U.S. patent application number 14/394470 was filed with the patent office on 2015-03-19 for novel compositions and methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC.. Invention is credited to Robert Davis, Sharon Mates, Kimberly Vanover, Lawrence Wennogle.
Application Number | 20150080404 14/394470 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49328233 |
Filed Date | 2015-03-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150080404 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Mates; Sharon ; et
al. |
March 19, 2015 |
NOVEL COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS
Abstract
The present invention relates to use of particular substituted
heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines as described herein, in free,
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form, and
pharmaceutical composition comprising the same optionally in
combination with one or more agents, for the prophylaxis or
treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia,
particularly behavioral or mood disturbances (e.g.,
agitation/aggression), psychosis, depression and sleep disturbances
among others in patients suffering from dementia.
Inventors: |
Mates; Sharon; (New York,
NY) ; Davis; Robert; (New York, NY) ; Vanover;
Kimberly; (New York, NY) ; Wennogle; Lawrence;
(New York, NY) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
INTRA-CELLULAR THERAPIES, INC. |
New York |
NY |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49328233 |
Appl. No.: |
14/394470 |
Filed: |
April 14, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
April 14, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US13/36515 |
371 Date: |
October 14, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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61624292 |
Apr 14, 2012 |
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61624293 |
Apr 14, 2012 |
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61624291 |
Apr 14, 2012 |
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61671723 |
Jul 14, 2012 |
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61671713 |
Jul 14, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/250 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 31/4985 20130101;
A61P 43/00 20180101; C07D 471/14 20130101; A61K 31/5383 20130101;
A61K 31/5383 20130101; A61P 25/28 20180101; A61P 25/18 20180101;
A61P 21/02 20180101; C07D 471/16 20130101; A61P 25/16 20180101;
A61P 25/20 20180101; A61P 31/00 20180101; A61P 25/06 20180101; A61K
31/445 20130101; A61P 25/00 20180101; A61P 25/24 20180101; A61P
25/14 20180101; A61K 45/06 20130101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61K
31/4985 20130101; A61P 25/22 20180101; A61K 2300/00 20130101; A61P
3/04 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
514/250 |
International
Class: |
C07D 471/16 20060101
C07D471/16; A61K 31/4985 20060101 A61K031/4985; A61K 31/445
20060101 A61K031/445 |
Claims
1. A method for the prophylaxis or treatment of one or more
disorders associated with dementia, e.g., disorders associated with
mild cognition impairment and dementing illnesses including senile
dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal
dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies,
vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down syndrome,
elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, corticobasal
degenerations, and prion disease, comprising administering to a
patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of Formula I: ##STR00009## wherein: X is --N(H)--,
--N(CH.sub.3)-- or --O--; Y is --C(.dbd.O), --C(H)(OH) or
--C(H)(OR.sub.1); R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl (e.g.,
--C(O)--C.sub.1-5alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.6-15alkyl or
--C(O)--C.sub.16-21alkyl), preferably said alkyl is a straight
chain, optionally saturated or unsaturated and optionally
substituted with one or more hydroxy or C.sub.1-22alkoxy (e.g.,
ethoxy) groups, for example R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.6alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.7alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.9alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.11alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.13alkyl or --C(O)--C.sub.15alkyl wherein such
compound hydrolyzes to form the residue of a natural or unnatural,
saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, e.g., the compound hydrolyzes
to form the hydroxy compound on the one hand and octanoic acid,
decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid or hexadecanoic
acid on the other hand), in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt
or prodrug form.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the compound of Formula
I is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00010## in free,
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia is a disorder associated with Alzheimer's
disease.
4. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia is a disorder associated with mild cognition
impairment.
5. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia to be treated is selected from the group consisting
of (1) behavioral or mood disorders such as agitation/irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts; (2) psychosis; (3) depression; and (4) sleep
disorders.
6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia to be treated is behavioral or mood disorders.
7. The method according to claim 1, wherein the dosage of the
Compound of Formula I in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
prodrug form is about 10-100 mg.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia to be treated is agitation/irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the disorder associated
with dementia to be treated is sleep disorders.
10. The method according to claim 8, wherein the dosage of the
Compound of Formula I in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
prodrug form is about 1-10 mg.
11. The method according to claim 1, further comprises
administering one or more therapeutic agents useful for the
prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease or symptoms thereof.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent
useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is an acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor or an N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonist.
13. The method according to claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent
useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is selected from the group
consisting of Tacrine, rivastigmine, donepezil and galantamine.
14. The method according to claim 11, wherein the therapeutic agent
useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is donepezil.
15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the dosage of the
compound of Formula I is about 1-10 mg and the dosage of donepezil
is about 5 mg, 10 mg or 23 mg, in free or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt form.
16. The method according to claim 11, wherein the therapeutic
agents useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia,
particularly Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof are donepezil
and memantine.
17. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of Formula
I according to claim 1, in combination with one or more therapeutic
agents useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of one or more
disorders associated with dementia (e.g., cholinesterase inhibitor
(e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) or an N-Methyl D-Asparate
(NMDA) receptor antagonist), in admixture with a pharmaceutically
acceptable diluent or carrier.
18. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, wherein
the therapeutic agent useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of
dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is
an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.
19. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 17, wherein
the therapeutic agent useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of
dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is
donepezil in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising about 1-10 mg of the
compound according to claim 1 and about 5 mg, 10 mg or 23 mg of
donepezil, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form, in
admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluents or
carrier.
21. (canceled)
22. (canceled)
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a national phase application filed under
35 U.S.C. .sctn.371 of International Application No.
PCT/US2013/036515, filed on Apr. 14, 2013, which International
Application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application Nos.
61/624,293, 61/624,292 and 61/624,291, all filed on Apr. 14, 2012;
and U.S. Provisional Application Nos. 61/671,723 and 61/671,713,
both filed on Jul. 14, 2012, the contents of each of which are
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present invention relates to use of particular
substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines as described herein,
in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form, and
pharmaceutical composition comprising the same, optionally in
combination with one or more agents, for the prophylaxis or
treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia,
particularly behavioral or mood disturbances (e.g.,
agitation/aggression), psychosis, depression and/or sleep
disturbances among other disorders in patients suffering from
dementia.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Dementia is a disorder characterized by the loss of
cognitive abilities affecting memory, reasoning, judgment and
behavior. At an early stage of dementia, people may experience mild
cognitive impairment (MCI, also known as incipient dementia, or
isolated memory impairment) which is cognitive impairment beyond
that expected based on the age and education of the individual, but
which is not significant enough to interfere with their daily
activities. Studies suggest that these individuals tend to progress
to probable Alzheimer's disease at a rate of approximately 10% to
15% per year. Alzheimer's disease is the most common type of
dementia and is an irreversible, progressive neurodegenerative
disease that disrupts memory, perception, reasoning, judgment,
information processing, emotional behavior, personality as well as
social and occupational functions. Of date, 5.4 million of
Americans are believed to be living with Alzheimer's and nearly 36
million people worldwide are believed to be living with this
disease or other dementias.
[0004] Currently, there is no cure or standard of treatment for
dementia. Available treatments are palliative and symptomatic in
nature aiming to manage and slow the progression of the cognitive
manifestation of the disease. Drugs approved in the United States
for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, which is also used to
treat dementia in general include acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
(e.g., Tacrine, rivastigmine (Exelon), donepezil (Aricept), and
galantamine (Razadyne, formerly called Reminyl)) and NMDA receptor
antagonist (e.g., memantine (Namenda)). While these drugs improve
mental function (such as memory, attention, social interaction,
reasoning ability, language ability, and ability to perform
activities of daily living), they often cause side effects
including stomach upset, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps,
fatigue, difficulty falling or staying asleep or excess sleepiness,
depression, bradycardia and other side effects. In addition, these
drugs do not treat affective symptoms and/or other behavior
disruptions such as mood swing, agitation, aggressive/assaultive
behavior and paranoia which are common in dementias. In fact, some
studies have shown that memantine, a drug approved for Alzheimer's
disease and often used for dementias in general, may have some
adverse effects on neuropsychiatric functioning, particularly
agitation/aggression, delusions or hallucinations. These untreated
and sometimes aggravated behavioral disruptions often prevent the
patients from integrating back into society, causing further
distress to the caregivers and eventually leading to the patients'
institutionalization. To control aggression and psychosis in
dementia, particularly in Alzheimer's disease, antipsychotic drugs
are used. However, antipsychotic drugs such as haloperidol,
risperidone and quetiapine are associated with serious side effects
including extrapyramidal side effects (akinesia or akathisia), bone
marrow suppression, seizure, orthostatic hypotension, insomnia,
sedation, somnolence and weight gain. Many atypical antipsychotic
agents also have a higher risk of heart failure. Therefore, the use
of these antipsychotic agents in combination with
anticholinesterase inhibitor or NMDA receptor antagonist is
undesirable.
[0005] In addition to behavior and mood disturbances, many dementia
patients, particularly those at a more serious stage of the disease
also commonly experience sleep disturbances wherein the patients
either have difficulty falling asleep, maintaining sleep or
experience changes in their sleep-wake cycle/pattern. These
patients may also feel restless or agitated in the late afternoon
or early evening (often called "sundowning"). In fact, studies have
shown evidence that a loss in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
neuronal population coincides with Alzheimer's patients' stage of
dementia. This loss of SCN neuronal population appears to be
causative in the observed disturbances in melantonin rhythm which
may underlie accompanying sleep disturbances. While agents such as
temazepam (Restoril), zolpidem (Ambien), or zaleplon (Sonata), or
sedating antidepressants, such as trazodone (Desyrel, Molipaxin),
may be useful in managing insomnia, failure of these drugs to
improve sleep quality in addition to the associated risk of falling
due to drowsiness and psychomotor impairment caused by these agents
render them undesirable for dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
patients.
[0006] There remains an urgent need for an effective therapeutic
regime for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia and disorders
associated thereof, particularly to alleviate behavioral/mood
disturbances (e.g., agitation, aggressive/assaultive behavior) and
sleep disturbances in patients suffering from dementia.
[0007] Substituted heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines are known to
be agonists or antagonists of 5-HT2 receptors, particularly 5-HT2A
and 5-HT2C receptors, in treating central nervous system disorders.
These compounds have been disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,493;
7,238,690; 6,552,017; 6,713,471; U.S. RE39680, and U.S. RE39679, as
novel compounds useful for the treatment of disorders associated
with 5-HT2A receptor modulation such as obesity, anxiety,
depression, psychosis, schizophrenia, sleep disorders, sexual
disorders, migraine, conditions associated with cephalic pain,
social phobias, and gastrointestinal disorders such as dysfunction
of the gastrointestinal tract motility. PCT/US08/03340 and U.S.
Pat. No. 7,081,455 also disclose methods of making substituted
heterocycle fused gamma-carbolines and uses of these
gamma-carbolines as serotonin agonists and antagonists useful for
the control and prevention of central nervous system disorders such
as addictive behavior and sleep disorders. WO 2009/145900 discloses
use of specific compounds of substituted heterocycle fused
gamma-carbolines for the treatment of a combination of psychosis
and depressive disorders as well as sleep, depressive and/or mood
disorders in patients with psychosis or Parkinson's disease. These
references, however, do not teach use for the treatment or
prophylaxis of disorders associated with dementia, particularly
behavioral or mood disturbances such as agitation, irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts and psychosis and sleep disorders associated with
dementia.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0008] It has been discovered that the Compounds of the Invention
(i.e., the Compounds of Formula I as described hereinbelow) fully
saturate 5-HT.sub.2A receptors at a low dose. Altered serotonergic
function has consistently been implicated in the pathophysiology of
aggression. In animal models, 5-HT.sub.2A antagonists attenuate
aggressive & impulsive behaviors. Human platelet 5-HT.sub.2A
levels are associated with aggression in personality disordered
patients, but not in healthy control subjects. Postmortem studies
also show that 5-HT.sub.2A receptor expressions in prefrontal
cortical regions are correlated positively with lifetime aggression
in subjects who committed suicide. Orbitofrontal 5-HT.sub.2A
receptor availability is greater in patients with current physical
aggression compared with patients without current physical
aggression and healthy control subjects. Specific genetic
polymorphisms of 5-HT.sub.2A receptors are associated with
aggression and impulsivity. These Compounds also exhibit efficacy
in reducing behavioral disturbances such as agitation and
irritability as well as sleep disturbances and symptoms of
depression and psychosis. Due to their low off target receptor
interactions, the Compounds of the Invention have reduced sedation,
cognitive impairment, motor impairment and lower risk of falls.
Therefore, Compound of Formula I as described below are effective
in treating 5-HT.sub.2A related disorders without having the
extrapyramidal side effects, psychomotor sedation, cognitive
impairment or cardiovascular safety issues such as QTc
prolongation. This discovery gives the Compounds of the current
Invention particular utility in the treatment or prophylaxis of one
or more disorders associated with dementia, particularly behavioral
or mood disturbances such as agitation, irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts and sleep disturbances, which conditions are often left
untreated by current marketed drugs, as well as psychosis and
depressive disorders in dementia patients.
[0009] Therefore, in the first aspect, the invention provides a
method (Method I) for the prophylaxis or treatment of one or more
disorders associated with dementia, e.g., disorders associated with
mild cognition impairment and dementing illnesses including senile
dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal
dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies,
vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease,
multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down syndrome,
elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, corticobasal
degenerations, and prion disease, comprising administering to a
patient in need thereof, a therapeutically effective amount of a
compound of Formula I:
##STR00001## [0010] wherein: [0011] X is --N(H)--, --N(CH.sub.3)--
or --O--; [0012] Y is --C(.dbd.O), --C(H)(OH) or --C(H)(OR.sub.1);
[0013] R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl (e.g.,
--C(O)--C.sub.1-5alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.6-15alkyl or
--C(O)--C.sub.16-21alkyl), preferably said alkyl is a straight
chain, optionally saturated or unsaturated and optionally
substituted with one or more hydroxy or C.sub.1-22alkoxy (e.g.,
ethoxy) groups, for example R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.6alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.7alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.9alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.11alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.13alkyl or --C(O)--C.sub.15alkyl wherein such
compound hydrolyzes to form the residue of a natural or unnatural,
saturated or unsaturated fatty acid, e.g., the compound hydrolyzes
to form the hydroxy compound on the one hand and octanoic acid,
decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid or hexadecanoic
acid on the other hand), in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt
or prodrug form.
[0014] In a further embodiment, the invention provides the
following formulae: [0015] 1.1. Method I, wherein X in the compound
of Formula I is --N(H)--, --N(CH.sub.3)-- or --O--; [0016] 1.2.
Method 1 or 1.1, wherein X in the compound of Formula I is --N(H);
[0017] 1.3. Method 1 or 1.1, wherein X in the compound of Formula I
is --N(CH.sub.3)--; [0018] 1.4. Method 1 or 1.1, wherein X in the
compound of Formula I is --O--; [0019] 1.5. Method I or any of
formulae 1.1-1.4, wherein Y in the compound of Formula I is
--C(.dbd.O), --C(H)(OH) or --C(H)(OR.sub.1); [0020] 1.6. Method I
or any of formulae 1.1-1.4, wherein Y in the compound of Formula I
is --C(.dbd.O); [0021] 1.7. Method I or any of formulae 1.1-1.4,
wherein Y in the compound of Formula I is --C(H)(OH); [0022] 1.8.
Method I or any of formulae 1.1-1.4, wherein Y in the compound of
Formula I is --C(H)(OR.sub.1); [0023] 1.9. Method 1 or 1.8, wherein
R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl (e.g., --C(O)--C.sub.1-5alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.6-15alkyl or --C(O)--C.sub.16-21alkyl), preferably
said alkyl is a straight chain, optionally saturated or unsaturated
and optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy or
C.sub.1-22alkoxy (e.g., ethoxy) groups, for example R.sub.1 is
--C(O)--C.sub.6alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.7alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.9alkyl,
--C(O)--C.sub.1alkyl, --C(O)--C.sub.13alkyl or
--C(O)--C.sub.15alkyl wherein such compound hydrolyzes to form the
residue of a natural or unnatural, saturated or unsaturated fatty
acid, e.g., the compound hydrolyzes to form the hydroxy compound on
the one hand and octanoic acid, decanoic acid, dodecanoic acid,
tetradecanoic acid or hexadecanoic acid on the other hand); [0024]
1.10. Method 1 or 1.8, wherein R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.6-15alkyl,
e.g., --C(O)--C.sub.9alkyl; [0025] 1.11. Method 1 or 1.8, wherein
R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-5alkyl, e.g., --C(O)--C.sub.3alkyl;
[0026] 1.12. Method I or any of formulae 1.1-1.5 or 1.7, wherein
the Compound is:
[0026] ##STR00002## [0027] 1.13. Method I or any of formulae
1.1-1.5 or 1.7, wherein the Compound is:
[0027] ##STR00003## [0028] 1.14. Method I or any of formulae
1.1-1.5 or 1.7, wherein the Compound is:
[0028] ##STR00004## [0029] 1.15. Method I or any of formulae 1.1,
1.3, 1.5 or 1.7, wherein the Compound is:
[0029] ##STR00005## [0030] 1.16. Method I or any of formulae 1.1,
1.3, 1.5 or 1.6, wherein the Compound is:
[0030] ##STR00006## [0031] 1.17. Method I or any of formulae 1.1,
1.3, 1.5, 1.8 or 1.9, wherein the Compound is:
[0031] ##STR00007## [0032] 1.18. Method I or any of formulae 1.1,
1.3, 1.5, 1.8 or 1.9, wherein the Compound is:
##STR00008##
[0032] in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug
form.
[0033] In a further embodiment of the first aspect, the invention
provides Method I as follows: [0034] 2.1. Method I or any of
1.1-1.18, wherein the disorders associated with dementia are
disorders associated with Huntington's disease, Parkinson's
disease, Mulitple sclerosis, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down
syndrome, Eldery depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome,
corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease; [0035] 2.2. Method I
or any of 1.1-1.18, wherein the disorders associated with dementia
are disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and
dementing illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease,
Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy,
dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia; [0036] 2.3. Method
I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1, wherein the disorders associated with
dementia are disorders associated with senile dementia, Alzheimer's
disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear
palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies and vascular dementia; [0037] 2.4.
Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1, wherein the disorders
associated with dementia are disorders associated with Alzheimer's
disease; [0038] 2.5. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1, wherein
the disorders associated with dementia are disorders associated
with mild cognition impairment; [0039] 2.6. Method I or any of
1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.5, wherein the disorder associated dementia to be
treated is selected from the group consisting of (1) behavioral or
mood disorders such as agitation/irritation, aggressive/as saultive
behavior, anger, physical or emotional outbursts; (2) psychosis;
(3) depression; and (4) sleep disorders in patients suffering from
dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease; [0040] 2.7. Method I or
any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.6, wherein the disorder to be treated is
psychosis in a patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease; [0041] 2.8. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.7,
wherein the disorder to be treated is depression in a patient with
dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease; [0042] 2.9. Method I or
any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.8, wherein the dosage of the Compound of
Formula I, or any of 1.1-1.18 is 10-100 mg; [0043] 2.10. Method I
or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.9, wherein the disorder to be treated
is behavioral or mood disorders such as agitation/irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts in a patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease; [0044] 2.11. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.10,
wherein the disorder to be treated is sleep disorders in a patient
with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease; [0045] 2.12.
Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.11, wherein the disorder to be
treated is sleep maintenance insomnia, frequent awakenings, and
waking up feeling unrefreshed in a patient with dementia,
particularly Alzheimer's disease; [0046] 2.13. Method I or any of
1.1-1.18 or 2.1-2.12, wherein the disorder to be treated is sleep
maintenance insomnia in a patient with dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease; [0047] 2.14. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or
2.1-2.12, wherein the disorder to be treated is advanced
sleep-phase syndrome in a patient with dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease; [0048] 2.15. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or
2.1-2.12, wherein the disorder to be treated is delayed sleep-phase
syndrome in a patient with dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease; [0049] 2.16. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18, 2.1-2.6 or
2.10-2.15, wherein the dosage of the Compound of Formula I, or any
of 1.1-1.18 is 1-10 mg; [0050] 2.17. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or
2.1-2.16, further comprises administering one or more therapeutic
agents useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia,
particularly Alzheimer's disease; [0051] 2.18. Method I or any of
1.1-1.18 or 2.17, wherein the therapeutic agent useful for the
prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease is a cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor) or an N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, in
free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; [0052] 2.19. Method
I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.17-2.18, wherein the cholinesterase
inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) is selected from
the group consisting of Tacrine, rivastigmine (Exelon), donepezil
(Aricept), and galantamine (Razadyne, formerly called Reminyl)) in
free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; [0053] 2.20. Method
I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.17-2.19, wherein the cholinesterase
inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) is donepezil in
free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; [0054] 2.21. Method
I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.17-2.18, wherein the NMDA receptor
antagonist is memantine in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt
form; [0055] 2.22. Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.17-2.18,
wherein the therapeutic agent useful for the prophylaxis or
treatment of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease is a
combination of a cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g.,
acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) and an N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA)
receptor antagonist, in free or pharmaceutically; [0056] 2.23.
Method I or any of 1.1-1.18 or 2.22, wherein the one or more
therapeutic agent(s) useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of
dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof is a
combination of donepezil and memantine in free or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt form. [0057] 2.24. Method I or any of the foregoing
methods further comprises administering one or more therapeutic
agents selected from antidepressant compounds, compounds that
modulate GABA activity (e.g., enhances the activity and facilitates
GABA transmission), a GABA-B agonist, a 5-HT modulator (e.g., a
5-HT.sub.1A agonist, a 5-HT.sub.2A antagonist, a 5-HT.sub.2A
inverse agonist, etc.), a melatonin agonist, an ion channel
modulator (e.g., blocker), a serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake
inhibitor (SARIs), an orexin receptor antagonist, an H3 agonist, a
noradrenergic antagonist, a galanin agonist, a CRH antagonist,
human growth hormone, a growth hormone agonist, estrogen, an
estrogen agonist, a neurokinin-1 drug, and an antipsychotic agent,
e.g., an atypical antipsychotic agent, in free or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt form.
[0058] In a second aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical
composition (Pharmaceutical Composition I) comprising the compound
of Formula I or any of formulae 1.1-1.18 in combination with one or
more therapeutic agents useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of
one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g., disorders
associated with mild cognition impairment and dementing illnesses
including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease,
frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy
bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's
disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down
syndrome, elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome,
corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease in admixture with a
pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or carrier.
[0059] In a further embodiment of the second aspect, the invention
provides the Pharmaceutical Composition I as hereinbefore described
wherein the therapeutic agent(s) useful for the prophylaxis or
treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g.,
disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and dementing
illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's
disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia
with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease,
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's
syndrome, corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease, is a
cholinesterase inhibitor (e.g., acetylcholinesterase inhibitor) or
an N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor antagonist) as described in
any of formulae 2.17-2.23.
[0060] In another embodiment of the second aspect, the invention
provides the Pharmaceutical Composition I as hereinbefore described
wherein the therapeutic agent(s) useful for the prophylaxis or
treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia is
selected from: antidepressant compounds, compounds that modulate
GABA activity (e.g., enhances the activity and facilitates GABA
transmission), a GABA-B agonist, a 5-HT modulator (e.g., a
5-HT.sub.1A agonist, a 5-HT.sub.2A antagonist, a 5-HT.sub.2A
inverse agonist, etc.), a melatonin agonist, an ion channel
modulator (e.g., blocker), a serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake
inhibitor (SARIs), an orexin receptor antagonist, an H3 agonist, a
noradrenergic antagonist, a galanin agonist, a CRH antagonist,
human growth hormone, a growth hormone agonist, estrogen, an
estrogen agonist, a neurokinin-1 drug, and an antipsychotic agent,
e.g., an atypical antipsychotic agent, in free or pharmaceutically
acceptable salt form.
[0061] In a third aspect, the invention provides a pharmaceutical
composition comprising the Compound of Formula I or any of formulae
1.1-1.18 in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or
carrier, or the Pharmaceutical Composition I as hereinbefore
described, for use (in the manufacture of a medicament) for the
prophylaxis or treatment of one or more disorders associated with
dementia, e.g., disorders associated with mild cognition impairment
and dementing illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's
disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear
palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's
disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic
lateral sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly depression,
Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, corticobasal degenerations, and
prion disease, as disclosed in Method I or any of formulae
2.1-2.24.
[0062] In the fourth aspect, the invention provides use of the
Compound of Formula I or any of formulae 1.1-1.18 (in the
manufacture of a medicament) for the prophylaxis or treatment of
one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g., one or more
disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and dementing
illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's
disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia
with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease,
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's
syndrome, corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease, as
disclosed in Method I or any of formulae 2.1-2.24.
[0063] In the fifth aspect, the invention provides the
Pharmaceutical Composition of the Invention as described herein for
use in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylaxis or
treatment of one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g.,
disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and dementing
illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease, Pick's
disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy, dementia
with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease,
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's
syndrome, corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease as
disclosed in Method I or any of formulae 2.1-2.24.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0064] The Compounds of the Invention as hereinbefore described
have a selective receptor profile wherein they fully saturate the
5-HT.sub.2A receptors at a low dose and also bind to dopamine
receptors and serotonin reuptake transporter (SERT) at a higher
dose. Therefore the Compounds of the Invention are effective in
treating one or more disorders associated with dementia, e.g., one
or more disorders associated with mild cognition impairment and
dementing illnesses including senile dementia, Alzheimer's disease,
Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia, parasupranculear palsy,
dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular dementia, Huntington's disease,
Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral
sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's
syndrome, corticobasal degenerations, and prion disease,
particularly behavioral/mood disturbances (e.g., agitation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior) and sleep disorders, which are
inadequately treated by the current marketed drugs for dementia and
Alzheimer's disease, as well as treating psychosis and depressive
disorders in patients suffering from dementia. The compounds of the
Invention (i.e., Formula I as hereinbefore described) may be used
in a combination therapy wherein the Compound of Formula I may be
administered simultaneously, separately or sequentially with
another active agent to treat dementia or dementing illnesses as
hereinbefore described, particularly Alzheimer's disease or
symptoms thereof.
[0065] The Compound of Formula I, in free, pharmaceutically
acceptable salt or prodrug form may be administered in a
composition, wherein said Compound of Formula I as hereinbefore
described in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug
form, is in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent or
carrier. Wherein the Compound of Formula I is administered in a
combination therapy, the combination may be administered as a fixed
combination (wherein the therapeutic agents are in a single dosage
form, e.g., the Pharmaceutical Composition I hereinbefore
described) or as a free combination (wherein therapeutic agents are
in a separate dosage form).
[0066] The second or further therapeutic agents useful for the
prophylaxis or treatment of dementia as hereinbefore described,
particularly Alzheimer's disease described in Method I or any of
formulae 2.17-2.24 of the invention include but not limited to a
cholinesterase inhibitor and/or N-Methyl D-Asparate (NMDA) receptor
antagonist.
[0067] Cholinesterase inhibitors, e.g., acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors, are known in the art and/or are described e.g., in U.S.
Pat. No. 4,895,841; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,948,807, the contents of
each of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.
Preferred cholinesterase inhibitors to be used with the compound of
the present invention include donepezil, rivastignmine, galantamine
and tacrine.
[0068] NMDA receptor antagonists are also known in the art and are
described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,061,703, the contents of which are
incorporated by reference in their entirety. Preferred NMDA
receptor antagonist to be used with the compound of the present
invention is memantine.
[0069] Unlike dopamine receptor antagonists, Compounds of Formula I
normalize brain dopamine activity, particularly in the prefrontal
cortex. The Compounds of Formula I bind to 5-HT.sub.2A and dopamine
D.sub.2 receptors. Compounds of Formula I also exhibit nanomolar
binding affinity for SERT compared to known antidepressants.
Therefore, the compounds of Formula I are useful for the treatment
of (1) behavioral or mood disorders such as agitation/irritation,
aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts; (2) psychosis; (3) depression; and (4) sleep disorders
in patients suffering from dementia, particularly Alzheimer's
disease. Therefore, in addition to the therapeutic agents useful
for the treatment of dementia, the methods of the invention as
hereinbefore described may optionally further comprises one or more
therapeutic agents selected from antidepressant compounds,
compounds that modulate GABA activity (e.g., enhances the activity
and facilitates GABA transmission), a GABA-B agonist, a 5-HT
modulator (e.g., a 5-HT.sub.1A agonist, a 5-HT.sub.2A antagonist, a
5-HT.sub.2A inverse agonist, etc.), a melatonin agonist, an ion
channel modulator (e.g., blocker), a serotonin-2
antagonist/reuptake inhibitor (SARIs), an orexin receptor
antagonist, an H3 agonist, a noradrenergic antagonist, a galanin
agonist, a CRH antagonist, human growth hormone, a growth hormone
agonist, estrogen, an estrogen agonist, a neurokinin-1 drug, and an
antipsychotic agent, e.g., an atypical antipsychotic agent, in free
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form. In such methods, the
therapeutic agents may be adjunctive to the compounds of the
invention. As used herein the term "adjunctive" refers to any
treatment that is used in conjunction with another to increase the
chance of cure, or to increase the first treatment's efficacy. In
other words, adjunctive therapy acts as an aid to the primary
treatment. The combinations of the invention can include mixtures
of the combined drugs, as well as two or more separate compositions
of the drugs, which individual compositions can be, for example,
co-administered together to a patient at the same of different
times.
[0070] The antidepressant useful for the invention may be selected
from amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, citalopram, clomipramine,
desipramine, doxepin, duloxetine, escitaloprame, fluoxetine,
fluvoxamine, imipramine, isocarboxazid, maprotiline, mirtazapine,
nefazodone, nortriptyline, paroxetine, phenelzine sulfate,
protiptyline, sertraline, tranylcypromine, trazodone, trimipramine,
and velafaxine, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
In certain embodiment, the antidepressant(s) is a selective
serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). In a further embodiment, the
SSRI compound is selected from the group consisting of citalopram,
escitalopram oxalate, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine maleate, paroxetine,
sertraline, and dapoxetine, in free or pharmaceutically acceptable
salt form.
[0071] The dosages of a compound of Formula I and/or the
antidepressant of Method I can be the same as or lower than the
approved dosage for the drug, the clinical or literature test
dosage or the dosage used for the drug as a monotherapy. For
example the daily dosage of compound of Formula Ito be administered
in combination with an antidepressant is about 1 mg to about 140
mg, in another embodiment about 1 mg to about 100 mg, in another
embodiment about 10 mg to about 100 mg, in another embodiment about
10 mg to about 50 mg, in another embodiment about 10 mg to about 40
mg, in another embodiment about 20 mg to about 40 mg and in another
embodiment about 1 mg to about 10 mg. The amount of antidepressant
to be administered in combination with the compound of Formula I is
about 0.01 mg to about 2000 mg, in another embodiment about 0.1 mg
to about 200 mg, in another embodiment about 10 mg to about 200 mg.
In particular embodiments, the additional therapeutic agent, e.g.,
the antidepressant SSRI is sertraline and the daily dosage of
sertraline is between about 20 mg and 100 mg.
[0072] In a specific embodiment, the dosages of a compound of
Formula I and/or the second therapeutic agents are lower than when
used in a monotherapy. Therefore, in a particular embodiment, the
daily dosage of a compound of Formula I is lower than 100 mg once
daily, or less than 50 mg, or less than 40 mg, or less than 30 mg,
or less than 20 mg, or less than 10 mg. In another preferred
embodiment, the dosages of both the Compound of Formula I and the
antidepressant agent are lower than the dosages used for the
individual drug as a monotherapy. Therefore, in a particular
embodiment, for example, Method I comprises administering (1) a
Compound of Formula I at a dosage lower than 100 mg once daily,
preferably less than 50 mg, more preferably less than 40 mg, still
more preferably less than 30 mg, still more preferably less than 20
mg, still more preferably less than 10 mg; and (2) antidepressant,
for example a SSRI such as sertaline, at a daily dosage of less
than 50 mg, more preferably, less than 20 mg, still more
preferably, less than 10 mg, most preferably less than 6 mg, in
free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
[0073] The term "GABA" refers to gamma-aminobutyric acid. The GABA
compounds are compounds which bind to the GABA receptor, and
include, but are not limited to one or more of doxepin, alprazolam,
bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, diazepam,
flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam,
oxazepam, temazapam, triazolam, indiplon, zopiclone, eszopiclone,
zaleplon, Zolpidem, gabaxadol, vigabatrin, tiagabine, EVT 201
(Evotec Pharmaceuticals) or estazolam.
[0074] 5HT.sub.2A antagonists include ketanserin, risperidone,
eplivanserin, volinanserin (Sanofi-Aventis, France), pruvanserin,
pimavanserin (ACP-103), MDL 100907 (Sanofi-Aventis, France),
HY10275 (Eli Lilly), APD125 (Arena Pharmaceuticals, San Diego,
Calif.), AVE8488 (Sanofi-Aventis, France) and pizotifen.
[0075] 5HT.sub.1A agonists include repinotan, sarizotan,
eptapirone, buspirone and MN-305 (MediciNova, San Diego,
Calif.).
[0076] Melatonin agonists include melatonin, ramelteon
(ROZEREM.RTM., Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Japan), VEC-162 (Vanda
Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, Md.), PD-6735 (Phase II Discovery and
agomelatine.
[0077] Ion channel blockers such as lamotrigine, gabapentin or
pregabalin.
[0078] Orexin receptor antagonists include orexin, a
1,3-biarylurea, SB-334867-a (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), GW649868
(GlaxoSmithKline) and a benzamide derivative, for example.
[0079] Serotonin-2 antagonist/reuptake inhibitors (SARI) include
Org 50081 (Organon-Netherlands), ritanserin, nefazodone, serzone
and trazodone.
[0080] Neurokinin-1 drugs include Casopitant (GlaxoSmithKline).
[0081] Specific examples of additional therapeutic agents useful
for the current invention include modafinil, armodafinil, doxepin,
alprazolam, bromazepam, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate,
diazepam, flunitrazepam, flurazepam, lorazepam, midazolam,
nitrazepam, oxazepam, temazapam, triazolam, indiplon, zopiclone,
eszopiclone, zaleplon, zolpidem, gabaxadol, vigabatrin, tiagabine,
EVT 201 (Evotec Pharmaceuticals), estazolam, ketanserin,
risperidone, eplivanserin, volinanserin (Sanofi-Aventis, France),
pruvanserin, pimavanserin (ACP-103), pizotifen, MDL 100907
(Sanofi-Aventis, France), HY10275 (Eli Lilly), APD125 (Arena
Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, Calif.), AVE8488 (Sanofi-Aventis,
France), repinotan, sarizotan, eptapirone, buspirone, MN-305
(MediciNova, San Diego, Calif.), melatonin, ramelteon
(ROZEREM.RTM., Takeda Pharmaceuticals, Japan), VEC-162 (Vanda
Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, Md.), PD-6735 (Phase II Discovery),
agomelatine, lamotrigine, gabapentin, pregabalin, orexin, a
1,3-biarylurea, SB-334867-a (GlaxoSmithKline, UK), GW649868
(GlaxoSmithKline), a benzamide derivative, Org 50081
(Organon-Netherlands), ritanserin, nefazodone, serzone, trazodone,
Casopitant (GlaxoSmithKline), amitriptyline, amoxapine, bupropion,
citalopram, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, duloxetine,
escitaloprame, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, imipramine, isocarboxazid,
maprotiline, mirtazapine, nefazodone, nortriptyline, paroxetine,
phenylzine sulfate, protiptyline, sertraline, tranylcypromine,
trazodone, trimipramine, velafaxine, chlorpromazine, haloperidol,
droperidol, fluphenazine, loxapine, mesoridazine molidone,
perphenazine, pimozide, prochlorperazine promazine, thioridazine,
thiothixene, trifluoperazine, clozapine, aripiparazole, olanzapine,
quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone and paliperidone, asenapine,
lurasidone, iloperidone and cariprazine, in free or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt form.
[0082] The compounds of Formula I and their pharmaceutically
acceptable salts and salt crystals may be made using the methods as
described and exemplified in any of the following patents or
applications: U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,548,493; 7,238,690; 6,552,017;
6,713,471; U.S. RE39680; U.S. RE39679; PCT/US08/03340; U.S.
application Ser. No. 10/786,935; WO 2009/114181 and WO 2011/133224,
the contents of each of which are incorporated by reference in
their entirety. If not commercially available, starting materials
for these processes may be made by procedures, which are selected
from the chemical art using techniques which are similar or
analogous to the synthesis of known compounds. All references cited
herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.
[0083] The words "treatment" and "treating" are to be understood
accordingly as embracing prophylaxis and treatment or amelioration
of symptoms of disease and/or treatment of the cause of the
disease. In particular embodiment, the word "treatment" and
"treating" refers to prophylaxis or amelioration of symptoms of the
disease.
[0084] The term "patient" may include a human or non-human
patient.
[0085] The term "dementia" is intended to refer to a condition or
disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive ability affecting
memory, thinking, language, judgment and behavior. Early symptoms
of dementia may include difficulty performing tasks that require
some thought (balancing a checkbook, playing games (such as
bridge); learning new information; getting lost on familiar routes;
having language difficulties (difficulties in finding name of
familiar objects); losing interest in things previously enjoy;
losing social skills. More severe symptoms of dementia include
change in sleep patterns, often waking up at night; difficulty
performing basic tasks such as brushing teeth or preparing a meal;
forgetting details about current events; having hallucinations,
violent behavior, delusions, depression, agitation; difficulty
reading or writing; having poor judgment or loss of ability to
recognize danger; losing the ability to recognize family members or
understand language. The term "dementia" refers to any of the
dementing illnesses as described herein regardless of etiology and
therefore shall include but not limited to mild or severe cognition
impairment and dementing illnesses such as senile dementia,
Alzheimer's disease, Pick's disease, frontotemporal dementia,
parasupranculear palsy, dementia with Lewy bodies, vascular
dementia, Huntington's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple
sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Down syndrome, elderly
depression, Wernicke-Korsakoff's syndrome, corticobasal
degenerations, and prion disease. In a particular embodiment,
dementia refers to mild cognitive impairment. In another
embodiment, dementia refers to Alzheimer's disease.
[0086] The term "disorder associated with dementia" means common
co-morbid psychiatric disorders or conditions associated with
dementia, which include but not limited to (1) behavioral or mood
disorders such as agitation/irritation, aggressive/assaultive
behavior, anger, physical or emotional outbursts; (2) psychosis;
(3) depression; and (4) sleep disorders. In particular embodiment
of the invention, the disorders associated with dementia are
disorders associated Alzheimer's disease.
[0087] The term "mild cognitive impairment" or "mild cognition
impairment" (MCI, also known as incipient dementia, or isolated
memory impairment) is cognitive impairment beyond that expected
based on the age and education of the individual, but which is not
significant enough to interfere with their daily activities.
Symptoms of MCI include difficulty performing more than one task at
a time, solving problems or making decisions, forgetting recent
events or conversations and taking longer to perform more difficult
mental activities.
[0088] If not otherwise specified or clear from context, the
following terms herein have the following meanings: [0089] a.
"Alkyl" as used herein is a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon
moiety, e.g., one to twenty-one carbon atoms in length, which may
be linear or branched (e.g., n-butyl or tert-butyl), preferably
linear, unless otherwise specified. For example, "C.sub.1-21 alkyl"
denotes alkyl having 1 to 21 carbon atoms. In one embodiment, alkyl
is optionally substituted with one or more hydroxy or
C.sub.1-22alkoxy (e.g., ethoxy) groups. In another embodiment,
alkyl contains 1 to 21 carbon atoms, preferably straight chain and
optionally saturated or unsaturated, for example R.sub.1 is an
alkyl chain containing 1 to 21 carbon atoms, preferably 6-15 carbon
atoms, 16-21 carbon atoms, e.g., so that together with the --C(O)--
to which it attaches, e.g., when cleaved from the compound of
Formula I, forms the residue of a natural or unnatural, saturated
or unsaturated fatty acid.
[0090] Compounds of the Invention refer to Compounds of Formula I,
which include any of formulae 1.1-1.18, in free, salt or prodrug
form. For example, where the compounds contain acidic substituents,
in base addition salt form or where the compounds contain a basic
substituent, in acid addition salt form. The Compounds of the
Invention are intended for use as pharmaceuticals, therefore
pharmaceutically acceptable salts are preferred. Salts which are
unsuitable for pharmaceutical uses may be useful, for example, for
the isolation or purification of free Compounds of the Invention or
their pharmaceutically acceptable salts, are therefore also
included. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, for example,
the hydrochloride and tosylate salts. Where dosage amounts of salts
are given by weight, e.g., milligrams per day or milligrams per
unit dose, the dosage amount of the salt is given as the weight of
the corresponding free base, unless otherwise indicated.
[0091] Compounds of the Invention may in some cases also exist in
prodrug form. A prodrug form is compound which converts in the body
to a Compound of the Invention. For example when the Compounds of
the Invention contain hydroxy or carboxy substituents, these
substituents may form physiologically hydrolysable and acceptable
esters. As used herein, "physiologically hydrolysable and
acceptable ester" means esters of Compounds of the Invention which
are hydrolysable under physiological conditions to yield acids (in
the case of Compounds of the Invention which have hydroxy
substituents) or alcohols (in the case of Compounds of the
Invention which have carboxy substituents) which are themselves
physiologically tolerable at doses to be administered. For example,
wherein Y of the compound of Formula I is --C(H)(OR.sub.1), and
R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl, e.g., --C(O)--C.sub.3alkyl or
--C(O)--C.sub.9alkyl, these compounds may hydrolyze under
physiological condition to yield a compound of Formula I wherein Y
is --C(H)(OH) on the one hand and C.sub.1-21alkyl-C(O)OH, e.g.,
C.sub.3alkyl-C(O)OH or C.sub.9alkyl-C(O)OH on the other hand. As
will be appreciated the term thus embraces conventional
pharmaceutical prodrug forms. Wherein a prodrug (e.g., the compound
of formula (I) wherein R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl) is used,
the dosage amount is calculated based on the amount of the compound
of formula (I) wherein Y is C(.dbd.O) in free base form.
[0092] The term "simultaneously" when referring to a therapeutic
use means administration of two or more active ingredients at or
about the same time by the same route of administration.
[0093] The term "separately" when referring to a therapeutic use
means administration of two or more active ingredients at or about
the same time by different route of administration.
[0094] The phrase "disorder(s) associated with Alzheimer's disease"
includes, but is not limited to (1) behavioral or mood disorders
such as agitation/irritation, aggressive/assaultive behavior,
anger, physical or emotional outbursts; (2) psychosis; (3)
depression; and (4) sleep disorders in patients suffering from
Alzheimer's disease.
[0095] Dosages employed in practicing the present invention will of
course vary depending, e.g. on the particular disease or condition
to be treated, the particular Compound of the Invention used, the
mode of administration, and the therapy desired. Unless otherwise
indicated, an amount of the Compound of the Invention for
administration (whether administered as a free base or as a salt
form) refers to or is based on the amount of the Compound of the
Invention in free base form (i.e., the calculation of the amount is
based on the free base amount). Wherein a prodrug (e.g., the
compound of formula (I) wherein R.sub.1 is --C(O)--C.sub.1-21alkyl)
is used, the dosage amount is calculated based on the amount of the
compound of formula (I) wherein Y is C(.dbd.O) in free base form.
Compounds of the Invention may be administered by any suitable
route, including orally, intra-muscularly, subcutaneously,
parenterally or transdermally, but are preferably administered
orally. Compounds of the Invention may be administered by any
suitable route, including orally, parenterally or transdermally,
but are preferably administered orally.
[0096] In general, satisfactory results for Method I and any of
formulae 2.1-2.23 for the treatment or prophylaxis of various
disorders associated with dementia such as a combination of at
least behavioral disorders such as aggressive/assaultive behavior,
anger, physical or emotional outbursts; sleep disorders; mood
disorders such as agitation/irritation; depression; and/or
psychosis in a patient suffering from dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease, as set forth above are indicated to be
obtained on oral administration at dosages of the order from about
1 mg to 100 mg to 140 mg once or more than once daily, preferably
2.5 mg-60 mg, e.g., 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg
or 60 mg, once daily of the compound of Formula I or any of
formulae 1.1-1.18 in free, pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
prodrug form, preferably via oral administration. Satisfactory
results for Method I and any of formulae 2.1-2.24 for the treatment
of sleep disorders and/or behavioral or mood disorders alone such
as aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical, emotional
outbursts or agitation/irritation in patients with dementia,
particularly Alzheimer's disease (e.g., patients without symptoms
of psychosis) are indicated to be obtained on oral administration
at dosages of the order from about 1-10 mg, e.g., 2.5 mg-5 mg,
e.g., 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg, of a Compound of Formula I
or any of formulae 1.1-1.18, in free, pharmaceutically acceptable
salt or prodrug form, once daily, preferably via oral
administration.
[0097] For combination therapy, one skilled in the art can design a
combination based on the level of severity (staging) of and/or the
symptoms manifested in dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease
to enhance efficacy with reduce side effects. Wherein the
symptoms/disorders to be treated are behavioral/mood disorders such
as aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or emotional
outbursts and/or agitation/irritation; or sleep disorders, but the
patients do not have psychosis, the compound of the invention may
be administered at a lower dosage, e.g., about 1-10 mg, e.g., 2.5
mg-5 mg, e.g., 2.5 mg, 3 mg, 4 mg, 5 mg or 10 mg, of a Compound of
Formula I or any of formulae 1.1-1.18, in free, pharmaceutically
acceptable salt or prodrug form, once or more than once daily,
preferably via oral administration. Wherein the symptoms/disorders
to be treated are psychosis as well as behavioral/mood disorders
such as aggressive/assaultive behavior, anger, physical or
emotional outbursts and/or agitation/irritation; or sleep
disorders, the compounds of the invention may be administered at a
higher dosage, e.g., about 1 mg to 100 mg to 140 mg once daily,
preferably 2.5 mg-60 mg, e.g., 20 mg-60 mg, 20 mg-40 mg, e.g., 2.5
mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg or 60 mg, once or more
than once daily, for example, greater than 20 mg per day,
preferably via oral administration.
[0098] Dosages of the second or further therapeutic agent(s) useful
for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly for the
prophylaxis or treatment of Alzheimer's disease or symptoms
thereof, e.g., cholinesterase inhibitor, e.g., acetylcholinesterase
inhibitor or NMDA receptor antagonist can vary in range known to a
person skilled in the art. The dosages can range from about 1 mg to
100 mg. In particular embodiments, the compound of the Invention
may be combined with the second or further therapeutic agent(s)
useful for the prophylaxis or treatment of dementia, particularly
Alzheimer's disease or symptoms thereof as follows: [0099] i) about
5 mg, 10 mg or 23 mg dosage of donepezil, in free or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; and/or [0100] ii) about 1.5
mg, 2 mg, 3 mg, 4.5 mg, 4.6 mg, 6 mg or 9.5 mg of rivastigmine, in
free or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; and/or [0101] iii)
about 4 mg, 8 mg, 12 mg, 16 mg or 24 mg of galantamine, in free or
pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; and/or [0102] iv) about 2
mg, 5 mg, 7 mg, 10 mg, 14 mg, 21 mg or 28 mg of memantine, in free
or pharmaceutically acceptable salt form; in combination with the
Compound of the Invention as hereinbefore described, in free,
pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug form.
[0103] For the avoidance of doubt, any disclosure of a numerical
range, e.g., "up to X" amount is intended to include the upper
numerical limit X. Therefore, a disclosure of "up to 60 mg" is
intended to include 60 mg.
[0104] Pharmaceutical compositions comprising compounds of the
Invention may be prepared using conventional diluents or excipients
and techniques known in the galenic art. Thus oral dosage forms may
include tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions and the like.
Example 1
Effect of Compound A on Reversal of Social Isolation resulted from
Repeated Stress
[0105] Mice are tested for social isolation behavior after repeated
exposure (once daily for 10 days) to an aggressive resident
intruder mouse in the social defeat/resident intruder paradigm as
describe by Berton et al., Science (2006) 311:864-868, the contents
of which are incorporated by reference. Mice are then dosed
chronically, once daily for 30 d, with either vehicle (5% DMSO/5%
Tween-20/15% PEG400/75% water, 6.7 ml/kg volume) or Compound A (1
mg/kg, ip) in vehicle solution. On the day after the last drug or
vehicle treatment, the mice are placed in the open field in the
presence of a resident intruder mouse and the animal's behavior
recorded by videotape for 10 min. The videotapes are then scored
for the total time each mouse spent during a 10 min period in
specified open-field quadrants. The total time (sec) spent by mice
representing each drug treatment group in the Interaction Zone in
proximity to the resident intruder mouse or, in the Corner Zones,
at a distance from the intruder mouse is expressed as a mean
(.+-.SEM).
[0106] Results:
[0107] Decreased social function is a core feature of the
`negative` symptoms of schizophrenia that are poorly addressed by
existing antipsychotic medications. The social defeat/resident
intruder model can be used to measure social isolation behavior in
rodents. Isolation behavior has been shown to be reversed using
this model, after chronic administration of anti-depressant
medications with potent SERT activity, including fluoxetine (Berton
et al., Science (2006) 311:864-868). Neither acute administration
of anti-depressant medications or chronic treatment with
anti-anxiety medications, like chlordiazepoxide, are similarly
effective in this paradigm (Berton et. al., Science (2006)
311:864-868). Thus, the model has been proposed for the
identification of compounds to address social isolation behavior,
such as social isolation behavior resulted from repeated stress.
This assay is therefore used to demonstrate reversal of social
isolation behavior.
[0108] In the experiment described or similarly described above,
mice are subjected to exposure to an aggressive resident intruder
mouse in the social defeat/resident intruder paradigm as described
in Berton et al., Science (2006) 311:864-868. They are then dosed
chronically, once daily for 30 d, with either vehicle or Compound A
(1 mg/kg, IP) in vehicle. On the day after the last drug or vehicle
treatment the mice are placed in the open field in the presence of
a resident intruder mouse and the total time each mouse spent
during a 10 min period in defined open-field quadrants in close
proximity to the intruder or in isolation to the intruder is
measured. As anticipated, exposure to the aggressor mouse
significantly reduced the amount of time resident mice spent in
proximity to the intruder (p<.0.05 compared with vehicle).
However, mice treated with Compound A following exposure to the
intruder paradigm, showed no significant reduction in time spent in
proximity to the intruder (NS, compared with Compound A alone).
Compound A treatment alone did not result in differences in time
spent in the Interaction Zone, compared with untreated control
mice. The data indicate that chronic treatment with Compound A
results in a reversal of social defeat behavior comparable to that
seen after chronic treatment with anti-depressant medications such
as fluoxetine. This experiment shows that Compound A is effective
in reversing social isolation resulted from repeated stress. This
experiment also shows that Compound A has functional
anti-depressant activity.
* * * * *