U.S. patent application number 14/600571 was filed with the patent office on 2015-05-14 for dc micro-grid.
The applicant listed for this patent is Bloom Energy Corporation. Invention is credited to Arne BALLANTINE, Alberto DORONZO, Ranganathan GURUNATHAN, Chad PEARSON, Prasad PMSVVSV.
Application Number | 20150130277 14/600571 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47020724 |
Filed Date | 2015-05-14 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150130277 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
BALLANTINE; Arne ; et
al. |
May 14, 2015 |
DC MICRO-GRID
Abstract
Systems and methods are provided for creating and operating a
Direct Current (DC) micro-grid. A DC micro-grid may include power
generators, energy storage devices, and loads coupled to a common
DC bus. Power electronics devices may couple the power generators,
energy storage devices, and loads to the common DC bus and provide
power transfer.
Inventors: |
BALLANTINE; Arne; (Palo
Alto, CA) ; PEARSON; Chad; (Mountain View, CA)
; GURUNATHAN; Ranganathan; (Bangalore, IN) ;
PMSVVSV; Prasad; (Sunnyvale, CA) ; DORONZO;
Alberto; (Sunnyvale, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Bloom Energy Corporation |
Sunnyvale |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47020724 |
Appl. No.: |
14/600571 |
Filed: |
January 20, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13533593 |
Jun 26, 2012 |
8970176 |
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14600571 |
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13295527 |
Nov 14, 2011 |
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13533593 |
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61501604 |
Jun 27, 2011 |
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61413629 |
Nov 15, 2010 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
307/26 ;
307/18 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H02J 3/381 20130101;
Y02E 60/00 20130101; H02J 13/0062 20130101; H02J 7/35 20130101;
H02J 1/14 20130101; H02J 7/345 20130101; H02J 13/00017 20200101;
Y02B 90/10 20130101; H02J 2300/28 20200101; Y04S 20/12 20130101;
H02J 2310/16 20200101; H02J 2300/30 20200101; H02J 1/00 20130101;
Y02T 90/167 20130101; Y02B 90/20 20130101; Y04S 10/126 20130101;
Y04S 40/124 20130101; Y04S 40/126 20130101; H02J 2310/10 20200101;
H02J 1/16 20130101; H02J 2300/20 20200101; Y02B 10/70 20130101;
H02J 2300/10 20200101; H02J 2310/48 20200101; H02J 13/0079
20130101; H02J 2300/24 20200101; H02J 3/383 20130101; H02J 13/00016
20200101; H02J 13/0075 20130101; H02J 2207/50 20200101; H02J
13/00026 20200101; H02J 13/0003 20130101; H02J 13/00004 20200101;
H02J 13/00028 20200101; Y02E 10/56 20130101; H02J 3/387 20130101;
H02J 3/386 20130101; Y02E 10/76 20130101; H02J 3/382 20130101; Y04S
30/12 20130101; H02J 1/102 20130101; H02J 7/34 20130101; H02J 9/062
20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
307/26 ;
307/18 |
International
Class: |
H02J 3/38 20060101
H02J003/38; H02J 1/00 20060101 H02J001/00 |
Claims
1. A Direct Current (DC) micro-grid, comprising: at least one power
generator coupled to at least one power generation bus; at least
one energy storage device coupled to at least one energy storage
bus; at least one load coupled to at least one load bus; a common
DC bus; a first power electronics device configured to provide
power transfer coupling the at least one power generation bus to
the common DC bus; a second power electronics device configured to
provide power transfer coupling the at least one energy storage bus
to the common DC bus; and a third power electronics device
configured to provide power transfer coupling the at least one load
bus to the common DC bus.
2. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein: the at least one power
generator is a plurality of power generators; the at least one
energy storage device is a plurality of energy storage devices; the
at least one load is a plurality of loads; and the plurality of
power generators, plurality of energy storage devices, and
plurality of loads are grouped by voltage and waveform.
3. The DC micro-grid of claim 2, wherein the groupings of voltage
and waveform are one or more of 380 volts DC, 480 volts alternating
current (AC), 48 volts DC, and -48 volts DC.
4. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, further comprising: a controller
coupled to the common DC bus and configured to control operation of
the DC micro-grid such that a power requirement of the at least one
load is maintained according to the following: i. P(to
storages)=P(generators)-P(loads), if P(generators)>P(loads); or
ii. P(from storages)=P(loads)-P(generators), if
P(generators)<P(loads), where P is Power.
5. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the controller is further
configured to control the operation of the DC micro-grid such that
the voltage of the common DC bus is equal to a highest voltage
selected from the at least one power generation bus, at least one
energy storage bus, and at least one load bus.
6. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the controller is further
configured to control the operation of the DC micro-grid such that
the voltage of the common DC bus is equal to a most common of the
voltages among the at least one power generation bus, at least one
energy storage bus, and at least one load bus.
7. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the controller is further
configured to control the operation of the DC micro-grid such that
the voltage of the common DC bus is equal to -48 volts DC.
8. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the controller is further
configured to control the operation of the DC micro-grid such that
the voltage of the common DC bus is less than 380 volts DC, the DC
micro-grid further comprising: a DC/DC converter within the at
least one power generator, wherein the DC/DC converter is
configured to provide voltage above the voltage of the common DC
bus to auxiliary devices within the at least one power
generator.
9. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the controller acts as a
scheduler for the DC micro-grid and is further configured to
coordinate the operation of the at least one power generator, at
least one energy storage device, and the at least one load.
10. The DC micro-grid of claim 4, wherein the at least one power
generator is a fuel cell generator.
11. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein the common DC bus is
split bus.
12. The DC micro-grid of claim 11, wherein the split bus has a
first conductor of +380 volts DC, a second conductor that is
neutral, and a third conductor of -380 volts DC.
13. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein the at least one power
generator is one or more of a fuel cell, modular energy generation
system, solar cell, microturbine, wind turbine, utility power grid,
and distributed diesel generator.
14. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein the at least one load is
one or more of an information technology (IT) load, a medical
device load, and electric vehicle load.
15. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein the at least on energy
storage device is one or more of batteries, ultracapacitors, and
flywheels.
16. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein one or more of the first
power electronics device, second power electronics device, and
third power electronics device comprise isolated devices.
17. The DC micro-grid of claim 16, wherein the one or more of the
first power electronics device, second power electronics device,
and third power electronics device are selected from one of a full
bridge DC/DC converter, half bridge DC/DC converter, resonant DC/DC
converter, or hexaformer inverter.
18. The DC micro-grid of claim 16, wherein: isolation is provided
at least at one point between the at least one power generator and
at least one energy storage device and the at least one load; and
the at least one load is an information technology (IT) load.
19. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein: the at least one power
generation bus is an alternating current (AC) bus; and the first
power electronics device is a high efficiency isolation
transformer.
20. The DC micro-grid of claim 19, wherein the high efficiency
isolation transformer is a hexaformer.
21. The DC micro-grid of claim 1, wherein the first power
electronics device, the second power electronics device, and the
third power electronics device are configured to connect or
disconnect from the common DC bus in response to communication
signals received via wired communication links or the common DC
bus.
22. The DC micro-grid of claim 21, wherein the communication
signals are synchronization signals.
23. The DC micro-gird of claim 21, wherein the communication
signals are alarm signals.
24. The DC micro-grid of claim 21, wherein the communication
signals are encrypted and include an authentication key.
25. A method for operating a direct current (DC) micro-grid,
comprising: providing at least one power generator to a power
generation bus; providing at least one energy storage device to an
energy storage bus; providing at least one load to a load bus;
providing the power generation bus, the energy storage bus, and the
load bus to a common DC bus, wherein each of the power generation
bus, the energy storage bus, and the load bus, respectively, are
coupled to the common DC bus via a respective power electronics
device; and operating the DC micro-grid such that a power
requirement of the at least one load is maintained according to a
following: i. P(to storages)=P(generators)-P(loads), if
P(generators)>P(loads); or ii. P(from
storages)=P(loads)-P(generators), if P(generators)<P(loads),
where P is Power.
26. The method of claim 25, further comprising: controlling the
voltage of the common DC bus to match a highest voltage of the
power generation bus, energy storage bus, or load bus.
27. The method of claim 25, further comprising: controlling the
voltage of the common DC bus to match a most common of the voltages
among the power generation bus, energy storage bus, and load
bus.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein the common DC bus is a split
bus.
29. The method of claim 28, wherein the split bus comprises a +380
volt DC conductor, a -380 volt DC conductor, and a neutral
conductor.
30. The method of claim 25, wherein the at least one power
generator is selected from one or more of a fuel cell, modular
energy generation system, solar cell, microturbine, wind turbine,
utility power grid, or distributed diesel generator.
31. The method of claim 25, wherein the power electronics devices
are fully isolated devices.
32. The method of claim 31, wherein the power electronics devices
individually comprise one or more of a full bridge DC/DC converter,
half bridge DC/DC converter, resonant DC/DC converter, or AC/DC
hexaformer inverter.
33. The method of claim 25, wherein isolation is provided by the
power electronics devices at least at one point between the at
least one power generator and the at least one energy storage
device and the at least one load.
34. The method of claim 25, further comprising: controlling the
voltage of the common DC bus to be less than 380 volts DC; and
providing higher voltage than 380 volts DC for auxiliary devices
with the at least one power generator using DC/DC converters
located within the at least one power generator.
35. The method of claim 25, wherein an input or output to the
common DC bus is an alternating current (AC) bus, and the method
further comprising: coupling an isolation transformer between the
DC bus and the AC bus to provide isolation.
36. The method of claim 35, wherein the isolation transformer is a
hexaformer.
37. The method of claim 25, further comprising: communicating
between the at least one power generator, the at least one energy
storage device, and the at least one load.
38. The method of claim 37, wherein the communicating is performed
using wires run in parallel to the inputs and outputs from the
common DC bus.
39. The method of claim 38, wherein the wires are electrical wires
or fiber optic transmission lines.
40. The method of claim 37, wherein the communication is performed
by injecting signals into the common DC bus.
41. The method of claim 40, wherein the power electronics devices
are configured to filter the injected signals such that the
injected signals do not affect a power quality of their respective
power generation bus, energy storage bus, and load bus.
42. The method of claim 40, wherein the power electronics devices
are configured to disconnect from the common bus in response to a
trigger.
43. The method of claim 42, wherein the trigger is a loss of
synchronization with the signal.
44. The method of claim 42, wherein the trigger is an alarm
event.
45. The method of claim 40, further comprising: optimizing a power
output of the at least one power generator or the at least one
energy storage device based on communication signals sent in
response to predicted transients in power requirements of the at
least one load.
46. The method of claim 40, wherein communicating between the at
least one power generator, the at least one energy storage device,
and the at least one load includes using encryption and
authentication keys.
47. The method of claim 40, further comprising a scheduler in
communication with the at least one power generator, the at least
one energy storage device, the at least one load, the common DC
bus, and the power electronics devices, wherein the scheduler
controls the operation of the at least one power generator, the at
least one energy storage device, the at least one load, the common
DC bus, and the power electronics devices.
48. The method of claim 47, wherein the scheduler controls the
operation of the at least one power generator to coordinate load
steps, coordinate warm up times, optimize efficiency, coordinate
fuel supplies, or manage a cost of power generation.
49. The method of claim 47, wherein the scheduler controls the
operation of the at least one energy storage device to manage a
state of charge, manage a cost of power generation, or manage round
trip efficiency.
50. The method of claim 47, wherein the scheduler controls the
operation of the at least one load to manage at least one of load
start up, load shut down, and load criticality.
51. The method of claim 47, wherein the scheduler dispatches fuel
to storage in response to performance outages in the at least one
power generator or dispatches fuel from storage in response to low
fuel supply indications from the at least one power generator.
52. The method of claim 25, wherein: the at least one power
generator is a plurality of power generators; the at least one
energy storage device is a plurality of energy storage devices; and
the at least one load is a plurality of loads; the method further
comprising: grouping the plurality of power generators, the
plurality of energy storage devices, and the plurality of loads by
voltage and waveform.
53. The method of claim 52, wherein the groupings voltage and
waveform are one or more of 380 volts DC, 480 volts alternating
current (AC), +48 volts DC, or -48 volts DC.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/533,593, filed Jun. 26, 2012, and entitled
"DC Micro-Grid", which is a Continuation-in-part of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/295,527, filed Nov. 14, 2011, and entitled
"Fuel Cell System with Grid Independent Operation and DC Microgrid
Capability" which claims the benefit of priority to U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/413,629, filed Nov. 15,
2010, and entitled "Fuel Cell System with Grid Independent
Operation and DC Microgrid Capability". The present application
also claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application Ser. No. 61/501,604, filed Jun. 27, 2011, entitled "DC
MICROGRID." The contents of all three applications are incorporated
herein by reference in their entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] Electrical power systems can be used to provide electrical
power to one or more loads such as buildings, appliances, lights,
tools, air conditioners, heating units, factory equipment and
machinery, power storage units, computers, security systems, etc.
The electricity used to power loads is often received from an
electrical grid. However, the electricity for loads may also be
provided through alternative power sources such as fuel cells,
solar arrays, wind turbines, thermo-electric devices, batteries,
etc. The alternative power sources can be used in conjunction with
the electrical grid, and a plurality of alternative power sources
may be combined in a single electrical power system. Alternative
power sources are generally combined after conversion of their
direct current (DC) output into an alternating current (AC). As a
result, synchronization of alternative power sources is
required.
[0003] In addition, many alternative power sources use machines
such as pumps and blowers which run off auxiliary power. Motors for
these pumps and blowers are typically 3-phase AC motors which may
require speed control. If the alternative power source generates a
DC, the DC undergoes several states of power conversion prior to
delivery to the motor(s). Alternatively, the power to the motors
for pumps, blowers, etc. may be provided using the electrical grid,
an inverter, and a variable frequency drive. In such a
configuration, two stages of power conversion of the inverter are
incurred along with two additional stages of power conversion for
driving components of the AC driven variable frequency drive. In
general, each power conversion stage that is performed adds cost to
the system, adds complexity to the system, and lowers the
efficiency of the system.
[0004] Operating individual distributed generators, such as fuel
cell generators, both with and without a grid reference and in
parallel with each other without a grid reference is problematic in
that switch-over from current source to voltage source must be
accommodated. Additionally, parallel control of many grid
independent generators, utility anomalies, and/or non-critical load
reflections can be problematic.
[0005] To address the mode-switch-over issue, a double-inverter
arrangement may be utilized. This allows one inverter to be used in
grid tie and a second inverter to be used with the stand-alone
load. An exemplary double-inverter arrangement with a load
dedicated inverter that is located internally in an input/output
module of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system is described in
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/148,488, filed May 2, 2008 and
entitled "Uninterruptible Fuel Cell System", which is incorporated
herein by reference in its entirety.
[0006] Another approach is to drop power for 5-10 cycles to switch
modes. If a single inverter is used, a time of 5-10 cycles would be
required to drop grid tie and establish voltage mode control.
[0007] Yet another approach is to use frequency droop to control
the amount of power sharing in grid tied export or in load stand
alone output control.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] FIG. 1A is a block diagram illustrating a system according
to an embodiment.
[0009] FIGS. 1B to 1K illustrate the system of FIG. 1A in various
modes of operation.
[0010] FIGS. 2 and 3 are block diagrams illustrating a DC
micro-grid according to an embodiment.
[0011] FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an IOM comprising an
inverter that is configured for "bi-directional" operation
according to an embodiment.
[0012] FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating an IOM comprising an
inverter that is configured for dual mode functionality according
to an embodiment.
[0013] FIGS. 6A-6E illustrate various modes of operation of the
system of the type shown in FIG. 1A to provide power to an electric
vehicle (EV) charging station according to embodiments.
[0014] FIGS. 7-10 are block diagrams of DC micro-grids according to
the various embodiments.
[0015] FIG. 11 is a block diagram of an embodiment high reliability
DC module.
[0016] FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a DC micro-grid according to
an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] Referring to FIG. 1, a fuel cell system according to an
embodiment includes a uninterruptible power module (UPM) 102, an
input/output module (IOM) 104 and one or more power modules (i.e.,
power generators) 106. If there is more than one power module 106,
for example six to ten modules 106, then each power module may
comprise its own housing. Each housing may comprise a cabinet or
another type of full or partial enclosure, for example the cabinet
described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/458,355, filed
Jul. 8, 2009, and entitled "Fuel Cell System with Quick Connect
Components", which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety. The modules may be arranged in one or more rows or in
other configurations.
[0018] The UPM 102 includes at least one DC/AC inverter 102A. If
desired, an array of inverters may be used. Any suitable inverter
known in the art may be used. The UPM 102 optionally contains an
input rectifier, such as an input diode 102B which connects to the
output of a DC bus 112 from the power module(s) 106 and to the
input of the at least one inverter 102A. The UPM also optionally
contains a boost PFC rectifier 102C which connects to the output
the electric grid 114, such as a utility grid, and to the input of
the at least one inverter 102A.
[0019] The IOM 104 may comprise one or more power conditioning
components. The power conditioning components may include
components for converting DC power to AC power, such as a DC/AC
inverter 104A (e.g., a DC/AC inverter described in U.S. Pat. No.
7,705,490, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety),
electrical connectors for AC power output to the grid, circuits for
managing electrical transients, a system controller (e.g., a
computer or dedicated control logic device or circuit), etc. The
power conditioning components may be designed to convert DC power
from the fuel cell modules to different AC voltages and
frequencies. Designs for 208V, 60 Hz; 480V, 60 Hz; 415V, 50 Hz and
other common voltages and frequencies may be provided.
[0020] Each power module 106 cabinet is configured to house one or
more hot boxes. Each hot box contains one or more stacks or columns
of fuel cells 106A (generally referred to as "segments"), such as
one or more stacks or columns of solid oxide fuel cells having a
ceramic oxide electrolyte separated by conductive interconnect
plates. Other fuel cell types, such as PEM, molten carbonate,
phosphoric acid, etc. may also be used.
[0021] Fuel cells are often combined into units called "stacks" in
which the fuel cells are electrically connected in series and
separated by electrically conductive interconnects, such as gas
separator plates which function as interconnects. A fuel cell stack
may contain conductive end plates on its ends. A generalization of
a fuel cell stack is the so-called fuel cell segment or column,
which can contain one or more fuel cell stacks connected in series
(e.g., where the end plate of one stack is connected electrically
to an end plate of the next stack). A fuel cell segment or column
may contain electrical leads which output the direct current from
the segment or column to a power conditioning system. A fuel cell
system can include one or more fuel cell columns, each of which may
contain one or more fuel cell stacks, such as solid oxide fuel cell
stacks.
[0022] The fuel cell stacks may be internally manifolded for fuel
and externally manifolded for air, where only the fuel inlet and
exhaust risers extend through openings in the fuel cell layers
and/or in the interconnect plates between the fuel cells, as
described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,713,649, which is incorporated herein
by reference in its entirety. The fuel cells may have a cross flow
(where air and fuel flow roughly perpendicular to each other on
opposite sides of the electrolyte in each fuel cell), counter flow
parallel (where air and fuel flow roughly parallel to each other
but in opposite directions on opposite sides of the electrolyte in
each fuel cell) or co-flow parallel (where air and fuel flow
roughly parallel to each other in the same direction on opposite
sides of the electrolyte in each fuel cell) configuration.
[0023] Power modules (i.e., power generators) may also comprise
other generators of direct current, such as solar cell, wind
turbine, geothermal or hydroelectric power generators.
[0024] The segment(s) 106A of fuel cells may be connected to the DC
bus, 112 such as a split DC bus, by one or more DC/DC converters
106B located in module 106. The DC/DC converters 106B may be
located in the IOM 104 instead of the power module 106.
[0025] The power module(s) 106 may also optionally include an
energy storage device 106C, such as a bank of ultracapacitors,
batteries, or flywheels. Device 106C may also be connected to the
DC bus 112 using one or more DC/DC converters 106D.
[0026] The UPM 102 is connected to an input/output module (IOM) 104
via the DC bus 112. The DC bus receives power from power modules
106.
[0027] The fuel cell system and the grid 114 are electrically
connected to a load 108 using a control logic unit 110. The load
may comprise any suitable load which uses AC power, such as one or
more buildings, appliances, lights, tools, air conditioners,
heating units, factory equipment and machinery, power storage
units, information technology (IT) loads, security systems, etc.
The control logic unit includes a switch 110A and control logic
110B, such as a computer, a logic circuit or a dedicated controller
device. The switch may be an electrical switch (e.g., a switching
circuit) or an electromechanical switch, such as a relay.
[0028] IT loads, (i.e., devices operating in an IT system) may
include one or more of computer(s), server(s), router(s), rack(s),
power supply connections, and other components found in a data
center environment. As described herein, an IT load (i.e., devices
operating in an IT system which may include one or more of
computer(s), server(s), router(s), rack(s), power supply
connections, and other components found in a data center
environment) and IT system are distinguished from devices, such as
computers, servers, routers, racks, controllers, power supply
connections, and other components used to monitor, manage, and/or
control the operation of DC power generators and DC power
generation systems in that IT loads do not monitor, manage, and/or
control the operation of any DC power generators or DC power
generation systems that provide power to the IT loads
themselves.
[0029] Control logic 110B routes power to the load 108 either from
the UPM 102 or from the grid 114 using switch 110A. The at least
one fuel cell segment 106A and storage device 106C from module 106
are electrically connected in parallel to the at least one first
inverter 104A in IOM and to the at least one second inverter 102A
in the UPM 102. The at least one first inverter 104A is
electrically connected to the load 108 through the electrical grid
114 using switch 110A in the first position. In contrast to the
circuit shown in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/148,488, filed
May 2, 2008 and entitled "Uninterruptible Fuel Cell System", which
is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, the grid 114
in FIG. 1A is directly connected to the load 108 through the
control logic unit 110 without passing through a bidirectional
inverter. The at least one second inverter 102A is electrically
connected to the load 108 with the switch 110A in the second
position without using the electrical grid 114 (i.e., the output of
the fuel cell segment 106A does not have to pass through the grid
114 to reach the load 108).
[0030] Thus, the control logic 110B selects whether to provide
power to the load from the electrical grid 114 (or from the fuel
cell segment 106A through the grid) or through the at least one
second inverter 102A. The control logic 110B may determine a state
of the power modules and select a source to power the load 108
based on the state of the power modules, as described below.
[0031] A second switch 116 controls the electrical connection
between the IOM 104 and the grid 114. Switch 116 may controlled by
the control logic 110B or by another system controller.
[0032] By way of illustration and not by way of limitation, the
system contains the following electrical paths:
[0033] A path to the load 108 from the AC grid 114.
[0034] A path from the AC grid 114 through the IOM 104 to storage
elements 106C of power modules 106 (for example, ultracapacitors,
batteries, or flywheels).
[0035] A path from the storage elements 106C of the power modules
106, over the DC bus 112 to the IOM 104 and the UPM 102 in
parallel. The DC bus delivers DC to the inverter in the UPM 102.
The inverter 102A in the UPM 102 or inverter 104A in IOM 104
delivers AC power to the load 108 depending on the position of the
switch 110A.
[0036] A path from the power modules 106 (which may include power
from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A and/or the storage elements 106C
of the power modules 106), over the DC bus 112 to the IOM 104 and
the UPM 102. The DC bus delivers DC voltage to the inverter in the
UPM 102. The inverter 102A in the UPM 102 delivers AC power to the
load 108. Power in excess of the power required by the load 108 is
delivered to the AC grid through an inverter 104A in the IOM 104.
The amount of power that is delivered to the AC grid 114 will vary
according the demands of the load 108. If the amount of power
required by the load 108 exceeds the power provided by the power
modules 106, the additional power demand may be supplied by the AC
grid 114 directly to the load 108 through switch 110A in the first
position or to the UPM 102 with the switch 110A in the second
position. The grid power is rectified in rectifier 102C in UPM 102
and provided to the inverter 102A in the UPM 102 and converted back
to AC for powering the load 108.
[0037] FIGS. 1B-1K illustrate various modes of operation of the
system shown in FIG. 1A. While the embodiments described below
illustrate a load 108 which requires 100 kW of power and the fuel
cell segment(s) 106A which output 200 kW of power in steady state,
these values are provided for illustration only and any other
suitable load and power output values may be used.
[0038] FIG. 1B illustrates the system operation during the
installation of the system and/or during a period when the load 108
receives power from the grid 114. As shown in this figure, the fuel
cell segment(s) 106A and the energy storage device 106C are in the
OFF state, the IOM 104 inverter 104A and the UPM inverter 102A are
both in the OFF state and the second switch 116 is open such that
there is no electrical communication between the IOM and the grid.
The control logic switch 110A is in the first position to provide
power from the grid 114 to the load 108 through the control logic
module 110. As shown in the figure, 100 kW of power is provided
from the grid to the load through the control logic module.
[0039] FIG. 1C illustrates the system operation during IOM start-up
and charging of the energy storage device (e.g., bank of
ultracapacitors) 106C from the grid 114 while the load 108 receives
power from the grid 114. As shown in this figure, the fuel cell
segment(s) 106A are in the OFF state while the energy storage
device 106C is in the ON state. The IOM 104 bi-directional inverter
104A is in the ON state and the UPM inverter 102A is in the OFF
state. The second switch 116 is closed such that there is
electrical communication between the IOM and the grid to provide
power from the grid 114 to the energy storage device 106C through
the IOM 104 inverter 104A and the DC bus 112. The control logic
switch 110A is in the first position to provide power from the grid
114 to the load 108 through the control logic module 110. As shown
in the figure, 100 kW of power is provided from the grid to the
load through the control logic module.
[0040] FIG. 1D illustrates the system operation during UPM start-up
following IOM start-up. UPM functions by receiving power from the
energy storage device 106C. UPM provides the power from the energy
storage device 106C to the load 108. As shown in this figure, the
fuel cell segment(s) 106A are in the OFF state while and the energy
storage device 106C is in the ON state. The IOM 104 bi-directional
inverter 104A is in the ON state and the UPM inverter 102A is in
the ON state. The second switch 116 is closed such that there is
electrical communication between the IOM and the grid. The control
logic switch 110A is in the second position to provide power from
the UPM 102 to the load 108 through the control logic module 110.
As shown in the figure, 100 kW of power is provided from the grid
114 to the load 108 through the rectifier 102C and inverter 102A of
the UPM 102 and then through the control logic module. Some power
may also be provided to the load 108 from the energy storage device
106C via the DC bus 112, UPM 102 and control logic module.
[0041] FIG. 1E illustrates the steady state operation of the
system. In this mode the fuel cell segment(s) 106A is in the ON
state to power the load 108. The segment(s) 106A may provide 200 kW
of power in a steady state mode (this may be the designed power
output or a maximum power output). As shown in this figure, the
energy storage device 106C is in the ON state to act as an
emergency backup power source. The IOM 104 bi-directional inverter
104A is in the ON state and the UPM inverter 102A is in the ON
state. The 200 kW power output is split between the grid 114 and
the load 108. The second switch 116 is closed such that there is
electrical communication between the IOM and the grid to provide
100 kW of power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A to the grid. The
control logic switch 110A is in the second position to provide the
other 100 kW of power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A in the
power module 106 through the DC bus passing through IOM 104 and
through the inverter 102A of the UPM 102 and then through the
control logic module 110 to the load 108. Preferably, this 100 kW
of power does not pass through the IOM inverter 104A and/or the
grid 114 to reach the load 108. While a 200 kW power output split
50/50 between the grid and the load is described above, different
power outputs may be used as needed, such as 25 kW to 1000 kW,
which may be split 10/90 to 90/10 between the grid and the
load.
[0042] FIG. 1F illustrates operation of the system during a
relatively steady load 108 increase from 100 kW to 150 kW (i.e.,
when the load requires more power than prior steady state
operation). In this mode, more of the power output of the fuel cell
segment(s) is provided to the load and less of this power output is
provided to the grid than in the stead state mode described above.
If desired, 100% of the power output may be provided to the load
and 0% to the grid. The fuel cell segment(s) 106A is in the ON
state to power the load 108. As shown in this figure, the energy
storage device 106C is in the ON state to act as an emergency
backup power source. The IOM 104 bi-directional inverter 104A is in
the ON state and the UPM inverter 102A is in the ON state. The
second switch 116 is closed such that there is electrical
communication between the IOM and the grid to provide 50 kW of
power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A through the IOM inverter
104A to the grid 114. The control logic switch 110A is in the
second position to provide 150 kW of power from the fuel cell
segment(s) 106A in the power module 106 through the DC bus passing
through IOM 104 and through the inverter 102A of the UPM 102 and
then through the control logic module 110 to the load 108. Thus,
the power output of the fuel cell segment(s) 106A is preferably
split between the grid and the load in this mode. Preferably, the
power does not pass through the IOM inverter 104A and/or the grid
114 to reach the load 108.
[0043] FIG. 1G illustrates operation of the system during a sudden
load 108 spike which requires more power than the fuel cell
segment(s) 106A can generate at that time. For example, the load
spike is from 100 kW to 225 kW while the segment(s) 106A can only
generate 200 kW of power in steady state or in maximum power mode.
The fuel cell segment(s) 106A is in the ON state to power the load
108. As shown in this figure, the energy storage device 106C is in
the ON state to act as an emergency backup power source. The IOM
104 bi-directional inverter 104A is in the ON state and the UPM
inverter 102A is in the ON state. The second switch 116 is closed
such that there is electrical communication between the IOM and the
grid. However, no power is provided from fuel cell segment(s) 106A
through the IOM inverter 104A to the grid 114 due to the load
spike. The control logic switch 110A is in the second position to
provide power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A in the power
module 106 and from the grid 114 through the DC bus passing through
IOM 104 and through the inverter 102A of the UPM 102 and then
through the control logic module 110 to the load 108. In this mode,
the power to the load is provided from both the fuel cell
segment(s) and the grid. As shown, 200 kW from the segment(s) 106A
is provided through the DC bus 112, diode 102B, inverter 102A and
switch 110A to the load 108, while 25 kW is provided from the grid
114 through the rectifier 102B, inverter 102A and switch 110A to
the load 108 to achieve a total 225 kW of power required by the
load. Preferably, the power from the fuel cell segment(s) does not
pass through the IOM inverter 104A and/or the grid 114 to reach the
load 108.
[0044] FIG. 1H illustrates operation of the system during a return
to normal or steady state operation after the sudden load 108
spike. The fuel cell segment(s) 106A is in the ON state to power
the load 108. As shown in this figure, the energy storage device
106C is in the ON state to act as an emergency backup power source.
The IOM 104 bi-directional inverter 104A is in the ON state and the
UPM inverter 102A is in the ON state. The second switch 116 is
closed such that there is electrical communication between the IOM
and the grid. The control logic switch 110A is in the second
position to provide power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A in the
power module 106 through the DC bus passing through IOM 104 and
through the inverter 102A of the UPM 102 and then through the
control logic module 110 to the load 108. In this mode, the fuel
cell segment(s) continue to output steady state or maximum power
(e.g., 200 kW) which is split between the load and the grid. As
shown, 200 kW from the segment(s) 106A is provided to the IOM 104.
IOM 104 provides 100 kW of power from fuel cell segment(s) 106A
through the IOM inverter 104A to the grid 114. The DC bus 112
provides the remaining 100 kW of power from IOM 104 through diode
102B, inverter 102A and switch 110A to the load 108. Preferably,
the power does not pass through the IOM inverter 104A and/or the
grid 114 to reach the load 108.
[0045] FIG. 1I illustrates operation of the system during loss of
power from the grid 114 (e.g., during a black out). The fuel cell
segment(s) 106A is in the ON state to power the load 108. As shown
in this figure, the energy storage device 106C is in the ON state
to absorb power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A and to the
soften the "step" that occurs during the loss of the grid power.
The IOM 104 bi-directional inverter 104A is in the ON state and the
UPM inverter 102A is in the ON state. The second switch 116 is
opened such that there is no electrical communication between the
IOM and the grid. A sensor can sense the loss of grid power and a
controller can open the switch 116 in response to the sensed grid
outage. The control logic switch 110A is in the second position to
provide power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A in the power
module 106 through the DC bus passing through IOM 104 and through
the inverter 102A of the UPM and then through the control logic
module 110 to the load 108. In this mode, out of the 200 kW total
power output from the segment(s) 106A, 100 kW is provided to the DC
bus 112 and 100 kW is provided to the energy storage device 106C to
soften the step. The DC bus 112 provides the 100 kW of power from
IOM 104 through diode 102B, inverter 102A and switch 110A to the
load 108. The power output of the segment(s) 106A is then gradually
reduced to 100 kW to meet the requirements of the load 108.
[0046] FIG. 1J illustrates operation of the system during loss of
power from the grid 114 (e.g., during a black out) and in case of a
load transient (e.g., increased demand for power from load 108)
while the fuel cell segment(s) output a reduced amount of power
(e.g., 100 kW) which meets the steady state requirements of the
load. The fuel cell segment(s) 106A is in the ON state to power the
load 108. As shown in this figure, the energy storage device 106C
is in the ON state to provide additional power to the load 108. The
IOM 104 bi-directional inverter 104A is in the ON state and the UPM
inverter 102A is in the ON state. The second switch 116 is opened
such that there is no electrical communication between the IOM and
the grid. The control logic switch 110A is in the second position
to provide power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A and the energy
storage device 106C in the power module 106 through the DC bus
passing through IOM 104 and through the inverter 102A of the UPM
102 and then through the control logic module 110 to the load 108.
In this mode, 100 kW from the segment(s) 106A and 50 kW from the
energy storage device is provided to the DC bus 112. Thus, the DC
bus 112 provides the 150 kW of power from IOM 104 through diode
102B, inverter 102A and switch 110A to the load 108. Preferably,
the power does not pass through the IOM inverter 104A and/or the
grid 114 to reach the load 108.
[0047] FIG. 1K illustrates operation of the system during loss of
power from the grid 114 (e.g., during a black out) and in case of a
continuing load transient (e.g., continued increased demand for
power from load 108). The operation is the same as that shown in
FIG. 1J, except that the power output of the energy storage device
106C is ramped down to zero over time and the power output of the
fuel cell segment(s) is ramped up to the power needed by the load
(e.g., 150 kW) over the same time. Thus, over time, the load
receives more and more power from the fuel cell segment(s) 106A and
less and less power from the energy storage device 106C until all
of the required power is supplied to the load 108 by the fuel cell
segment(s). Thus, the energy storage device acts as a bridging
power source during the initial load transient and is then phased
out during the continuing load transient.
[0048] Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, the output of the DC sources 1
to N are paralleled at the DC-output point, and a DC bus is
created. Each DC source 1 to N may comprise one or more power
module(s) (i.e., power generator(s)) 106 and an associated IOM 104.
The 1 to N sources feed the customer load via a single UPM. Thus,
the plurality of power module/IOM pairs share a common UPM. For
example, the DC bus may form a DC micro grid connecting any number
of DC sources (e.g., SOFC and power conditioning systems, solar
panels, wind turbines, etc.) or AC sources converted to DC outputs
(e.g., diesel generator paired with a power converter, small
generator attached to a ticket turnstile at a concert venue, etc.)
together at one UPM. In this manner, any DC source or AC source,
regardless of its power characteristics may be used to provide
power to the UPM 202. The UPM 202 may be a large assembly of
individual UPM's 102 shown in FIG. 1A capable of output of many
multiples of the output of the source systems themselves. As
illustrated, in FIG. 2, the UPM 202 comprises "N" UPMs 102 (i.e.,
one UPM for each DC source), with a separate DC bus connecting each
DC power source to a dedicated UPM 102. The N UPM's 102 may be
arranged in close proximity (e.g., side by side) in one housing or
in separate housings to form the UPM assembly 202.
[0049] In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the assembly
202 of smaller dedicated UPM's 102 may be replaced by one large UPM
302. In this embodiment, the UPM 302 may include an electrical
storage device (e.g., bank of batteries or ultracapcitors) and/or a
synchronous motor. In general, UPM inverters may include rotating
machinery (e.g., a motor, flywheel, etc.) to enhance stored energy
content and/or increase reliability and inertia of output.
[0050] In summary, the DC sources may comprise fuel cell power
modules and an IOM. The inverter within each UPM may be a modular
assembly of smaller inverters controlled as one large inverter
acting with inputs and/or outputs in parallel. An inverter within
the main IOM may be a modular assembly of smaller inverters which
are controlled as one large inverter acting with inputs and/or
outputs in parallel.
[0051] In an embodiment, rectification is provided in the UPM to
allow feed from the grid when the stacks are off-line, thus
providing the load a protected bus. A boost converter may be used
to maintain a good power factor to the grid.
[0052] In another embodiment, power from stored energy within an
SOFC system or the UPM is used to create a "UPS" unit which has
three energy inputs: grid energy; SOFC segment energy; and stored
energy (e.g., ultracapacitors, flywheels, or batteries).
[0053] In yet another embodiment, a DC micro-grid is connected to
other distributed generators such as solar power hardware or wind
power hardware. In an embodiment in which fuel cells, such as SOFC
systems, and other distributed generators such as solar power
hardware and/or wind power hardware are connected to the DC
micro-grid, when an oversupply of energy compared to the load
requirements is produced by the solar power hardware and/or wind
power hardware, power generation from the fuel cells may not be
required. The oversupply of energy generated by the other
distributed generators may be sent to the fuel cells, and the fuel
cells may be operated in pump mode (i.e., electrolysis mode). In
this manner, spent fuel (e.g., water or CO.sub.2) may be run
backwards through the fuel cells to produce useable fuel (e.g.,
H.sub.2 or hydrocarbon fuel), which is stored for future use by
fuel cells in fuel cell mode, as described in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 10/653,240, filed Sep. 3, 2003 and entitled
"Combined Energy Storage and Fuel Generation with Reversible Fuel
Cells, which is incorporated herein by reference in its
entirety.
[0054] In an embodiment, the DC micro-grid is connected to DC loads
such as the loads of DC data centers or DC vehicle chargers.
[0055] In yet another embodiment, when an IOM and UPM are composed
of a cluster of inverters acting in parallel, some or all these
inverters may be de-energized depending upon customer load
conditions. For example, in a 200 kW generation capacity scenario
where the customer load is 150 kW, the IOM inverters may be
de-energized such that they only support 50 kW instead of a full
200 kW of grid-tied output. Further, in this scenario, it may be
that only a portion of the possible inverters in the IOM assembly
may be installed into the IOM, thus providing cost savings in terms
of equipment required to support the specific customer load
scenario.
[0056] Referring to FIG. 4, in an embodiment, an IOM 404 comprises
inverters 412 that are configured for "bi-directional" operation.
Such an inverter may have four-quadrant operation. If the grid-tied
inverter has "bi-directional" operation, then the rectified feed
does not need to be supplied to the UPM 402. Grid power during
start-up may come through the grid tied inverter 412 instead of via
a rectified input to the UPM 402. This embodiment also provides
power from power module(s) 406 for protection of the customer
load.
[0057] Referring to FIG. 5, in an embodiment, a UPM is not
utilized. In this embodiment, an IOM 504 comprises an inverter 512
that is configured for dual mode functionality. The dual mode
inverter 512 is configured to operate with a grid reference and
also in a stand-alone mode, supporting a customer load without a
grid reference. In this embodiment an output power interruption
would be required in order to switch between power generation in
one mode and another mode.
[0058] FIGS. 6A-6D illustrate various modes of operation of the
system shown in FIG. 1A. in which an electric vehicle (EV) charging
module (ECM) is used instead of or in addition to the UPM 102. In
some modes of operation the ECM may perform the functions of the
UPM.
[0059] The systems of FIGS. 6A-6D offer several advantages when
used in EV charging application. In particular, these systems
remove the need for the grid to supply large peaks of power during
quick charging of a large number of EVs. The systems can also be
used for EV charging in areas where it would be too expensive to
provide grid power, and where it would be more cost effective to
lay a natural gas pipeline.
[0060] Referring to FIG. 6A, an EV charging station comprises one
or more power modules 106, an IOM 104 and an ECM 602. ECM contains
a DC/DC converter 602A instead of the inverter 102A of UPM 102. In
this embodiment, the EV charging station (e.g., ECM 602) has access
to grid power. The EV charging station may feed power
simultaneously to the grid and the EV battery. A quick (e.g., 10-20
minute) charge may be provided from ECM 602 to the EV battery 604
using power from the FCM 106. Whenever an EV battery 604 is
connected to the charging station (e.g., ECM 602) for a charge, the
FCM 106 power is automatically diverted from feeding the grid into
the charging station. The diversion of power from the grid to the
EV battery 604 may be accomplished by the control logic as
illustrated in FIG. 1A and as discussed previously. The grid power
may serve as a backup power for the charging station when the power
modules 106 are unavailable.
[0061] Referring to FIG. 6B, an EV charging station comprises one
or more power modules 106, an IOM 104, a UPM 102, control logic
unit 110 and an ECM 602. In this embodiment, the EV charging
station 602 may also be used to supply a customer load 108 while
feeding grid power and charging an EV battery 604. In this
configuration, the EV charging station feeds the grid and also
provides uninterrupted power to the customer load 108 (such as an
office building). The IOM 104 feeds power to the grid, while the
UPM 102 supplies power to the customer load 108. The ECM 602 acts
as the EV charging station and draws power from the 400V DC bus
112. Thus, the UPM 102 and ECM 602 are connected in parallel to the
DC bus 112. While the customer load 108 is supplied without
interruption, anytime a vehicle drives in to get charged by the ECM
602, a portion of the power being fed to the grid is diverted to
the ECM 602 for the time it takes to charge the EV battery 604.
Again, this configuration overcomes the challenge of drawing high
peak power from the grid, which is a major issue today especially
during day time, when the grid is already supplying full
capacity.
[0062] A typical application of this configuration would be to
supply power to an office building. The load 108 from the building
(including data centers, lighting etc) can be supplied clean
uninterrupted power from the UPM 102, while power is being fed to
the grid. Charging stations can be installed at the car park of
this building for the employees and visitors of the company. EV
batteries 604 can be charged, and then parked at the car park.
Options for both quick charging (1 C) and trickle charging (0.1 C)
can be provided at the charging stations, based on the time
constraints of the car owner.
[0063] Referring to FIG. 6C an EV charging station comprises one or
more power modules 106, a UPM 102, an ECM 602 and a DG set 608.
This configuration is suitable for use in remote areas where grid
power is not available. In this configuration, the UPM 102 draws
power from the DC bus connected to the power modules 106, and feeds
the customer load 108. This customer load 108 also acts like a base
load to the power modules 106, which allows the system to operate
at a certain minimum efficiency (in the configurations illustrated
in FIGS. 6A and 6B above, the grid provides the minimum base load
for efficient performance). In an embodiment, the power modules 106
and the UPM 102 are rated such that the maximum customer load is
always supplied while the ECM 602 is operational. The DG set 608 is
used to start up the power modules 106.
[0064] Referring to FIG. 6D, an EV charging station comprises one
or more power modules 106 and an ECM 602. This configuration of EV
charging stations is suitable for use where there is no grid power
and no customer load is to be supplied. The EV charging station is
needed only to act as a power source for charging the EV battery
604. In this configuration, a battery bank 610 acts as the base
load to the EV charging station. This battery bank 610 may be
charged using normal charging (0.1 C). An operator of an EV in need
of charging the EV battery 604 may obtain a charge from the ECM
602. Alternatively, the operator may exchange a discharged EV
battery 604 for one of the batteries in the battery bank 610. The
DG 608 set is used to start up the power modules 106.
[0065] In an embodiment, the EV charging station is configured to
take advantage of time-of-day pricing and to utilize the storage
capacity of the EV batteries. For example, the cost of weekday
electricity from 11 AM to 9 PM may be several times (e.g., 5 times)
higher than the cost of electricity from 9 PM to 11 AM. In this
embodiment, DC power is returned from the EV batteries to the fuel
cell system to provide power during peak pricing periods and/or to
support shortfalls in the power output from the power modules 106
due to an internal power module 106 fault.
[0066] Referring to FIG. 6E, the fuel cell system comprises one or
more power modules 106, an IOM 104, a UPM 102, a first control
logic unit 110 described above, a switching module 702 containing a
switch 702A and second control logic unit 702B, and an ECM 602. If
desired, the separate logic units 110 and 702B may be physically
combined into a single unit which performs the functions of the
unit 110 described above and functions of unit 702B described
below. In this embodiment, the power modules 106, IOM 104 and UPM
102 may be used to supply power to a customer load 108 (e.g., a
building, such as an office building) while also being able to
provide power to the grid, while the ECM 602 may be used for
charging an EV battery 604 by drawing power from the 400V DC bus
112. Control logic unit 110 performs the functions as previously
described. Control logic unit 702B performs the functions described
below. Thus, the UPM 102 and ECM 602 are connected in parallel to
the DC bus 112.
[0067] In an embodiment, the UPM 102 (e.g., the inverter 102A of
UMP 102) is rated higher than would be required to provide power to
load 108 from the power modules 106 alone. The additional power
handling capabilities are used to utilize additional DC power from
EV batteries that are connected to the EV charging station (i.e.,
to ECM 602). The control logic unit 702B switches the switch 702A
to connect the EV batteries 604 to the ECM 602 receive power from
ECM 602, or to DC bus 112 to provide power to the DC bus 112.
[0068] By way of illustration and not by way of limitation, the
fuel cell system contains power module(s) 106 which are capable of
delivering a first value of maximum power (e.g., 200 kW). The UMP
102 is rated to convert DC to AC to provide a second value of
maximum power (e.g., 400 kW AC) which is greater than the first
value. In other words, the inverter 102A is designed to convert
more DC to AC power than the power module(s) are capable of
providing. The UMP 102 uses the additional conversion capacity to
convert DC power (e.g., up to 200 kW DC) from the EV batteries 604
to AC power to provide to the load 108 or to the grid 114.
[0069] Thus, DC power from an electric vehicle battery 604 is
received at an electric vehicle charging module (ECM) 602 during a
period of higher electricity price from the grid, the received
power is provided to the at least one inverter 102A which converts
the received DC power to AC power, and provides the AC power to a
load (e.g., 108 or grid load 114).
[0070] In one embodiment, DC power is provided from the at least
one fuel cell power module 106 to the ECM 602, and then provided
from the ECM to the electric vehicle battery 604 when the cost of
electricity is lower, prior to the step of receiving DC power.
[0071] The combination EV charging station and fuel cell system may
be located at a business having employees that drive electric cars.
Using the time of day pricing set forth above, these employees
would generally park their EVs at the business recharging docks and
connect the EV batteries 604 to the ECM 602 for 8 to 10 hours
during the work day. Typically, all the EV batteries 604 are fully
charged (with the switch 702A connecting batteries 604 to ECM 602)
before the price of power from the grid increases (e.g., by 11 AM)
using the power provided from the ECM 602. Then, after the price of
the grid power increases (e.g., after 11 AM), logic 702B switches
the switch 702A position to connect the EV batteries 604 to the DC
bus 112. The batteries 604 are then used to provide a portion
(e.g., 10-75%, for example 50%) of their stored charge to the DC
bus 112. For example, the EV batteries may receive more charge each
day (or each week etc.) than they provide back to the DC bus. If
desired, the owners of the EVs may not be charged for the net
charge they received or be charged a reduced rate compared to the
rate for charging EV batteries from the grid. The charging station
could then deliver up to 400 kW AC to load 108 in a peak-shaving
load-following manner. All parties would financially benefit
because of the increased price of the mid-day electricity.
[0072] In another embodiment, the electric vehicle battery is
charged at a location other than the ECM 602 during a lower cost
electricity price period prior to the step of receiving DC power
from the ECM 602 during the higher cost of electricity price
period. For example, EVs are charged at a remote location (e.g.,
from the grid at home overnight) using lower cost, night time
electricity. These EVs may then be connected to the ECM 602 in the
morning. After the price of electricity increases mid-day (e.g.,
after 11 AM) the EV batteries 604 deliver a predetermined portion
of their stored charge to the DC bus 112. Thus bus can then deliver
up to 400 kW AC to load 108 in a peak-shaving load-following
manner. The EV owners may be reimbursed for the cost of provided
power (i.e., for the power they stored at their home and delivered
to the bus 112). Here again all parties financially benefit because
of the higher price of mid-day electricity.
[0073] Of course, the times used in the foregoing examples are for
illustrative purposes only. The charging station may be configured
to utilize power from the EV batteries to address the time-of-day
pricing for the region in which the charging station is
located.
[0074] The above described methods and systems can be readily used
with multiple generators in parallel with a large load, while
allowing tight control of frequency and voltage.
[0075] An exemplary modular system which includes a modular
enclosure which combination of housings containing several power
module housings 106 with the fuel cell containing hot boxes, the
IOM 104 housing containing the inverter 104A and other electronics,
and an optional housing containing a fuel processing module (which
includes, e.g., a desulfurizer, etc.) is described in U.S.
Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/386,257, filed Sep. 24,
2010 and entitled "Fuel Cell Mechanical Components", which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0076] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment direct current (DC)
micro-grid 700. The DC micro-grid 700 may include loads 726a, 726b,
730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b,
710a, 710b, and energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b coupled to a common DC bus 738.
[0077] Power generators 704a and 704b may be any type alternating
current (AC) generators, such as micro turbines, wind turbines,
distributed diesel generators, etc. and/or connections to an AC
utility power grid. Power generators 706a, 706b, 710a, and 710b,
may be any type DC generators, such as fuel cell systems (e.g.,
SOFC fuel cell systems), modular energy generation system, solar
cells, etc. In an embodiment, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b may be of different voltages and/or waveforms,
such as 380 volt DC power generators, 480 volt AC power generators,
and/or -48 volt DC power generators, and may be grouped by voltage
and/or waveform, such as 480 volt AC power generators 704a and 704b
grouped together, 380 volt DC power generators 706a and 706b
grouped together, and -48 volt DC power generators 710a and 710b
grouped together.
[0078] In an embodiment, different power generation buses for each
voltage and/or waveform grouping may be created to deliver and/or
draw power from each power generation group. Grouped AC power
generators 704a and 704b may be coupled to power generation bus
705, grouped DC power generators 706a and 706b may be coupled to
power generation bus 708, and grouped DC power generators 710a and
710b may be coupled to power generation bus 712.
[0079] In an embodiment, the power generation buses 705, 708, and
712 may be coupled to the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, the
power generation buses 705, 708, and 712 may be coupled to the
common DC bus 738 via power electronics devices 740, 742, and 744,
respectively. Power electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 may be
power conversion devices, such as AC/DC converters (e.g.,
inverters), DC/DC converters, and/or DC/AC converters (e.g.,
inverters), coupled to the power generation buses 705, 708, and 712
and coupled to the common DC bus 738. Power electronics devices
740, 742, and 744 may transfer power from/to the power generation
buses 705, 708, and 712 to/from the common DC bus 738. Power
electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 may be configured to filter
(e.g., isolate) injected signals in the common DC bus 738 such that
the injected signals do not pass along to the power generation
buses 705, 708, and 712. For example, power electronics devices 742
and 744 may be isolated DC/DC converters. Power electronics devices
740, 742, and 744 may contain hardware to enable power generation
buses 705, 708, and 712 to be disconnected, individually or as a
group, from the common DC bus 738, such as in response to a trigger
signal. Power electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 may be fully
isolated devices, providing galvanic isolation between the common
DC bus 738 and the power generation buses 705, 708, 712, such as
full bridge DC/DC converters, half bridge DC/DC converters, and/or
resonant DC/DC converters. In an embodiment, all the power
electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 may provide isolation. In
another embodiment, only a portion, or none, of the power
electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 may provide isolation as long
as isolation between the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b
of the DC micro-grid 700 and the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b and energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b of the DC micro-grid 700 is provided at least at one
point in the DC micro-grid 700.
[0080] In an embodiment, power electronics device 740 may be an
AC/DC converter coupling the power generation bus 705 to the common
DC bus 738. In operation, power electronics device 740 may convert
AC received from the power generation bus 705 to DC provided to the
common DC bus, or vice versa. Additionally, the power electronics
device 740 may increase or decrease the voltage and/or current of
the energy received from and/or sent to the power generation bus
705 and/or the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, the power
electronics device 740 may be a high efficiency isolation
transformer, such as a hexaformer, which may provide isolation
between the AC power generation bus 705 and the common DC bus 738.
In an embodiment, power electronics device 742 may be a DC/DC
converter coupling the power generation bus 708 to the common DC
bus 738. In operation, the power electronics device 742 may
increase or decrease the voltage and/or current of the energy
received from and/or sent to the power generation bus 708 and/or
the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, power electronics device
744 may be a DC/DC converter coupling the power generation bus 712
to the common DC bus 738. In operation, the power electronics
device 744 may increase or decrease the voltage and/or current of
the energy received from and/or sent to the power generation bus
712 and/or the common DC bus 738. In other words, power electronics
devices 742 and 744 may be buck or boost converters.
[0081] Energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, and
722b, may be any type energy storage devices, such as batteries,
ultracapcitors, etc. In an embodiment, energy storage devices 714a,
714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, and 722b may be of different voltages, such
as 480 volts, 380 volts and/or -48 volts, and may be grouped by
voltage, such as 480 volt energy storage devices 714a and 714b
grouped together, 380 volt energy storage devices 718a and 718b
grouped together, and -48 volt energy storage devices 722a and 722b
grouped together.
[0082] In an embodiment, different energy storage buses for each
voltage and/or waveform grouping may be created to deliver and/or
draw power from each energy storage device grouping. Grouped energy
storage devices 714a and 714b may be coupled to energy storage bus
716, grouped energy storage devices 718a and 718b may be coupled to
energy storage bus 720, and grouped energy storage devices 722a and
722b may be coupled to energy storage bus 724. In a further
alternative embodiment, loads (e.g., loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b,
734a, 734b and/or other loads) with voltage and waveform
requirements that exactly match the voltage and waveform of power
generation buses 705, 708, and/or 712 and/or energy storage buses
716, 720, and/or 724 may be directly connected to the power
generation buses 705, 708, and/or 712 and/or energy storage buses
716, 720, and/or 724, rather than applied to the common DC bus 738.
In such an embodiment, control schemes as discussed herein applied
to the common DC bus 738 may also be applied to the power
generation buses 705, 708, and/or 712 and/or energy storage buses
716, 720, and/or 724. Additionally, in such an embodiment, the
power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, and/or 750 may
be bidirectional devices configured to provide power to and/or draw
power from the power generation buses 705, 708, and/or 712 and/or
energy storage buses 716, 720, and/or 724.
[0083] In an embodiment, the energy storage buses 716, 720, and 724
may be coupled to the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, the
energy storage buses 716, 720, and 724 may be coupled to the common
DC bus 738, via power electronics devices 746, 748, and 750,
respectively. Power electronics devices 746, 748, and 750 may be
power conversion devices, such as AC/DC converters, DC/DC
converters, and/or DC/AC converters, coupled to the energy storage
buses 716, 720, and 724 and coupled to the common DC bus 738. Power
electronics devices 746, 748, and 750 may transfer power from/to
the energy storage buses 716, 748, and 712 from/to the common DC
bus 738. Power electronics devices 746, 748, and 750 may be
configured to filter injected signals in the common DC bus 738 such
that the injected signals do not pass along to the energy storage
buses 716, 720, and 724. Power electronics devices 746, 748, and
750 may contain hardware to enable energy storage buses 716, 720,
and 724 to be disconnected, individually or as a group, from the
common DC bus 738, such as in response to a trigger signal. Power
electronics devices 746, 748, and 750 may be fully isolated
devices, providing galvanic isolation between the common DC bus 738
and the energy storage buses 716, 720, 724, such as full bridge
DC/DC converters, half bridge DC/DC converters, and/or resonant
DC/DC converters. In an embodiment, all the power electronics
devices 746, 748, and 750 may provide isolation. In another
embodiment, only a portion, or none, of the power electronics
devices 746, 748, and 750 may provide isolation as long as
isolation between the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b of
the DC micro-grid 700 and the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b and energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b of the DC micro-grid 700 is provided at least at one
point in the DC micro-grid 700.
[0084] In an embodiment, power electronics device 746 may be a
DC/DC converter coupling the energy storage bus 716 to the common
DC bus 738. In operation, power electronics device 746 may increase
or decrease the voltage and/or current of the energy received from
and/or sent to the energy storage bus 716 and/or the common DC bus
738. In an embodiment, power electronics device 746 may control the
charging and/or discharge of the energy storage devices 714a and/or
714b. In an embodiment, power electronics device 748 may be a DC/DC
converter coupling the energy storage bus 720 to the common DC bus
738. In operation, the power electronics device 748 may increase or
decrease the voltage and/or current of the energy received from
and/or sent to the energy storage bus 720 and/or the common DC bus
738. In an embodiment, power electronics device 748 may control the
charging and/or discharge of the energy storage devices 718a and/or
718b. In an embodiment, power electronics device 750 may be a DC/DC
converter coupling the energy storage bus 724 to the common DC bus
738. In operation, the power electronics device 750 may increase or
decrease the voltage and/or current of the energy received from
and/or sent to the energy storage bus 724 and/or the common DC bus
738. In an embodiment, power electronics device 750 may control the
charging and/or discharge of the energy storage devices 722a and/or
722b.
[0085] Loads 726a and 726b may be any type alternating current (AC)
loads, such as information technology (IT) loads (i.e., a device
and/or devices operating in an IT system, such as a data center),
electric vehicle loads, medical device loads, AC motors, etc. Loads
730a, 730b, 734a, and 734b, may be any type DC loads, such as
information technology (IT) loads, electric vehicle loads, medical
device loads, DC motors, etc. IT loads, (i.e., devices operating in
an IT system) may include one or more of computer(s), server(s),
router(s), rack(s), power supply connections, and other components
found in a data center environment. In an embodiment, loads 726a,
726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b may be of different voltages and/or
waveforms, such as 380 volt DC loads, 480 volt AC loads, and/or -48
volt DC loads, and may be grouped by voltage and/or waveform, such
as 480 volt AC loads 726a and 726b grouped together, 380 volt DC
loads 730a and 730b grouped together, and -48 volt DC loads 734a
and 734b grouped together.
[0086] In an embodiment, different load buses for each voltage
and/or waveform grouping may be created to deliver and/or draw
power from each load group. Grouped AC loads 726a and 726b may be
coupled to load bus 728, grouped DC loads 730a and 730b may be
coupled to load bus 732, and grouped DC loads 734a and 734b may be
coupled to load bus 736.
[0087] In an embodiment, the load buses 728, 732, and 736 may be
coupled to the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, the load buses
728, 732, and 736 may be coupled to the common DC bus 738 via power
electronics devices 752, 754, and 756, respectively. Power
electronics devices 752, 754, and 756 may be power conversion
devices, such as AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters, and/or DC/AC
converters, coupled to the load buses 728, 732, and 736 and coupled
to the common DC bus 738. Power electronics devices 752, 754, and
756 may transfer power from/to the load buses 728, 732, and 736
to/from the common DC bus 738. Power electronics devices 752, 754,
and 756 may be configured to filter injected signals in the common
DC bus 738 such that the injected signals do not pass along to the
load buses 728, 732, and 736. Power electronics devices 752, 754,
and 756 may contain hardware to enable load buses 728, 732, and 736
to be disconnected, individually or as a group, from the common DC
bus 738, such as in response to a trigger signal. Power electronics
devices 752, 754, and 756 may be fully isolated devices, providing
galvanic isolation between the common DC bus 738 and the load buses
728, 732, and 736, such as full bridge DC/DC converters, half
bridge DC/DC converters, resonant DC/DC converters, DC/AC
converters, and/or hexaformers. In an embodiment, all the power
electronics devices 752, 754, and 756 may provide isolation. In
another embodiment, only a portion, or none, of the power
electronics devices 752, 754, and 756 may provide isolation as long
as isolation between the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b
of the DC micro-grid 700 and the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b and energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b of the DC micro-grid 700 is provided at least at one
point in the DC micro-grid 700.
[0088] In an embodiment, power electronics device 752 may be a
DC/AC converter coupling the load bus 728 to the common DC bus 738.
In operation, power electronics device 752 may convert DC received
from the common DC bus to AC. Additionally, the power electronics
device 752 may increase or decrease the voltage and/or current of
the energy received from the common DC bus 738 before sending it to
the load bus 728. In an embodiment, the power electronics device
752 may be a high efficiency isolation transformer, such as a
hexaformer, which may provide isolation between the AC load bus 728
and the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, power electronics
device 754 may be a DC/DC converter coupling the load bus 732 to
the common DC bus 738. In operation, the power electronics device
754 may increase or decrease the voltage and/or current of the
energy received from the common DC bus 738 before sending it to the
load bus 732. In an embodiment, power electronics device 756 may be
a DC/DC converter coupling the load bus 736 to the common DC bus
738. In operation, the power electronics device 756 may increase or
decrease the voltage and/or current of the energy received from the
common DC bus 738 before sending it to the load bus 736.
[0089] In an embodiment, the common DC bus 738 may be a bus which
ties the power generator buses 705, 708, and 712, the energy
storage buses 716, 720, and 724, and the load buses 728, 732, and
736 together. The common DC bus 738 may be controlled such that the
power requirement for the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, and
734b is maintained such that:
[0090] i. P(to storages)=P(generators)-P(loads), if
P(generators)>P(loads); or
[0091] ii. P(from storages)=P(loads)-P(generators), if
P(generators)<P(loads),
[0092] where P is Power.
[0093] In an embodiment, the common DC bus 738 may be controlled to
optimize for absolute value, such that the value of the
P(generators)-P(loads) is equal to zero. In an embodiment, the
common DC bus 738 may be optimized by holding the power output of
the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b constant
and using the energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a,
722b to buffer diurnal load transients, while the power output of
the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b may only be
increased and/or decreased when the load pattern diverges from its
typical diurnal cycle. In another embodiment, the common DC bus 738
may be optimized by constantly driving the power output of the
power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b upward and/or
downward to match the power requirements of the loads 726a, 726b,
730a, 730b, 734a, and 734b as best as possible based on rate of
change limitations of the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b,
710a, 710b. In an embodiment, the voltage of the common DC bus 738
may be set to the highest voltage of the generator buses 705, 708,
and 712, the energy storage buses 716, 720, and 724, and/or the
load buses 728, 732, and 736. The voltage of any AC buses may be
determined as the DC equivalent voltage for that respective bus.
The setting of the common DC bus 738 voltage to the highest voltage
of the buses 705, 708, 712, 716, 720, 724, 728, 732, or 736 may
optimize the operation of the DC micro-grid 700 and minimize
conductor costs in the DC micro-grid 700. In an embodiment, the
voltage of the common DC bus 738 may be set to the most common of
the voltages (i.e., the mode, rather than the mean or median
voltage) of the generator buses 705, 708, and 712, the energy
storage buses 716, 720, and 724, and/or the load buses 728, 732,
and 736. The voltage of any AC buses may be determined as the DC
equivalent voltage for that respective bus. The setting of the
common DC bus 738 voltage to the most common voltage of the buses
705, 708, 712, 716, 720, 724, 728, 732, or 736 may optimize the
operation of the DC micro-grid 700 and minimize conversion losses
in the DC micro-grid 700. When the common DC bus 738 and load buses
728, 732, and/or 736 are selected to be less than 380 volts DC,
such as -48 volts DC, small DC/DC converters may be provided within
the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b to provide
higher voltages for auxiliary devices (e.g., balance of plant
pumps, blowers, etc.) with the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b. In an embodiment, a controller and/or scheduler
may control the voltage of the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment,
the operation of the power electronic devices 740, 742, 744, 746,
748, 750, 752, 754, and/or 756 may control the voltage of the
common DC bus 738. In another embodiment, a separate bus controller
device may control the voltage of the common DC bus 738, as will be
discussed below with respect to FIG. 9.
[0094] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment direct current (DC)
micro-grid 800. The DC micro-grid 800 is similar to the DC
micro-grid 700 illustrated in FIG. 7 and contains a number of
components in common. Those components which are common to both DC
micro-grids 700 and 800 are numbered with the same numbers in FIGS.
7 and 8 and will not be described further.
[0095] One difference between the DC micro-girds 800 and 700 is
that DC micro-grid 800 may include a common DC bus 802 in a split
bus configuration. The common DC bus 802 may have more than one
conductor, for example three conductors 804, 806, and 808. In an
embodiment, the three conductors 804, 806, and 808 may be set to
different voltages. For example, the conductor 804 may be at +380
volts DC, the conductor 806 may be neutral and the conductor 808
may be at -380 volts DC. Power electronics devices 810, 812, 814,
816, 818, 820, 822, 824, and 826 may be similar to power
electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and 756
discussed above with reference to FIG. 7, except that power
electronics devices 810, 812, 814, 816, 818, 820, 822, 824, and 826
may include more than one conductor for sending/receiving power
to/from the common DC bus 802. As an example, each of the power
electronics devices 810, 812, 814, 816, 818, 820, 822, 824, and 826
may include three connections to the common DC bus 802, such as a
first connection to the conductor 804, a second connection to the
conductor 806, and a third connection to the conductor 808. In an
embodiment, the power electronics devices 810, 812, 814, 816, 818,
820, 822, 824, and may be configured to output different voltages
on each connection to the common DC bus 802, for example +380 volts
DC may be output on the first connection, the second connection may
be neutral, and -380 volts DC may be output on the third
connection. While illustrated as a three conductor split bus,
common DC bus 802 may have more or less than three conductors and
the power electronics devices 810, 812, 814, 816, 818, 820, 822,
824, and 826 may have more or less than three connections to the
common DC bus 802.
[0096] FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment direct current (DC)
micro-grid 900. The DC micro-grid 900 is similar to the DC
micro-grid 700 illustrated in FIG. 7 and contains a number of
components in common. Those components which are common to both DC
micro-grids 700 and 900 are numbered with the same numbers in FIGS.
7 and 9 and will not be described further.
[0097] One difference between the DC micro-girds 900 and 700 is
that DC micro-grid 900 may include a controller 902 for
communicating with the various devices in the DC micro-grid 900 and
for controlling/scheduling the operation the various devices in the
DC micro-grid 900. In an embodiment, the controller 902 may include
a connection 904 to a communication network (e.g., a cellular,
Wi-Fi, Ethernet, or other connection to the Internet) for
sending/receiving information with devices/systems/entities, such
as public utilities, fuel dispatchers, DC micro-grid 900 operators,
DC micro-grid 900 devices (e.g., the various power generators,
energy storage devices, loads, and/or power electronics devices,
etc. comprising the DC micro-grid 900), emergency response
personnel, etc. In this manner, information may be exchanged
between the devices/systems/entities and the controller 902. In an
embodiment, the various power generators, energy storage devices,
loads, and/or power electronics devices, etc. comprising the DC
micro-grid 900 may include wired and/or wireless modems and logic
to enable communication between the controller 902 and various DC
micro-grid 900 devices and various logic and controls (e.g.,
switches, transistors, relays, etc.) to enable the various DC
micro-grid 900 devices to perform operations (such as power output
changes, start-ups, shut downs, disconnects, discharges, etc.) in
response to signals received from the controller 902. In this
manner, the controller DC m may control the operations of the
various DC micro-grid 900 devices via wired or wireless
communication. In an optional embodiment, the controller 902 may be
connected to the devices in the DC micro-grid 900 by a series of
wires 906, such as electrical and/or fiber optic transmission
lines, placed in parallel to the wiring of the inputs/outputs
to/from the common DC bus 738. The series of wires 906 may connect
the controller 902 to the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b,
power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b, energy storage
devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, 722b, and/or power
electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and
756. In this manner, cascaded signals may be passed from the
controller 902 to the various devices in the DC micro-grid 900 via
the series of wires 906 to control the operations of the loads
726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b,
706a, 706b, 710a, 710b, energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a,
718b, 722a, 722b, and/or power electronics devices 740, 742, 744,
746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and 756, individually or as groups. As
examples, communications signals from the controller 902 received
via the series of wires 906 may indicate to a fuel cell generator
706b to go off line, may switch storage devices 722a and 722b from
charge to discharge mode, and/or may direct power electronics
device 756 to disconnect load bus 736 from the common DC bus
738.
[0098] In an embodiment, signals (e.g., DC pulses) may be injected
by the controller 902 into the common DC bus 738. The signals
injected into the common DC bus 738 may have specific waveforms. In
an embodiment, the signals injected into the common DC bus 738 may
serve as triggers to indicate to the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b,
734a, 734b, the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a,
710b, and/or the energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b to shutdown and/or disconnect from the common DC bus
738. The loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, the power
generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b, and/or the energy
storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, 722b may include
communication devices (e.g., modems), logic, and controls (e.g.,
switches, transistors, relays, etc.) to enable shutdown and/or
disconnect from the common DC bus 738 in response to signals
injected into the common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, different
waveforms may trigger different devices to disconnect from the
common DC bus 738. In an embodiment, the injected signals may pass
through the various power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746,
748, 750, 752, 754, and 756 to the respective loads 726a, 726b,
730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b,
710a, 710b, and/or energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b. In an alternative embodiment, the injected signals may
be filtered by the power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746,
748, 750, 752, 754, and 756 such that the injected signals do not
pass through and affect the power quality of the various downstream
buses 705, 708, 712, 716, 720, 724, 728, 732, and 736. The injected
signals on the common DC bus 738 may provide individual and/or
synchronized commands to control the operations of the loads 726a,
726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b, energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b, and/or power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746,
748, 750, 752, 754, and 756, individually or as groups. As an
example, the injected signals on the common DC bus 738 may be
watchdog signals (e.g., standard repeated timing signals, the
absence of which may indicate a fault), and if synchronization to
the watchdog signals is lost, then the loads 726a, 726b, 730a,
730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a,
710b, energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, 722b,
and/or power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752,
754, and 756 may be configured to disconnect from the common DC bus
738.
[0099] In an embodiment, the various power electronics devices 740,
742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and 756 may be DC/DC, AC/DC,
and/or DC/AC converters containing hardware to enable them to
disconnect individually from the common DC bus 738 in response to
communication signals (e.g., communication signals received from
the controller 902 via wires 906, wireless form the controller 902
via a wireless connection 904, and/or signals injected into the
common DC bus 738). The various power electronics devices 740, 742,
744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and 756 may include communication
devices (e.g., modems), logic, and controls (e.g., switches,
transistors, relays, etc.) to enable shutdown and/or disconnect
from the common DC bus 738 in response to communication signals.
The disconnect of individual power electronics devices 740, 742,
744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, or 756 may enable the DC micro-grid
900 to continue operations with one or more power generators,
storage devices, and/or loads removed.
[0100] In an embodiment, the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a,
734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b, energy
storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, 722b, and/or power
electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754, and 756
may be configured to communicate with each other and/or the
controller 902 over the common DC bus 738 via signals, such as load
commands, operation feedback, etc., injected onto the common DC bus
738, over wires 906 via signals sent over wires 906, and/or
wirelessly via wireless links, such as cellular network links. In
this manner, communication over the common DC bus 738, wires 906,
or wirelessly may balance power generation, storage, and/or use in
the DC micro-grid 900. In an embodiment in which the power
requirements of the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, and 734b
may be time dependent, communication signals may be used to
optimize the configuration of the DC micro-grid 900 based on likely
load events which may create transient power requirements. As an
example, at a certain time of day, such as during factory load
start-up, larger power requirements may be needed and communication
signals may cause the power output of the DC micro-grid 900 to be
increased. As another example, in an embodiment in which the DC
micro-grid 900 provides power to IT loads, a significant press
release may drive large search engine demands and the communication
signals may cause the power output of the DC micro-grid 900 to be
increased. In an embodiment, communication signals may be utilized
to communicate device alarms. As an example, the controller 902 may
store the geographic location of each device in the DC micro-grid
900, and if a fire occurs in one device, for example power
generator 710b, the controller 900 may signal other devices in
close physical proximity to shut down, such as power generator 710a
and power electronics device 744. Other devices physically
separated from the device on fire may remain in operation. In an
embodiment, communication signals may be sent from one load, such
as load 726a to another load, such as 734b, via the common DC bus
738, wires 906, and/or wirelessly to coordinate functions within a
region or site. In an embodiment, communication signals may be
encrypted and/or may include authentication keys. In this manner,
unauthorized use of the DC micro-grid 900 may not occur.
[0101] In an embodiment, a digital addressing scheme may be used in
the signals injected onto the common DC bus 738. As an example, the
signals may include address bits, data bits, and check sum bits. In
an embodiment, frequency and/or amplitude modulation may be used
for addressing.
[0102] In an embodiment, the controller 902 may be function as a
scheduler in communication with the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b,
734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a, 710b,
energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b, 722a, 722b, and
power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748, 750, 752, 754,
and 756 and configured to optimize the operation of the loads 726a,
726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b, power generators 704a, 704b, 706a,
706b, 710a, 710b, energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b, and power electronics devices 740, 742, 744, 746, 748,
750, 752, 754, and 756. As a scheduler the controller 902 may
communicate with the power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 710a,
710b to coordinate load steps, coordinate warm up times, optimize
efficiency (e.g., peaking with the most efficient peaking device),
coordinate fuel supplies (e.g., ramping down usage of a generator
which has a failing or limited fuel supply), and manage the cost of
power generation (e.g., selecting the least expensive combination
of generators to operate). As a scheduler the controller 902 may
communicate with the energy storage devices 714a, 714b, 718a, 718b,
722a, 722b to manage the state of the charge, manage the cost of
generator or grid power in an arbitrage format, and manage round
trip efficiency of different storage devices by scheduling
optimization. As a scheduler the controller 902 may communicate
with the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, 734b to manage load
criticality (e.g., balancing the criticality of loads versus
available energy such that the least critical loads are switched
off first if energy availability is limited), manage load start up
(e.g., ramping generators and/or storage outputs to match load
requirement increases), and manage load shut downs (e.g., ramping
generators and/or storage outputs to match load requirement
decreases). In an embodiment, the controller 902 may dispatch fuel
storage to various power generators (e.g., using connection 904 to
a communication network) if generator performance crashes, signals
from the generator indicate a failing supply of one fuel source
(e.g., a failing pipeline pressure or failing tank level), and/or
in response to signals from the utility (e.g., messages indicating
that pipeline supply may be impacted by a natural gas grid
infrastructure issue). In this manner, additional fuel may be
supplied to the various power generators from fuel storage sources
(e.g., on-site truck delivery, on-site reserve tank storage, etc)
to avoid power generation interruptions.
[0103] In an embodiment, the controller 902 may be a general
purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an application
specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array
(FPGA) or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or
transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination
thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A
general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but, in the
alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,
controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also
be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration. Alternatively, some
steps or methods may be performed by circuitry that is specific to
a given function.
[0104] FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment direct current (DC)
micro-grid portion 1000. In an embodiment, the DC micro-grid
portion 1000 may be a portion of DC micro-grids 700, 800, and/or
900 discussed above. The DC micro-grid portion 1000 may include DC
generators 1002, 1004, 1006, 1008, 1010, 1012, an energy storage
device 1014, and a common DC bus 1024. In an embodiment, the output
of the DC generators 1002, 1004, 1006 1008, 1010, and 1012 may be +
or -380 volts DC output to the common DC bus 1024. In an
embodiment, the energy storage device 1014 may include an AC/DC
converter 1016 for converting an AC input, such as an AC grid
input, to DC, a charge module 1018 (e.g., a DC/DC converter, such
as a boost or buck converter), one or more storage devices 1020,
and a discharge module 1022 (e.g., a DC/DC converter, such as a
boost or buck converter). In an embodiment, the AC/DC converter
1016, charge module 1018, and/or discharge module 1022 may be in
communication with a controller 1015. The controller 1015 may be
part of the energy storage device 1014 or may be a separate device,
such as an overall controller of the DC micro-grid 1000 similar to
controller 902 discussed above with reference to FIG. 9. The
controller 1015 may control the operation of the AC/DC converter
1016, charge module 1018, and/or discharge module 1022 via signals
sent to controls (e.g., switches, transistors, relays, etc.) within
the AC/DC converter 1016, charge module 1018, and/or discharge
module 1022. The output of the AC/DC converter 1016 may be coupled
to the common DC bus 1024 and coupled to the charge module 1018.
The charge module 1018 may be coupled to the storage device 1020
which may be coupled to the discharge module 1022. The output of
the discharge module 1022 may be coupled to the output of the AC/DC
converter 1016 and thereby, coupled to the common DC bus 1024. The
output of the energy storage device 1014 may be + or -380 volts DC
output to the common DC bus 1024. In operation the energy storage
module 1014 may receive an AC input. The AC/DC converter 1016 may
convert the AC input to DC. The AC/DC converter 1016 may output DC,
such as + or -380 volt DC to the charge module 1018 and/or common
DC grid 1024. In this manner, the AC/DC converter 1016 may rectify
the AC input to provide power to the common DC bus 1024, such as
during surges in demand on the common DC bus 1024. The charge
module 1018 may receive the DC output from the AC/DC converter 1016
and may provide DC to the storage device 1020 to charge the storage
device 1020. In this manner, the storage device 1020 may store
energy. The storage device 1020 may output energy to the common DC
bus 1024 via the discharge module 1022, which may be configured to
provide DC from the storage device 1020 to the common DC bus
1024.
[0105] FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment high reliability direct
current (DC) module 1102. In an embodiment, a high reliability DC
module 1102 may be part of a DC micro-grid, such as DC micro-grids
700, 800, and/or 900 discussed above. In an embodiment, high
reliability DC module 1102 may receive inputs from various sources,
including DC inputs from a fuel cell (e.g., power module having
plural fuel cell stacks or segments) 1104, solar cell (e.g., one or
more photovoltaic modules) 1106, and/or other DC sources 1108, and
AC inputs from a public utility grid 1110. The high reliability DC
module 1102 may include DC inputs 1112, 1114, and 1116 which may
receive DC from the fuel cell 1104, solar cell 1106, and/or other
DC sources 1108, respectively. DC inputs 1112, 1114, and 1116 may
be coupled to a DC/DC converter 1122. The high reliability DC
module 1102 may include an AC input 1118 which may receive AC from
the public utility grid 1110. The AC input 1118 may be coupled to
an AC/DC converter 1124. The outputs of the DC/DC converter 1122
and the AC/DC converter 1124 may be couple to a storage module 1120
and a DC output 1126. The storage module 1120 may be one or more
storage device, such as a battery or ultracapacitor. The storage
module 1120 may receive DC input from the DC/DC converter 1122 and
the AC/DC converter 1124 to store energy and may output to DC to
the DC output 1126. In an embodiment the DC output 1126 of the high
reliability DC module 1102 may be coupled to a common DC bus 1130
which may be similar to common DC buses 738, 802, and/or 1024
discussed above. In this manner, the high reliability DC module
1102 may be high reliability because multiple energy sources are
always available to output DC from the DC output 1126.
[0106] FIG. 12 illustrates an embodiment direct current (DC)
micro-grid 1200. The DC micro-grid 1200 is similar to the DC
micro-grid 700 illustrated in FIG. 7 and contains a number of
components in common. Those components which are common to both DC
micro-grids 700 and 1200 are numbered with the same numbers in
FIGS. 7 and 12 and will not be described further.
[0107] One difference between the DC micro-girds 1200 and 700 is
that in DC micro-grid 1200 the load buses 728, 732, and 736 may be
fed by two independent common DC buses 738 and 1242. While
discussed in terms of two independent common DC buses 738 and 1242,
more than two independent DC buses may feed load buses 728, 732,
and 736. Independent common DC buses 738 and 1242 may be coupled to
separate power generators 704a, 704b, 706a, 706b, 1210a, 1210b,
1212a, and 1212b and/or separate energy storage devices 714a, 714b,
1214a, and 1214b. In a manner similar to that discussed above with
reference to power generators 704a and 704b, AC power generators
1210a and 1210b may be coupled to power generation bus 1222 and
power electronics device 1234. In a manner similar to that
discussed above with reference to power generators 706a and 706b,
DC power generators 1212a and 1212b may be coupled to power
generation bus 1224 and power electronics device 1236. In a manner
similar to that discussed above with reference to energy storage
devices 714a and 714b, energy storage devices 1214a and 1214b may
be coupled to storage bus 1226 and power electronics device 1238.
Power electronics devices 1234, 1236, and 1238 may be similar to
power electronics devices 740, 742, and 744 discussed above. Power
electronics devices 1234, 1236, and 1238 may be coupled to common
DC bus 1242. Power electronics devices 1246, 1250, and 1254 may be
similar to power electronics devices 752, 754, and 756 discussed
above, and may couple the common DC bus 1242 to load buses 728,
732, and 736, respectively. The second set of power electronics
devices 1246, 1250, and 1254 may be added in parallel to load buses
728, 732, and 736 respectively. In this manner, a second set of
power electronics devices 1246, 1250, and 1254 may be coupled to a
second common DC bus 1248 which may be coupled to a second set of
power generators 1210a, 1210b, 1212a, 1212b and a second set of
energy storage devices 1214a, 1214b. The presence of independent
common DC buses 738 and 1242 may improve the reliability of power
provided to the loads 726a, 726b, 730a, 730b, 734a, and 734b. In
this manner, if necessary power for the load buses 728, 754, and
756 cannot be provided by one common DC bus the other common DC bus
may be able to meet the power demands. In an embodiment, common DC
buses 738 and 1242 may be split buses, similar to common DC bus 802
described above with reference to FIG. 8.
[0108] The foregoing method descriptions and the process flow
diagrams are provided merely as illustrative examples and are not
intended to require or imply that the steps of the various
embodiments must be performed in the order presented. As will be
appreciated by one of skill in the art the order of steps in the
foregoing embodiments may be performed in any order. Further, words
such as "thereafter," "then," "next," etc. are not intended to
limit the order of the steps; these words are simply used to guide
the reader through the description of the methods.
[0109] One or more block/flow diagrams have been used to describe
exemplary embodiments. The use of block/flow diagrams is not meant
to be limiting with respect to the order of operations performed.
The foregoing description of exemplary embodiments has been
presented for purposes of illustration and of description. It is
not intended to be exhaustive or limiting with respect to the
precise form disclosed, and modifications and variations are
possible in light of the above teachings or may be acquired from
practice of the disclosed embodiments. It is intended that the
scope of the invention be defined by the claims appended hereto and
their equivalents.
[0110] Control elements may be implemented using computing devices
(such as computer) comprising processors, memory and other
components that have been programmed with instructions to perform
specific functions or may be implemented in processors designed to
perform the specified functions. A processor may be any
programmable microprocessor, microcomputer or multiple processor
chip or chips that can be configured by software instructions
(applications) to perform a variety of functions, including the
functions of the various embodiments described herein. In some
computing devices, multiple processors may be provided. Typically,
software applications may be stored in the internal memory before
they are accessed and loaded into the processor. In some computing
devices, the processor may include internal memory sufficient to
store the application software instructions.
[0111] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits,
and algorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments
disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware,
computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate
this interchangeability of hardware and software, various
illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have
been described above generally in terms of their functionality.
Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software
depends upon the particular application and design constraints
imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the
described functionality in varying ways for each particular
application, but such implementation decisions should not be
interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present
invention.
[0112] The hardware used to implement the various illustrative
logics, logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in
connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or
performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal
processor (DSP), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),
a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a
microprocessor, but, in the alternative, the processor may be any
conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state
machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of
computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a
microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more
microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such
configuration. Alternatively, some blocks or methods may be
performed by circuitry that is specific to a given function.
[0113] The preceding description of the disclosed embodiments is
provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the
described embodiment. Various modifications to these embodiments
will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the
generic principles defined herein may be applied to other
embodiments without departing from the scope of the disclosure.
Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the
embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope
consistent with the following claims and the principles and novel
features disclosed herein.
* * * * *