U.S. patent application number 14/594837 was filed with the patent office on 2015-05-07 for seed-delivered, soil-amendment method and composition.
The applicant listed for this patent is AQUASMART ENTERPRISES, LLC. Invention is credited to Calder Hendrickson, Todd Naff.
Application Number | 20150121751 14/594837 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47391233 |
Filed Date | 2015-05-07 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150121751 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Hendrickson; Calder ; et
al. |
May 7, 2015 |
SEED-DELIVERED, SOIL-AMENDMENT METHOD AND COMPOSITION
Abstract
A material for assisting in at least one of germination,
protection, hydration, and thriving of seeds and the plants
originating therefrom treats a seed with a tackifier or binder,
such as corn syrup or the like, which secures a layer of hydrating
polymer particles thereto. Nutrients, protectants, and the like may
be absorbed in the polymer before or after coating of a seed
thereby. Weighting materials, extenders, flowing agents, and the
like may assist in the functioning or handling of the coated
seeds.
Inventors: |
Hendrickson; Calder;
(Lubbock, TX) ; Naff; Todd; (Wolfforth,
TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
AQUASMART ENTERPRISES, LLC |
Lubbock |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
47391233 |
Appl. No.: |
14/594837 |
Filed: |
January 12, 2015 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13599735 |
Aug 30, 2012 |
8931209 |
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14594837 |
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12913662 |
Oct 27, 2010 |
8453377 |
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13599735 |
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13484482 |
May 31, 2012 |
8739464 |
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12913662 |
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12565452 |
Sep 23, 2009 |
8196346 |
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13484482 |
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12789177 |
May 27, 2010 |
8341881 |
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13599735 |
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12324608 |
Nov 26, 2008 |
7726070 |
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12789177 |
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61531042 |
Sep 5, 2011 |
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61099852 |
Sep 24, 2008 |
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61012912 |
Dec 11, 2007 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
47/57.6 ;
47/58.1SC |
Current CPC
Class: |
A01C 21/00 20130101;
C09K 17/22 20130101; A01G 24/00 20180201; A01C 1/06 20130101; A01G
22/00 20180201 |
Class at
Publication: |
47/57.6 ;
47/58.1SC |
International
Class: |
A01C 21/00 20060101
A01C021/00; A01C 1/06 20060101 A01C001/06 |
Claims
1. A method of soil amendment, the method comprising: providing a
substrate of a first material in discreet granules, separate from
one another; coating each of the granules with a fluid operating as
a binder; providing a soil amendment formed as a powder, dry and
adherent to the substrate with the binder through adhesion binding;
securing to at least a portion of the binder already on each of the
granules a quantity of the powder; distributing the granules dry
and with the powder adhered thereto and exposed to the surrounding
environment in a soil bed; and releasing, by the binder, the soil
amendment into the soil proximate the granules.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the granules are selected from
sand, seeds, fertilizer, gravel, and a constituent of soils.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein distributing further comprises
delivering the granules into contact with the soil by at least one
of: drilling; broadcasting; mixing; furrowing; layering; and
burying.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein releasing is effected in response
to hydration of the powder by water received from the soil bed.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the soil amendment is a second
material distinct from the first material and comprising a
polymer.
6. The method of claim 5, further comprising embedding at least one
of a protectant and a pathogencide in at least one of the binder
and the powder.
7. The method of claim 5, further comprising embedding at least one
of a protectant and a pathogencide in the powder by dissolving in a
solvent absorbed by the polymer.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising comminuting the
polymer to the powder after evaporating a majority of the
solvent.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the solvent is water.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the polymer comprises
polyacrylamide.
11. A method for amending soil, the method comprising: providing a
seed as a carrier; selecting an absorber formed as a powder, dry,
hydrophilic, comminuted to powder, and distinct from the carrier
and the soil; selecting a binder, as a fluid adhering the powder
adhesively to the carrier; coating the seed with the binder;
adhering, by the binder already coated on the seed, the powder to
the seed, individually and separately; rendering the seed
individually non-adhering by drying the binder; placing the seed in
contact with the soil individually; and separating, by the powder,
from the seed into the soil.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein the seed is selected from
agricultural seed, flower seed, fruit seed, vegetable seed, and
grass seed.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein distributing further comprises
delivering the seed into contact with the soil by at least one of:
drilling; broadcasting; mixing; furrowing; layering; and
burying.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein releasing is effected in
response to hydration of the powder by water received from the
soil.
15. The method of claim 11, wherein absorber is an amendment
modifying a characteristic of the soil;
16. The method of claim 11, wherein the absorber comprises a
polymer.
17. The method of claim 11, further comprising embedding at least
one of a protectant and a pathogencide in at least one of the
binder and the powder.
18. The method of claim 11, further comprising: embedding at least
one of a protectant and a pathogencide in the powder by dissolving
it in a solvent and absorbing the resulting solution into the
absorber; and evaporating at least a portion of the solvent from
the absorber.
19. The method of claim 18, wherein: the solvent is water; the
absorber is a polymer comprising polyacrylamide.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application: is a divisional (continuation) of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/599, 735, filed Aug. 30, 2012 and
due to issue Jan. 13, 2015 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,931,209, which claims
the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
61/531,042, filed Sep. 5, 2011, and which is a continuation in part
of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/913,662, filed
Oct. 27, 2010, issued Jun. 4, 2013 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,453,377, and
which is a continuation in part of co-pending U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/484,482, filed May 31, 2012, issued Jun. 3,
2014 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,739,464, which is a continuation of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 12/565,452, filed Sep. 23, 2009, issued
Jun. 12, 2012 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,196,346, which claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/099,852, filed
Sep. 24, 2008, and which is a continuation in part of co-pending
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/789,177, filed May 27, 2010,
issued Jan. 1, 2013 as U.S. Pat. No. 8,341,881, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/324,608, filed
Nov. 26, 2008, issued Jun. 1, 2010 as U.S. Pat. No. 7,726,070,
which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application
Ser. No. 61/012,912, filed Dec. 11, 2007, all of which are hereby
incorporated by reference.
[0002] Additionally, this patent application hereby incorporates by
reference U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/575,877, filed Dec.
18, 2014 and U.S. Provisional Patent Application 61/918,277, filed
Dec. 19, 2013.
BACKGROUND
[0003] 1. the Field of the Invention
[0004] This invention relates to horticulture and, more
particularly, to novel systems and methods for amending soil beds
by delivering materials thereinto for improving hydration,
germination, growth, pest resistance, and disease resistance of
seeds and plants.
[0005] 2. The Background Art
[0006] Different types of soils perform their functions
differently. In particular, rocky soils, sandy soils and the like
tend to pass water too freely. Likewise clay soils tend to hold
water, but yet not permit the water to distribute therethroughout.
Typically, organic soils having substantial amounts of loam formed
by organic matter such as leaves, other foliage, decaying plant
matter, and the like provide better absorption and holding of
water.
[0007] In general, soil may be improved on a small scale by
addition of organic matter such as peat moss. On a large scale,
soils are typically improved by growing and plowing under certain
plants selected for their addition of organic matter. Likewise,
waste materials from corrals, grain stalks (straw) and the like may
be plowed into tracts of land in order to improve their organic
content and their capacity to hold water for use by plants.
[0008] Gelatin is a naturally occurring polymer. Gelatin binds with
water to form a "gel." The existence of naturally occurring
polymers such as gelatin has been augmented by the development of
synthetic polymers. One such polymer is polyacrylamide.
Polyacrylamide (PAM) and other similar gels have been used for
different types of binding processes. For example, a gel, when wet,
may be easily formed, and when dry may become something of a glue
or binder. Likewise, gels typically are formed of long polymers and
thus are often durable in the face of erosive actions such as water
running over them. Accordingly, gels such as PAM have been used to
treat surfaces of ground in order to minimize erosion by the
passing of water thereover.
[0009] Horticulture is the culture of plants. Plants rely on water
as a transport mechanism in order to draw nutrients from the ground
into the plants through the roots and into the stems, leaves, and
so forth. Likewise, water acts as a transpiration cooling mechanism
by evaporation out through the leaves and other foliage of a
plant.
[0010] Thus, the health of plants depends upon access to water,
nutrients, protective chemicals such as pesticides and protectants
(pathogencides). Many parts of the United States, and even indoor
plant locations such as malls, homes, offices, and the like receive
little or no rainfall. Irrigation or periodic watering by some
mechanism is often required. In such situations, plants may dwell
for an extended period without additional water. Organic soils
improve the water holding capacity around such plants.
Nevertheless, evaporation and periodic watering may still combine
to put stress on plants. Moreover, horticulture and agriculture on
any large scale may have similar problems inhibiting germination,
growth, or thriving of seeds and plants.
[0011] It would be an advance in the art to provide a mechanism
whereby to automatically deliver and store within a soil, such as
near a seed or plant root, a mechanism to absorb, carry, hold, and
deliver water, nutrients (fertilizers), protectants
(pathogencides), and other soil amendments. It would be an advance
to release these materials in a region of greatest utility and over
time while resisting loss, evaporation, migration away, and the
like. Other applications have needs as well.
[0012] Seeding, or sowing seed, may be done by hand or by machine.
Typically, seed may be dropped from a drop spreader or actually
placed underground a selected distance by a grain drill. Seed may
be broadcast through the air to land on the surface of the
ground.
[0013] Some seed has a comparatively larger granular size, some
smaller. Some seed may have a comparatively greater density (mass
per unit volume), specific weight (weight per unit volume), or
specific gravity (density compared to that of water). Others may
have comparatively lesser values of such. As one of such
measurements goes, so go all the others, so the term density will
be used herein to represent the performance for all the above.
[0014] Seeds of comparatively smaller sizes and lower densities
tend to drift with the air more easily, rather than passing through
it. Likewise, such are more likely to float or drift with water
from rainfall or irrigation, for the same reason. The transfer of
momentum from passing fluids (air, water) to the seed tends to drag
the seed with the fluid. Thus, air and water can interfere with
feed, flow, distribution, permanence, and settling into the soil.
Smaller and lighter seeds will tend to clog in conduits, move
poorly through the air when broadcast or dropped, float away with
rain or other water sources, and not sink down into moist or fully
hydrated (muddy) soil readily.
[0015] Meanwhile, watering schedules, rain, sunshine, and other
weather, with their consequent soil moisture, soil warmth, light,
and air temperature may vary greatly over any period of days during
a planting season. Likewise, soils and seeds may vary so
dramatically, that any or all the foregoing conditions may produce
very different results for various types of seeds placed on or in
varying soils.
[0016] It would be an advance in the art to provide a process or
method of delivering soil amendments into soils, near seeds or
roots to be most effective. It would be a further advance to use
seeds themselves as a delivery vehicle, such as by temporarily
coating a supply of seed to make distribution more consistent,
concentrated, and controlled over greater distances and areas. Such
amendments may improve settling into the soil, resist carriage away
with water or wind, improve germination, water retention, and
growth, and even optionally resist disease (e.g., by pathogens such
as microbes, bacteria, viruses, etc.), pests, and the like.
Amendments that may separate from their delivery vehicle
(substrate, particle, seed, etc.) may still release chemical
constituents over time very near the carrier substrate (e.g., sand,
seed) or its resulting root to be especially efficient and
effective by such targeting.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0017] In view of the foregoing, in accordance with the invention
as embodied and broadly described herein, a method and composition
are shown for amending soil. In one embodiment of the composition,
a granular substrate is coated with a binder, hydrating agent, and
a nutrient or protectant. One embodiment of the method in the
present invention involves coating a granular substrate with a
binder and a powdered soil amendment, then distributing (e.g.
sowing, planting) the coated substrates (e.g. sand, seed). In
certain embodiments, such as where a potted plant may have a
transparent vessel or pot in which it is held, pigment may be added
to the polymer, to the binder, or to the surface of the substrate
by any suitable mechanism. Thus, the hydration maintenance material
may be configured as a decorative or identifying element on its own
or for a potted plant, for example.
[0018] One organic substrate is seed itself. However, seed tends to
be distributed more sparsely than, for example, a conventional
broadcast or tilled-in soil amendment. This permits very targeted
amendments, at increased concentration, yet more sparse
distribution. In selected embodiments of compositions, apparatus,
and methods in accordance with the invention, seed may be coated to
add several functional features. For example, seed may serve as an
organic substrate, coated to provide a water retaining polymer on a
surface of the seed. Granules of a hydrophilic polymer may be
secured to a seed by a tackifier or other similar binder.
[0019] Various protectants (e.g. biocides, pathogencides,
pesticides, herbicides) hydration aids, nutrients, and combinations
thereof may be added as all or some of the powder bonded by a
binder to a seed or other substrate. On the other hand, any
protectant or nutrient that may be mixed or dissolved into the
hydration aid may be distributed therewith. In certain embodiments,
the material of the powder may, sooner or later, separate from
attachment to the substrate (e.g., sand, seed, etc.) and slowly
release (e.g., leach, dissolve, etc.) protectants, nutrients, or
both into the nearby soil in proximity to the seed or root needing
the benefit thereof.
[0020] For comparatively light seeds, having a relatively large
projected area exposed to passing fluids (e.g., air, water) a
weighting agent may also be included in a coating on the surface of
a seed. Materials may be extended by "fillers" or in other words
"extenders." Dry flow agents may be applied to the surface of
coated seeds to reduce or eliminate any tendency to adhere to one
another. Also, a hydrophobic material in the coating, applied after
the principal coating, or dusted on thereafter my resist access to
the seed by liquid water. This tends to resist fungus, while still
permitting moisture in the form of water vapor to contact the seed
and promote germination.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0021] The foregoing features of the present invention will become
more fully apparent from the following description and appended
claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.
Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments
of the invention and are, therefore, not to be considered limiting
of its scope, the invention will be described with additional
specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings in
which:
[0022] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a material
including a substrate provided with a binder securing a hydrating
polymer thereto in accordance with the invention;
[0023] FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of one embodiment of a
process for formulating and producing a hydrating material in
accordance with the invention;
[0024] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of one
installation of a hydrating material in accordance with FIGS. 1 and
2 implemented to service a plant as a hydrating layer;
[0025] FIG. 4 is an alternative embodiment of an installation in
accordance with the invention having the material of FIG. 1
distributed throughout a region surrounding a root system of a
plant;
[0026] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a coating
process for seed as a delivery vehicle for a soil amendment in
accordance with the invention; and
[0027] FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a
processing plant and apparatus for adhering amendment materials to
seed in accordance with the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0028] It will be readily understood that the components of the
present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the
drawings herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety
of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed
description of the embodiments of the system and method of the
present invention, as represented in the drawings, is not intended
to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely
representative of various embodiments of the invention. The
illustrated embodiments of the invention will be best understood by
reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by
like numerals throughout.
[0029] Referring to FIG. 1, a material 10 in accordance with the
invention may include a substrate 12 formed of a suitable material
for placement in the vicinity of a root system of a plant. For
example, a substrate may be a particle of sand. In certain
embodiments, even gravel or rock in a potting environment may
operate as a substrate. In some embodiments, a substrate may be
formed of organic or inorganic material. A substrate may be a
fertilizer granule, seed, or other object placed or found in or on
a bed of soil.
[0030] Sand as a substrate 12 is submersible in water and will not
float as many organic materials will when dry. Likewise, the sand
as substrate 12 is comminuted to such a small size that interstices
between individual grains of the sand substrate 12 provide ample
space and minimum distance for water to surround each of the
substrate 12 particles.
[0031] On the other hand, material 10 is placed exactly where
needed when seed is the substrate 12. Seeds need fertilizers and
pesticides and other supplements to grow, but excess amount of
these supplements can be detrimental to the environment. Using the
seed as substrate allows for reduced use of these supplements.
Moreover, the seed's size, shape, density, and other
characteristics can be manipulated by coating the seed.
[0032] In the illustrated embodiment, a binder 14 may be
distributed as a comparatively thin layer on the surface of the
substrate 12. Typical materials for binders may include both
temporary and permanent binders 14. Temporary binders may be
sugar-based or other water soluble materials. For example, corn
syrup, molasses, and the like may form temporary binders. In the
presence of water, such material may ultimately dissolve.
Nevertheless, so long as the substrate 12 is not turned, mixed, or
otherwise disturbed excessively, any other materials supported by
the binder 14 would not be expected to dislocate.
[0033] Otherwise, certain naturally or synthetically occurring
polymers may also be used as a binder 14. Lignicite may be used as
a binder 14. Lignicite is a byproduct of wood, and provides
material having comparatively good adhesive properties, and
substantial permanence as a binder 14 on a substrate 12.
[0034] Other polymers may be used to form a binder 14. For example,
various materials used as glues, including mucilage, gelatin, other
water soluble polymers, including, for example, Elmer's.TM. glue,
and the like may also operate as binders 14 to bind materials to a
substrate 12.
[0035] In certain embodiments, the substrate 12 may be used in
soils in outdoor environments. In other situations, the substrate
12 may be implemented in indoor pots and planters. In other
embodiments, the substrate 12 may be used as a filler material in
planters or pots having transparent or translucent walls. In such
embodiments, a pigment 16 may be added. Likewise, even if the
substrate 12 and its contents bound thereto by the binder 14 are
not to be seen, they may be pigmented with an appropriate pigment
16 simply for the purpose of identification during selection,
scale, or installation. Accordingly, a pigment 16 may be
provided.
[0036] The pigment 16 may be implemented in any of several manners.
For example, the substrate 12 may have pigment 16 applied prior to
the application of the binder 14. In alternative embodiments, the
pigment 16 may actually be included in the binder 14, which becomes
a pigmented coating on the substrate 12. In yet other embodiments,
the pigments 16 may be added to a hydration particle 18 either as a
pigment 16 mixed therein, or as a pigment 16 applied as a coating
thereto. Thus the location of the pigment 16 in the Figures is
schematic and may take alternative location or application
method.
[0037] Particles 18 of a hydrophilic material may be bonded to the
substrate 12 by the binder 14. Particles may be sized to
substantially coat or periodically coat the substrate 12 with
certain polymers 18, water may serve as a binder by softening the
polymer, rendering it sufficiently tacky to adhere to a substrate
12.
[0038] In certain embodiments, the hydrophilic material 18 may be a
powdered polymeric material 18 such as polyacrylamide. In other
embodiments, the particles 18 may actually be organic material
having capillary action to readily absorb and hold water. In one
presently contemplated embodiment of an apparatus in accordance
with the invention, the particles 18 may be powdered polymeric
material in a dehydrated state, and having a capacity to absorb
water, typically many times the weight of a particular particle
18.
[0039] The substrate 12, in certain embodiments, may be sand. The
sand will typically be cleaned and washed to remove dust and
organic material that may inhibit the binder 14 from being
effective. Likewise, the substrate 12 may be sized of any suitable
size. For example, sand particles may range from much less than a
millimeter in effective diameter or distance thereacross to
approximately two millimeters across. Very coarse sands may have
even larger effective diameters. Likewise, in certain embodiments,
gravel of various sizes may operate as a substrate 12. However in
one presently contemplated embodiment, washed and dried sand such
as is used in construction, such as in concrete, has been found to
be suitable. Fine sands such as masonry sands tend to be smaller,
and also can function suitably in accordance with the
invention.
[0040] Accordingly, the distance across each particle 18 may be
selected to provide an effective coating (e.g. dusting) of powdered
particles 18 on the substrate 12. In one presently contemplated
embodiment, the effective diameter of the particles 18 may be from
about a 30 mesh size to about a 100 mesh size. For example, a sieve
system for classifying particles has various mesh sizes. A size of
about 30 mesh, able to pass through a 30 mesh sieve, (i.e., about
0.6 mm) has been found suitable. Likewise, powdering the particles
18 to a size sufficiently small to pass through a 100 mesh (i.e.,
about 0.015 mm) sieve is also satisfactory. A mesh size of from
about 50 mesh to about 75 mesh is an appropriate material to obtain
excellent adhesion of particles 18 in the binder 14, with a
suitable size of the particles 18 to absorb significant liquid at
the surface of the substrate 12.
[0041] As a practical matter, about half the volume of a container
containing a substrate 12 as particulate matter will be space,
interstices between the granules of the substrate 12. One advantage
of using materials such as sand as the substrate 12 is that a
coating of the particles 18 may provide a substantial volume of
water once the particles 18 are fully saturated. By contrast, where
the size of the particles 18 is too many orders of magnitude
smaller than the effective diameter or size of the substrate
particles 12, less of the space between the substrate particles 12
is effectively used for storing water. Thus, sand as a substrate 12
coated by particles 18 of a hydrophilic material such as a polymer
will provide substantial space between the substrate particles 12
to hold water-laden particles 18.
[0042] The diameter of the particles 18, or the effective diameter
thereof, is typically within about an order of magnitude (e.g.,
10.times.) smaller than the effective diameter of the particles of
the substrate 12. This order of magnitude may be changed. For
example, the order of magnitude difference less than about 1 order
of magnitude (i.e., 10.times.) may still be effective. Similarly,
an order of magnitude difference of 2 (i.e., 100.times.) may also
function.
[0043] However, with particles 18 too much smaller than an order of
magnitude smaller than the effective diameter of the substrate 12,
the interstitial space may not be as effectively used. Likewise,
with an effective diameter of particles 18 near or larger than
about 1 order of magnitude smaller than the size of the particles
of the substrate 12, binding may be less effective and the
particles 18 may interfere more with the substrate itself as well
as the flow of water through the interstitial spaces needed in
order to properly hydrate a material 10.
[0044] Referring to FIG. 2, an embodiment of a process for
formulating the material 10 may involve cleaning 22 the material of
the substrate 12. Likewise, the material of the substrate 12 may be
dried 24 to make it more effective in receiving a binder 14. The
material of the substrate 12 may then be blended 26.
[0045] In one embodiment, a ribbon blender provides an effective
mechanism to perform continuous blending as the binder 14 is added
28. Other types of mixers, such as rotary mixers, and the like may
be used. However, a ribbon blender provides a blending 26 that is
effective to distribute binder 14 as it is added 28.
[0046] For example, if an individual particle of the substrate 12
receives too much binder 14, and thus begins to agglomerate with
other particles of the substrate 12, a ribbon binder will tend to
separate the particles as a natural consequences of its shearing
and drawing action during blending 26.
[0047] As the binder 14 is added 28 to the mixture being blended
26, the individual particles of the substrate 12 will be
substantially evenly coated. At this stage, the binder 14 may also
be heated in order to reduce its viscosity and improve blending.
Likewise, the material of the substrate 12 or the environment of
the blending 26 may be heated in order to improve the evenness of
the distribution of the binder 14 on the surfaces of the substrate
12 materials or particles 12.
[0048] Blending 26 of the binder 14 into the material of the
substrate 12 is complete when coating is substantially even, and
the texture of the material 10 has an ability to clump, yet is
easily crumbled and broken into individual particles. At that
point, addition 30 of the hydrophilic particles 18 may be
accomplished.
[0049] For example, adding 30 the particles 18 as a powder into the
blending 26 is a naturally stable process. Typically the particles
18 attach to the binder 14 of the substrate 12 particles, thus
removing from activity that location. Accordingly, other particles
18 rather than agglomerating with their own type of material will
continue to tumble in the blending 26 until exposed to a suitable
location of binder 14 of the substrate 12. Thus, the adding 30 of
the particles 18 or powder 18 of hydrophilic material will tend to
be a naturally stable process providing a substantially even
coating on all the particles of the substrate 12.
[0050] Just as marshmallows are dusted with corn starch, rendering
them no longer tacky with respect to one another, the material 10
formulated by the process 20 are dusted with particles 18 and will
pour freely. Accordingly, distribution 32 may be conducted in a
variety of ways and may include one or several processes. For
example, distribution may include marketing distribution from
packaging after completion of blending 26, shipping to distributors
and retailers, and purchase and application by users.
[0051] An important part of distribution 32 is the deployment of
the material 10 around the roots of a plant. In one embodiment of
an apparatus and method in accordance with the invention, the
material 10 may be poured, as if it were simply sand 12 or other
substrate 12 alone. Since the powder 18 or particles 18 have
substantially occupied the binder 14, the material 10 will not bind
to itself, but will readily pour as the initial substrate material
12 will.
[0052] Referring to FIG. 3, in one embodiment of an installation
34, distribution 32 may include pouring a layer of the material 10
near a plant. In the illustration of FIG. 3, the process 34 or
installation 34 may include a cavity 36 formed in the ground, or by
a container such as a pot, planter, or the like. In the illustrated
embodiment, the cavity 36 may have a surrounding environment 37
such as the ground. A potting mixture 38 or potting soil 38 may
fill a portion of the cavity 36.
[0053] For example, one conventional mixture of horticulturists may
include a mixture of peat moss or compost along with other drainage
materials. For example, gravel, sand, vermiculite, perlite, or the
like may be mixed with an organic material such as peat moss or
compost in order to provide drainage in addition to the moisture
capacity of the organic material.
[0054] The material 10 in accordance with the invention may be
disposed in a layer 40 poured around a rootball 42 of a plant 44.
Accordingly, the layer 40 may provide to the rootball 42, or to
individual roots a surrounding environment 40 having both ease of
water transport or drainage through the substrate 12 (e.g., sand,
etc.) while also having the particles 18 of hydrophilic material to
absorb and maintain water within the interstitial spaces between
the substrate 12 particles.
[0055] Thus, the layer 40 provides a reservoir within the cavity 36
of a material 10 engineered to maintain a high degree of hydration
(e.g., water in a gel) that will not drain into the environment 37,
nor be readily evaporated out. To this end, a top dressing 46 or a
top layer 46 may be laid down on top of the layer 40 in order to
provide some protection against evaporation from heat, sun, air,
and the like. Thus, the top layer 46 may be formed of the same
potting soil or other material of the layer 38 below the plant 44
and the rootball 42. Various suitable top layers 46 exist and are
known in the horticulture arts.
[0056] For example, mulches, wood chips, synthetic materials,
plastic sealing, and the like may be used as a covering layer 46.
Inhibiting heat transfer and excessive access to air and heat may
assist in reducing evaporation from the layer 40 of the material
10.
[0057] Referring to FIG. 4, an alternative embodiment of an
installation 34 may include the cavity 36 and an environment 37 as
discussed above. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the rootball 42 may
be surrounded by a distributed mixture 48 or fill 48 that includes
the material 10 mixed into another potting soil mixture. For
example, in the embodiment of FIG. 4, a potting soil mixture of any
suitable combination of materials (e.g., selections from
vermiculite, perlite, sand, peat moss, compost, soil, gravel, or
the like) may be mixed with the material 10 throughout. A top layer
46 forming a suitable dressing to minimize evaporation from heat or
wind may still serve well.
[0058] The material 10 may typically include from about 1 percent
to about 20 percent of a hydrophilic material 18 or particles 18.
The particles 18 may be formed of a naturally occurring material,
such as a cellulose, gelatin, organic material, or the like.
[0059] In one embodiment, a synthetic gel, such as polyacrylamide
may be used for the particles 18, in a ratio of from about 1 to
about 20 percent particles 18 compared to the weight of the
substrate 12. In experiments, a range of from about 5 to about 10
percent has been found to be the most effective for the amount of
particles 18.
[0060] Sizes of particles 18 may range from about 20 mesh to
smaller than 100 mesh. Particles 18 of from about 50 to about 75
mesh have been found most effective.
[0061] The binder 14 may typically be in the range of from about in
1/4 percent to about 3 percent of the weight of the substrate 12. A
range of from about 3/4 percent to about 11/2 percent has been
found to work best. That is, with a binder such as lignicite, 1/4
of 1 percent has been found not to provide as reliable binding of
particles 18 to the substrate 12. Meanwhile, a ratio of higher than
about 3 percent by weight of binder 14 to the amount of a substrate
12, such as sand, when using lignicite as the binder 14, tends to
provide too much agglomeration. The pouring ability of the material
10 is inhibited as well as the blending 26, due to agglomeration.
Other binders also operate, including several smaller molecules
that are water soluble. For example, glues, gelatins, sugars,
molasses, and the like may be used as a binder 14.
[0062] One substantial advantage for the material 10 in accordance
with the present invention is that the material remains flowable as
a sand-like material 10 into the area of roots and under a rootball
or around the individual open roots of plants being transplanted.
Thus, handling and application is simple, and the ability of
granular material 10 to flow under and around small interstices
between roots or between potting materials provides for a very
effective application.
[0063] Certain experiments were conducted using the material 10 in
accordance with the present invention. For example, in one
experiment various sizes of planting pots were used ranging in size
from one quart to one gallon, two gallons, and five gallons.
Various plants were tested including geraniums, hibiscus, and
Indian hawthorn.
[0064] In one experiment, a five gallon potting container was half
filled with a potting soil mixture of conventional type.
Approximately one liter of the material 10 was added as a layer on
top of the potting soil. Three geraniums plants where then planted
in the material 10. And the remainder of the pot was filled with a
potting soil mixture.
[0065] The pot was placed where it could drain and was watered
liberally with the excess water running out of the drainage
apertures in the pot. Four such pots were set up, each having three
geranium plants. Four additional pots were set up without using
material 10 in a layer 40 around the roots of the plants. All
plants were planted and all pots were prepared on the same day. The
same amount of water was applied to each of the pots.
[0066] After 10 days, the untreated plants lacking the material 10
in the extra layer 40 of the material 10 to hold the water appeared
to be extremely stressed. In fact, the plants stressed sufficiently
that after 15 days they appeared dead.
[0067] Plants potted in the layer 40 of the hydrated material 10
still appeared healthy after 10 days and after 15 days. At 35 days
after watering, the plants in the treated pots containing the layer
40 of hydrating material 10 began to appear stressed. Upon
watering, they responded well and returned to full hydration and
health. The plants in the untreated pots did not recover.
[0068] Another test used hibiscus plants with four pots treated
with the layer 40 of a hydrating material 10 and four pots
untreated. All pots were the same size. The watering process was
the same. Thus, as with the geranium experiment, all pots were
watered equally.
[0069] After 15 days the hibiscus plants that had not been treated
with the extra layer 40 of the hydrating material 10 appeared very
stressed. After 20 days, the plants in the untreated plots were
turning brown.
[0070] In contrast, hibiscus plants in the treated pots having an
extra layer 40 of hydrating material 10 appeared healthy after 15
days and even out to 22 days, when the hibiscus plants in the
untreated plots were in the browning stages of dying.
[0071] After 38 days, the hibiscus plants in the treated pots began
to show stress. Water was provided to plants at 38 days. The
untreated pots were watered the same as the treated pots. Plants in
the untreated pots did not respond. The plants in the treated pots
responded well and continued living healthily upon the watering at
38 days.
[0072] In one experiment, an Indian hawthorn was planted in the
ground. About a liter of the material 10 was laid about the roots
in a layer 40 as described hereinabove. In this instance, the
experiment was conducted in an environment of natural ground. The
Indian hawthorn plants were placed in holes approximately 18 inches
across by about 15 inches deep. In each instance, the hole 36
prepared for the plant was partially filled with a soil and wetted.
Two plants were placed in holes treated with approximately 1 liter
of the material 10, each. A control was created by planting two
additional Indian hawthorns using each step the same, in
preparation of the hole, placement of the soil in the hole, and
watering of the soil and the plants. In the control, none of the
material 10 was used.
[0073] No further water was applied. After 20 days, the untreated
shrubs appeared to be dry with some stress. After 33 days, the
plants in the untreated holes were dead. Meanwhile, the treated
shrubs remained healthy throughout.
[0074] In another experiment, the foregoing experiment was repeated
using two additional Indian hawthorn plants and treating the soil
with a layer 40 containing about 11/2 liters of the hydrating
materials 10 near the roots. In that experiment, after 20 days, the
shrubs appeared healthy. At 33 days, the shrubs began to show a
minimal amount of stress. At 40 days, the stressed plants were
watered and responded well, returning to health and continued
life.
[0075] In all of the foregoing experiment series, the particles 18
were of polyacrylamide, and the substrate 12 was sand. The
polyacrylamide constituted approximately 5 percent by weight of the
overall material 10. The particle size 18 was approximately a 60
mesh granularity.
[0076] In an alternative embodiment, seeds may be pre-coated. Such
seeds may be used with or without additional soil treatments or
amendments. Seeds for any embodiment may include grass seed,
agricultural seed, vegetable seed, fruit seed, flower seed, or
plant seed. Embodiments using grass seed include, inter alia, rye,
fescue, Bermuda, Kentucky bluegrass, and bentgrass seed.
[0077] Embodiments using agricultural seeds include, among others,
cotton, wheat, soybeans, corn, rice, barley, sugar cane, maize,
potatoes, sugar beets, tomato, and milo. Embodiments using fruit or
vegetable seed comprise artichoke, beans, broccoli, brussels,
cabbage, carrot, cauliflower, cucumber, eggplant, lettuce, melon,
onion, pea, peanut, pepper, pumpkin, radish, spinach, and squash.
Embodiments using flower seed comprise annual, perennial, cosmo,
poppy, zinnia, and wildflower.
[0078] In certain applications, with or without the material 10
described hereinabove being placed in the soil, many of the
foregoing benefits and others accrue by using as an organic
substrate 12 seeds 12 to be sown, germinated, and grown. For
example, in an alternative embodiment of a material, apparatus, and
method in accordance with the invention, seeds 12 may be the
substrate 12 be coated by the particles 18 and other materials to
improve their germination, growth rate, and resistance to the
stress of infrequent or inconsistent watering. Multiple materials
are used to coat the seed substrate 12 to improve distribution,
placement, and moisture control.
[0079] The water-retaining element may be a polymer, such as a
synthetic polymer. In one embodiment, the water retaining element
by be a chemical composition such as polyacrylamide (PAM) or
polyacrylate. Herein, PAM will be used by way of example for any
and all polymers that may serve the function of water retention.
Coating may be accomplished in a continual (non-stop in time) flow
process, a continuous (non-stop in space) flow process, or by
both.
[0080] In one embodiment of a composition, method, and apparatus in
accordance with the invention, seed 12 may be sown by a drill.
Typically, a drill operates by placing the seed 12 through a small
chute, dropping the seed 12 behind a small plow share forming a
furrow. Discs or other implements following may often close the
furrow over the seed 12. However, drills are usually used for
grains and row crops. Such seeds 12 are typically heavier than some
other seeds 12, such as grass seed 12. Also, drills place seed 12
in rows, resulting in a non-random seed 12 pattern and consequent
plant pattern.
[0081] In other embodiments, seed 12 may be broadcast. Seed 12 may
be dropped onto a rotating platen, provided with paddles, ribs,
walls, or the like extending from the surface of the platen to act
as impellers. The impellers assure that seed 12 is flung radially
away from the platen in random directions and distributions.
[0082] In certain embodiments of a composition, apparatus, and
method in accordance with the invention, a seed 12 coating process
may create a slurry. The slurry may be composed of talc as a filler
and flowing agent, sand as weight, water as a diluent and carrier,
and a tackifier 14 for bonding solids to the seed 12.
[0083] The slurry is mixed with the seed 12 in a quantity
sufficient to maintain flow in the mixer and to coat all the seed
12. This may be done in a stirring container with paddles or other
agitators. In other embodiments, an auger may mix and transport the
seed 12 in the slurry. The result is seed 12 particles tacky with
the tackifier 14 and bonded thereby to the sand and talc.
[0084] More talc and granulated polymer particles 18 (water
retaining polymer) are added to the tacky seed 12. The result is
polymer granules 18 attached by the tackifier 14 to the seed 12.
Talc, being much smaller, more like a dust or powder, coats much of
the surface of the seed 12. The talc thus keeps the seed 12 more
flowable and reduces the tendency of seeds 12 to stick together.
This step adds more weight, and also helps dry out any residual
wetness of the seeds 12.
Example 1
[0085] In this example, perennial ryegrass was planted. A control
planting or control sample used normal or conventional seed,
commercially available and not treated in accordance with the
invention. The other test groups contained seed 12 coated by one
embodiment of a process in accordance with the invention. Coating
ratios in the samples of coated seeds 12 were in three groups. One
group had a 1% ratio, another had a 2% ratio, and another had a 5%
ratio.
[0086] The seeds 12 in the various samples were treated the same,
with periodic watering and consistent light. Photos were taken of
the progress of the seeded plots of soil. Ryegrass has a very rapid
germination. The difference in germination rate and time was not
dramatic. Therefore no particular note was made of that difference
between samples in this example test.
[0087] However, In an evaluation made 11 days after planting,
plants were plucked up from each group, cleaned and compared. Stalk
growth was improved in all the test samples over the control
sample. The increased height exceeded that of the control by an
amount of from about 40% to about 70%. Although the increased
growth was pronounced between the treated and untreated samples, a
statistical comparison to determine the relation of growth rate as
a function of the coating ratio was not done in this test.
[0088] Root growth was likewise improved in all the test samples
over the control sample. In all of the treated samples, the length
of root growth was increased by an amount of from about 50% to
about 100% over that of the control sample. Again, notwithstanding
the pronounced increase in growth of the treated samples compared
to the untreated samples, a statistical comparison to determine the
relation of growth rate as a function of the coating ratio was not
done in this test. Likewise, in this example a statistical analysis
of germination rates and stalk diameters and root numbers was not
undertaken.
Example 2
[0089] In this observation, the samples were evaluated for their
response to stress, induced by reduced watering. All the test
samples show reduced stress, typically displayed as wilting and
dehydration, compared to the stress of the untreated control
sample. Moreover, not only did all the test samples improve over
the control, but the resistance to stress improved with the
increase in coating ratio as described in Example 1 above.
Example 3
[0090] In this test, a commercially available grass seed 12 mix
sold by Pennington Seed was used. A control sample contained only
the seed 12 mix as provided from the supplier. A test sample was
coated by a process in accordance with the invention. The plants
were observed after planting for 11 days. The differences in
emergence were noted, and then a stress test began. For 5 days, the
plants were not watered. At 16 days after planting the plants from
coated seeds 12 remained robust, healthy, and vertical, rising tall
above the potting soil mix.
[0091] The plants originating from the seeds 12 of the control
sample were wilted down completely to lie on the potting soil. This
degree of stress indicates such a low water level in the plant that
survival is questionable, even with renewed watering. The test
sample plants continued to thrive very well even without water for
5 days. The roots, reaped the benefit of the coating materials
embedded in the soil around the roots. The coating materials,
notwithstanding the germination and growth of the seeds 12,
continued to absorb, store, and release moisture as the roots of
the plant use it.
Example 4
[0092] In this embodiment, grass seed 12 may be coated by a mixture
of materials. It may also be coated multiple times, each with a
different material or combination of materials. Each addition of
material changes the properties of the seed 12 and provides a
different benefit.
[0093] In this embodiment, several functions must be accomplished.
Moreover, the substrate of seed 12 (an organic substrate) as
opposed to sand (inorganic substrate) makes several additional
requirements necessary. The addition of weighting agents results in
the PAM or other polymer particle 18 being better protected against
dislodgement. Almost any seed 12 can benefit from a coating in
accordance with the invention. However, grass seed, being
comparatively very light, having a small thickness-to-width and
small thickness to length aspect ratio, benefits particularly
well.
[0094] In certain embodiments, ingredients included are grass seed
12 as the substrate, talc as a flowing agent and filler or
extender, silica flour including one or more of calcium carbonate,
clay, and powered iron to add weight, and corn syrup or other
biodegradable material as a bonding agent 14, binder 14, or
tackifier 14. Also, a water-retaining polymer particle 18 may be
any suitable gelling agent in a granular form, such as polyacrylate
or polyacrylamide (PAM).
[0095] Ingredients may be mixed as discussed above. After all other
coatings are applied, the coated seed 12 may benefit from an
additional step. The coated seed 12 may be mixed with fumed silica
to render each seed 12 resistant to water. It has been found that,
over time, seeds 12 will germinate even without exposure to liquid
water. Germination occurs by reliance on water vapor. Thus, fumed
silica does not interfere with germination. Also, the fumed silica
coating adds to the particulate discretization of the seed,
promoting flow when poured through machinery such as handling
equipment, seeding implements, and so forth. Nevertheless, the
fumed silica also protects against exposure to liquids that may
cause disease or attacks by fungus. It also resists absorption of
liquid water by the seed 12 during storage, transport, or
handling.
[0096] Ranges of ingredients in the coating processes discussed
above may be maintained within particular ranges in order to obtain
the best performance from the seed 12. It has been found that the
tackifier 14 performs best when the slurry relies on a liquid
mixture of 50%-80% by weight of corn syrup or other organic, water
soluble, liquid, biodegradable material is mixed with 50%-20% water
by weight. The greater the proportion of corn syrup in the mix, the
stronger the holding power or contact strength.
[0097] A single ratio does not work best with all seed 12 types.
Because of the differing sizes, shapes, surface areas, densities,
aspect ratios, and so forth of seeds 12, the tackifier 14 must
serve as a complement to the properties and needs of the seed 12
type.
[0098] Talc and the weighting material (e.g., sand) are added to
the tackifier 14 liquid, making it heavier and more viscous. The
increase in viscosity of the tackifier 14 creates a thicker coating
around each seed 12 giving greater bonding contact, bonding
strength, and shear protection to the polymer particle 18 when it
is added.
[0099] The water-absorbing polymer particle 18, precisely because
of its aggressive absorption of moisture, tends to draw itself into
the coating. This absorption speeds the apparent drying time,
increase contact area, and secures granules 18 of the polymer
particle 18 to the seed 12. The amount of tackifier 14 compared to
the seed 12 is typically from about 5% to about 20% by weight.
[0100] Talc acts as a flowing agent when added to the seed 12 at
the end of the coating process. This helps the seed 12 flow by
separating one seed 12 from other seeds 12. The amount of talc used
may vary with the seed 12 type. It has been found effective in some
instances in amounts as low as about 1/2% by weight (of total
weight) and as high as about 20%.
[0101] Talc used in the slurry as an extender helps because super
absorbent polymer particles 18 are sensitive to moisture. Absorbing
too much moisture can cause clumping or agglomeration of the
particles 18 of polymer, the seeds 12 with respect to one another,
or both. Thus, the moisture-to-polymer relationship is selected to
be complementary.
[0102] Talc may be added to the supply of granules 18 or particles
18 of the polymer itself in order to dilute the absorption of water
from the slurry, and to enable the polymer particles 18 to be
spread out on each seed 12 and among the seeds 12. A ratio of from
about 1:1 talc to polymer particle 18 to about 3:1 of talc to
polymer particle 18 has been found effective.
[0103] Clay, sand, or the like may be used for weight. Many
different materials can be used to add weight to the final product.
Runoff water can carry seed 12 away or redistribute it. This
problem with re-distribution may be reduced by increasing the final
weight of each seed 12. Heavier seeds 12 sink in water. Heavier
seeds 12 sink into wetted soils. Heavier seeds 12 fling further
from broadcast spreaders. Heavier seeds 12 resist carrying away by
wind.
[0104] Weighting materials also act as a protective barrier for the
polymer granules 18. Situated beside polymer particles 18, bonded
to the seed 12 by the tackifier 14, weighting materials tend to
protect the position of polymer granules 18 in the corn syrup or
other matrix. The foregoing coating process may therefore typically
add an amount of weighting materials amounting to from about 3% to
about 25% of the total weight of the coated seed 12 product.
[0105] The polymer granules 18 of polyacrylate, polyacrylamide, or
the like are superabsorbent. By superabsorbent is meant that they
absorb multiple times their own weight in water. Increases in the
water absorbing capability of a seed 12 results in many times more
water near a seed 12. This greater holding ability of moisture
offers a more consistent source of moisture to each seed, making it
less susceptible to vagaries of weather, drought, infrequent
watering, or other lack of water. In processes in accordance with
the invention, a range of from about 1/4% to about 5% polymer by
weight compared to seed 12 weight has been found suitable.
[0106] Timing appears to be very significant in some embodiments.
If a coated seed 12 product completes the process too quickly,
seeds 12 tend to clump together, and yet seed 12 coverage tends to
be incomplete. This is at least partly due to the contact itself
between seeds 12.
[0107] If the coated seed 12 product completes the process to
slowly, the processing itself tends to strip the coating from many
of the seeds 12. Thus, in most embodiments of apparatus and methods
in accordance with the invention variable speed, quantity, and
timing is provided for all operational controls. Thus, this
variable control is exercised over all feeds, flows, speeds, times,
and quantities in order to tune the process to the seed 12 and
conditions at the time.
[0108] In some embodiments, each individual hopper of material of
each type is placed on a rail system. Thus each hopper or feed
system delivers its ingredient at exactly the time specified.
[0109] In summary then, the process places seed 12 in a hopper,
charge cart, or the like, and then adds the tackifier 14, diluted
according to the seed 12 being coated. Weighting material, such as
sand, clay, talc, or any combination thereof adds to the mix. Then
the polymer, also loaded with an extender such as talc, is added to
the mix, coating all the sticky, tackifier 14-coated seeds 12.
[0110] Finally, yet another dusting of talc is added to absorb
liquid, neutralize the tackiness of the tackifier 14, and otherwise
terminate the tendency of the seed 12 to clump together. Further
drying may then take place to dry the coated seed 12 to a desired
degree to assure storage without residual clumping.
[0111] Before or after such drying, the seed 12 may optionally be
made water proof or water resistant. This may be done by dusting or
mixing the seed 12 with fumed silica. This step is completely
optional, and is not used in many cases.
[0112] Before packaging, screening aids ultimate spreading by
breaking up or removing large clumps of seeds 12 stuck together.
Packaging will typically be in moisture-proof or highly
moisture-resistant bags or other containers. Absorption of water
can undo the controlled processes that coated the seed 12.
Distribution can then be done by virtually any method. It has been
found that less seed 12 per square foot or per acre is required.
Distribution is more reliable and survival is more assured.
Example 5
[0113] In selected tests, coated seeds 12, in accordance with the
invention showed that soluble nutrients may be added to the
coating. Tests show that the hydrophilic polymers have ability to
absorb, hold, and offer a controlled release of water soluble
nutrients. In some circumstances, so long as the polymer has been
applied to the soil or seeds 12, such that it is existing in the
soil, it can also absorb and hold nutrients for later delivery to
nearby plants.
[0114] Polymers 18 may thereby be used as carriers of fungicides,
herbicides, fertilizers, and even insecticides that are water
soluble. Whether farm land, garden, or lawn, polymers in accordance
with the invention may be prepared with one or more of these
additives in the polymer before coating. The additive may be
dissolved in the water used to dilute the tackifier 14. Thus, a
nutrient, protectant, or other chemical load may be designed and
implemented into the coating directly or indirectly through the mix
water in the tackifier 14.
[0115] Nutrients may include macronutrients, micronutrients, or
both. Macronutrients typically include elements of, or compounds
containing elements of, nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium,
magnesium, sulfur, or a combination of two or more thereof.
Nutrients can also be micronutrients. Micronutrients may typically
include elements of, or compounds containing elements of, boron,
chlorine, copper, iron, molybdenum, zinc, or a combination of two
or more thereof.
[0116] Protectants may include various biocides or pathogenides.
This may include one or more algicides, antifouling agents,
antimicrobials, attractants, biopesticides, chemical pesticides,
disinfectants and sanitizers, fungicides, fumigants, herbicides,
insecticides, miticides (also called acaricides), microbial
pesticides, molluscicides, nematicides, ovicides, pheromones,
repellents, rodenticides, defoliants, desiccants, insect growth
regulators, and plant growth regulators. Protectants may include
any composition having, as an active ingredient, 2,4-D, Acephate,
Acid Copper Chromate (ACC), Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ),
Arsenic or any arsenic containing compound, Bifenthrin,
Bis-(N-cyclohexyldiazeniumdioxy)-copper (Cu-HDO), Boric Acid,
Capsaicin, Chlorpyrifos, Chromated Copper Arsenate (CCA), Chromium
or any chromium containing compound, Copper or any copper
containing compound, Copper Azole (CA), Creosote, Cyproconazole,
d-Phenothrin, DEET, Deltamethrin, Diazinon, Dicamba, Fipronil,
Glyphosate, Imidacloprid, Malathion, Methoprene, Micronized Copper
Wood Preservatives, Naphthalene, Neem Oil, Paradichlorobenzene,
Pentachlorophenol, Permethrin, Picaridin, Propiconazole,
Resmethrin, Zinc Phosphide, or Zinc Sulfate.
[0117] A seed coating 18 carrying the polymer 18 or an augmented
polymer 18 loaded with nutritional or protection (e.g., insect,
fungus, etc.) chemicals thereby absorbs and effectively captures
the designed protectant or nutrient composition needed. As the seed
12 coating is sown with the seed 12 and eventually exposed to
water, the chemical composition is released in a controlled
manner.
[0118] Moreover, it has been determined that the chemicals
dissolved in the water are held by the polymer in the coating, even
after the coating has been separated by watering the ground, the
growth of the seed, growth emergence, and so forth. It still
controls (reduces) nutrient and chemical leaching that would
otherwise typically occur more rapidly, and reduces waste that
would result from other application processes.
[0119] For example, cotton seed 12 is susceptible to fungi. It
needs to be pre-treated with a variety of fungicides. It is also
benefited by starter fertilizers. However fertilizer materials must
be water soluble to be available to the plant as it emerges from
the seed 12 and from the ground. Meanwhile, moisture, from the
ground and ultimately from irrigation, is required to germinate the
seeds 12. The same moisture needed for germination and growth may
also tend to leach away the soluble nutrients and protectants, like
fungicides.
[0120] Therefore, a composition, apparatus and method in accordance
with the invention provide a coating, which itself can resist the
leaching by holding the water in which such chemicals are
dissolved. Moreover, the water-absorbing (hydrophilic) polymer in
the seed 12 coating tends to soak up water, and with it the
nutrients and fungicides from their location on the seed, from
their inclusion in the polymer, from their application in the
diluent water of the tackifier 14, or from their application in the
soil or irrigation water.
[0121] Thus, in addition to holding several times the weight of a
seed 12, and certainly many times the weight of the polymer 18 in
the coating, the polymer particles 18 or granules 18 slow the
leaching process, rendering the chemicals more effective for the
seed 12.
[0122] Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, it has been found that valuable
control for a process 50 of soil amendment is obtained by providing
a processing plant 90 having continuously variable feed rates
throughout to control processing times or dwell times of materials
in the various stages of the process 50. This may be accomplished
by a combination of motor controls driving bin augers 94, 98, 100,
conveyors 94, 96, 89, 100, 102, 104 of various types, material
applicators 105, mixers 104, and the like. In this way, materials,
mixing, and properties may be tuned to exactly the amounts desired
and engineered to provide the performance needed for a particular
seed type.
[0123] Less important are the actual sizes, feed rates, amounts,
and so forth than the ability to tune the process 50 for any set of
mixers 104, conveyors 94, 98, 100, 102, 104, hoppers 92, 96, dryers
110, seeds 12, coatings 61, and so forth. Each process 50 and plant
90, even each device in such plant 90 and step in such process 50,
needs to be capable of being calibrated for a particular seed
type.
[0124] This implementation of calibration has been provided and
operated successfully in a plant 90 operating in accordance with
the foregoing processes 50 or methods 50. A wide range of
parametric variation is therefore available in order to obtain the
desired effect for any particular size, shape, weight, etc. of seed
12 processed in a seed coating plant 90.
[0125] Likewise, timing can be adjusted by rates of flow, speeds of
conveyors and feeders, volumetric flow in cubic feet per minute of
air discharged by fans, heating rates, and so forth. Thus, even
variations for local climate may be considered and adjusted.
Temperature, humidity, times, distances, and the like for a process
may vary by climatic region. These may be adjusted for local
environments, such as for example the humidity of the Midwest or
gulf coast compared to the aridity of deserts in the mountain west
of the United States.
[0126] Referring to FIG. 5, in one embodiment of a method 50 in
accordance with the invention, a tackifier 14 may be mixed in a
process 70. The tackifer may be mixed with a weighting material 52,
before, after, or during dilution by a diluent 56, such as, for
example, water 56. Weight 52 may be clay powder 52 or particles 52,
or possibly a suspension 52 already hydrated.
[0127] Meanwhile, an extender 54, such as talc, may be added to
increase viscosity, add mass, further dilute the tackifer, reduce
the amount of seed required, or the like. Talc is a green-to-gray,
soft mineral known as hydrous magnesium silicate,
Mg3(Si4O10)(OH)2.
[0128] A mixer 70 or mixing process 70 may combine any or all the
foregoing. All are options, except usually the tackifier, as
described in coating processes hereinabove. Seed 12 may be added
directly to a mixing process 72 with the output of the mixing
process 70, with or without additions.
[0129] The polymer particles 18, possibly cut (diluted) with a flow
agent 58 as a powder such as talc, may be added at multiple times
to the overall mix. The flow agent 58 is optional, and may also be
selected as the same material as that used for the extender 54, for
which talc has proven suitable. A mixer 74 or mixing process 74
combines the output of the process 72, the seed 12 with an initial
stage of a coating 61, presenting a tacky surface. The particles 18
of hydrophilic polymer 18 tends to embed in the tackifier 14. The
flow agent 58, being a powder, having particles that are small,
light, plate-like and very dry, tends to stay on the surface of the
tackifier 14. Thus it tends to neutralize the tackifier, resisting
agglomeration of the coated seeds 60.
[0130] A mixer 74 or mixing process 74 may be one or more processes
74. However, in certain embodiments, all the mixing processes 70,
72, 74, and 80 in the process 50 may simply be different stages or
location in a single, long, continuous mixing process. That is, it
has been found that a rod mixer having long, bent fingers that are
L-shaped rods extending from a central, auger-like core, can mix
and drive along the seed 12 while being coated. The various
materials 12, 14, 18, 52, 54, 56, 58, 68, 66 may actually be
delivered into the mixer 104 of the plant 90 at various stages
therealong to implement the process 50. Ultimately the mixing
process 74 at the output of the mixer 110 delivers the coated seed
60 for drying.
[0131] Drying may rely on an air flow 62 or air 62, a head flow 64
or heat 64, or both to remove any excess moisture, typically some
of the water 56 used as a diluent 56 for the tackifier 14. Some of
the diluent has already been absorbed by the polymer granules 18.
That moisture may stay there, but may be dried back out in some
circumstances.
[0132] In some embodiments post options 66 may be added, such as
fumed silica 66, in order to enhance the properties of the coated
seed 60. For example, fumed silica has been found to delay the
incursion of surrounding water into seeds 12, and may be used for
the purpose of allowing seeding with the coated seed in wetter
ground without danger of rot or fungus. Other post options may be
added as well or instead.
[0133] In some embodiments, composition options 68 may be added to
the polymer 18, either within the polymer 18 as it is formulated,
or thereafter. Later additions may include coating with materials
such as protectants 76, nutrients 78, or both. Protectants may
include one or more of insecticides, fungicides, or the like.
[0134] Likewise, just as optional extenders 54 may be added to the
mixing process 70, protectants 76, nutrients 78, or both may be
added to the mixing process 80 or pre-options process 80 before
seed 12 is coated. For example, the process 80 is completely
optional, but has been found useful. The existence of protectants
76, nutrients 78, or both, becomes even more useful once the
polymer 18 is coating the seed 12. The polymer particles 18 tend to
absorb and hold such materials 76, 78 in the absorbed water picked
up by the coated seed 60 from its environment. The materials 76, 78
are delivered to the roots originating from the seed, along with
the absorbed water.
[0135] Referring to FIG. 6, in one embodiment of an apparatus in
accordance with the invention, a system 90 may include a hopper 92
or bin holding seed 12. An auger 94 or other conveyor 94 carries
and passes the seed 12 to a feeding bin 96. An auger 98 or other
conveyor 98 transports and passes the contents from the feeding bin
to an auger 100, which discharges to a belt conveyor 102 directed
to feed into the mixer 104. In the illustrated embodiment, the
auger conveyor 100 lifts the substrate seed 12 to the conveyor 102,
which then 1 lifts the seed 12 to a mixer 104, which may also be
configured as a rod mixer 104 or "rod auger" 104.
[0136] The mixer 104 may also be thought of as a series of mixers
104. It may be implemented as several mixers 104, each dedicated to
a single one of the mixing steps 70, 72, 74, 80 of the process 50.
In the illustrated embodiment, the mixer 104 is implemented in a
long tube into which feeders 105 introduce the materials 12, 14,
18, 52, 54, 56, 58, 66, 68, 76, 78 in the proper order as
illustrated in FIG. 5. From one to five feeders 105 will work, and
the exact number may be dictated by the effectiveness of the mixing
and addition process steps 66, 70, 80, 72, 74, 80 in combination
with the materials to be used in each.
[0137] Following completion of all the mixing steps 70, 72, 74, 80,
and optional applications 66, 68 in order (or those selected, since
almost all may be optional), the mixer 104 discharges the coated
seed 60. The mixer may be from about 10 to about 50 feet long, and
can usually provide all mixing steps 70, 72, 74, 80 in from about
15 to about 40 feet of length. One prototype was found to be
completely controllable and effective with a distance of about 24
feet.
[0138] The coated seed 60 is discharged into an elevator 106 as a
feeder into the dryer 110, where the seed is exposed to flows of
air 62 and heat 64. Drying removes liquids, typically water, and
thereby hardens the coating 61, and particularly the tackifier 14
in the coating 61 on the seed 12. An output elevator 108 acts as
for continuous removal of the contents of the dryer 110 as the
coated seed 60 comes to the end of the dryer 110.
[0139] The dryer 110 includes at least one plenum 112, 114 to feed
hot air into the dryer 110, thus drying out any undesirable amount
of moisture that may remain in the coated seed. A series of
conveyors 116 exposes the coated seed 60 to a drying process 82
controlling flows of air 62 and heat 64 to effect drying 82 to the
level specified and so controlled. In the illustrated embodiment,
the conveyors 116 may be arranged in a tower, each conveyor 116
receiving its charge from the conveyor 116 above it, and
discharging its contents to a conveyor 116 therebelow.
[0140] A total length of from about 100 to about 300 feet is
contemplated, and a prototype plant 90 having a total length of 240
feet of conveyors provided adequate dwell times for drying.
However, the amount of air 62 and heat 64 is inversely proportional
to the length of the drying conveyors 116, and both may be
engineered to optimize the dryer 110 and drying process 82.
[0141] A sorter 118, such as a scalper 118 or the like receives the
discharge of the elevator 108, and sorts that output for oversized
material indicating clumped or agglomerated seeds. Debris and
poorly attached ingredients may be blown away from the coated seeds
60. In certain embodiments, blowers may be used as sorters, relying
on the balance of fluid drag against the weight of gravity to
distinguish sizes of particles and separate them.
[0142] Ultimately, a storage bin receives all the coated seed 60
for storage until it can be put into packaging 122 for
distribution. The packaging 122 may be moisture proof in order to
avoid absorption of moisture by the coated seed.
[0143] The present invention may be embodied in other specific
forms without departing from its spirit or essential
characteristics. The described embodiments are to be considered in
all respects only as illustrative, and not restrictive. The scope
of the invention is, therefore, indicated by the appended claims,
rather than by the foregoing description. All changes which come
within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are to be
embraced within their scope.
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