400.sub.N might be coupled by yet a different network
connection. Transfer Control Protocol and Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) are typical protocols for communicating between
application servers 400 and the database system. However, it will
be apparent to one skilled in the art that other transport
protocols may be used to optimize the system depending on the
network interconnect used.
[0051] In certain embodiments, each application server 400 is
configured to handle requests for any user associated with any
organization that is a tenant. Because it is desirable to be able
to add and remove application servers from the server pool at any
time for any reason, there is preferably no server affinity for a
user and/or organization to a specific application server 400. In
one embodiment, therefore, an interface system implementing a load
balancing function (e.g., an F5 Big-IP load balancer) is
communicably coupled between the application servers 400 and the
user systems 312 to distribute requests to the application servers
400. In one embodiment, the load balancer uses a least connections
algorithm to route user requests to the application servers 400.
Other examples of load balancing algorithms, such as round robin
and observed response time, also can be used. For example, in
certain embodiments, three consecutive requests from the same user
could hit three different application servers 400, and three
requests from different users could hit the same application server
400. In this manner, system 316 is multi-tenant, wherein system 316
handles storage of, and access to, different objects, data and
applications across disparate users and organizations.
[0052] As an example of storage, one tenant might be a company that
employs a sales force where each salesperson uses system 316 to
manage their sales process. Thus, a user might maintain contact
data, leads data, customer follow-up data, performance data, goals
and progress data, etc., all applicable to that user's personal
sales process (e.g., in tenant data storage 322). In an example of
a MTS arrangement, since all of the data and the applications to
access, view, modify, report, transmit, calculate, etc., can be
maintained and accessed by a user system having nothing more than
network access, the user can manage his or her sales efforts and
cycles from any of many different user systems. For example, if a
salesperson is visiting a customer and the customer has Internet
access in their lobby, the salesperson can obtain critical updates
as to that customer while waiting for the customer to arrive in the
lobby.
[0053] While each user's data might be separate from other users'
data regardless of the employers of each user, some data might be
organization-wide data shared or accessible by a plurality of users
or all of the users for a given organization that is a tenant.
Thus, there might be some data structures managed by system 316
that are allocated at the tenant level while other data structures
might be managed at the user level. Because an MTS might support
multiple tenants including possible competitors, the MTS should
have security protocols that keep data, applications, and
application use separate. Also, because many tenants may opt for
access to an MTS rather than maintain their own system, redundancy,
up-time, and backup are additional functions that may be
implemented in the MTS. In addition to user-specific data and
tenant specific data, system 316 might also maintain system level
data usable by multiple tenants or other data. Such system level
data might include industry reports, news, postings, and the like
that are sharable among tenants.
[0054] In certain embodiments, user systems 312 (which may be
client systems) communicate with application servers 400 to request
and update system-level and tenant-level data from system 316 that
may require sending one or more queries to tenant data storage 322
and/or system data storage 324. System 316 (e.g., an application
server 400 in system 316) automatically generates one or more SQL
statements (e.g., one or more SQL queries) that are designed to
access the desired information. System data storage 324 may
generate query plans to access the requested data from the
database.
[0055] Each database can generally be viewed as a collection of
objects, such as a set of logical tables, containing data fitted
into predefined categories. A "table" is one representation of a
data object, and may be used herein to simplify the conceptual
description of objects and custom objects. It should be understood
that "table" and "object" may be used interchangeably herein. Each
table generally contains one or more data categories logically
arranged as columns or fields in a viewable schema. Each row or
record of a table contains an instance of data for each category
defined by the fields. For example, a CRM database may include a
table that describes a customer with fields for basic contact
information such as name, address, phone number, fax number, etc.
Another table might describe a purchase order, including fields for
information such as customer, product, sale price, date, etc. In
some multi-tenant database systems, standard entity tables might be
provided for use by all tenants. For CRM database applications,
such standard entities might include tables for Account, Contact,
Lead, and Opportunity data, each containing pre-defined fields. It
should be understood that the word "entity" may also be used
interchangeably herein with "object" and "table".
[0056] In some multi-tenant database systems, tenants may be
allowed to create and store custom objects, or they may be allowed
to customize standard entities or objects, for example by creating
custom fields for standard objects, including custom index fields.
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/817,161, filed Apr. 2, 2004,
entitled "Custom Entities and Fields in a Multi-Tenant Database
System", and which is hereby incorporated herein by reference,
teaches systems and methods for creating custom objects as well as
customizing standard objects in a multi-tenant database system. In
certain embodiments, for example, all custom entity data rows are
stored in a single multi-tenant physical table, which may contain
multiple logical tables per organization. It is transparent to
customers that their multiple "tables" are in fact stored in one
large table or that their data may be stored in the same table as
the data of other customers.
[0057] Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "an
embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The
appearances of the phrase "in one embodiment" in various places in
the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same
embodiment.
[0058] While the invention has been described in terms of several
embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that the
invention is not limited to the embodiments described, but can be
practiced with modification and alteration within the spirit and
scope of the appended claims. The description is thus to be
regarded as illustrative instead of limiting.
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