U.S. patent application number 14/580325 was filed with the patent office on 2015-04-23 for tacky finish and textile materials and articles treated therewith.
This patent application is currently assigned to MILLIKEN & COMPANY. The applicant listed for this patent is Milliken & Company. Invention is credited to Sofie A. Christiaens, Shulong Li, Dany Michiels.
Application Number | 20150107744 14/580325 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 44658807 |
Filed Date | 2015-04-23 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150107744 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Michiels; Dany ; et
al. |
April 23, 2015 |
Tacky Finish and Textile Materials and Articles Treated
Therewith
Abstract
This invention relates to tacky finishes and to the textile
materials and articles treated with the tacky finishes. The tacky
finishes provide improved processing features for end-use articles
that contain such finishes. The tacky finish may be combined with
other adhesion promotion finishes in the treatment of textile
materials. The textile materials and articles may be used as rubber
reinforcing materials, such as automotive tire cap ply, single end
tire cord, carcass reinforcement and side wall reinforcement.
End-use articles that contain the treated textile materials include
rubber-containing materials such as automobile tires, belts, and
hoses. This invention also relates to the methods for manufacturing
the treated textile materials and articles.
Inventors: |
Michiels; Dany; (Haaltert,
BE) ; Li; Shulong; (Spartanburg, SC) ;
Christiaens; Sofie A.; (Kortrijk, BE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Milliken & Company |
Spartanburg |
SC |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
MILLIKEN & COMPANY
Spartanburg
SC
|
Family ID: |
44658807 |
Appl. No.: |
14/580325 |
Filed: |
December 23, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14148876 |
Jan 7, 2014 |
|
|
|
14580325 |
|
|
|
|
13107027 |
May 13, 2011 |
8651157 |
|
|
14148876 |
|
|
|
|
61354853 |
Jun 15, 2010 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
152/526 ;
442/71 |
Current CPC
Class: |
D06M 15/693 20130101;
D06M 15/41 20130101; B60C 9/18 20130101; Y10T 442/2738 20150401;
B60C 2001/0066 20130101; Y10T 428/2915 20150115; D06M 15/21
20130101; B60C 9/1807 20130101; Y10T 442/20 20150401; Y10T 442/2098
20150401; Y10T 428/2938 20150115; B60C 9/22 20130101; B60C 1/00
20130101; C08G 8/22 20130101; B60C 2001/0083 20130101; Y10T 428/29
20150115; Y10T 152/10765 20150115; C08L 61/12 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
152/526 ;
442/71 |
International
Class: |
B60C 1/00 20060101
B60C001/00; D06M 15/21 20060101 D06M015/21; D06M 15/41 20060101
D06M015/41; B60C 9/18 20060101 B60C009/18; D06M 15/693 20060101
D06M015/693 |
Claims
1. A coated textile material comprising: (1) a textile substrate;
(2) disposed on at least one surface of the textile substrate, at
first layer of a composition (a) comprising a
resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex; and (3) disposed on the first layer,
a second layer of a tacky finish (b) comprised of (i) at least one
tacky resin selected from phenol-containing resins, aromatic
resins, hydrocarbon resins, terpene resins, indene resins,
coumarone resins, rosin-based resins, and mixtures thereof; (ii) at
least one unvulcanized rubber selected from polybutadiene,
polyisoprene, synthetic trans-rich polyisoprene or cis-rich
polyisoprene, natural rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene),
poly(acrylonitrile-cobutadiene), chloroprene, hydrogenated
styrene-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber,
butyl rubber, polyisobutylene copolymer rubber, halo-butyl rubber,
and mixtures thereof, and (iii) at least one adhesion promoter
selected from formaldehyde-resorcinol condensate and/or resin,
formaldehyde-phenol condensate, novolac resins, resole resins,
multifunctional epoxy resin, novolac modified epoxy resin,
isocyanate compounds, blocked isocyanate resin or compounds,
halogenated resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenolic resins,
halogenated phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, vinyl
pyridine rubber latex, methylene donors, organofunctional silanes,
and mixtures thereof.
2. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish
(b) further includes at least one solvent.
3. The coated textile material of claim 2, wherein the at least one
solvent is selected from toluene/hydrocarbon solvents, xylene,
ethyl acetate, alcohols, ethers, and mixtures thereof.
4. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one
adhesion promoter (iii) includes silica.
5. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the at least one
tacky resin (i) is a rosin ester resin.
6. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the tacky finish
(b) further includes at least one antioxidant.
7. The coated textile material of claim 6, wherein the at least one
antioxidant is selected from hindered phenol compounds,
acylphenylenediamine compounds, diphenylamine compounds, mercaptan
compounds, thioester compounds, thioether compounds, hydroquinoline
compounds, and mixtures thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the at least one tacky resin
(i) of the tacky finish (b) is a rosin ester resin and the at least
one adhesion promoter (iii) is a resorcinol-formaldehyde resin.
9. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the composition
(a) further comprises at least one tacky resin.
10. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material
exhibits a tack level of at least 5 N after aging in a 70.degree.
C. oven for 24 h.
11. The coated textile material of claim 1, wherein the material
exhibits a tack level of 5-30 N.
12. A tire comprising: (a) at least one layer of the coated textile
material of claim 1, and (b) at least one layer of vulcanized
rubber, wherein the vulcanization of the vulcanized rubber occurred
at least partially after inclusion in the tire.
13. A cap ply comprising the coated textile material of claim
1.
14. The cap ply of claim 13, wherein the cap ply further comprises
a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex layer disposed between the textile
substrate and the tacky finish.
15. A tire comprising the cap ply of claim 14 wound over a steel
belt ply.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 14/148,876, entitled "Tacky Finish and Textile
Materials and Articles Treated Therewith" which was filed on Jan.
7, 2014, which is a divisional of and claims priority to U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 13/107,027, entitled "Tacky Finish and
Textile Materials and Articles Treated Therewith" which was filed
on May 13, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 61/354,853, entitled "Tacky Finish and Textile
Materials and Articles Treated Therewith" which was filed on Jun.
15, 2010, all of which are entirely incorporated by reference
herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] This invention relates to tacky finishes and to the textile
materials and articles treated with the tacky finishes. The tacky
finishes provide improved processing features for end-use articles
that contain such finishes. The tacky finish may be combined with
other adhesion promotion finishes in the treatment of textile
materials. The textile materials and articles may be used as rubber
reinforcing materials, such as automotive tire cap ply, single end
tire cord, carcass reinforcement and side wall reinforcement.
End-use articles that contain the treated textile materials include
rubber-containing materials such as automobile tires, belts, and
hoses. This invention also relates to the methods for manufacturing
the treated textile materials and articles.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In the area of tire manufacturing, tires are typically made
from single or multiple carcasses of substantially U-shaped
sections having metal beads at the inner perimeters of the walls.
Support can be provided to a tire carcass by steel cord belt plies
extending around the outer periphery of the carcass and across the
width of the tread. Such steel belt plies are relatively
inextensible in the intended direction of rotation of the tire and
include steel belt cords disposed parallel to that direction or at
a low angle thereto. The belt plies act to restrict the movement of
the tread and give the tire better road-holding properties. Support
such as this type is particularly important in a radial tire, where
the carcass is formed from a rubberized woven fabric having
relatively inextensible reinforcing cords running transversely,
i.e. radially, from bead to bead.
[0004] Technical difficulties have been encountered in
incorporating steel belts into the tread area of the tire. One of
the difficulties lies in ensuring good adhesion between the steel
and the rubber. The centrifugal force of the steel belts can cause
difficulty in the adhesion of the belt within the tire.
Additionally, movement of the steel belts at higher speeds tends to
create excessive temperatures in the tire, which can cause tread
failure and de-lamination of the layers comprising the tire. The
problem of de lamination is particularly noticeable in the shoulder
area of the tire.
[0005] One solution of the problem previously used by tire
manufactures is to use a layer of calendared fabric laid
circumferentially over the belt. This calendared fabric can also be
used with wide fabric strips placed over the shoulder area of the
tire, retaining the edges of the steel belt in a specific location
of the tire. An example of this type of tire can be found in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,284,117, issued to Poque et al. on 18 Aug. 1981. In
order to cover the entire circumference of the tire and be retained
in place, the prior art fabric must overlap itself across the width
of tire at some location on the circumference. The overlapping area
helps retain the prior art fabric around the circumference of the
tire. However, because this type of overlapping adds weight, the
potential length of the overlap is limited. A shorter overlap
limits the length of the fabric and thereby the strength that the
fabric can give to the tire. Additionally, the overlapping section
of the fabric causes an uneven thickness of the fabric around the
circumference.
[0006] To overcome this difficulty, a rubber tape was formed that
had cords disposed longitudinally within the tape, and was wound
around the belt plies and across the width of the tire. An example
of this type of tire can be found in WO 2005/002883, filed by
Pirelli Pneumatic S.P.A., and published on 13 Jan. 2005. The
continuous nature of the tape provided greater strength. However,
the longitudinal yarns were positioned in a spaced apart
relationship by the rubber of the tape, which does not provide
resistance to the separation of the yarns by items that probe at
the area between the yarns.
[0007] Additional technical issues are encountered during the tire
manufacturing process due to the fact that the tire itself is
comprised of many separate layers that are stacked or layered on
top of one another until the final vulcanization step, which
physically adheres all of the layers together into the final tire
product. As these layers are added to form the tire, they have the
ability to undesirably shift and move. As a result, when the tire
approaches the final step of vulcanization, they layers may be out
of place and could result in improperly formed tire products. Due
to the seriousness of forming a good, quality tire, this issue of
shifting and movement of the layers needs to be minimized as much
as possible. The present invention provides a solution to obviate
or mitigate these difficulties of the prior art.
[0008] The tacky finish of the present disclosure is well suited
for providing adherence and stability to several layers of the tire
carcass. The tacky finish adheres the textile cap ply layer of the
tire to the outer tread layer and to the inner belt ply layer,
thus, preventing these layers from moving and/or shifting during
the tire manufacturing process. The tacky finish provides these
features without interfering with the final vulcanization of the
layers of the tire. Furthermore, the tacky finish is temperature
and humidity stable, providing adequate product shelf-life that
makes it suitable for use end-use products after some aging has
occurred.
[0009] The inclusion of textile materials coated with the tacky
finish of the present invention also allows for a reduction in the
amount of other materials needed in formation of the tire. For
example, the need for additional rubber coatings may be reduced or
eliminated altogether because these rubber coating layers are no
longer needed to help improve the adherence of layers of the tire
together. Furthermore, the addition of a tacky finish, or textile
materials containing the tacky finish, also results in the
elimination of some processes normally needed to form the tire. For
example, at least one textile component of the tire currently
requires exposure to a calendaring process, in order to make it
suitable for use in the tire. By incorporating a textile material
having a tacky finish thereon, the need for the calendaring process
can be eliminated, resulting in reduced complexity in the process
of manufacturing tires. For these reasons, and others that will be
described herein, the present tack finish represents a useful
advance over the prior art.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] Provided herein is a composition for adhering textile
materials and rubber-containing articles comprising: (a) at least
one resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition; and (b) a tacky
finish, wherein the tacky finish is comprised of: (i) at least one
tacky resin; (ii) at least one unvulcanized rubber; and (iii) at
least one adhesion promoter.
[0011] Further provided herein is a coated textile material
comprising: (a) a textile substrate; and (b) a composition
comprising: (i) at least one resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex
compound; and (ii) a tacky finish, wherein the tacky finish is
comprised of at least one tacky resin, at least one unvulcanized
rubber, and at least one adhesion promoter.
[0012] Yet another alternative includes a composition for adhering
textile materials and rubber-containing articles comprising: (a) at
least one resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition and at least
one tacky resin; and (b) a tacky finish, wherein the tacky finish
is comprised of: (i) at least one tacky resin; (ii) at least one
unvulcanized rubber; and (iii) at least one adhesion promoter.
[0013] Further provided herein is a coated textile material
comprising: (a) a textile substrate; and (b) a composition, wherein
the composition comprises: (i) at least one
resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition and at least one tacky
resin; and (ii) a tacky finish, wherein the tacky finish is
comprised of at least one tacky resin, at least one unvulcanized
rubber, and at least one adhesion promoter.
[0014] Further provided herein is a tire comprising: (a) at least
one layer of textile material coated with a composition, wherein
the composition comprises: (i) at least one
resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition; and (ii) a tacky finish,
wherein the tacky finish is comprised of at least one tacky resin,
at least one unvulcanized rubber, and at least one adhesion
promoter; and (b) at least one layer of vulcanized rubber, wherein
the vulcanization of the vulcanized rubber occurred at least
partially after inclusion in the tire.
[0015] Also provided herein is a method for forming a
textile-rubber composite having a tacky finish comprising the steps
of: (a) providing at least one layer of textile material; (b)
applying a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition to at least
one surface of the textile material to form a coated textile
material; (c) heating/curing the coated textile material to form a
textile-rubber composite; (d) applying a tacky finish to at least
one surface of the textile-rubber composite, wherein said tacky
finish comprises: (i) at least one tacky resin; (ii) at least one
unvulcanized rubber; and (iii) at least one adhesion promoter.
[0016] Also provided herein is a method for forming a
textile-rubber composite having a tacky finish comprising the steps
of: (a) providing a textile material; (b) applying a mixture
comprising a resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex composition and a tacky
resin to at least one surface of the textile material to form a
coated textile material; (c) heating/curing the coated textile
material to form a textile-rubber composite; (d) applying a tacky
finish to at least one surface of the textile-rubber composite,
wherein the tacky finish comprises: (i) at least one tacky resin;
(ii) at least one unvulcanized rubber; and (iii) at least one
adhesion promoter.
[0017] Yet another alternative includes a cap ply comprising: (a) a
textile substrate having a tacky finish, the tacky finish
comprising (i) at least one tacky resin; (ii) at least one
unvulcanized rubber; and (iii) at least one adhesion promoter.
[0018] Further provided herein is a tire comprising a cap ply wound
over a steel belt ply, wherein the cap ply comprises: (a) a textile
substrate having a tacky finish, the tacky finish comprising: (i)
at least one tacky resin; (ii) at least one unvulcanized rubber;
and (iii) at least one adhesion promoter.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] FIG. 1 is a cutaway partial view of a pneumatic radial tire
illustrating one embodiment of the invention.
[0020] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view corresponding to FIG.
1.
[0021] FIG. 3 is an enlarged cutaway partial view of a leno tape
for use in the tire of FIG. 1.
[0022] FIG. 4 is an enlarged cutaway side view of a leno tape
before tire construction.
[0023] FIG. 5 is an enlarged cutaway side view of a leno tape after
tire construction.
[0024] FIG. 6 is a cutaway partial view of a pneumatic tire
according to another embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] FIG. 7 is an enlarged view of one embodiment of the
invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0026] All U.S. and foreign patents and U.S. patent applications
disclosed in this specification are hereby incorporated by
reference in their entirety.
[0027] Without limiting the scope of the invention, the preferred
features and embodiments of the invention are hereinafter set
forth. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts, percentages and
ratios are by weight. The term "copolymer" is intended to include
polymers containing two, three or more types of monomer units. The
term "styrene-butadiene rubber" may be represented as "SBR," and
"nitrile-butadiene rubber" may be represented as "NBR."
[0028] Referring now to the Figures and in particular to FIGS. 1
and 2, there is shown a tire 100, comprising side walls 107 joined
to a tread 500 by shoulders 108. The tire 100 includes a carcass
200 covered by the tread 500. In FIGS. 1 and 2, the tire 100 is a
radial tire. However, the present invention is not limited to
radial tires and can also be used with other tire constructions.
The carcass 200 is formed from one or more plies of tire cord 210
terminating at the inner periphery of the tire in metal beads 220,
with at least one belt ply 230 located circumferentially around the
tire cord 210 in the area of the tread 500. The tire cord 210 is a
rubberized woven fabric having its warps formed from relatively
inextensible reinforcing cords 211.
[0029] In the tire shown in FIG. 1, the carcass 200 is constructed
so that the reinforcing cords 211 are running substantially
radially of the intended direction of rotation R of the tire 100.
The reinforcing cord may comprise the textile material described
herein. In one embodiment, the reinforcing cord may comprise an RFL
(resorcinol-formaldehyde-latex) finish composition and a tacky
finish. The tacky finish may be applied over the RFL finish.
Alternatively, the tacky finish composition and the RFL finish may
be combined and applied to the cord fabric. In another embodiment,
the reinforcing cord includes a tacky finish described herein. No
calendered rubber layer is required to be included with the
reinforcing cord before being incorporated into a tire.
[0030] With respect to general construction of pneumatic tires, and
in particular to the construction of ply tires with a
fiber-reinforced carcass, the fiber-reinforced carcass may include
one or more plies of carcass reinforcement fabric having a warp or
machine direction and a weft or cross-machine direction.
Substantially inextensible reinforcing cords may extend in the
cross-machine direction. The carcass reinforcement fabric is
typically of one-piece construction with the machine direction of
the fabric disposed in substantial alignment with the rotation of
the tire and with the reinforcing cords disposed in a radial
pattern transverse to the rotation of the tire.
[0031] Referring back to FIGS. 1 and 2, the belt plies 230 are
formed with relatively inextensible warp materials 231, such as
steel cord reinforcing warps, which run in the intended direction
of rotation R of the tire or, more usually, at a slight angle
thereto. The angle of the inextensible warp materials 231 can vary
with the method of construction or application. The belt plies 230
extend across the width of the tread 500 of the tire terminating in
edges 232 in the area of the shoulder 108 of the tire 100, i.e. the
area where the tread 500 meets the side wall 107.
[0032] The cap ply layer 300 is located between the belt plies 230
and the tread 500. The cap ply layer 300 may be formed from a leno
tape 310 which is wound circumferentially around the carcass 200 of
the tire 100 in a flat helical pattern, resulting in a leno cap ply
layer. Alternatively, the cap ply layer may be constructed of knit
cap ply or any other fiber and/or fabric construction that is
suitable for use in tire manufacturing.
[0033] In one embodiment, the leno tape 310 is wound more
frequently at the edges of the tire than the middle of the tire. As
illustrated in FIG. 3, the leno tape 310 includes a pair of warp
yarns, the first warp yarn 311 and the second warp yarn 313, and
weft yarns 312. The leno weave is a weave such that the warp yarns
(311, 313) of the warp yarn pairs are arranged with one warp yarn
twisted around the other warp yarn between picks of the weft yarn
312. The leno weave gives the leno tape 310 firmness and strength
to an open-weave fabric and prevents slippage and displacement of
the warp and weft yarns. The first and second warp yarns 311, 313
extend longitudinally along the leno tape 310, which also warp
around the carcass 200 due to the wrapping of the leno tape 310
around the carcass 200. It is the first and second warp yarns 311
and 313 that provide most of the reinforcement of the leno cap ply
layer 300.
[0034] The first warp yarn 311 and the second warp yarn 313 are
made of different materials such that the second warp yarn 313 has
a force of elongation of between about 1% and 40% of the force of
elongation of the first warp yarn 311, the second warp yarn has an
elongation at break of greater than 2% and is in tension. Force of
elongation is the force needed to elongate the yarn by a fixed
amount, or the slope of the stress-strain curve. In a preferred
embodiment, the second warp yarn 313 has a force of elongation of
between about 1.5% and 20% of the first warp yarn 311 force of
elongation. Once woven, the two warp yarns have different amounts
of crimp, the second warp yarn has less crimp than the first warp
yarn. As can be seen in FIG. 4, when woven the second warp yarn 313
has much less crimp than the first warp yarn 311. One way of
accomplishing this is to weave the two warp yarns at different
tensions with the second warp yarn at a much higher tension than
the first warp yarn 311. This may be accomplished, for example, by
using a two-beam leno weave machine. Other ways include, but are
not limited to changing the tension on the warp yarns and cap ply
layer during dipping, resin treatment, and heat setting. When the
leno tape is subsequently subjected to a tensile force, the second
warp yarn 313 elongates until the crimp is removed and first yarn
311 is as shown in FIG. 5 in the leno tape 310.
[0035] During manufacture of the tire, the leno tape 310 is wound
around the carcass. A small amount of elongation is necessary for
various processes in the manufacture of the tire, such as so that
the cap ply wrapped carcass may be removed from the mandrel where
it was wound. The elongation properties of the leno tape 310
accommodate the minor amount of stretching needed for the tire
manufacturing process. Preferably, this elongation is about 2%.
After the wrapped carcass is taken off the mandrel the leno tape
310 is stretched such that the first warp yarn 311 is straightened
and a side view of the fabric resembles FIG. 5. The increase in
force per percent elongation after the transition location is
needed to form a structurally sound pneumatic tire.
[0036] The first warp yarn 311 is selected such that the yarn
provides the desired strength of the leno cap ply layer 300 to
prevent the belt ply 230 from moving outward in the tire 100 and to
protect the rubber in the tire 100 from sharp portions of the belt
plies 230. The first warp yarns 311 can be multifilament yarns and
are formed of a material which will restrain the belt plies 230.
The first warp yarns preferably have a modulus of between about 25
and 153 GPa, more preferably about 50 to 110 GPa. Yarns with lower
modulus might for desired for strength, but may not be desired in
some applications because of their large profile. In one preferred
embodiment, the first warp yarn 311 comprises aramid. Preferably,
the first warp yarn has between about 80 and 300 twists per meter,
more preferably about 100 to 250 twists per meter. Varying the
twists per meter can affect the force per elongation.
[0037] In one embodiment, the first warp yarns 311 may be hybrid
yarns. These hybrid yarns are made up of at least 2 fibers of
different fiber material (for example, cotton and nylon). These
different fiber materials can produce hybrid yarns with different
chemical and physical properties. Hybrid yarns are able to change
the physical properties of the final product they are used in. Some
preferred hybrid yarns include an aramid fiber with a nylon fiber,
an aramid fiber with a rayon fiber, and an aramid fiber with a
polyester fiber. In one embodiment, the hybrid first yarn 311 being
aramid combined with nylon, rayon, or polyester is paired with a
thinner second yarn 313 of a lower modulus yarn such as nylon or
polyester. The properties of the hybrid first yarns 311 have the
same as the yarns forming them, but the combination of the two
types of yarns gives a specific force elongation curve. For the
hybrid first yarns 311, the higher the amount of twist in the yarn,
the flatter the elongation curve.
[0038] The second warp yarn 313 provides a crimp in the first warp
yarn 311 of the leno tape 310 for manufacturability (with the crimp
essentially becoming zero once the cap ply wrapped carcass is
removed from the mandrel). The second warp yarn 313 in one
embodiment has a modulus of between 5 and 10 GPa. Preferably, the
second warp yarn is a nylon (including nylon 6, nylon 6,6, nylon
4,6, nylon 4,10). The second warp yarn 313 preferably has between
about 80 and 300 twists per meter, more preferably about 100 to 250
twists per meter.
[0039] In one embodiment, the second warp yarns 313 may be hybrid
yarns. These hybrid yarns are made up of at least 2 fibers of
different fiber material (for example, cotton and nylon). These
different fiber materials can produce hybrid yarns with different
chemical and physical properties. Hybrid yarns are able to change
the physical properties of the final product they are used in. Some
preferred hybrid yarns include an aramid fiber with a nylon fiber,
an aramid fiber with a rayon fiber, and an aramid fiber with a
polyester fiber.
[0040] The weft yarns 312 hold the warp yarns 311 and 313 in the
desired spaced apart relationship. The weft yarn 312 can be a spun
staple yarn, a multifilament yarn, and/or a monofilament yarn.
Preferred examples of suitable materials for the weft yarns 312
include cotton, rayon, polyester, polyamide, aramids (including
meta and para forms), nylon, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl alcohol,
nylon (including nylon 6, nylon 6,6, and nylon 4,6), PBO, and
PEN.
[0041] The leno tape 310 is constructed with a width preferably of
about 5 to 25 millimeters. More preferably, the leno tape 310 is
constructed with a width of about 7 to 15 millimeters. It is
important to form a uniform flat layer of the leno tape 310 across
the surface of the carcass 200 of the tire 100. The width of the
leno tape 310 affects this property. If the leno tape 310 is used
in a helical wrapping process, wider strips will cause buckles on
the leading edge of the wrap due to excessive width of the
materials. Shorter widths provide difficulties in manufacturing the
tire 100 due to an excessive number of revolutions necessary in the
wrapping procedure to achieve the desired coverage of the carcass
200 with the leno tape 310.
[0042] The leno tape 310 is an open construction fabric which
permits the strike through of the rubber in the tire 100 for a
better bonded construction. The openness of the fabric used for the
leno tape 310 is usually determined by the spacing and character of
the first and second warp yarns 311 and 313. The weft yarns 312 are
typically spaced as necessary to maintain the position of the warp
yarns 311 and 313. Preferably, the fabric has 40-75 warp pairs per
decimeter and 10 to 30 weft pairs per decimeter, the first warp
yarns are 1100/2 dtex aramid, the second warp yarns are 470/1 dtex
nylon, and the weft yarns are 1220/1 dtex rayon. In one embodiment,
the openings formed by the warp yarns and weft yarns are such that
the openings will be within about .+-.5% of the mean opening
size.
[0043] In another embodiment where the fabric is a 54 warp/22 weft
per decimeter fabric with the same materials as described above,
the pairs of warp yarns 311, 313 are spaced about 0.95 millimeters
apart and the weft yarns 312 are spaced about 3.66 millimeters
apart to provide a mean opening size of 3.48 mm.sup.2. In yet
another embodiment where the fabric is a 20 warp/10 weft per
decimeter fabric with the same materials for the yarns, the pairs
of warp yarns 311 and 313 are spaced about 4.31 millimeters apart
and the weft yarns 312 are spaced about 9.94 millimeters apart to
provide a mean opening size of 42.84 mm.sup.2. In yet another
embodiment where the fabric is a 75 warp/30 weft per decimeter
fabric with the same materials for the yarns, the pairs of warp
yarns 311 and 313 are spaced about 0.43 millimeters apart and the
weft yarns 312 are spaced about 2.36 millimeters apart to provide a
mean opening size of 1.01 mm.sup.2.
[0044] If the leno tape 310 is used in a flat helical pattern, the
pattern typically will need more than three full revolutions of the
leno tape 310 around the carcass 200 of the tire 100. The length of
leno tape 310 will depend on the diameter of the tire 100, the
width of the leno tape 310, and the amount of coverage provided by
the leno tape 310. The approximate minimum length of a leno tape
310 in a leno cap ply layer 300, with only one layer of leno tape
310 and no gaps or over lapping regions, can be calculated
according to the following formula:
length=2rw/t [0045] where is 3.14, r is the radius of the tire, w
is the width of the area of the tire to be covered, and t is the
width of the tape. As an example, for a 185/60/R14 tire, the length
of a 13 millimeter wide leno tape 310 would be a minimum of about
15 linear meters in length, and can have an additional amount of
about 2-3 meters for overlapping itself in the shoulder area.
[0046] Greater strength can be built into the leno tape 310 by
constructing the leno tape 310 such that the first and second warp
yarns 311 and 313 of the outermost warp yarn pairs in the leno tape
310, run longitudinally for the length of the leno tape 310 as
continuous uncut yarns. Even greater strength can be built into the
leno tape 310 by constructing the leno tape 310 with all of the
first and second warp yarns 311 and 313 run longitudinally the
length of the leno tape 310 as continuous uncut yarns.
[0047] The leno tape 310 can preferably be treated with an adhesion
promoter. Typical examples of adhesion promoters included
resorcinol formaldehyde latex (RFL), isocyanate based material,
epoxy based material, phenolic resins, and materials based on
melamine formaldehyde resin.
[0048] Preferably, the leno tape 310 is located edge to edge as it
is laid on the carcass 200 of the tire 100, and is wrapped around
the entire belt ply 230 area of the tire 100. In one embodiment,
the leno tape 100 is wrapped around the carcass 200 of the tire 100
such that the leno cap ply layer 300 extends beyond the edges 232
of the belt plies 230, under the shoulder 108 area of the tire 100.
Overlapping the edge 232 of the belt 230 with the leno tape 310
provides support to the edges 232 of the belt 230 where excessive
temperature can build up.
[0049] Additionally, the leno cap ply layer 300 can comprises
multiple layers, e.g. two, three, or even more layers, of the leno
tape 310 that are wound over the ply layer 230 of the carcass 200
to provide extra strength. In one embodiment, the leno tape 310 is
laid into a double layer in the shoulder 108 area of the tire 100,
providing additional strength at the edges 232 of the belt 230. In
another embodiment, the leno cap ply layer 300 can have two layers
of leno tape 310 securing the belt ply 230 across the width of the
tire 100. When more than one layer of leno tape 310 is used for the
cap ply 300, a layer of unvulcanized rubber is placed between the
layers of leno tape 310 to insure a good bond. Also, in an
embodiment where multiple layers of the leno tape 310 are used, the
layers of leno tape 310 can be staggered so that upper strips of
leno tape 310 cover the edges of the leno tape 310 in the lower
layer.
[0050] The leno cap ply layer 300 of the present invention can be
used with one belt ply, two belt plies (as illustrated in FIGS. 1
and 2), or more than two belt plies below the leno cap ply layer
300. In an alternate embodiment of the present invention
illustrated in FIG. 6, the tire 100 can have multiple belt plies
230 and 250 with leno cap ply layers 300 and 350, disposed over
each belt ply layer creating alternating layers of belt plies and
cap plies. In the alternate embodiment, the leno cap ply layer 300
can also overlap the edge of the underlying belt ply, and/or have
multiple layers of leno tape 310 (which can also be staggered so
that upper strips overlap edges on lower strips).
[0051] The formation of the leno tape 310 begins with the
acquisition of the basic yarns for the fabric. Subsequently, the
yarns are twisted to provide additional mechanical resilience.
After the twisting, first warp yarns 311 and the second warp yarns
313 are placed on a two beams for the formation of the fabric. The
fabric is formed by leno weaving with the appropriate spacing of
the warp yarn pair weaving with the second warp yarns 313 usually
in much higher tension than the first warp yarns 311. The fabric is
formed in large widths, such as 61.4 inches. After the fabric
formation, the fabric may be finished with one or more
compositions. The fabric may be treated with an RFL composition
400. The fabric may be finished with tacky finish 600. Tacky finish
600 may be applied to the fabric before the fabric slitting
process, or it may be applied to the leno tape 310 (after the
fabric has been slit into tape). The fabric may be treated with an
RFL composition 400 and subsequently with the tacky finish 600.
[0052] The final fabric is slit into the specific leno tape 310
widths for placement on a spool. Cross-winding the leno tape 310
across a cardboard tube provides a convenient package for
subsequent removal of the leno tape 310 in the manufacturing
process of tire 100.
[0053] In the tire formation process, the tire carcass 200 is
formed with the tire cord 210, metal beads 220, and belt plies 230.
After the tire carcass 200 is formed, the leno tape 310 is wound
from the package around the belt plies 230 to form the leno cap ply
layer 300. After the leno cap ply layer 300 is placed on the tire
carcass 200, the wrapped carcass is removed and the leno cap ply
layer is stretched approximately 2% making the first warp yarns 311
have essentially no crimp. The tread 500 is then molded onto the
subassembly, and the tire 100 is completed.
[0054] The present invention overcomes the difficulties of the
prior art. Because of the flat helical pattern of the leno tape,
there is no overlap area that extends across the width of the tire.
Also, the leno tape is wrapped around the circumference of the tire
many times, providing a stronger reinforcement to the belt ply.
Furthermore, leno weave of the tape secures the warp yarns to the
weft yarns, providing a greater resistance to the separation of the
warp yarns.
[0055] In the present invention, and as illustrated in FIG. 7, RFL
composition 400 may be applied to at least one surface, and in some
embodiments, to both surfaces of leno tape 310 to form an RFL-leno
tape composite. Following application of the RFL composition 400 to
leno tape 310, the tacky finish 600 may be applied to at least one
surface of the RFL-leno tape composite. Thus, RFL composition 400
and tacky finish 600 may independently applied to at least one
surface of the leno tape 310 (or to the fabric that forms the leno
tape 310, prior to being slit into tape), in order to help adhere
leno tape 310 to the tread layer 500 and/or the belt ply layer
230.
[0056] Additionally, the fiber and/or yarn may include an adhesion
promotion finish applied during the fiber or yarn manufacturing
process. The adhesion promotion finish may include a fiber
lubricant, an antistatic compound and a reactive adhesion promoter.
Any fiber lubricants and antistatic compound known to those skilled
in the art may be used. The reactive adhesion promoter may include,
for example, at least one of an epoxy resin including aliphatic
epoxy resin, novolac epoxy resin, bisphenol A based epoxy resin,
organofunctional silanes (such as aminofunctional alkoxylsilanes,
vinyl-, acryloxyl or methacryloxyl-silanes, isocyanato-silanes),
and an isocyanate compound. In one embodiment, a polyester yarn
having an epoxy containing adhesion promotion finish may be used to
form the textile material. Additionally, the fiber and/or yarn may
be exposed to a plasma treatment or a corona treatment process, in
order to create additional reactive groups on the surface of the
fiber.
Textile Material
[0057] Several specific embodiments of the leno tape and leno cap
ply layer(s) have been described herein in relation to the Figures.
In addition, textile materials, such as fabrics, treated with the
tacky finish and/or RFL composition of the present invention may be
characterized as having a woven (e.g. leno weave or laid scrim),
nonwoven, or knit (e.g. warp knit, weft inserted warp knit, or
raschel knit) construction. Fiber types comprising the textile
material include synthetic fibers, natural fibers, and mixtures
thereof. Synthetic fibers include, for example, polyester, acrylic,
polyamide, polyolefin, polyaramid, polyurethane, regenerated
cellulose (i.e., rayon), and blends thereof. The term "polyamide"
is intended to describe any long-chain polymer having recurring
amide groups as an integral part of the polymer chain. Examples of
polyamides include nylon 6; nylon 6, 6; nylon 1, 1; and nylon 6,
10. The term "polyester" is intended to describe any long-chain
polymer having recurring ester groups. Examples of polyesters
include aromatic polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate
(PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polytrimethylene
terephthalate (PTT), and polytriphenylene terephthalate, and
aliphatic polyesters, such as polylactic acid (PLA). "Polyolefin"
includes, for example, polypropylene, polyethylene, and
combinations thereof. "Polyaramid" includes, for example,
poly-p-phenyleneteraphthalamid (i.e., Kevlar.RTM.),
poly-m-phenyleneteraphthalamid (i.e., Nomex.RTM.), and combinations
thereof. Natural fibers include, for example, wool, cotton, flax,
and blends thereof.
[0058] The textile material may be formed from fibers or yarns of
any size, including microdenier fibers and yarns (fibers or yarns
having less than one denier per filament). The fibers or yarns may
have deniers that range from less than about 1 denier per filament
to about 2000 denier per filament or more preferably, from less
than about 1 denier per filament to about 500 denier per filament,
or even more preferably, from less than about 1 denier per filament
to about 300 denier per filament.
[0059] Furthermore, the textile material may be partially or wholly
comprised of multi-component or bi-component fibers or yarns, which
may be splittable, or which have been partially or fully split,
along their length by chemical or mechanical action. The textile
material may be comprised of fibers such as staple fiber, filament
fiber, spun fiber, or combinations thereof.
[0060] The textile material may optionally be colored by a variety
of dyeing techniques, such as high temperature jet dyeing with
disperse dyes, vat dyeing, thermosol dyeing, pad dyeing, transfer
printing, screen printing, or any other technique that is common in
the art for comparable textile products.
Tacky Finish
[0061] One or more layers of textile material may have a tacky
finish applied to at least one surface of the textile material. For
example, the leno tape 310 may have a tacky finish applied thereto
for facilitating adhesion, or green tack, during the building
process of the green (unvulcanized) tire. While specific selection
of materials for the tacky finish may be somewhat dependent upon
the materials selected for use in the tire, there are several
classes of materials that are suitable.
[0062] The tacky finish may include a mixture comprising an
unvulcanized rubber, an adhesion promoter, a tacky resin, and
optionally, a heat or oxidation stabilizer. The tacky finish or
coating may be applied to the fabric as an aqueous blend of the
components as mentioned above or, as an organic solvent solution.
The water and/or organic solvent may be subsequently removed by
drying, to leave a tacky coating or finish on the textile
substrate. Tacky finishes may be applied using various methods such
as coating, impregnating, printing or any other chemical
application method known to those skilled in the art.
[0063] The tacky finish is comprised of at least one tacky resin
(or "tackifier"). Tacky resins may be selected from the group
consisting of phenol-containing resins (such as phenol formaldehyde
resin, resorcinol formaldehyde condensate, condensate of phenol
derivatives with aldehydes and acetylene, terpene phenolic resins,
and the like; one commercially available example is Koresin.RTM.
from BASF, which is made from the reaction of acetylene and t-butyl
phenol), aromatic resins, hydrocarbon resins, terpene resins,
indene resins, coumarone resins, rosin-based resins, and mixtures
thereof. Hydrocarbon resins include aliphatic hydrocarbon resins
prepared from monomer(s) having a chain length of five carbon
atoms, aromatic hydrocarbon resins prepared from monomer(s) having
a chain length of nine carbon atoms, dicyclopentadiene ("DCPD")
hydrocarbon resins, cycloaliphatic ("CPD") resins, hydrogenated
hydrocarbon resins, and mixtures thereof.
[0064] Rosin-based resins may be selected from gum rosin, wood
rosin, tall oil resin, and mixtures thereof. Rosin based resin may
include rosin acid resins, rosin ester resins and hydrogenated
rosin ester resins. Various mixtures or blends of different tacky
resins may used to provide a specific tack characteristic. In one
embodiment, a phenol tacky resin is combined with a rosin ester
resin. In another embodiment, a hydrocarbon resin is combined with
a rosin ester resin. In yet another embodiment, a phenolic tacky
resin is combined with a hydrocarbon resin. Various esters of rosin
may be combined to form a tacky resin. Rosin ester resins may be
preferred. Resin compositions that contain a 1:1 ratio of
indene-coumarone resin may also be preferred.
[0065] Unvulcanized rubber includes any polymeric material having
unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds that are capable of crosslinking
with each other. Exemplary unvulcanized rubbers includes
polybutadiene, polyisoprene, synthetic trans-rich polyisoprene or
cis-rich polyisoprene, natural rubber, poly(styrene-co-butadiene),
poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene), chloroprene, hydrogenated
styrene-butadiene rubber, hydrogenated nitrile-butadiene rubber,
butyl rubber (polyisobutylene copolymers), halo-butyl rubber, and
mixtures thereof. The rubber may be in the form of latex, emulsion,
or solvent solution before combined with other components and
subsequently applied to a textile material. The unvulcanized
rubber, after being applied to a textile material, can be further
vulcanized (crosslinked) in the presence of a curing agent or by
virtue of being in contact with another rubber compound comprising
a curing agent. The curing agent may be a sulfur-based curing
agent, organic peroxide, or other chemical agent that can cause
effective crosslinking (curing) of the rubber material. RFL
compositions may be incorporated in the formulation for
crosslinking purposes. Detailed information on curing agents and
other additives that may be included with the unvulcanized rubber
may be found in Vanderbilt Rubber Handbook. Natural rubber
(particularly natural rubber latex), and mixtures comprising
natural rubber latex and polybutadiene, may be preferred.
Furthermore, a combination of VP latex with natural latex may be
preferred.
[0066] Adhesion promoters include any materials that can improve
the adhesion between the tacky finish and the textile material
and/or the adhesion between the tacky finish and a fully compounded
rubber. Exemplary adhesion promoters may include at least one of
formaldehyde-resorcinol condensate and/or resin,
formaldehyde-phenol condensate, novolac resins, resole resins,
multifunctional epoxy resin, novolac modified epoxy resin,
isocyanate compounds, blocked isocyanate resin or compounds,
halogenated resorcinol-formaldehyde resin, phenolic resins,
halogenated phenolic resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins,
vinylpyridine rubber latex, methylene donors such as
hexamethylenetetramine, hexamethoxymethylmelamine, formaldehyde,
glyoxal, maleated polybutadiene, maleated styrene-butadiene
copolymer, and mixtures thereof. Vinylpyridine rubber latex is as
described further herein. Additionally, silica, carbon black, and
organofunctional silanes may be further included in the tacky
finish.
[0067] The unvulcanized rubber, tacky resin and adhesion promoters
can be combined at any proportions to provide a desired tack and
cured adhesion to a rubber compound. In one embodiment, parts of
unvulcanized rubber to parts of tacky resin may range from 50:1 to
50:50, 50:2 to 50:40, 50:4 to 50:30, 50:4 to 50:20, and 50:4 to
50:10 by dry weight. The ratio of parts unvulcanized rubber to
parts adhesion promoter may range from 50:0.5 to 50:20, 50:1 to
50:10, and 50:1 to 50:8.
[0068] The tacky finish may be applied to the textile material at a
dry weight range from about 5 g/m.sup.2 to 100 g/m.sup.2, 5
g/m.sup.2 to 50 g/m.sup.2, or 5 g/m.sup.2 to 25 g/m.sup.2. The
add-on of tacky finish may be about 2% to 40%, 5% to 30%, or 7% to
20% of the textile material by weight.
[0069] The tacky finish may be applied to the textile material in
the form of aqueous dispersion and/or emulsion, and in the form of
solution in an organic solvent. The solvents may be selected from
the group consisting of toluene/hydrocarbon solvents, xylene, ethyl
acetate, alcohols, ethers, and mixtures thereof. After applied to
the textile material, the textile material may be dried to remove
water or organic solvent to form a treated textile material. The
textile material may be dried at a temperature between about
40.degree. C. to about 150.degree. C., or 60.degree. C. to about
140.degree. C. for a sufficient amount of time to remove at least
most of the solvent or water.
Resorcinol-Formaldehyde-Latex ("RFL") Composition
[0070] Any well known RFL composition may be utilized separately or
in combination with the tacky finish of the present invention. When
used in combination, the RFL composition and the tacky finish may
be applied to the textile material together in a one-step
application process, or they may be added sequentially in a
two-step application process. RFL compositions as taught in U.S.
Pat. Nos. 6,096,156 and 6,497,954, both to Morin et al., may be
utilized. RFL compositions are well known to the ordinarily skilled
practitioner within the pertinent art and include combinations of
resorcinol and formaldehyde in varying ratios and at varying
temperatures and pH levels and solids. Typical RFL composition
includes formaldehyde, a rubber latex, and either resorcinol or
resorcinol-formaldehyde condensate. In principle, any type of latex
can be used to make the RFL composition. Exemplary rubber lattices
may include, but not limited to, vinylpyridine rubber latex,
styrene-butadiene rubber latex, chloroprene rubber latex, nitrile
rubber latex, hydrogenated rubber latex, and any mixtures thereof.
Furthermore, such resorcinol and formaldehyde compositions are
combined with any number of rubber latex compounds and other
additives, including, as merely examples, epoxies, urethanes, and
the like. Such RFL compositions are well known in the art and the
utilization of such types of compositions (any number of which may
be used in combination with the tacky finish) would be well
appreciated by the ordinarily skilled artisan in the textile/rubber
reinforcement composite art.
[0071] In one embodiment, the RFL composition may preferably and
optionally include a tacky resin. Any tacky resin as described
herein may be included in the RFL composition. The tacky resin may
be included at 2%-50%, 2%-30%, 5%-20%, or 8%-20% by weight based on
the total dry weight of the RFL formulation. For example, a
hydrocarbon tacky resin, a rosin ester resin or mixture thereof may
be further included in a RFL composition at about 10%-18% based on
the total dry weight of the formulation.
[0072] One particularly preferred RFL composition comprises the
epoxy adhesive composition of U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,507 to Marco et
al. This RFL composition is an aqueous dispersion of an epoxy resin
and a functionalized rubber latex. The epoxy resin has an epoxy
functionality of three or greater. A large number of commercially
available epoxy resins are available and by way of example and not
limitation, include epoxy cresol-novolac resins; epoxy
phenol-novolac resins; poly nuclear phenol-glycidyl ether-derived
resins, such as the tetraglycidyl ether of
tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethane; resins containing an aromatic
amine backbone, such as triglycidyl p-aminophenol-derived resins
and triglycidyl triazine-derived resins such as triglycidyl
isocyanurate. Preferably, the epoxy resin is a cresol-novolac or
phenol-novolac resin.
[0073] To enhance the stability of the RFL composition, it may be
desirable to select epoxy resins having an average particle size of
less than 5 microns, preferably less than 3 microns, and most
preferably about 1 micron or less. Typically, the molecular weight
of the cresol-novolac and phenol-novolac epoxy resins range from
about 475 to 1750, with 650 to 1500 being preferred. Also included
are trifunctional epoxy resins which have been modified to enhance
their dispersability such as by grafting acrylic monomers to the
epoxy resin backbone.
[0074] The functionalized rubber latex may be generally
characterized as a rubber latex having pendant carboxyl, amide, or
pyridyl functionalities, and such functionalities are intended to
include derivatives thereof. Also included are rubber lattices
which contain combinations of one or more of these functionalities.
The functionalized rubber lattices are typically produced by
copolymerization of a conjugated diene, and ethylenically
unsaturated monomer containing one of the aforementioned
functionalities, and optionally, compatible monomers, such as those
used in elastomer copolymers.
[0075] Suitable dienes include conjugated dienes having from 4 to 9
carbon atoms such as 1,3-butadiene, 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene,
2-ethyl-1,3-butadiene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene and
halogen-substituted butadienes, such as 2-chloro-1,3-butadiene.
[0076] As is well known in the art, compatible comonomers may also
be included for copolymerization in the rubber lattices. For
example, aromatic vinyl compounds, such as styrene,
a-methylstyrene, 2-methylstyrene, 3-methylstyrene, 4-methylstyrene,
2,4-di-isopropylstyrene, 2,4-dimethylstyrene, 4-t-butylstyrene,
5-t-butyl-2-methylstyrene, monochlorostyrene, dichlorostyrene,
monofluorostyrene and hydroxymethylstyrene may be employed. Another
class of compatible monomers includes cyanated vinyl monomers such
as acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, fumaronitrile, and
maleonitrile. Still another class of compatible monomers includes
aliphatic vinyl compounds, such as ethylene, propylene, and vinyl
chloride. The amount of the compatible monomer in the rubber latex
is generally 55% by weight or less.
[0077] Monomers which may be polymerized into the rubber latex to
provide a carboxyl functionality may include ethylenically
unsaturated carboxylic acids, such as acrylic acid, methacrylic
acid, crotonic acid, cinnamic acid, itaconic acid, fumaric acid,
maleic acid and butene tricarboxylic acid; monoalkyl esters of
ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acids; and ethylenically
unsaturated acid anhydrides, which may be hydrolyzed to the
corresponding carboxylic acid.
[0078] The carboxyl functionalized monomer is typically provided in
the functionalized rubber latex in a range of 0.1 to 25 wt %,
preferably 0.5 to 12 wt %, most preferably 1 to 7 wt %. These
compounds, generally referred to as carboxylated rubber lattices,
are well known and commercially available, such as Tylac
NP-1672.RTM., available from Reichold Chemical Company as a 70%
solid carboxylated styrene/butadiene polymer dispersion in
water.
[0079] Suitable functionalized monomers for providing a pyridyl
functionality include vinylpyridines, such as 2-vinylpyridine,
3-vinylpyridine and 4-vinylpyridine as well as alkyl derivatives
thereof such as 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and
5-ethyl-2-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-6-vinylpyridine and
2-ethyl-4-vinylpyridine.
[0080] The pyridyl functionalized monomer is generally provided in
the functionalized rubber latex in the amount of 5 to 45 wt %,
preferably 10 to 30 wt %. Vinylpyridine/rubber latex copolymers are
commercially available, such as Pliocord LVP-4668.TM. from Goodyear
Chemical Company which is a 40% solids dispersion in water of
styrene/butadiene/vinylpyridine in the approximate weight ratio of
45:45:10.
[0081] Another class of functionalized monomers includes
ethylenically unsaturated compounds having a pendant amide or amide
derivative group. Useful monomers include acrylamide and
N-methylolacrylamide. These compounds may be employed in free
radical, emulsion polymerization with the conjugated diene monomers
and optional compatible monomers, such as disclosed in Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition, Volume 14, page
82 on "Latex Technology". The amide functionalized monomer may be
employed effectively in amounts of from 0.1 to 30 wt % in the
functionalized rubber latex.
[0082] Also included are RFL compositions containing functionalized
rubber lattices having both pendant carboxyl and pyridyl groups, or
derivatives thereof. For example, Hisaki et al., U.S. Pat. No.
5,286,783, discloses a copolymer latex obtained by emulsion
polymerization of from 45 to 85% of a conjugated diene monomer, 0.1
to 25% of an ethylenically unsaturated acid monomer, 10 to 45% of a
vinylpyridine monomer and up to 30% other comonomers, such as
aromatic vinyl compounds.
[0083] The relative concentration of the epoxy resin and
functionalized rubber latex in the RFL composition may range from
1:15 to 4:1, preferably 1:4 to 1:1. In an alternate embodiment, the
RFL composition contains an epoxy resin and both a carboxylated
rubber latex and a pyridyl functionalized rubber latex. Optimum
adhesion between a reinforcing textile and rubber product may be
achieved when the RFL composition contains the following relative
concentration of components: from 7-60 wt % epoxy resin, from 5-65
wt % carboxylated rubber latex, and from 15-75 wt % pyridyl
functionalized rubber latex; preferably, from 15-50 wt % epoxy
resin, from 10-50 wt % carboxylated rubber latex, and from 20-65 wt
% pyridyl functionalized rubber latex; most preferably, from 25-40
wt % epoxy resin, from 15-30 wt % carboxylated rubber latex, and
from 35-55 wt % pyridyl functionalized rubber latex.
[0084] Unvulcanized rubber materials may further be used in the RFL
composition. Unvulcanized rubber includes any polymeric material
having unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds that are capable of
crosslinking with each other. Exemplary unvulcanized rubbers
includes polybutadiene, polyisoprene, synthetic trans-rich
polyisoprene or cis-rich polyisoprene, natural rubber,
poly(styrene-co-butadiene), poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene),
chloroprene, hydrogenated SBR, hydrogenated NBR, butyl rubber
(polyisobutylene copolymers), halo-butyl rubber, and mixtures
thereof. The rubber may be in the form of a latex, emulsion or
solvent solution before combined with other components and
subsequently applied to a textile material. The unvulcanized
rubber, after being applied to a textile material, can be further
vulcanized (crosslinked) in the presence of a curing agent or by
virtue of being in contact with another rubber compound comprising
a curing agent. The curing agent may be a sulfur based curing
agent, organic peroxide, and other chemical agent that can cause
effective crosslinking (curing) of the rubber material. Natural
rubber (particularly natural rubber latex), and mixtures comprising
natural rubber latex and polybutadiene may be preferred.
[0085] The RFL composition is generally aqueous with a solids
content of from 2 to 60, preferably 7 to 40 wt %. In addition to
the epoxy resin and functionalized rubber latex or lattices, the
RFL composition may contain minor amounts of additional additives.
For example, the aqueous portion of the RFL composition may contain
minor amounts of hydrophilic solvents, such as methanol.
[0086] The aqueous RFL composition may be applied to a textile to
give an add-on of from 1 to 30 wt % solids based on a weight of the
untreated textile, preferably 5 to 15 wt % solids. Any of a number
of techniques, as are well known in the art, can be employed, such
as dipping, spraying, or application from a kiss roll. In one
embodiment, a woven fabric is dip-coated by immersion in the
aqueous RFL composition at ambient conditions.
[0087] Additionally, the curing step between the RFL-coated textile
and the rubber compound is performed in any conventional manner,
such as through heat-activated vulcanization in the presence of a
curing agent (such as organic peroxide). Again, such a step should
be well within the purview of the ordinarily skilled artisan in
this field. Additional adhesive compositions and methods of
application which may be useful are provided in U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/661,170, "Pattern Coated Cap Ply For Tire
Construction," to Michiels et al., filed Mar. 11, 2010; U.S. Pat.
No. 6,602,379 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,046,262 to Li et al.;
U.S. Pat. No. 6,333,281 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,444,322 to Li
et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,686,301 to Li et al.; U.S. Pat. No.
6,346,563 to Li et al.; all of which are entirely incorporated by
reference herein.
Optional Additives
[0088] Optional additives that may be included in the tacky finish
of the present invention. Optional additives may include
stabilizers (such as diphenylamine-based stabilizers; heat
stabilizers such as mica and quartz), antioxidants (such as
phenolic-based antioxidants, such as hindered phenolic antioxidants
or hindered phenolic antioxidants with thio synergist; and
hydroquinoline compounds), electrical discharge dissipaters, ozone
and ultraviolet stabilizers (such as Hydrowax Q--solid saturated
hydrocarbons), wetting agents, emulsifiers, adhesion promoters, and
mixtures thereof. Antioxidants may include hindered phenol
compounds, acylphenylenediamine compounds, diphenylamine compounds,
mercaptan compounds, thioester compounds, thioether compounds,
hydroquinoline compounds, and mixtures thereof. Adhesion promoters
may include isocyanate-containing compounds, epoxy-containing
compounds, resorcinol-formaldehyde resins, hexamethoxymethyl
melamine ("HMMM") resins, and mixtures thereof. Carbon black and
silica may also be included as optional additives in the tacky
finish.
Method for Applying the Tacky Finish to the Textile Materials
[0089] The tacky finish may be applied to a textile material
through any technique known in the art for applying a chemical
mixture to a substrate. For example, the tacky finish may be
applied to the textile material via spraying, dipping, padding,
foaming, printing, coating, and the like. The use of engraved
rollers, a three roller system, a rotary screen, and/or a
double-sided vertical system may be employed in the application
process. One exemplary acceptable method of applying the tacky
finish to a textile material includes padding the tacky finish from
a bath mixture, which generally results in coating both surfaces of
the textile material in one step. By using one or more of these
application techniques, the tacky finish may be applied to only one
surface of a textile material, or it may be applied to both
surfaces. The tacky finish may be applied in a uniform or in a
non-uniform manner to at least one surface of the textile
material.
[0090] The coated textile material may comprise a textile material
having an RFL first layer disposed on at least one surface of the
textile material and a tacky finish/coating layer disposed on the
RFL layer. The coated textile material may exhibit a
fabric-to-fabric tack level in the range of about 5 Newtons and
about 30 Newtons, in the range of about 10 Newtons and about 30
Newtons, or in the range of about 5 Newtons and about 20 Newtons,
as determined by the Tacky Level Test Procedure described
herein.
[0091] Additional details of tire construction and/or cap ply
layers and/or RFL compositions and methods for making are provided
in US Patent Application Publication No. 2009/0294008 to Michiels
et al., "Leno Cap Ply For Pneumatic Tire," filed May 29, 2008; US
Patent Application Publication Nos. 2009/0294010 and 2009/0294025,
both to Michiels et al., "Leno Cap Ply For Pneumatic Tire," filed
May 5, 2009; U.S. Pat. No. 4,739,814 to Berczi et al., U.S. Pat.
No. 5,365,988 to Soderberg et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,252,129 to
Michiels et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 7,614,436 to Ternon et al.; all of
which are entirely incorporated by reference herein.
EXAMPLES
[0092] The invention may be further understood by reference to the
following examples which are not to be construed as limiting the
scope of the present invention.
[0093] A. Fabric Preparation
[0094] Fabric A was a knitted fabric having 1400/2 dtex polyamide
(nylon 6,6) fiber and 82/1 dtex low shrink polyester fiber in the
warp direction and 1220/1 dtex rayon fiber in the fill direction.
The warp yarn contained about 49 ends/decimeter and the fill yarn
contained about 22 picks/decimeter. Fabric A had a fabric weight of
246.6 g/m.sup.2. Fabric A treated with the tacky finish of the
present invention exhibited an elongation at 80 daN (warp) of 3.5%,
an elongation at break (warp) of 22.1%, and an elongation at break
(weft) of 18.0%, all of which was determined using test method DIN
53857 (MTP 11 without feelers), as described herein.
[0095] Fabric B was a leno weave fabric having 940/1 dtex polyamide
(nylon 6,6) fiber in the warp direction and 1220/1 dtex rayon fiber
in the fill direction. The warp yarn contained about 108
(54.times.2) ends/decimeter and the fill yarn contained about 23
picks/decimeter. Fabric B had a fabric weight of 185 g/m.sup.2.
Fabric B treated with the tacky finish of the present invention
exhibited an elongation at 80 daN (warp) of 8.5% and an elongation
at break (weft) of 15.0%, all of which was determined using test
method DIN 53857 (MTP 11 without feelers), as described herein.
[0096] B. Formulations
[0097] The amount of each ingredient for each formulation is
provided in grams. Reference ("REF") samples are provided as
controls.
[0098] Table A is a list of products and their description that may
be applied, in various combinations, to at least one fabric as
described herein.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE A Products Useful in Preparing the Tacky
Finish Distributor/ Name Description Manufacturer Chemical Name
Dermulsene .TM. 222 Tackyfier DRT Aqueous, solvent free resin based
on terpene and stabilized rosin ester Dermulsene .TM. A 7510
Tackyfier DRT Aqueous, solvent free resin based on stabilized resin
Dermulsene .TM. HBR 803 Tackyfier DRT Aqueous, solvent free resin,
manufactured at 53% sold. Based on hybrid rosin ester/ hydrocarbon
resin Dermulsene .TM. RE 802 Tackyfier DRT Aqueous, solvent free
resin based on stabilized rosin ester Dermulsene .TM. TR 602
Tackyfier DRT Aqueous resin dispersion based on terpene phenolic
resin Snowtack .TM. 100 G Tackyfier Hexion Aqueous dispersion of
modified rosin Snowtack .TM. 779 F Tackyfier Hexion Aqueous
dispersion of modified rosin Snowtack .TM. SE 780 G Tackyfier
Hexion Aqueous dispersion of modified rosin; mixture of rosin ester
and C.sub.5-C.sub.9 coreacted hydrocarbon resin Snowtack .TM. SE
780 K Tackyfier Hexion Aqueous dispersion of modified rosin
Hydro-Rez .TM. 1100 D Latex Hexion A 33% solids pH neutral film
forming sulfo polyester resin dispersion Hydro-Rez .TM. 1400 D
Latex Hexion A 30% solids pH neutral film forming sulfo polyester
resin dispersion Hydro-Rez .TM. 800 E Latex Hexion A 44% solids
water-based acrylic dispersion special developed for water-based
Norsolene .RTM. S 125 E Tackyfier Necarbo Thermoplastic resins,
obtained by aromatic petroleum cuts polymerization Norsolene .RTM.
S 95 Tackyfier Necarbo Thermoplastic resins, obtained by aromatic
petroleum cuts polymerization Nuosperse .RTM. FN 265 Wetting agent
Necarbo Pigment wetting agent for aqueous systems & emulsifier
Wingtack .RTM. 95 Tackyfier Necarbo synthetic resins obtained by
cationic polymerization of aliphatic monomers (C5) Pliocord .RTM.
SB 2108 Latex Eliokem Aqueous dispersion of a styrene-butadiene
copolymer produced using a non nitrosamine forming shorstop.
Pliotec .RTM. EL 80 Latex Eliokem 100% acrylic self cross-linking
elastomeric resin. Pliotec .RTM. EL 25 Latex Eliokem Elastomeric
acrylic latex Wingstay .RTM. 29 Antioxidant Eliokem Mixed para
oriented styrenated diphenylamines Wingstay .RTM. L 40 Disp.
Antioxidant Eliokem Butylated reaction product of p-cresol and
dicyclopentadiene Wingstay .RTM. L Antioxidant Eliokem Butylated
reaction product of p-cresol and dicyclopentadiene Struktol .RTM.
LA 214 Antioxidant Schill&Seilacher Aqueous dispersion based on
hindered and alkylated phenols with a sulphur containing synergist
Struktol .RTM. LA 229 Antioxidant Schill&Seilacher Aqueous
dispersion of a butylated reaction product of p-cresol and
dicyclopentadiene with addition of dispersing agents Struktol .RTM.
LA 331 Antioxidant Schill&Seilacher Aqueous dispersion based on
hindered and alkylated phenols with a sulphur containing synergist
(1:1) and anionic surfactants Struktol .RTM. XP 4400 Antioxidant
Schill&Seilacher Anionic, aqueous antioxidant dispersion
Struktol .RTM. XP 4402 Antioxidant Schill&Seilacher Anionic,
aqueous antioxidant dispersion Struktol .RTM. LT 159 Tackyfier
Schill&Seilacher Aqueous dispersion of alkylphenolic resin;
Koresin, a reaction product of acetylene and t-butylphenol.
Struktol .RTM. LT 356 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion; Terpene phenolic resin Struktol
.RTM. XP 4392 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic
tackifier resin dispersion; hydrocarbon resin mixture with Koresin
Struktol .RTM. XP 4394 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion; C.sub.5 hydrocarbon resin
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion based on rosin ester resin
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 - A Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion based on rosin ester resin
having 20% liquid resin content Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 - B
Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic tackifier resin
dispersion based on rosin ester resin having 40% liquid resin
content Struktol .RTM. XP 4397 Resin Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion Struktol .RTM. XP 4398 Resin
Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic tackifier resin dispersion
Struktol .RTM. XP 4399 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion Struktol .RTM. XP 4406 Tackyfier
Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic tackifier resin dispersion
Struktol .RTM. XP 4407 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion Struktol .RTM. XP 4408 Tackyfier
Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic tackifier resin dispersion
Struktol .RTM. XP 4409 Tackyfier Schill&Seilacher Aqueous,
anionic tackifier resin dispersion Struktol .RTM. XP 4410 Tackyfier
Schill&Seilacher Aqueous, anionic tackifier resin dispersion
Tacolyn .TM. 100 Tackyfier Eastman An aqueous, anionic, 50% solids,
solvent-free resin dispersion based largely on a low molecular
weight, thermoplastic, aliphatic hydrocarbon resin Tacolyn .TM.
4177 Tackyfier Eastman An anionic, aqueous, 50% solids,
solvent-free dispersion of a modified hydrocarbon resin that may be
used as the sole tackifying resin with selected acrylic polymers.
Tacolyn .TM. MBG-514 Tackyfier Eastman Aqueous dispersion of resin
Tacolyn .TM. 64 Tackyfier Eastman An anionic, aqueous, 50% solids,
solvent-free dispersion of a hydrogenated rosin ester. Tacolyn .TM.
5193 Tackyfier Eastman An aqueous, 50% solids, APEO and solvent-
free dispersion of a mixed feed hydrocarbon resin. Aquatac .RTM. XR
4316 Tackyfier Arizona Aqueous dispersion of modified rosin Alchem
TMQ G2 Antioxidant Saficalcan 2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline,
polymerized Aquamix .TM. 126 # Antioxidant PolyOne Mixture - Low
staining amine AO emulsion highly effective in polychloroprene with
excellent finished end product protection; 50% dispersion of
Wingstay 29 Bostex 379 A Antioxidant Akron Aqueous mixture of
Polymerized 1,2-Dihydro- Dispersion 2,2,4-Trimethyl-Quinoline,
Sodium Salt of Polymerized Alkylnaphthalenesulfonic Acid Aquamix
.TM. 111 # MBTS PolyOne Mixture - Benzothiazyldisulfide accelerator
Aquamix .TM. 569# Tackyfier PolyOne Mixture - Synthetic resin
Aquamix .TM. 814 # Tackyfier PolyOne Mixture - Phenolic Resin;
phenolic tackifying resin with melting point at 90.degree. C.
Aquamix .TM. 789 # Tackyfier PolyOne Hydrocarbon resin Aquamix .TM.
570 # Tackyfier PolyOne Mixture - Terpene Phenolic Resin; terphene
phenolic resin with melting point of 150.degree. C. 40% AquaRes
T100H Tackyfier Aquaspersions Emulsion of an aliphatic Hydrocarbon
Resin 60% AquaRes T20H Tackyfier Aquaspersions Emulsion of a liquid
Aromatic Hydrocarbon Resin 50% Aquanox L Antioxidant Aquaspersions
Anti-degradent for use in polymer lattices 45% Aquanox 2246
Antioxidant Aquaspersions Antioxidant for use in polymer lattices
4,4'-Methylenebis(N- Bismaleide VWR CAS# 13676-54-5
phenylmaleimide) Disponil .RTM. SLS 101 Emulsifier Cognis
Emulsifier for Polymerization - Aqueous Special solution of: Fatty
alcohol sulfate Disponil .RTM. SDS 15 Emulsifier Cognis Emulsifier
for Polymerization - Aqueous solution of: Sodium lauryl sulfate
IMCD - Sample 1 Tackyfier IMCD Aqueous dispersion of stabilized
rosin ester Penacolite .RTM. Resin Resin Indspec
Resorcinol-Formaldehyde resin B-16-S Penacolite .RTM. Resin I-
Resin Indspec Modified diisocyanate and Resorcinol- 168-L
Formaldehyde Polymer Glimmer Mica TG Filler Quarzwerke Natural
phyllosilicates with a platelet-shaped GmbH structure Glimmer Mica
TF Filler Quarzwerke Natural phyllosilicates with a platelet-shaped
GmbH structure Kaolinmehl Surmin Filler Quarzwerke Kaolin is a
white, soft, malleable mineral KOG GmbH comprising primarily
fine-grain, platelet- shaped particles G-Tec GD LCV LC Latex
Vanderbilt A natural rubber latex with approximately Company 60%
dry rubber content in water. It contains 0.6% by weight of ammonia
and small traces of HNS (Hydroxylamine Neutral Sulphate) WB3 Slurry
Antioxidant Vanderbilt A 50% dispersion of VANOX MTI, 2- Company
mercaptotoluimidazole PKHP-34 Emulsifier InChem Dispersion of
modified poly (hydroxyether) in Corporation water PKHP-35
Emulsifier InChem Dispersion of modified poly (hydroxyether) in
Corporation water PKHP-200 Emulsifier InChem Phenol,
4,4'-(1-methylethylidene)bis polymer Corporation with
(chloromethyl) oxirane Naugawhite .RTM. Antioxidant Chemtura
2,2'-methylenebis(6-nonyl-p-cresol) Modicol 2271 Tackyfier Cognis
Ester gum of an aqueous emulsion IntraforS 10 Emulsifier Cognis
Alkyl ester of sulfate Litex-S 61 Latex Polymer Latex Aqueous,
colloidal dispersion of styrene- butadiene copolymer. Penacolite
Resin R - Resin Indspec Aqueous solution of resorcinol-formaldehyde
2170 resin, 75% solids Gentac VP 106 Latex Omnova A vinyl pyridine
butadiene styrene terpolymer latex. Derussol AN-25-L Carbon black
Degussa AG Carbon black dispersion in water dispersion
[0099] The following formulations were prepared:
RFL-1
TABLE-US-00002 [0100] Ingredient % Solids Dry Wet Water -- --
217.85 NaOH 50% 1.37 2.73 R 2170* 75% 20.08 26.77 Formaldehyde* 37%
5.57 15.06 VP 106* 41% 188.52 459.81 Water -- -- 103.26 Derussol
AN-25-L 50% 9.56 19.11 Naugawhite .RTM. 50% 0.98 1.95 Tacolyn .TM.
5193 54% 45.33 83.95 Water -- -- 18.91 Ammonia 14% 0.30 2.11
Penacolite Resin I-168-L* 57% 12.00 21.06 Total 283.70 972.57
*Adhesion promoter as described herein.
Reference Tacky Finish Formulations
TABLE-US-00003 [0101] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet REF 1A REF 1B
REF 2A REF 2B RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 -- 45.74 -- 49.28 Natural latex
60% 60.00 100.00 196.23 157.81 219.37 170.02 Naugawhite .RTM. 40%
0.75 1.87 4.33 2.91 4.84 3.20 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 45.97
45.70 -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67%
9.65 14.40 29.21 23.79 32.65 25.63 Wingstay .RTM. 29 100% -- --
1.39 1.17 1.54 1.26 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- -- 1.38 1.10 1.55
1.18
Tacky Finish (Dermulsene.TM.) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00004 [0102] % Dry/ Ingredients Solids Wet 1A 1B 3A* 5A 5B
7A 7B 9A 9B RFL-1 30% 8.64/28.81 -- 22.86 -- -- 22.88 -- 22.89 --
22.88 Natural latex 60% 60.00/100.00 98.15 78.85 98.25 98.11 78.94
98.14 78.98 98.07 78.95 Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75/1.87 2.17 1.48
2.17 2.16 1.48 2.17 1.48 2.16 1,,48 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83/22.76 --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27/0.67 -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65/14.40 14.61 11.89 14.62 14.60 11.90
14.61 11.90 14.60 11.90 Dermulsene .TM. 54% -- 111.31 111.13 -- --
-- -- -- -- -- 222 Dermulsene .TM. 56% -- -- -- 107.16 -- -- -- --
-- -- A 7510 Dermulsene .TM. 53% -- -- -- -- 114.32 113.32 -- -- --
-- HBR 803 Dermulsene .TM. 52% -- -- -- -- -- -- 115.52 115.70 --
-- RE 802 Dermulsene .TM. 55% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 109.62 109.36
TR 602 Wingstay .RTM. 29 100% -- 0.69 0.58 0.69 0.69 0.58 0.69 0.58
0.69 0.58 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- 0.69 0.55 0.69 0.69 0.55 0.69
0.55 0.69 0.55 *Mix 3A coagulated and was not usable.
Tacky Finish (Snowtack.TM.) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00005 [0103] % Ingredients Solids Dry Wet 1A 1B 3A 3B 5A
5B 9A 9B RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 -- 28.83 -- 28.85 -- 28.80 -- 28.83
Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 85.02 86.71 86.02 89.98 85.10 86.92
86.01 86.18 Naugawhite 40% 0.75 1.87 3.13 3.19 3.17 3.31 3.13 3.20
3.17 3.17 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67%
9.65 14.40 24.74 25.23 25.03 28.18 24.76 25.29 25.03 25.08 Snowtack
.TM. 55% -- -- 108.89 109.01 -- -- -- -- -- -- 100 G Snowtack .TM.
55% -- -- -- -- 111.60 109.23 -- -- -- -- 779 F Snowtack .TM. 55%
-- -- -- -- -- -- 107.01 109.30 -- -- SE 780 G Snowtack .TM. 55% --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 108.31 108.52 SE 780 K Wingstay .RTM. 29 100%
-- -- 1.27 1.30 1.29 1.35 1.28 1.30 1.29 1.29 Wingstay .RTM. L 100%
-- -- 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.24 1.17 1.20 1.19 1.19
Tacky Finish (Aquata.RTM.) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00006 [0104] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 1 A 1 B RFL - 1
30% 8.64 28.81 -- 28.90 Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 93.06 99.27
Naugawhite 40% 0.75 1.87 1.72 1.84 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 --
-- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40
13.41 14.30 Aquatac .RTM. XR 4316 60% -- -- 93.35 101.72 Wingstay
.RTM. 29 100% -- -- 0.79 0.84 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- -- 0.65
0.70
Tacky Finish (Struktol.RTM.-1) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00007 [0105] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 1A 1B 3A 3B 5A
5B 7A 7B RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 -- 28.83 -- 28.85 -- 28.81 -- 28.83
Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 116.04 117.42 101.78 98.72 97.82
99.01 96.80 98.85 Naugawhite 40% 0.75 1.87 2.15 2.17 1.88 1.83 1.81
1.83 1.79 1.84 Modicol 30% 6.83 22.76 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2271
Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67%
9.65 14.40 16.72 16.92 14.66 14.22 14.09 14.26 13.95 14.33 Struktol
.RTM. LT 40% -- -- 126.83 128.33 -- -- -- -- -- -- 159 Struktol
.RTM. LT 51% -- -- -- -- 120.61 116.98 -- -- -- -- 356 Struktol
.RTM. 50% -- -- -- -- -- -- 119.72 121.17 -- -- XP 4392 Struktol
.RTM. 50% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 117.44 120.66 XP 4394 Struktol
.RTM. 50% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- XP 4395 Struktol .RTM. 50%
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- XP 4397 Struktol .RTM. 52% -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- XP 4398 Wingstay .RTM. 100% -- -- 0.98 0.99
0.86 0.83 0.83 0.84 0.82 0.84 29 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- -- 0.82
0.83 0.72 0.69 0.69 0.70 0.68 0.70 Ingredients 9A 9B 11A 11B 13A
13B RFL-1 -- 28.90 -- 18.83 -- 28.81 Natural 98.08 98.83 96.16
98.73 95.06 100.73 latex Naugawhite 1.81 1.83 1.78 1.83 1.76 1.86
Modicol -- -- -- -- -- -- 2271 Intrafor-S -- -- -- -- -- -- 10
Litex-S 61 14.13 14.24 13.85 14.22 13.70 14.51 Struktol .RTM. -- --
-- -- -- -- LT 159 Struktol .RTM. -- -- -- -- -- -- LT 356 Struktol
.RTM. -- -- -- -- -- -- XP 4392 Struktol .RTM. -- -- -- -- -- -- XP
4394 Struktol .RTM. 119.70 120.62 -- -- -- -- XP 4395 Struktol
.RTM. -- -- 117.75 120.90 -- -- XP 4397 Struktol .RTM. -- -- -- --
112.42 119.13 XP 4398 Wingstay .RTM. 0.83 0.83 0.81 0.83 0.80 0.85
29 Wingstay .RTM. L 0.69 0.70 0.68 0.69 0.67 0.71
Tacky Finish (Struktol.RTM.-2) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00008 [0106] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 1A 1B 1C 2A 2B
2C 3A 3B 3C RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 -- 28.88 14.42 -- 28.83 14.43 --
28.83 14.44 Natural 60% 60.00 100.00 96.81 100.02 100.53 95.61
101.57 100.68 97.71 100.00 99.95 latex Naugawhite 40% 0.75 1.87
1.87 1.93 1.94 1.84 1.96 1.94 1.88 1.93 1.93 Modicol 30% 6.83 22.76
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 2271 Intrafor-S 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- 10 Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 13.90 14.26 14.44
13.73 14.58 14.46 14.03 14.36 14.35 Struktol .RTM. 51% -- -- 22.70
23.45 23.57 44.79 47.58 47.17 68.60 70.21 70.18 LT 356 Struktol
.RTM. 50% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- XP 4395 Wingstay .RTM.
100% -- -- 0.68 0.70 0.70 0.67 0.71 0.70 0.68 0.70 0.70 29 Wingstay
.RTM. L 100% -- -- 0.72 0.74 0.74 0.71 0.75 0.75 0.72 0.74 0.74
Ingredients 4A 4B 4C 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 6C RFL-1 -- 28.85 14.46 --
28.83 14.43 -- 28.89 14.46 Natural latex 95.16 100.00 101.23 96.83
100.40 100.96 98.25 99.99 100.07 Naugawhite .RTM. 1.84 1.93 1.95
1.87 1.94 1.95 1.89 1.93 1.93 Modicol 2271 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
-- Intrafor-S 10 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 13.66 14.36
14.54 13.90 14.42 14.50 14.11 14.36 14.37 Struktol .RTM. LT -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- 356 Struktol .RTM. XP 22.94 24.10 24.40 46.68
48.40 48.67 71.08 72.34 72.39 4395 Wingstay .RTM. 29 0.67 0.70 0.71
0.68 0.70 0.71 0.69 0.70 0.70 Wingstay .RTM. L 0.71 0.74 0.75 0.72
0.74 0.75 0.73 0.74 0.74
Tacky Finish (Struktol.RTM.-3) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00009 [0107] % Ingredients Solids Dry Wet 3D 5D 7D 9B 9B +
TMQ 9D 15A 15B RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 20.30 21.84 20.69 20.42 20.42
20.24 -- 20.22 Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 70.02 70.02 70.01
70.28 70.30 70.04 70.18 70.21 Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75 1.87 1.36
1.39 1.34 1.37 1.37 1.42 1.34 1.35 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 10.16 11.03 10.26 10.22 10.22 10.61
10.11 10.11 Struktol .RTM. LT 51.3% -- -- 81.87 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- 356 Struktol .RTM. XP 49.6% -- -- -- 84.63 -- -- -- -- -- --
4392 Struktol .RTM. XP 50.1% -- -- -- -- 83.87 -- -- -- -- -- 4394
Struktol .RTM. XP 49.8% -- -- -- -- -- 85.64 85.67 86.16 -- -- 4395
Struktol .RTM. XP 51.3% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 81.99 82.01 4399
Aquamix .TM. 55% -- -- 1.29 1.01 0.82 -- -- 0.77 -- -- 126 # Bostex
379 A 54% -- -- 1.25 1.22 0.77 -- -- 0.90 -- -- Alchem TMQ 25% --
-- -- -- -- -- 4.00 -- -- -- G2 Wingstay .RTM. 100% -- -- -- -- --
1.67 1.68 -- 0.72 0.72 29 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- -- 0.49 0.99
0.50 0.55 0.55 0.56 0.49 0.49
Tacky Finish (Struktol.RTM.-4) with RFL-1
TABLE-US-00010 [0108] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 9B 9Ba 9Bb 9Bc
9Bd 9Be 9Bf 9Bg RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 30.02 28.84 28.84 28.84 28.84
28.84 28.84 29.57 Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 103.18 99.15 99.14
99.14 99.13 99.13 99.14 99.19 Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75 1.87 2.02
1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 1.94 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 15.65 15.04 15.04 15.04 15.04 15.04
15.04 15.05 Struktol .RTM. 49.8% -- -- 125.40 120.50 120.50 120.50
120.49 120.48 120.50 62.75 XP 4395 Struktol .RTM. 51.3% -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- 60.12 XP 4399 Struktol .RTM. 50.3% -- -- -- 0.76 --
-- -- -- -- -- XP 4400 Struktol .RTM. -- -- -- -- 0.76 -- -- -- --
-- XP 4402 Aquamix .TM. 54.9% -- -- -- -- -- 0.55 -- -- 0.58 -- 111
# Water -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 12.04 -- 12.04 12.07 Ammonia 14% -- --
-- -- -- -- 1.86 -- 1.86 1.87 Penacolite 57% -- -- -- -- -- --
13.13 -- 13.12 13.16 Resin I-168-L 4,4' 95% -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.32 0.31 -- Methylenebis (N-phenyl maleimide) Wingstay .RTM. 100%
-- -- 0.86 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 29 Wingstay .RTM. L
100% -- -- 0.72 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70
Tacky Finish (Aquamix.TM.) with and without RFL-1
TABLE-US-00011 [0109] % Ingredients Solids Dry Wet 1A 1B 3A* 5A 5B
7A 7B RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 -- 28.85 -- -- 28.90 -- 28.87 Natural
latex 60% 60.00 100.00 97.32 99.72 198.79 96.89 99.91 97.88 99.81
Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75 1.87 1.92 1.97 3.93 1.91 1.97 1.93 1.97
Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40%
0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 14.62
14.98 29.87 14.56 15.01 14.71 15.00 Aquamix .TM. 814 # 62% -- --
93.40 95.71 -- -- -- -- -- Aquamix .TM. 789 # 52% -- -- -- --
230.87 -- -- -- -- Aquamix .TM. 570 # 53% -- -- -- -- -- 109.56
113.08 -- -- Aquamix .TM. 569# 52% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 113.04
115.27 Aquamix .TM. 126 # 55% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Bostex 379
A 54% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Aquamix .TM. 111 # 52% -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- -- Wingstay .RTM. 29 100% -- -- 0.68 0.70 1.40 0.68
0.70 0.69 0.70 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% -- -- 0.68 0.70 1.39 0.68 0.70
0.69 0.70 *Mix 3A coagulated and was not usable.
TABLE-US-00012 Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 9B 4 5 6 7 8 15 16
RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 29.17 29.24 29.21 29.24 29.23 29.24 29.24
29.24 Natural latex 60% 60.00 100.00 100.40 100.61 100.54 100.63
100.60 100.62 100.62 100.64 Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75 1.87 2.01
2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 2.02 Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40% 0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 14.01 14.04 14.03 14.04 14.04 14.04
14.04 14.04 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 49.8% -- -- 119.35 119.60 119.52
119.63 119.58 119.61 119.61 119.63 Struktol .RTM. LA 214 56% -- --
-- 0.71 -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. LA 229 40% -- -- -- --
0.79 -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. LA 331 50% -- -- -- -- -- 0.77
-- -- -- -- 50% Aquanox L 52% -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.79 -- -- -- 45%
Aquanox 2246 46% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.76 -- -- Disponil SLS 101
31% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.68 -- Special Disponil SDS 15 12% --
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 0.68 Wingstay 29 100% -- -- 0.75 0.75 0.75
0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 Wingstay L 100% -- -- 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73
0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet 9B A B C* D* F
RFL-1 30% 8.64 28.81 28.68 28.66 28.68 28.66 19.02 28.67 Natural
latex 60% 60.00 100.00 99.77 99.72 99.77 99.72 66.17 99.75
Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.75 1.87 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.90 1.26 1.90
Modicol 2271 30% 6.83 22.76 -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 40%
0.27 0.67 -- -- -- -- -- -- Litex-S 61 67% 9.65 14.40 14.47 14.46
14.47 14.46 9.60 14.47 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 49.8% -- -- 120.79 --
-- -- 74.85 -- 40% Aquares T 100 H 42.4% -- -- -- 141.48 -- -- --
-- 60% Aquares T 20 H 65.8% -- -- -- -- 94.66 -- -- -- IMCD -
Sample 1 51% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 117.71 Penacolite Resin B- 50% --
-- -- -- -- 127.87 9.45 -- 16-S Syvatac RE 85 100% -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- Hydro-Rez .TM. 1100 D 33% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Hydro-Rez .TM. 1400 D 30% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Hydro-Rez .TM.
800 E 44% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Pliocord .RTM. SB 2108 41% -- --
-- -- -- -- -- -- Pliotec .RTM. EL 80 55% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Pliotec .RTM. EL 25 50% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Wingstay .RTM. 29
100% -- -- 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.51 0.77 Wingstay .RTM. L 100% --
-- 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.46 0.70 Ingredients 9 10 11 12 13 14 RFL-1
28.77 28.76 28.99 29.25 28.94 28.78 Natural latex 99.86 99.84
100.64 101.53 100.47 99.91 Naugawhite .RTM. 2.22 2.22 2.24 2.26
2.24 2.22 Modicol 2271 -- -- -- -- -- -- Intrafor-S 10 -- -- -- --
-- -- Litex-S 61 -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 120.56
120.53 121.50 122.57 121.29 120.61 40% Aquares T 100 H -- -- -- --
-- -- 60% Aquares T 20 H -- -- -- -- -- -- IMCD - Sample 1 -- -- --
-- -- -- Penacolite Resin B- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16-S Syvatac RE 85
-- -- -- -- -- -- Hydro-Rez .TM. 1100 D 14.20 -- -- -- -- --
Hydro-Rez .TM. 1400 D -- 14.21 -- -- -- -- Hydro-Rez .TM. 800 E --
-- 14.17 -- -- -- Pliocord .RTM. SB 2108 -- -- -- 14.16 -- --
Pliotec .RTM. EL 80 -- -- -- -- 14.20 -- Pliotec .RTM. EL 25 -- --
-- -- -- 14.20 Wingstay .RTM. 29 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.79 0.79 0.78
Wingstay .RTM. L 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.72 0.71 0.71 *Mix C and Mix D
coagulated and were not usable.
Tacky Finish (Matrix-10) With RFL-1
TABLE-US-00013 [0110] Ingredients % Solids Dry Wet RFL-2 A B C D E
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 49.8% 22.39 44.96 354.60 -- -- -- -- --
Natural latex 60% 22.39 37.32 427.56 93.40 93.62 93.53 93.53 93.65
RFL-1 30% 3.23 10.75 102.11 26.84 26.93 26.94 27.04 27.26
Naugawhite .RTM. 40% 0.28 0.70 6.67 1.86 1.77 1.85 1.88 1.89
Litex-S 61 67% 3.60 5.37 51.27 13.70 13.77 14.02 14.64 14.45
Wingstay .RTM. 29 100% 0.26 0.26 2.81 0.73 0.65 0.92 0.66 0.72
Wingstay .RTM. L 40% 0.26 0.65 6.42 1.63 6.79 1.68 2.12 1.68
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395-A 49.8% -- -- -- 112.50 -- -- -- -- Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395-B 50.0% -- -- -- -- 112.54 -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP
4406 47.8% -- -- -- -- -- 112.43 -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4407 50.9%
-- -- -- -- -- -- 112.52 -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4408 49.5% -- -- --
-- -- -- -- 113.30 Struktol .RTM. XP 4409 47.9% -- -- -- -- -- --
-- -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4410 47.6% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- G-Tec GD
LCVLC 60.8% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- WB3 Slurry 50.8% -- -- -- -- --
-- -- -- Glimmer Mica TG 100% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Glimmer Mica
TF 100% -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Kaolinmehl Surmin 100% -- -- -- --
-- -- -- -- KOG Ingredients F G H I J K L Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 --
-- 114.25 93.48 74.70 74.57 74.59 Natural latex 93.67 93.70 --
112.72 90.07 89.92 89.94 RFL-1 27.06 27.13 27.15 26.92 21.51 21.47
21.48 Naugawhite .RTM. 1.90 1.83 1.86 1.76 1.41 1.40 1.40 Litex-S
61 13.82 13.88 13.57 13.52 10.80 10.78 10.78 Wingstay .RTM. 29 0.82
0.86 0.73 0.74 0.59 0.59 0.59 Wingstay .RTM. L 1.94 2.01 1.87 1.69
1.35 1.35 1.35 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395-A -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395-B -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP
4406 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4407 -- -- -- -- -- --
-- Struktol .RTM. XP 4408 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP
4409 112.46 -- -- -- -- -- -- Struktol .RTM. XP 4410 -- 112.80 --
-- -- -- -- G-Tec GD LCVLC -- -- 93.31 -- -- -- -- WB3 Slurry -- --
-- 0.68 -- -- -- Glimmer Mica TG -- -- -- -- 20.02 -- -- Glimmer
Mica TF -- -- -- -- -- 20.09 -- Kaolinmehl Surmin -- -- -- -- -- --
20.00 KOG
[0111] In the following examples, both RFL and tacky finish
formulations were applied to the fabric using a conventional
padding treatment procedure. In the RFL treatment procedure, the
fabric was padded with the RFL formulation and dried for 45 seconds
at 140.degree. C. in a convection oven. The fabric was then cured
for 45 seconds at 190.degree. C. in the same convection oven. After
the RFL treatment, the fabric was then further padded with the
tacky finish formulation and dried for 45 seconds in a 130.degree.
C. convection oven.
[0112] "Tire Rubber 1," "Tire Rubber 2," and "Tire Rubber 3" were
standard, commercially available tire rubber samples.
[0113] C. Tacky Level Fabric-to-Fabric (F/F) Test Procedure
[0114] The following test procedure was used to evaluate the tack
level of the treated fabric:
Equipment Set-Up
[0115] In this test procedure, two pieces of treated fabric are
pressed against each other and then torn away from each other. The
compression force was constant at 200 N. The amount of force that
is needed to tear the two pieces of fabric away from each other is
calculated as the amount of tackiness and is provided in the test
results as such. The equipment used for this test was a Lloyd
instruments LRX with a load cell of 500 Newtons. The test surface
was 5 centimeters by 5 centimeters in size.
[0116] Preparation of the test equipment included turning on the
Lloyd instrument, the PC and the display monitor. After the PC
started up, the program was initiated by double clicking on the
"Go" icon. Remote control (A of B) on pressed on the console. On
the display monitor, the red space bar was moved to the 3.sup.rd
line to indicate "load test set-up," the "enter" button was
pressed. In the space provided, "TACK" was typed and the "enter"
button was pressed. The red space bar was moved to the 4th line to
indicate "perform test" and the "enter" button was pressed two
times. The test layout appeared.
Fabric Testing
[0117] Three test strips were cut from the fabric with measurements
+/-8 cm in the fill direction and +/-20 cm in warp direction. The
three test strips were cut from the left side of the fabric, from
the middle of the fabric and from the right side of the fabric. The
fabric strips were cut in the middle for the bottom clamp and the
upper clamp.
[0118] The fabric strips were positioned into the clamped and
secured in place. The distance between the 2 clamps was 108 mm. The
test was started by pressing F6=0 and then F7=start.
[0119] After the 4 following steps the upper clamp comes down:
[0120] Step 1 300 mm/min. [0121] Step 2 50 mm/min. [0122] Step 3 10
mm/min. [0123] Step 4 10 mm/min.
[0124] At step 4, the upper clamp presses on the bottom clamp for
60 seconds at 200 Newtons of pressure. The various steps were
observable on the monitor. At the end of the test, the upper clamp
comes up in step 5 with a speed of 10 mm/minute and 300 mm/minute.
The test results were displayed on the monitor and were provided as
Newtons.
[0125] D. Tacky Level Fabric-to-Rubber (F/R) Test Procedure
[0126] The following test procedure was used to evaluate the tack
level of the treated fabric and rubber:
[0127] A strip of the treated fabric was cut into 5 cm.times.25 cm
sample size. The fabric was placed on top of a rubber sample to
form a fabric-rubber composite. A 9 kg weight was applied to the
fabric-rubber composite for a certain period of time (approximately
30 seconds). The weight was removed after expiration of the time
period. The tacky level of the fabric to rubber (e.g. the force
required to pull the fabric from the rubber sample) was determined
using a tensile tester machine to pull apart the fabric from the
rubber sample. The results were provided in Newtons/5 cm.
[0128] E. Adhesion Test Procedure
[0129] A modified version of ASTM D4393 "Standard Test Method for
Strap Peel Adhesion of Reinforcing Cords or Fabrics to Rubber
Compounds" was used to determine adhesion of treated fabric to
rubber.
[0130] Multiple layers of the treated fabric and rubber samples
were combined as illustrated below:
TABLE-US-00014 Belt Compound --------------------------- Mica
XXXXXXXXXXXXX Belt compound (1.02 mm) =============== Treated
Fabric XXXXXXXXXXXXX Belt compound (1.02 mm) ===============
Treated Fabric ---- Mica XXXXXXXXXXXXX Belt compound (1.02 mm)
=============== Treated Fabric XXXXXXXXXXXXX Belt compound (1.02
mm) =============== Treated Fabric XXXXXXXXXXXXX Belt compound
(1.02 mm) --------------------------- Mica
TABLE-US-00015 Base Tread Compound --------------------------- Mica
=============== Treated Fabric XXXXXXXXXXXXX Base tread compound
(3.53 mm) ---- Mica =============== Treated Fabric XXXXXXXXXXXXX
Base tread compound (3.53 mm) --------------------------- Mica
[0131] Vulcanization conditions for treated fabric combined with
Tire Rubber 2 samples were 32 minutes at 160.degree. C. at 26.0 bar
pressure. Vulcanization conditions for treated fabric combined with
Tire Rubber 3 samples were 24 minutes at 170.degree. C. at 26.0 bar
pressure. Test results were provided in Newtons/mm.
[0132] F. Tensile Strength and Elongation Test Procedure
[0133] A modified version of standard test method DIN 53857 was
used to evaluate the tensile strength (or breaking load) and
elongation (or extension at break) of the treated fabric. The
breaking load was the maximum load applied to a specimen in
stretching it to rupture. The breaking extension was the extension
at breaking load. The extension at a specified loading was
generally specified as % of the ultimate tensile strength.
[0134] The test procedure was as follows:
[0135] The equipment used for this test was a Lloyd 50KN tensile
tester with rubber-lined jaw faces that were 10 centimeters wide
and having a load cell of 30KN.
[0136] In preparing the fabric samples for testing, 150 mm of the
selvedge was avoided and, where possible, no two fabric samples
contained the same ends. Three fabric samples were cut (or five
fabric samples for fabric wider than 160 centimeters) in both the
warp and fill direction. Each sample measured 60 mm wide and 500 mm
long (for knitted elastic fabrics, the samples were cut 50 mm wide
and 500 mm long). Care was taken to not allow the fabric to fray
during the step of cutting.
[0137] The direction of warp threads for each fabric samples was
marked.
[0138] The fabric samples were then frayed down to 50 mm in width
by removing the threads equally on either side of the samples. Care
was taken to ensure that each fabric sample contained the same
number of warp and fill yarns.
[0139] Testing of standard fabric with feelers included setting the
crosshead speed to 300 m/min, setting the gauge length to 200 mm,
setting the laser electronics length to 100 mm, and using 180 bar
pressure for the jaws.
[0140] The fabric sample was inserted into the upper and lower
grips ensuring that the specimen is straight.
TABLE-US-00016 Pretension was set at: EP 63 90N ( 1/10 of min.
Tensile/cm required) EP 80 110N EP 100 135N EP 125 170N EP 160 210N
EP 200 260N EP 250 315N EP 350 415N EP 400 580N
[0141] Testing of standard fabric without feelers included setting
the crosshead speed to 200 m/min, setting the gauge length to 200
mm, no laser scan was utilized, and using 180 bar pressure for the
jaws.
[0142] The fabric sample was inserted into the upper and lower
grips ensuring that the specimen is straight. Pretension was set at
40 N.
[0143] Testing of elastic knitted fabric without feelers included
setting the crosshead speed to 100 m/min, setting the gauge length
to 100 mm, no laser scan was utilized, and using 180 bar pressure
for the jaws.
[0144] The maximum breaking load for the warp and for the fill
fabric samples was determined from the test procedure. The mean
values for the warp and fill samples were calculated separately
using the following equation:
% extension : L ( mm ) gauge length ( mm ) ( 1 ) ##EQU00001## L :
elongation in mm ( 1 ) : gauge length by using laser electronics =
100 mm ##EQU00001.2## without laser electronics = 200 mm
##EQU00001.3## elastic knitted fabric = 100 mm ##EQU00001.4##
[0145] All results were calculated through a computer which was
connected to the testing machines.
[0146] It was noted that if the break of any test fabric occurred
within 5 mm of the jaw at the load substantially less than the
average of normal breaks, this activity would be recorded. However,
the test result would be rejected for breaking load and
extension.
[0147] G. Aging Test Procedure
[0148] Samples put in an oven at 70.degree. C. for a total period
of 240 hours. The fabric-to-fabric tacky level (K/I/0.degree.) was
tested at 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 168 and 240 hours.
[0149] H. Test Results
[0150] Several fabrics were treated with various tacky finishes of
the present invention (with and without RFL treatment). These
treated fabrics were tested for tackiness and for tensile strength
and elongation according to the test procedures described
herein.
[0151] "DPU" is dry pick up; I=Weft side; K=Warp side;
0.degree.=chains tested in the same direction; 90.degree.=chains
tested crossed; F/F=Tacky level tested fabric-to-fabric;
F/TR1=Tacky level tested fabric-to-Tire Rubber 1; I/TR1=Tacky level
tested Weft side-to-Tire Rubber 1; K/TR1=Tacky level tested Warp
side-to-Tire Rubber 1; Belt=Adhesion results to the Belt compound
for the tire rubber sample; Under tread=Adhesion results to the
Under tread compound of the tire rubber sample.
[0152] Test results are provided in Tables 1A to 10 below.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 1A Tackiness Test Results for Dermulsene .TM.
Product Without RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Modicol A Mix With Fabric 195.20 33.83
17.33 5.9624 2.7116 4.0883 7.0928 Modicol B Mix Without Fabric
260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol A Mix
Without Fabric 198.05 36.68 18.52 4.9759 3.2948 4.0952 3.7473
Modicol B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 257.20 39.91 15.52 16.2650 11.8860
11.6470 13.4520 222 (1A) A Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 251.09 33.80
13.46 24.3710 13.4760 15.9670 15.2000 HBR 803 (5A) A Dermulsene
.TM. Fabric 249.04 31.75 12.75 22.3060 19.4450 14.6170 15.0800 RE
802 (7A) A Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 249.33 32.04 12.85 21.0590
12.2270 17.0070 18.8610 TR 602 (9A) A
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 1B Tackiness Test Results for Dermulsene .TM.
Product With RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 247.39 30.10 12.17 13.2470
10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 Modicol A Mix With Fabric 204.54 43.17
21.11 4.6588 5.7341 4.7128 3.7185 Modicol B Mix Without Fabric
237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Modicol A Mix
Without Fabric 187.82 26.45 14.08 4.0540 3.0475 3.2835 3.9054
Modicol B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 244.26 26.97 11.04 10.0880 5.5191
5.6581 3.7806 222 (1B) A Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 181.37 20.00 11.03
2.0557 1.1296 1.2301 0.7410 HBR 803 (5B) B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric
176.56 15.19 8.60 1.5739 1.3568 1.4478 1.6406 RE 802 (7B) B
Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 177.12 15.75 8.89 1.8242 1.5132 1.8294
1.8189 TR 602 (9B) B
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 1C Aging Test Results for Dermulsene .TM.
Product Without RFL Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 120 168 240 288 REF 1 A Fabric 16.2940
12.9080 -- 9.9425 -- 11.2240 5.7529 -- A REF 1 A Fabric 7.0928
5.1722 -- 3.6980 -- 1.5491 1.3177 -- B REF 2 A Fabric 12.0160
9.7626 -- 10.5560 -- 3.8279 3.9306 -- A REF 2 A Fabric 3.7473
3.9516 -- 3.4607 -- 0.7477 1.5362 -- B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric
13.4520 7.0224 -- 5.7032 -- 0.2339 0.0737 -- 1A A Dermulsene .TM.
Fabric 15.0800 10.9020 -- 6.6818 -- 6.0924 3.1702 -- 7A A
Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 18.8610 5.5961 8.2773 -- 5.2358 4.4542 --
7.7967 9A A
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 1D Aging Test Results for Dermulsene .TM.
Product With RFL Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 120 168 240 288 REF 1 B Fabric 10.8160
7.5774 -- 4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 -- A REF 1 B Fabric 3.7185 3.9135
-- 2.1279 -- 1.9595 0.8009 -- B REF 2 B Fabric 9.8329 3.0012 --
2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 -- A REF 2 B Fabric 3.9054 1.3924 -- 1.0223
-- 0.2270 0.0466 -- B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 3.7806 2.3753 --
0.2419 -- 0.0905 0.0546 -- 1B A Dermulsene .TM. Fabric 1.6406
0.6429 -- 0.6925 -- 0.0675 0.0881 -- 7B B Dermulsene .TM. Fabric
1.8189 0.1812 0.2734 -- 0.0417 0.0629 -- 0.0230 9B B
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 2A Tackiness Test Results for Snowtack .TM.
Product Without RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 195.20 33.83 17.33 5.9624
2.7116 4.0883 7.0928 Modicol B Mix Without Fabric 198.05 36.68
18.52 4.9759 3.2948 4.0952 3.7473 Modicol B Snowtack .TM. Fabric
184.87 23.50 12.71 3.3393 1.5573 3.4972 3.7442 100 G (1A) B
Snowtack .TM. Fabric 194.87 33.50 17.19 13.0480 15.1720 8.7224
14.1290 779 F (3A) B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 174.31 12.94 7.42 9.9530
3.8707 2.8077 8.2586 SE 780 G (5A) B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 182.84
21.47 11.74 2.5978 3.0710 1.4360 2.8041 SE 780 K (7A) B
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 2B Tackiness Test Results for Snowtack .TM.
Product With RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 204.54 43.17 21.11 4.6588
5.7341 4.7128 3.7185 Modicol B Mix Without Fabric 187.82 26.45
14.08 4.0540 3.0475 3.2835 3.9054 Modicol B Snowtack .TM. Fabric
181.70 20.33 11.19 19.0990 15.3380 10.4220 14.6150 100 G (1B) B
Snowtack .TM. Fabric 176.45 15.08 8.55 10.8130 5.6741 4.0371
10.2140 779 F (3B) B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 177.11 15.74 8.89 4.8495
8.1488 14.4150 7.1137 SE 780 G (5B) B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 176.07
14.70 8.35 1.9937 2.3742 1.9160 1.4924 SE 780 K (7B) B
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 2C Aging Test Results for Snowtack .TM.
Product Without RFL Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 72 120 168 240 288 REF 1 A Fabric 7.0928 5.1722
3.6980 -- 1.5491 1.3177 -- B REF 2 A Fabric 3.7473 3.9516 3.4607 --
0.7477 1.5362 -- B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 3.7442 1.7690 -- 0.4574
0.0276 -- 0.2219 1A B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 14.1290 3.8231 -- 1.2596
1.5024 -- 0.0183 3A B
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 2D Aging Test Results for Snowtack .TM.
Product With RFL Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 72 120 168 240 288 REF 1 B Fabric 3.7185 3.9135
2.1279 -- 1.9595 0.8009 -- B REF 2 B Fabric 3.9054 1.3924 1.0223 --
0.2270 0.0466 -- B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 14.6150 4.0813 -- 0.7054
0.1629 -- 0.2022 1B B Snowtack .TM. Fabric 10.2140 2.3608 -- 1.1476
0.0614 -- 0.0064 3B B
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 3A Tackiness Test Results for Aquatac .RTM.
Product Without RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Modicol A Mix Without Fabric 260.06 42.77
16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol A Aquatac .RTM. Fabric
246.92 29.63 12.00 -- -- -- 41.283 XR 4316 (1A) A
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 3B Tackiness Test Results for Aquatac .RTM.
Product With RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 247.39 30.10 12.17 13.2470
10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 Modicol A Mix Without Fabric 237.84 20.55
8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Modicol A Aquatac .RTM. Fabric
243.92 26.63 10.92 36.0130 14.7050 22.9610 25.5210 XR 4316 (1B)
A
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 4A Tackiness Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-1) Product Without RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons)
Sample Fabric g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree.
K/I/90.degree. K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61
8.2187 8.8737 6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 255.58 38.29
14.98 23.1370 13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Modicol A Mix Without Fabric
260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol A
Struktol .RTM. Fabric 269.78 52.49 19.46 -- -- -- 19.145 LT 159
(1A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 262.86 45.57 17.34 -- -- -- 18.306 LT
356 (3A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 260.08 42.79 16.45 -- -- -- 31.535
XP 4392 (5A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 257.53 40.24 15.63 -- -- --
21.960 XP 4394 (7A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 258.79 41.50 16.04 --
-- -- 27.549 XP 4395 (9A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 256.26 38.97
15.21 -- -- -- 16.285 XP 4397 (11A) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 256.27
38.98 15.21 -- -- -- 29.552 XP 4398 (13A) A
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 4B Tackiness Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-1) Product With RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons)
Sample Fabric g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree.
K/I/90.degree. K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric 235.19 17.90 7.61
8.2187 8.8737 6.7889 5.5824 REF A Mix With Fabric 247.39 30.10
12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 Modicol A Mix Without Fabric
237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Modicol A Struktol
.RTM. Fabric 252.55 35.26 13.96 11.7220 14.1140 15.5380 16.560 LT
159 A (1B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric 259.70 42.41 16.33 13.9080 12.0940
15.3040 25.034 LT 356 (3B) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 256.62 39.33
15.33 23.9750 25.1890 25.2840 26.003 XP 4392 A (5B) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric 254.62 37.33 14.66 29.8520 16.2330 17.9780 24.212 XP 4394
(7B) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 250.53 33.24 13.27 25.6810 20.9740
19.5760 33.657 XP 4395 (9B) A Struktol .RTM. Fabric 251.98 34.69
13.77 24.3270 15.6500 12.4470 18.082 XP 4397 A (11B) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric 259.07 41.78 16.13 25.2920 18.6070 15.4810 23.623 XP 4398 A
(13B) Tacky Level Fabric Tacky Level Fabric to Tire Rubber 1 to
Tire Rubber 2 Adhesion to (F/TR1) (F/TR2) Tire Rubber 2 (Newtons/5
cm) (Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm) Sample I/TR1 K/TR1 I/TR2 K/TR2 Belt
Base tread Production REF 9.1 10.9 1.0 4.3 11.19 13.71 Mix With No
fabric -- -- -- -- -- Modicol available Mix No -- -- -- -- --
Without fabric Modicol available Struktol .RTM. 7.4 13.4 No fabric
No fabric 20.95 11.98 LT 159 available available (1B) Struktol
.RTM. 5.5 7.6 No fabric No fabric 16.15 9.65 LT 356 available
available (3B) Struktol .RTM. 8.0 6.4 No fabric No fabric 13.13
9.27 XP 4392 available available (5B) Struktol .RTM. 6.3 5.4 No
fabric No fabric 15.14 18.70 XP 4394 available available (7B)
Struktol .RTM. 6.1 7.5 3.0 2.3 19.24 19.08 XP 4395 (9B) Struktol
.RTM. 5.5 8.4 No fabric No fabric 14.03 15.68 XP 4397 available
available (11B) Struktol .RTM. 7.3 8.3 No fabric No fabric 19.56
17.92 XP 4398 available available (13B)
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 4D Aging Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-1) Product With RFL Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time
Intervals Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 96 168 240 Production Fabric A
5.5824 10.5780 7.9430 7.7150 3.5387 2.8474 3.6169 REF Mix With
Fabric A 10.8160 7.5774 -- 4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 Modicol Mix
Fabric A 9.8329 3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 Without Modicol
Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 16.560 23.4580 23.2775 13.0485 8.4412
4.5498 0.2596 LT 159 (1B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 25.034 9.4993
6.3933 6.5409 6.3207 1.3080 0.9723 LT 356 (3B) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 26.003 13.8345 10.9105 8.1737 5.7903 1.6289 0.3541 XP 4392
(5B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 24.212 14.9852 16.9025 10.3266 6.6474
4.0215 1.4050 XP 4394 (7B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 33.657 11.2449
9.0429 9.7567 6.1857 2.3449 1.8660 XP 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 18.082 8.3461 7.7371 7.7476 1.1126 1.9236 0.0025 XP 4397
(11B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 23.623 6.9250 4.9950 3.3023 0.6821
0.2397 0.0150 XP 4398 (13B)
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 5 Tackiness Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-2) Product DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric A 235.19 235.19 100.00 8.2187
8.8737 6.7889 5.5824 REF REF 1A Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 REF 1B Fabric A 247.39 30.10 12.17 13.2470
10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 REF 2A Fabric A 260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280
8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 REF 2B Fabric A 237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958
11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 266.05 48.76 18.33
13.3340 10.7390 12.5940 10.720 1A Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 255.84
38.55 15.07 12.0600 11.3750 13.9440 10.704 1B Struktol .RTM. Fabric
A 261.67 44.38 16.96 10.6480 10.9320 11.5130 9.003 1C Struktol
.RTM. Fabric A 269.56 52.27 19.39 14.6490 9.3176 11.3570 9.368 2A
Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 257.05 39.76 15.47 10.8920 10.4640 11.1170
9.391 2B Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 254.66 37.37 14.67 11.1890 10.5850
11.2940 11.305 2C Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 260.97 43.68 16.74
16.4310 8.7419 12.2710 9.799 3A Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 259.48
42.19 16.26 8.2276 9.8091 9.6345 8.280 3B Struktol .RTM. Fabric A
251.38 34.09 13.56 15.1800 9.9150 11.3060 10.419 3C Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 256.97 39.68 15.44 8.2427 10.1960 9.4816 10.043 4A
Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 255.53 38.24 14.96 8.9236 9.4967 10.2070
9.346 4B Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 252.54 35.25 13.96 11.4300 11.5910
11.4320 9.476 4C Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 267.31 50.02 18.71 13.0230
7.9985 11.6950 8.649 5A Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 257.88 40.59 15.74
22.4690 11.9960 12.7380 14.196 5B Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 250.26
32.97 13.17 15.1640 12.6470 13.1650 8.479 5C Struktol .RTM. Fabric
A 260.47 43.18 16.58 15.2870 9.2837 8.9205 10.437 6A Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 255.51 38.22 14.96 20.9650 10.3770 18.0460 13.458 6B
Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 246.10 28.81 11.71 18.2780 6.8844 12.9070
13.146 6C
TABLE-US-00031 TABLE 6A Tackiness Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-3) Product DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF Mix With Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Modicol Mix With Fabric A 247.39 30.10
12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 Modicol + RFL Mix Fabric A
260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Without Modicol
Mix Fabric A 237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Without
Modicol + RFL Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 250.53 33.24 13.27 25.6810
20.9740 19.5760 33.657 XP 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 261.22
43.93 16.82 8.9947 8.9313 13.8970 10.793 LT 356 (3D) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 260.97 43.68 16.74 31.0440 26.8750 27.9300 28.578 XP 4392
(5D) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 256.45 39.16 15.27 30.3530 20.6120
21.4210 20.749 XP 4394 (7D) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 240.71 23.42
9.73 45.6260 38.5690 38.8340 40.164 XP 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A -- -- -- 23.3960 10.6200 18.7460 16.827 XP 4395 na 45'' @
180.degree. C. Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 260.52 43.23 16.59 33.0780
21.0780 27.1540 26.413 XP 4395 + TMQ (9B + TMQ) Struktol .RTM.
Fabric A 267.17 49.88 18.67 27.6200 13.3110 20.8000 19.459 XP 4395
(9D) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 259.29 42.00 16.20 36.1370 34.2170
38.8750 30.817 XP 4399 (15A) Struktol .RTM. Fabric A 265.07 47.78
18.03 32.8380 27.5940 30.5430 23.617 XP 4399 (15B) Tacky Level
Fabric to Tire Adhesion to Rubber 1 (F/TR1) Tire Rubber 3
(Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm) Sample I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under tread
Production REF 9.1 10.9 7.31 6.74 Mix With Modicol No fabric
available Mix With No fabric available Modicol + RFL Mix Without
Modicol No fabric available Mix Without No fabric available Modicol
+ RFL Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) 6.1 7.5 No fabric available
Struktol .RTM. LT 356 (3D) 5.1 5.7 6.44 6.96 Struktol .RTM. XP 4392
(5D) 4.8 4.8 7.22 6.98 Struktol .RTM. XP 4394 (7D) 4.7 3.7 7.14
6.58 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) 6.9 4.3 7.46 6.95 Struktol .RTM.
XP 4395 na 45'' -- -- -- -- @ 180.degree. C. Struktol .RTM. XP 4395
+ TMQ 5.2 5.0 6.59 7.71 (9B + TMQ) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9D) 4.9
4.9 6.66 7.11 Struktol .RTM. XP 4399 (15A) -- -- -- -- Struktol
.RTM. XP 4399 (15B) 9.2 7.7 6.51 7.46
TABLE-US-00032 TABLE 6B Aging Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-3) Product Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 96 168 240 Production REF Fabric A 5.5824
10.5780 7.9430 7.7150 3.5387 2.8474 3.6169 Mix With Modicol Fabric
A 10.8160 7.5774 -- 4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 Mix Without Modicol
Fabric A 9.8329 3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 Fabric A 33.657 11.2449 9.0429 9.7567 6.1857 2.3449 1.8660
(9B) Struktol .RTM. LT 356 (3D) Fabric A 10.793 3.0145 6.5397
3.0233 1.7336 2.0415 0.0465 Struktol .RTM. XP 4392 Fabric A 28.578
14.5355 19.0550 12.2070 7.1411 4.8426 0.4500 (5D) Struktol .RTM. XP
4394 Fabric A 20.749 10.8749 15.2165 9.3733 9.7307 6.6972 1.1401
(7D) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 40.164 13.1905 8.2240 8.4786
6.2426 8.2888 2.8078 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 26.413
2.5740 3.2254 3.1982 3.3334 1.5980 0.9516 TMQ (9B + TMQ) Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 19.459 6.8719 5.6360 8.2669 8.4955 1.0758
0.1592 (9D) Struktol .RTM. XP 4399 Fabric A 23.617 6.6596 5.4945
5.5293 4.4350 4.3473 0.9707 (15B)
TABLE-US-00033 TABLE 7A Tackiness Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-4) Product DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production REF Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187
8.8737 6.7889 5.5824 Mix With Modicol Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98
23.1370 13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Mix With Modicol + Fabric A 247.39
30.10 12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 RFL Mix Without Fabric
A 260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol Mix
Without Fabric A 237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329
Modicol + RFL Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 250.53 33.24 13.27 25.6810
20.9740 19.5760 33.657 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 240.71
23.42 9.73 45.6260 38.5690 38.8340 40.164 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM.
XP Fabric A 255.52 38.23 14.96 31.2450 23.3190 24.9000 22.5217 4395
(9B) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 273.73 56.44 20.62 31.8140 25.0390
25.8300 25.0440 4395 (9Ba) + Struktol .RTM. XP 4400 Struktol .RTM.
XP Fabric A 268.91 51.62 19.20 22.3720 18.5180 26.4830 26.3263 4395
(9Bb) + Struktol .RTM. XP 4402 Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 259.69
42.40 16.33 33.1010 19.7290 24.0090 24.2700 4395 (9Bc) + Aquamix
.TM. 111# Struktol XP 4395 Fabric A 252.42 35.13 13.92 22.2640
24.6170 25.7380 25.8390 (9 Bd) + Penacolite Resin I-168-L Struktol
.RTM. XP Fabric A 268.68 51.39 19.13 40.1230 23.0940 32.5290
27.9547 4395 (9Be) + Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 247.20
29.91 12.10 31.3630 18.6670 20.7280 24.7920 4395 (9Bf) + Aquamix
.TM. 111# + I-168-L + Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A
258.76 41.47 16.03 27.3270 20.9630 24.5910 24.2560 4395/Struktol
.RTM. XP 4399 (9Bg) + Penacolite Resin I-168-L Tacky Level Fabric
to Tire Rubber 1 (F/TR1) Adhesion to Tire Rubber 3 (Newtons/5 cm)
(Newtons/mm) Sample I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under tread Production REF 9.1
10.9 7.31 6.74 Mix With Modicol No fabric available Mix With
Modicol + RFL No fabric available Mix Without Modicol No fabric
available Mix Without Modicol + RFL No fabric available Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395 (9B) 6.1 7.5 No fabric available Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 (9B) 6.9 4.3 7.46 6.95 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) 9.3 8.1
7.25 7.43 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9Ba) + 7.0 7.8 7.38 6.80 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4400 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9Bb) + 10.5 10.1 7.11 7.31
Struktol .RTM. XP 4402 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9Bc) + 8.1 8.3 8.02
6.75 Aquamix .TM. 111# Struktol XP 4395 (9 Bd) + 10.2 10.0 8.09
6.97 Penacolite Resin I-168-L Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9Be) + 7.5
7.7 7.36 6.93 Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9Bf) + 7.8 7.8
8.78 7.14 Aquamix .TM. 111# + I-168-L + Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM.
XP 4395/ 9.5 7.2 7.97 6.59 Struktol .RTM. XP 4399 (9Bg) +
Penacolite Resin I-168-L
TABLE-US-00034 TABLE 7B Aging Test Results for Struktol .RTM.
(Struktol-4) Product Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals
Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 96 168 240 Production REF Fabric A 5.5824
10.5780 7.9430 7.7150 3.5387 2.8474 3.6169 Mix With Modicol + RFL
Fabric A 10.8160 7.5774 -- 4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 Mix Without
Modicol + RFL Fabric A 9.8329 3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 33.657 11.2449 9.0429 9.7567
6.1857 2.3449 1.8660 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 40.164
13.1905 8.2240 8.4786 6.2426 8.2888 2.8078 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395
(9B) Fabric A 22.5217 6.2746 6.1279 4.9981 -- 1.1563 0.2171
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9 Ba) + Fabric A 25.0440 9.4289 5.2348
8.5538 -- 0.9433 0.7699 Struktol XP 4400 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9
Bb) + Fabric A 26.3263 3.9868 5.0503 1.6823 -- 1.4047 0.5049
Struktol .RTM. XP 4402 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9 Bc) + Fabric A
24.2700 8.6589 4.7324 2.4997 -- 0.1597 0.0487 Aquamix .TM. 111#
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9 Bd) + Fabric A 25.8390 6.6869 8.8907
6.4971 -- 2.6024 1.0672 Penacolite Resin I-168-L Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 (9 Be) + Fabric A 27.9547 4.0500 7.9711 3.8465 -- 1.4788
0.2132 Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9 Bf) + Fabric A
24.7920 4.4309 7.6911 2.2549 -- 1.4763 0.3084 Aquamix .TM. 111# +
I-168-L + Bismaleimide Struktol .RTM. XP 4395/ Fabric A 24.2560
8.7784 4.3710 4.3643 -- 1.0608 0.4155 Struktol XP 4399 (9 Bg) +
Penacolite Resin I-168-L
TABLE-US-00035 TABLE 8A Tackiness Test Results for Aquamix .TM.
Product Without RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF Mix Without Fabric A 260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280
8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol Mix Without Fabric A 237.84 20.55
8.64 6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 Modicol + RFL Aquamix .TM. Fabric
A 255.49 38.20 14.95 35.912 32.595 39.268 31.4607 814 # (1A)
Aquamix .TM. Fabric A 257.18 39.89 15.51 7.6075 13.625 7.7216
6.0545 570 # (5A) Aquamix .TM. Fabric A 269.44 52.15 19.35 10.438
11.086 13.195 7.9024 569 # (7A)
TABLE-US-00036 TABLE 8B Tackiness Test Results for Aquamix .TM.
Product With RFL DPU Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric
g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 % I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree.
K/I/0.degree. Production Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737
6.7889 5.5824 REF Mix With Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 Modicol Mix With Fabric A 247.39 30.10
12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 Modicol + RFL Aquamix .TM.
Fabric A 257.76 40.47 15.70 32.8040 23.9000 22.5880 24.1857 814 #
(1B) Aquamix .TM. Fabric A 246.06 28.77 11.69 6.6083 10.1620 5.9597
5.1484 570 # (5B) Aquamix .TM. Fabric A 252.20 34.91 13.84 7.5670
8.3389 8.8675 8.2230 569 # (7B) Tacky Level Fabric to Adhesion to
Tire Rubber 1 (F/TR1) Tire Rubber 3 (Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm)
Sample Fabric I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under tread Production REF Fabric A
9.1 10.9 7.31 6.74 Mix With Fabric A No fabric available Modicol
Mix With Fabric A No fabric available Modicol + RFL Aquamix .TM.
814 # (1B) Fabric A 8.4 11.9 8.62 7.69 Aquamix .TM. 570 # (5B)
Fabric A -- -- -- -- Aquamix .TM. 569 # (7B) Fabric A -- -- --
--
TABLE-US-00037 TABLE 8C Aging Test Results for Aquamix .TM. Product
Tacky Level (F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals Sample Fabric 0 24 48
72 96 168 240 Production REF Fabric A 5.5824 10.5780 7.9430 7.7150
3.5387 2.8474 3.6169 Mix With Modicol + Fabric A 10.8160 7.5774 --
4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 RFL Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A 9.8329
3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 RFL Aquamix .TM. 814 # (1B)
Fabric A 24.1857 3.1870 4.9414 2.0981 1.2831 1.5653 0.9480
TABLE-US-00038 TABLE 9A Tackiness Test Results (Matrix 9-A) DPU
Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 %
I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree. K/I/0.degree.
Production REF Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737 6.7889
5.5824 Mix With Modicol (REF Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370
13.1360 15.2900 16.2940 1A) Mix With Modicol + Fabric A 247.39
30.10 12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 RFL (REF 1B) Mix
Without Modicol Fabric A 260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560
12.0160 (REF 2A) Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A 237.84 20.55 8.64
6.2958 11.2400 9.2775 9.8329 RFL (REF 2B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395
(9B) Fabric A 250.53 33.24 13.27 25.681 20.974 19.576 33.657
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 240.71 23.42 9.73 45.626
38.569 38.834 40.164 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 255.52
38.23 14.96 31.245 23.319 24.900 22.522 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B)
Fabric A 250.46 33.17 13.24 17.3980 15.2860 16.9040 13.9690 (4)
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 271.68 54.39 20.02 27.7800
22.3850 23.2170 22.1527 Struktol .RTM. LA 214 (5) Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 + Fabric A 274.64 57.35 20.88 22.7750 17.6270 18.7140 17.6560
Struktol .RTM. LA 229 (6) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 269.11
51.82 19.26 23.3640 16.5700 19.4700 17.2533 Struktol .RTM. LA 331
(7) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 258.48 41.19 15.94 14.0470
12.7190 13.3720 12.2453 50% Aquanox L (8) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 +
Fabric A 270.02 52.73 19.53 22.8280 13.5620 18.0470 15.3570 45%
Aquanox 2246 (15) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 265.14 47.85
18.05 16.6770 14.1320 16.2710 14.7923 Disponil .RTM. SLS 101
Special (16) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 265.77 48.48 18.24
18.5560 10.1500 13.3680 12.1922 Disponil .RTM. SDS 15 Tacky Level
Fabric To Tire Rubber 1 Adhesion to (F/TR1) Tire Rubber 3
(Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm) Sample Fabric I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under
tread Production REF Fabric A 9.1 10.9 7.31 6.74 Mix With Modicol
(REF 1A) Fabric A No fabric available Mix With Modicol + RFL (REF
1B) Fabric A No fabric available Mix Without Modicol (REF 2A)
Fabric A No fabric available Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A No
fabric available RFL (REF 2B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A
6.1 7.5 No fabric available Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A
6.9 4.3 7.46 6.95 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 9.3 8.1 7.25
7.43 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 7.3 6.9 8.25 10.04 (4)
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 10.3 6.9 3.38 2.86 Struktol .RTM.
LA 214 (5) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 5.4 4.2 8.04 7.74
Struktol .RTM. LA 229 (6) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 7.4 7.2
7.55 8.14 Struktol .RTM. LA 331 (7) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric
A 7.3 7.2 7.98 8.32 50% Aquanox L (8) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 +
Fabric A 10.1 8.5 6.84 7.60 45% Aquanox 2246 (15) Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 + Fabric A 8.1 7.8 8.03 8.09 Disponil .RTM. SLS 101 Special
(16) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 9.2 7.9 7.71 7.86 Disponil
.RTM. SDS 15
TABLE-US-00039 TABLE 9B Tackiness Test Results (Matrix 9-B) DPU
Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 %
I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree. K/I/0.degree.
Production REF Fabric A 235.19 17.90 7.61 8.2187 8.8737 6.7889
5.5824 Mix With Modicol Fabric A 255.58 38.29 14.98 23.1370 13.1360
15.2900 16.2940 (REF 1A) Mix With Modicol + Fabric A 247.39 30.10
12.17 13.2470 10.6690 10.0680 10.8160 RFL (REF 1B) Mix Without
Fabric A 260.06 42.77 16.45 16.6280 8.8056 10.2560 12.0160 Modicol
(REF 2A) Mix Without Fabric A 237.84 20.55 8.64 6.2958 11.2400
9.2775 9.8329 Modicol + RFL (REF 2B) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A
250.53 33.24 13.27 25.681 20.974 19.576 33.657 4395 (9B) Struktol
.RTM. XP Fabric A 240.71 23.42 9.73 45.626 38.569 38.834 40.164
4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 255.52 38.23 14.96 31.245
23.319 24.900 22.522 4395 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 250.46
33.17 13.24 17.3980 15.2860 16.9040 13.9690 4395 (9B) Struktol
.RTM. XP Fabric A 247.81 30.52 12.32 9.1274 6.5657 5.7848 7.2115
4395 (9B) (A) 40% Aquares Fabric A 244.44 27.15 11.11 10.7380
14.7030 15.1840 14.2950 T 100 H (B) 60% Aquares Fabric A 247.10
29.81 12.06 2.3962 2.5472 2.4466 1.4686 T 20 H (F) IMCD - Fabric A
251.45 34.16 13.59 9.1945 2.1227 2.9667 2.6235 Sample 1 (9)
Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 247.17 29.88 12.09 4.1867 4.8796 4.1202
3.9861 4395 + Hydro- Rez .TM. 1100 D (10) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric
A 242.96 25.67 10.57 9.2122 5.3474 7.2374 5.2973 4395 + Hydro- Rez
.TM. 1400 D (11) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 255.35 38.06 14.91
8.4378 10.6400 11.3990 8.4404 4395 + Hydro- Rez .TM. 800 E (12)
Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 247.10 29.81 12.06 2.7534 7.9873 8.9242
7.7534 4395 + Pliocord .RTM. SB 2108 (13) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric
A 249.06 31.77 12.76 9.3246 9.4860 8.8594 10.9775 4395 + Pliotec
.RTM. EL 80 (14) Struktol .RTM. XP Fabric A 248.71 31.42 12.63
11.4930 6.9837 7.0507 5.0279 4395 + Pliotec .RTM. EL 25 Tacky Level
Fabric to Tire Rubber 1 Adhesion to (F/TR1) Tire Rubber 3
(Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm) Sample Fabric I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under
tread Production REF Fabric A 9.1 10.9 7.31 6.74 Mix With Modicol
(REF 1A) Fabric A No fabric available Mix With Modicol + Fabric A
No fabric available RFL (REF 1B) Mix Without Modicol (REF 2A)
Fabric A No fabric available Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A No
fabric available RFL (REF 2B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 6.1
7.5 No fabric available (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 6.9
4.3 7.46 6.95 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 9.3 8.1 7.25
7.43 (9B) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 7.3 6.9 8.25 10.04 (9B)
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 Fabric A 7.5 6.4 7.68 8.58 (9B) (A) 40%
Aquares T Fabric A 4.6 6.1 7.85 7.72 100 H (B) 60% Aquares T 20 H
Fabric A 4.5 5.2 8.16 7.37 (F) IMCD - Sample 1 Fabric A 6.9 5.2
7.76 7.48 (9) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 7.8 5.1 7.75 6.84
Hydro-Rez .TM. 1100 D (10) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 4.5
6.1 8.30 7.46 Hydro-Rez .TM. 1400 D (11) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 +
Fabric A 8.7 4.4 2.72 1.56 Hydro-Rez .TM. 800 E (12) Struktol .RTM.
XP 4395 + Fabric A 6.0 6.0 7.76 8.98 Pliocord .RTM. SB 2108 (13)
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 5.1 4.9 7.56 7.18 Pliotec .RTM.
EL 80 (14) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 5.2 5.5 7.96 7.44
Pliotec .RTM. EL 25
TABLE-US-00040 TABLE 9C Aging Test Results (Matrix 9-A) Tacky Level
(F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 96 168
240 Production REF Fabric A 5.5824 10.5780 7.9430 7.7150 3.5387
2.8474 3.6169 Mix With Modicol + RFL Fabric A 10.8160 7.5774 --
4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A 9.8329
3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 RFL Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B)
Fabric A 33.657 11.2449 9.0429 9.7567 6.1857 2.3449 1.8660 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 40.164 13.1905 8.2240 8.4786 6.2426
8.2888 2.8078 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 13.9690 2.1342
0.9767 1.8151 1.3062 0.5413 0.2671 (4) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 +
Fabric A 22.1527 6.7093 2.2585 2.5136 1.4995 0.7924 0.6257 Struktol
.RTM. LA 214 (5) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 17.6560 3.9235
3.0080 1.2153 1.6016 0.9746 0.2650 Struktol .RTM. LA 229 (6)
Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 17.2533 2.6124 1.6210 1.3511
1.4532 0.3618 0.5161 Struktol .RTM. LA 331 (7) Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 + Fabric A 12.2453 1.2993 0.9519 1.6618 0.4760 0.2324 0.2255
50% Aquanox L (8) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 15.3570 2.2120
1.5886 1.3926 1.0118 0.9993 0.0789 45% Aquanox 2246 (15) Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 14.7923 2.8052 1.7640 0.6099 1.0262 0.1683
0.1169 Disponil .RTM. SLS 101 Special (16) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 +
Fabric A 12.1922 2.6285 1.5515 1.0076 0.6098 0.2726 0.1114 Disponil
.RTM. SDS 15
TABLE-US-00041 TABLE 9D Aging Test Results (Matrix 9-B) Tacky Level
(F/F) (Newtons) At Time Intervals Sample Fabric 0 24 48 72 96 168
240 Production REF Fabric A 5.5824 10.5780 7.9430 7.7150 3.5387
2.8474 3.6169 Mix With Modicol + RFL Fabric A 10.8160 7.5774 --
4.8813 -- 0.3320 0.2708 Mix Without Modicol + Fabric A 9.8329
3.0012 -- 2.5713 -- 0.8492 0.0314 RFL Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B)
Fabric A 33.657 11.2449 9.0429 9.7567 6.1857 2.3449 1.8660 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 40.164 13.1905 8.2240 8.4786 6.2426
8.2888 2.8078 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B) Fabric A 13.9690 2.1342
0.9767 1.8151 1.3062 0.5413 0.2671 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 (9B)
Fabric A 7.2115 1.4467 0.3032 0.2485 0.0455 0.0743 0.0262 (A) 40%
Aquares T 100 H Fabric A 14.2950 10.0608 4.7032 2.8271 1.6437
0.7456 0.0859 (B) 60% Aquares T 20 H Fabric A 1.4686 0.7280 0.4172
0.3409 0.0670 0.0157 0.1013 (F) IMCD - Sample 1 Fabric A 2.6235
1.0101 0.2076 0.1149 0.1591 0.0854 0.1059 (9) Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 + Fabric A 3.9861 1.2572 0.1556 0.1545 0.0570 0.0225 0.0713
Hydro-Rez .TM. 1100 D (10) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 5.2973
1.4870 0.5444 0.3272 0.3959 0.0075 0.0541 Hydro-Rez .TM. 1400 D
(11) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 8.4404 2.0984 0.8567 1.0935
0.1928 0.0991 0.1012 Hydro-Rez .TM. 800 E (12) Struktol .RTM. XP
4395 + Fabric A 7.7534 1.3560 0.0638 0.1575 0.0945 0.0266 0.1993
Pliocord .RTM. SB 2108 (13) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A
10.9775 1.3071 1.7614 0.9357 0.2206 0.0723 0.1056 Pliotec .RTM. EL
80 (14) Struktol .RTM. XP 4395 + Fabric A 5.0279 1.5665 0.5306
0.1563 0.1834 0.0863 0.1227 Pliotec .RTM. EL 25
TABLE-US-00042 TABLE 10 Tackiness Test Results (Matrix 10) DPU
Total Tacky (F/F) (Newtons) Sample Fabric g/m.sup.2 g/m.sup.3 %
I/I/90.degree. K/K/90.degree. K/I/90.degree. K/I/0.degree. Ref
RFL-2 Fabric A 253.42 36.13 14.26 6.8613 10.322 11.137 9.9133 A
RFL-2, replace Fabric A 247.31 30.02 12.14 9.6316 5.0662 8.1579
6.4839 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395-A B RFL-2, replace Fabric A 242.35
25.06 10.34 1.9576 0.4985 3.3658 2.4326 Struktol .RTM. XP 4395-B C
RFL-2, replace Fabric A 250.44 33.15 13.24 2.8595 2.2936 4.1628
2.3458 Struktol .RTM. XP 4406 D RFL-2, replace Fabric A 247.60
30.31 12.24 5.5398 2.8782 5.7705 4.2796 Struktol .RTM. XP 4407 E
RFL-2, replace Fabric A 246.94 29.65 12.01 8.286 8.8041 7.1351
7.4339 Struktol .RTM. XP 4408 F RFL-2, replace Fabric A 241.79
24.50 10.13 12.310 7.8718 9.4916 7.7876 Struktol .RTM. XP 4409 G
RFL-2, replace Fabric A 252.18 34.89 13.84 2.5088 2.1243 1.4280
2.2998 Struktol XP 4410 H RFL-2, replace Fabric A 251.78 34.49
13.70 6.5206 7.1565 9.2611 4.8148 Natural latex by G Tex GD LCV LC
I RFL-2 + 0.5% Fabric A 254.93 37.64 14.76 17.816 4.7476 5.8065
8.6323 WB 3 Slurry J RFL-2 + 10% Fabric A 258.26 40.97 15.86 3.2311
3.4729 3.2173 3.9141 Glimmer Mica TG K RFL-2 + 10% Fabric A 249.20
31.91 12.80 3.8897 3.0519 3.4894 3.5992 Glimmer Mica TF L RFL-2 +
10% Fabric A 244.81 27.52 11.24 3.4392 2.8097 2.9727 3.8281
Kaolinmehl Surmin KOG Tacky Level Fabric To Tire Rubber 1 (F/TR1)
Adhesion to Tire Rubber 3 (Newtons/5 cm) (Newtons/mm) Sample Fabric
I/TR1 K/TR1 Belt Under tread Ref RFL-2 Fabric A 8.7 10.3 7.72 7.89
A RFL-2, replace Fabric A 8.5 8.2 7.64 8.53 Struktol .RTM. XP
4395-A B RFL-2, replace Fabric A 6.9 8.2 7.36 8.27 Struktol .RTM.
XP 4395-B C RFL-2, replace Fabric A 8.4 8.6 7.67 6.99 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4406 D RFL-2, replace Fabric A 7.6 9.9 7.53 7.56 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4407 E RFL-2, replace Fabric A 8.0 10.2 8.36 7.18 Struktol
.RTM. XP 4408 F RFL-2, Fabric A 4.2 8.0 7.75 6.76 replace Struktol
.RTM. XP 4409 G RFL-2, replace Fabric A 6.0 6.9 6.08 8.08 Struktol
XP 4410 H RFL-2, replace Fabric A 7.8 8.8 7.61 7.88 Natural latex
by G Tex GD LCV LC I RFL-2 + 0.5% Fabric A 7.4 8.8 7.34 9.39 WB 3
Slurry J RFL-2 + 10% Fabric A 7.0 10.0 8.10 7.50 Glimmer Mica TG K
RFL-2 + 10% Fabric A 4.6 6.3 8.35 6.82 Glimmer Mica TF L RFL-2 +
10% Fabric A 8.0 8.3 8.39 7.89 Kaolinmehl Surmin KOG
[0153] Thus, the above description and examples show that the tacky
finish of the present invention provides improved adhesion over
those fabrics that did not contain the tacky finish. Such improved
adhesion greatly reduces the manufacturing issues associated with
multiple layers of materials stacked on top of another prior to the
final curing or vulcanization stage. Additionally, the test results
illustrate that the tacky finish is able to adhere to an uncured
rubber compound and provide good adhesion to the rubber compound
after curing. Accordingly, textile materials and other articles
treated with the tacky finish of the present invention possess a
significant advantage over currently available prior art materials
by allowing ease of application of the tacky finish to the
materials and by improving the manufacturing processes for end-use
articles comprising the tacky finish. As such, the present tacky
finish and textiles and articles treated therewith present a useful
advance over the prior art.
[0154] These and other modifications and variations to the present
invention may be practiced by those of ordinary skill in the art,
without departing from the spirit and scope of the present
invention. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill in the art will
appreciate that the foregoing description is by way of example
only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention
described in the appended claims.
* * * * *