U.S. patent application number 14/353086 was filed with the patent office on 2015-02-26 for electronic device, in particular mobile telephone, for detecting radiation.
This patent application is currently assigned to Rolf-Dieter KLEIN. The applicant listed for this patent is Christoph Hoeschen, Rolf-Dieter Klein, Mathias Reichl. Invention is credited to Christoph Hoeschen, Rolf-Dieter Klein, Mathias Reichl.
Application Number | 20150053864 14/353086 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 45047719 |
Filed Date | 2015-02-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150053864 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Klein; Rolf-Dieter ; et
al. |
February 26, 2015 |
ELECTRONIC DEVICE, IN PARTICULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE, FOR DETECTING
RADIATION
Abstract
The invention relates to an electronic device, in particular a
mobile telephone (1), comprising an image sensor (4) with multiple
pixels for capturing an image. The image sensor (4) is also
sensitive to ionizing radiation, in particular pulsed high-energy
radiation. The invention additionally relates to a radiation sensor
(5) for measuring the ionizing radiation.
Inventors: |
Klein; Rolf-Dieter;
(Muenchen, DE) ; Reichl; Mathias; (Kelheim,
DE) ; Hoeschen; Christoph; (Hebertshausen,
DE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Klein; Rolf-Dieter
Reichl; Mathias
Hoeschen; Christoph |
Muenchen
Kelheim
Hebertshausen |
|
DE
DE
DE |
|
|
Assignee: |
KLEIN; Rolf-Dieter
Muenchen
DE
REICHL; Mathias
Kelheim
DE
Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen Deutsches Forschungszentrum fuer
Gesundheit und
Neuherberg
DE
Umwelt (GmbH)
|
Family ID: |
45047719 |
Appl. No.: |
14/353086 |
Filed: |
November 25, 2011 |
PCT Filed: |
November 25, 2011 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/EP2011/005943 |
371 Date: |
November 12, 2014 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
250/370.08 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01T 1/026 20130101;
H04W 4/70 20180201; G01C 11/00 20130101; G01T 1/2928 20130101; G01T
7/00 20130101; H01L 27/14601 20130101; G01T 1/00 20130101; G01T
1/24 20130101; G01T 1/18 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
250/370.08 |
International
Class: |
G01T 1/24 20060101
G01T001/24; H01L 27/146 20060101 H01L027/146; G01T 1/18 20060101
G01T001/18; G01T 7/00 20060101 G01T007/00 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Oct 24, 2011 |
EP |
PCT/EP2011/005353 |
Nov 17, 2011 |
EP |
PCT/EP2011/005795 |
Claims
1-20. (canceled)
21. An electronic device comprising: a) an image sensor with
several image elements for capturing an image, wherein the image
sensor is also sensitive to ionizing radiation, and b) at least one
of an additional radiation sensor and an additional image sensor
adapted for measurement of the ionizing radiation.
22. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the device
further comprises an evaluation unit, which is connected on an
input side with the image sensor and with the additional radiation
sensor and calculates a radiation value from output signals of the
image sensor and output signals of the additional radiation sensor,
which value reflects the ionizing radiation.
23. The electronic device according to claim 22, wherein the
evaluation unit statistically evaluates the output signals of the
image elements of the image sensor.
24. The electronic device according to claim 22, wherein the
evaluation unit compares the output signals of the image sensor
with the output signals of the additional radiation sensor.
25. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor is a CCD sensor or a CMOS sensor.
26. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the
additional radiation sensor is a Geiger-Muller counter tube or a
photodiode.
27. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor and the additional radiation sensor have different spectral
measurement ranges.
28. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor and the additional radiation sensor have different power
measurement ranges.
29. The electronic device according to claim 27, wherein the image
sensor has during the measurement of the ionizing radiation a
measurement range, which extends into a kilosievert range.
30. The electronic device according to claim 27, wherein the
additional radiation sensor has during the measurement of the
ionizing radiation a measurement range, which extends into a
nanosievert range.
31. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor and the additional radiation sensor apply different
measurement methods to create redundancy.
32. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor and the additional radiation sensor are sensitive to
different types of radiation of the ionizing radiation.
33. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
elements of the image sensor and/or of the additional radiation
sensor are covered at least partially by an attenuator, which is
adapted to attenuate incident ionizing radiation.
34. The electronic device according to claim 33, wherein the
attenuator is adapted to attenuate the incident radiation to a
different degree.
35. The electronic device according to claim 34, wherein the
attenuator has a thickness, which extends wedge-shaped from a side
of the image sensor adjacent the additional radiation sensor to an
opposite side of the image sensor opposite the additional radiation
sensor.
36. The electronic device according to claim 33, wherein the
attenuator comprises at least one of the following materials: a)
copper, b) aluminium, c) lead, and/or d) polymethyl
methacrylate.
37. The electronic device according to claim 33, wherein a)
attenuators of the individual image elements of the image sensor
have different spectral attenuation characteristics, and b) the
evaluation unit calculates from output signals of the individual
image elements of the image sensor a spectral energy distribution
of incident ionizing radiation.
38. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein a
radiation filter is arranged in a radiation path of the additional
radiation sensor.
39. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein a) the
device has a temperature sensor adapted for measurement of a
temperature of the additional radiation sensor and/or of the image
sensor, and b) the evaluation unit is connected on an input side
with the temperature sensor and takes the measured temperature into
account for calculation of a radiation value in order to compensate
for temperature fluctuations.
40. The electronic device according to claim 21, further comprising
an active cooling element adapted for active cooling of the image
sensor in order to increase a measuring sensitivity of the image
sensor.
41. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein a
converter is arranged in a radiation path of the image sensor
and/or of the additional radiation sensor, which converter is
adapted to convert incident radiation from a badly detectable
wavelength range into a better detectable wavelength range in order
to extend a measurement range.
42. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein a
combination of several image sensors is provided for to avoid dead
time due to reading-out.
43. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor has numerous image lines each of which comprises several
image elements, wherein the image sensor is adapted to scan and
save the image line by line, so that the image sensor is
insensitive each time only in a single line.
44. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein several
additional radiation sensors are spatially arranged in a
distributed manner and/or are oriented in different directions.
45. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor can be aligned in different directions relative to the
device.
46. The electronic device according to claim 45, wherein a
servomotor is provided for motorized alignment of the image
sensor.
47. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein, in
addition to the image sensor, several different additional
radiation sensors are provided for.
48. The electronic device according to claim 47, wherein the
different additional radiation sensors are Geiger-Muller counter
tubes.
49. The electronic device according to claim 47, wherein the
different additional radiation sensors are photodiodes.
50. A flying object with an electronic device according to claim 21
for measurement of radiation exposure of a crew of the flying
object through cosmic radiation.
51. The flying object according to claim 50, wherein the flying
object is an aircraft.
52. The flying object according to claim 50, wherein the flying
object is a spacecraft.
53. The electronic device according to claim 21, wherein the image
sensor is sensitive to ionizing radiation which is pulsed radiation
up to a kilosievert range.
Description
[0001] The invention concerns an electronic device, in particular a
mobile phone, according to the main claim.
[0002] Modern mobile phones often possess an integrated digital
camera for capturing images or films. For this purpose, the
integrated digital camera has an image sensor (e.g. CCD sensor or
CMOS sensor) with numerous image elements (pixels) arranged in the
form of a matrix. Hitherto, such mobile phones with an integrated
digital camera have, however, still not been used for measurement
of ionizing radiation.
[0003] Therefore, the invention is based on the object of using a
mobile phone with an integrated image sensor also for measurement
of ionizing radiation.
[0004] This object is achieved by means of a corresponding mobile
phone according to the main claim.
[0005] The invention is based at first on the technical-physical
insight that the image sensor often integrated in modern mobile
phones are not only sensitive to visible light, but also allows the
measurement of ionizing radiation, in particular pulsed high-energy
radiation, as occurs, for example, with computer tomographs
(CTs).
[0006] The invention therefore comprises the general technical
teaching to use the image sensor in such a mobile phone or in any
other electronic device with such an image sensor also for
measurement of ionizing radiation. The technical realization of
this idea is described in the subsequently published patent
application PCT/EP2001005353, so that, to avoid repetition,
reference is made to this patent application.
[0007] Furthermore, the invention provides an additional radiation
sensor in order to measure the ionizing radiation, wherein it can
be, for example, a conventional Geiger-Muller counter tube or a
photodiode (e.g. a PIN photodiode) (PIN: Positive Intrinsic
Negative). The invention therefore preferably provides the
combination of a conventional image sensor (e.g. CCD sensor, CMOS
sensor) with a radiation sensor (e.g. Geiger-Muller counter tube,
PIN photodiode), so that the ionizing radiation is measured with
two different sensors, which is associated with different
advantages, which will be described in detail below.
[0008] Alternatively, there is also the option that several image
sensors are combined with one another in order to allow a radiation
measurement as accurate as possible, wherein a separate radiation
sensor can be dispensed with.
[0009] At this point, it is to be mentioned that the electronic
device does not necessarily have to be a mobile phone. The
invention rather comprises also other types of electronic devices,
which have an integrated image sensor and which are additionally
equipped within the context of the invention with a radiation
sensor.
[0010] In a preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention, the
electronic device has an evaluation unit, which is connected on the
input side with the image sensor and with the radiation sensor and
calculates from the output signals of the image sensor and of the
radiation sensor a radiation value (e.g. dosage value, dose rate
value), which reflects the ionizing radiation.
[0011] On the one hand, the evaluation unit detects the pixel
values of the individual image elements (pixels) of the image
sensor and calculates therefrom, in the framework of a statistical
evaluation, a corresponding radiation value. The technical details
of this evaluation of the individual pixel values are described in
the above-mentioned patent application, whose content is therefore
to be included in full in the present description.
[0012] On the other hand, the evaluation unit receives a radiation
value from the radiation sensor (e.g. Geiger-Muller counter tube,
PIN photodiode).
[0013] The evaluation unit can then compare, within the context of
the invention, the radiation values measured by the image sensor
and the radiation sensor with one another.
[0014] The combination of an image sensor with a radiation sensor
for radiation measurement is advantageous because an image sensor
on the one hand and a radiation sensor on the other hand generally
have different spectral measurement ranges. This means that the
image sensor and the radiation sensor are generally sensitive to
radiation with different wavelengths resp. frequencies.
[0015] Furthermore, there is within the context of the invention
the option that the image sensor and the radiation sensor have
different power measurement ranges. The radiation sensor (e.g.
Geiger-Muller counter tube) can thus, for example, serve for
measurement of lower radiation performances, whereas the image
sensor serves for measurement of high radiation performances.
[0016] For example, the image sensor can have a measurement range,
which extends to high radiation performances up to the kilosievert
range, whereas the radiation sensor can have a measurement range,
which can extend to low radiation performances up to the
nanosievert range. The image sensor can therefore measure higher
radiation, whereas the radiation sensor can measure lower
radiation.
[0017] The combination of an image sensor with a radiation sensor
for measurement of ionizing radiation is also advantageous because
such sensors generally use different methods of measurement, thus
creating redundancy.
[0018] Beyond this, the image sensor and the radiation sensor can
be sensitive to different types of radiation (e.g. alpha radiation,
beta radiation, gamma radiation).
[0019] In an exemplary embodiment of the invention, the image
elements of the image sensor are at least partially covered with
attenuators, wherein the attenuators attenuate the incident
ionizing radiation. Such attenuators can, for example, be
layer-wise and made of copper, aluminium, lead or plexiglass. The
thickness of the attenuators varies in this case preferably between
the individual image elements (pixels) of the image sensor, which
allows for a corresponding statistical evaluation a highly accurate
determination of the spectral energy distribution of the incident
ionizing radiation. For example, the attenuators can have a
thickness, which expands wedge-shaped from a side of the image
sensor to the opposite side of the image sensor, so that the
incident ionizing radiation is attenuated on the one side of the
wedge-shaped attenuator only slightly, whereas the incident
ionizing radiation on the opposite side of the wedge-shaped
attenuator is attenuated essentially stronger.
[0020] Such attenuator can be used within the context of the
invention also for the radiation sensor.
[0021] Moreover, a radiation filter can be arranged in the
radiation path of the radiation sensor and/or of the image
sensor.
[0022] It should also be mentioned that the measuring sensitivity
of the image sensor is generally temperature-dependent. In a
preferred exemplary embodiment of the invention, a temperature
sensor is therefore provided for in order to detect the temperature
of the image sensor and/or of the radiation sensor. The evaluation
unit then takes into account the temperature of the image sensor
measured by the temperature sensor in order to compensate for the
temperature fluctuations during the measurement.
[0023] Moreover, the electronic device according to the invention
can additionally have an active cooling element (e.g. a Peltier
element) in order to actively cool the image sensor and thereby to
increase the measuring sensitivity of the image sensor. Triggering
of the active cooling element can in this case take place depending
on the measured temperature of the image sensor in the framework of
a control operation or a feedback control.
[0024] Furthermore, a converter (e.g. a scintillator) can be
arranged in the radiation path of the image sensor and/or of the
radiation sensor, which converter converts the incident radiation
from a badly detectable wavelength range into a better detectable
wavelength range. The application of such a converter therefore
allows the measurement of incident radiation in a wavelength range,
in which the image sensor resp. the radiation sensor is
insensitive.
[0025] During read-out of the image sensor, the problem can occur
that the image sensor has a short dead time, so that no radiation
measurement is possible within the dead time. During the
measurement of pulsed radiation, there is, however, the option that
the individual radiation pulse each fall in the dead time of the
image sensor, so that the incident radiation is not detected.
[0026] To avoid such read-related dead times, it is provided for in
a variant of the invention that several image sensors are combined
with one another. This has the advantage that the dead time of the
individual image sensor generally has no temporal overlap, so that
at least one of the image sensors is sensitive at any time and
allows radiation measurement.
[0027] Another solution to this problem of the dead times of image
sensors consists in the application of the so-called ERS technology
(ERS: Electronic Rolling Shutter). In this process, the individual
image elements (pixels) of the image sensor are each scanned and
saved line by line, so that the image sensors are each insensitive
only in a single line, whereas the other lines of the image sensor
are sensitive and then allow a radiation measurement. In this
manner, in particular for the measurement of pulsed radiation, it
is prevented that the image sensor is fully insensitive to a
radiation pulse.
[0028] During the radiation measurement, it must be taken into
account that the measurement result depends on the alignment of the
respective radiation sensor and on the positioning of the radiation
sensor. So, for example, the user of a mobile phone with an
integrated radiation sensor can shadow off the radiation sensor
with his body, whereby the radiation sensor measures a falsified
radiation value. In a variant of the invention, the device that
serves for radiation measurement therefore has several radiation
sensors, which are spatially arranged in a distributed manner
and/or are oriented in different directions. The evaluation unit
can then evaluate the output signals of the different radiation
sensor in order to suppress disturbance variables.
[0029] Beyond this, there is the option that the radiation sensor
can be oriented in the device in different directions relative to
the device, wherein the spatial orientation of the radiation sensor
in operation can be changed. For example, a servomotor can be
provided for this purpose, which orientates the radiation sensor in
the desired direction.
[0030] Furthermore, there is also within the context of the
invention the option that several image sensors are combined with
one another in order to allow a radiation measurement as accurate
as possible, wherein a separate radiation sensor can also be
dispensed with. This is essential for a spectral measurement. For
example, the second image sensor can be covered partially or fully
by a scintillator. Furthermore, there is the option to combine a
radiation sensor with several image sensors.
[0031] The device for radiation measurement according to the
invention is suitable in particular for the measurement of the
radiation exposure for airplane crews, which are exposed to a
significant cosmic radiation, in particular during long-haul
flights. The invention therefore also comprises a flying object,
such as an aircraft or a space vehicle, with an electronic device
for radiation measurement according to the invention.
[0032] Other advantageous developments of the invention are
characterized in the sub-claims or are explained in more detail
below together with the description of the preferred exemplary
embodiment of the invention on the basis of the figures. The
figures show as follows:
[0033] FIG. 1 a front view of a mobile phone with an integrated
digital camera according to the invention and a likewise integrated
radiation sensor,
[0034] FIG. 2 a schematic block diagram of the components of the
mobile phone from FIG. 1 serving for radiation measurement,
[0035] FIG. 3 a schematic cross-section representation of the image
sensor of the mobile phone from FIG. 1,
[0036] FIGS. 4a, 4b the radiation measurement method of the mobile
phone in the form of a flow chart.
[0037] FIG. 1 shows a front view of a mobile phone 1, which is
structured to a great extent conventionally and has inter alia a
LCD display 2, a loudspeaker 3, an image sensor 4 in the form of a
digital camera as well as, additionally, a radiation sensor 5 in
the form of a PIN photodiode. Apart from the radiation sensor 5,
the mobile phone 1 corresponds to the prior art, so that a detailed
description of the structure and mode of operation of the
conventional constituent elements of the mobile phone 1 can be
dispensed with.
[0038] The image sensor 4 serves, in addition to the conventional
capturing of images or films, for the measurement of a radiation
value of an ionizing radiation in conjunction with the radiation
sensor 5, as will be explained below with reference to the
schematic block diagram in FIG. 2.
[0039] So, the image sensor 4 has a plurality of image elements
(pixels), which are arranged in the form of a matrix in lines and
columns and deliver a digital image. The individual pixel values of
the individual image elements of the image sensor 4 are fed to a
statistics unit 6, which calculates a radiation value D.sub.1
within the context of a statistical evaluation of the image values
of the individual image elements (pixels) of the image sensor 4,
wherein, for example, the radiation value can be the dose energy or
the dose rate of the incident radioactive radiation.
[0040] The radiation sensor 5 (e.g. PIN photodiode) likewise
calculates a corresponding radiation value D.sub.2, wherein both
radiation values D.sub.1 and D.sub.2 are supplied to a computing
unit 7, which determines a uniform radiation value D and then
transmits it via a phone module 8 (e.g. GSM module: Global System
for Mobile Communications) and an antenna 9 to a central monitoring
device, which then evaluates the radiation values D provided by a
plurality of such mobile phones 1.
[0041] Moreover, the mobile phone 1 still has a GPS module 10 (GPS:
Global Position System), which determines the geographical position
of the mobile phone 1 with the help of the satellite-based GPS
navigation system. The geographical position of the mobile phone 1
determined in this manner is then likewise transmitted together
with the radiation value D via the phone module 8 and the antenna 9
to the central monitoring device. The central monitoring device can
then create a radiation map by means of the value pairs transmitted
by the numerous mobile phones 1 from the radiation value D and the
associated geographical position of the respective mobile phone 1,
which radiation map reflects the geographical distribution of the
radiation value.
[0042] For the radiation measurement, the mobile phone 1 takes into
account the temperature dependency of the measurement through the
image sensor 4. The mobile phone 1 therefore has a temperature
sensor 11, which measures the temperature of the image sensor 4 and
transmits a corresponding temperature value T.sub.CCD to the
computing unit 7. The computing unit 7 then compensates for any
fluctuations of the temperature value T.sub.CCD when determining
the radiation value D in order to allow a determination of the
radiation value D as temperature-independent as possible.
[0043] Moreover, the temperature value T.sub.CCD measured by the
temperature sensor 11 is supplied to an actuator 12, which controls
a cooling element 13 (e.g. a Peltier element) in such a way that
the cooling element 13 acts with a certain refrigerating power
P.sub.COOL onto the image sensor 4 in order to maintain the
temperature value T.sub.CCD of the image sensor 4 as constant as
possible and thereby to avoid temperature-related measurement
inaccuracies to the greatest possible extent.
[0044] FIG. 3 shows a schematic cross-section through a
modification of the image sensor 4 in a housing of the mobile phone
1. For this modification, a wedge-shaped attenuator 14 is arranged
in the radiation path before the image sensor 4, the thickness of
which enlarges wedge-shaped from a side of the image sensor 4 to
the opposite side of the image sensor 4. The attenuator 14 is, for
example, made of copper, aluminium, lead or plexiglass and
attenuates the incident radioactive radiation depending on the
respective thickness of the attenuator 14 more or less, which
allows a spectral evaluation of the incident radioactive radiation.
So, the image elements (pixels) of the image sensor 4 on the right
side in the drawing primarily measure radioactive radiation with a
relative high energy, which is sufficient to penetrate the layer of
the attenuator 14 on this relatively thick side. On the left side
in the drawing, the image elements of the image sensor 4 measure,
in contrast, also low-energy radiation, since the attenuator 14 is
very thin there.
[0045] The FIGS. 4a and 4b show the operating method according to
the invention for the mobile phones 1.1-1.4 in the form of a flow
chart, wherein only the process steps are represented and
described, with which the evaluation unit 7 determines the
radiation value D.sub.1 in conjunction with the statistics unit 6
from the pixel values of the image sensor 4.
[0046] At first, the drawings show an image sensor 15 with numerous
image elements arranged in the form of a matrix for radiation
measurement. The image sensor 15 can, for example, be a CCD sensor
or a CMOS sensor.
[0047] A step 16 comprises a value entry of the images measured by
the image sensor 15 with a frame rate of 40-60 fps (frames per
second). Alternatively, a frame rate of 15-24 fps is, for example,
also possible. Optionally, single images are also possible, then if
necessary with shutter times, which correspond to partial image
capturing, or conversely time exposures with pretty large shutter
times.
[0048] The measured images are then saved in a step 17 in an image
memory.
[0049] Subsequently, in a step 18, a differentiation takes place
between the actual image saved in step 17 and a reference image
saved a in a step 19, wherein a reference memory contains an
average brightness per image element (pixel) from the previous
captured images. The thus reached averaging can take place
depending on the actual difference, for example according to the
following formula:
Ref=Refn+new pixelm(n+m) [0050] with [0051] Ref: brightness of the
reference image [0052] n: weighting factor for taking into account
the reference image with n+m=1 [0053] m: weighting factor for
taking into account the new image with n+m=1 [0054] new pixel:
brightness of the new image
[0055] The difference thus determined is then compared in a step 20
with an upper limit value and a lower limit value, wherein a
counting event is triggered when the measured difference value lies
between the upper limit value and the lower limit value.
[0056] Optionally, there is the option of a memory 21 for pixel
noise represented in FIG. 4b, which is filled in a calibration
process 22 with the noise values per pixel. To do so, several
measurements are carried out in the dark and without any additional
radiation. The individual differences between the current image and
the last image are added up with a matrix (noise values per pixel)
and then e.g. maximum values resp., after statistical evaluation,
the determined values are saved (Gaussian distribution taking into
account the incident background radiation). Furthermore, an
external threshold 23 can be added, which is added up to the pixel
threshold from the memory 21 in a step 24, which provides for more
stable results.
[0057] A threshold value comparison 25 then provides an analogue or
digital signal when threshold values are exceeded resp.--in case of
negative sign--fallen short of. In a step 26, the counting events
are then added up over a certain unit of time.
[0058] Thereupon, in a step 27, the number of counting events
(counts) is calculated per minute.
[0059] Via a calibration table 28, the assignment to a dose rate
(e.g. based on the counts per minute) resp. dose (from the total
number of counts) is then created. The calibration table can be
created for a group of sensors or created individually through a
measurement process with calibrated radiation source. Optionally, a
correction factor can be provided for simplified calibration with
one or two points.
[0060] As a result, in a step 29, a dose rate and, in a step 30, a
dose is then output.
[0061] Furthermore, there is also the option for an image
processing 31 for determining the energy value of the incident
photons. Thus, low-energy photons generally trigger only a counting
event in a single image element of the image sensor 4. High-energy
photons lead in contrast to a crosstalk between neighboring image
elements of the image sensor 4, so that a group (cluster) of
several neighboring image elements of the image sensor 4 trigger a
counting event. Through the image processing 31, such groups of
activated image elements can then be determined, whereby a spectral
distribution can be calculated in an approximate manner. The values
thus obtained are compared with a data base 32 of the energy
values, whereupon a spectrum of the incident radiation is then
output in a step 33.
[0062] The invention is not limited to the previously described
preferred exemplary embodiment. Instead, many variants and
modifications are possible, which also make use of the concept of
the invention and thus fall within the scope of protection.
Furthermore, the invention also claims protection for the subject
matter and the individual features of the subclaims independently
of the features of the claims to which they each refer.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0063] 1 Mobile phone [0064] 2 LCD display [0065] 3 Loudspeaker
[0066] 4 Image sensor [0067] 5 Radiation sensor [0068] 6 Statistics
unit [0069] 7 Computing unit [0070] 8 Phone module [0071] 9 Antenna
[0072] 10 GPS module [0073] 11 Temperature sensor [0074] 12
Actuator [0075] 13 Cooling element [0076] 14 Attenuator [0077] 15
Image sensor [0078] 16 Step "Value entry" [0079] 17 Step "Save"
[0080] 18 Step "Differencing" [0081] 19 Step "Reference image"
[0082] 20 Step "Threshold value testing" [0083] 21 Memory for pixel
noise [0084] 22 Calibration process [0085] 23 External threshold
[0086] 24 Step "Summation" [0087] 25 Threshold value comparison
[0088] 26 Step "Summing-up per unit of time" [0089] 27 Step "Counts
per minute" [0090] 28 Calibration table [0091] 29 Output Dose rate
[0092] 30 Output Dosage [0093] 31 Image processing [0094] 32
Database of the energy values [0095] 33 Output Spectrum [0096]
T.sub.CCD Temperature value of the image sensor [0097] D1 Radiation
value [0098] D2 Radiation value [0099] D Radiation value
* * * * *