U.S. patent application number 14/518647 was filed with the patent office on 2015-02-19 for orthopedic bone fixation systems and methods.
The applicant listed for this patent is MATERIALISE N.V.. Invention is credited to Bram LENAERTS, Wilfried VANCRAEN, Frederik VERSTREKEN.
Application Number | 20150051650 14/518647 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48325612 |
Filed Date | 2015-02-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150051650 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
VERSTREKEN; Frederik ; et
al. |
February 19, 2015 |
ORTHOPEDIC BONE FIXATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS
Abstract
The orthopedic systems are patient-specific and provided with
two types of features for positioning and/or fixing the plate to
the bone or bone fragments. A method for generating bone plates
comprises: generating a model of the bone defect or envisaged
osteotomy based on one or more images of the bone and the surgical
plan; designing based on said model a model corresponding to the
envisioned repair of said bone defect/envisaged result of the
osteotomy; generating a bone plate based on the information above,
comprising: one or more patient-specific features corresponding to
the surface of a bone fragment in the area close to the defect; and
one or more fixation features whose position and/or orientation is
such that the fixation elements will enter the bone in areas
suitable for fixing the bone plate to each bone fragment.
Inventors: |
VERSTREKEN; Frederik;
(Schoten, BE) ; VANCRAEN; Wilfried; (Huldenberg,
BE) ; LENAERTS; Bram; (Pulle, BE) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
MATERIALISE N.V. |
Leuven |
|
BE |
|
|
Family ID: |
48325612 |
Appl. No.: |
14/518647 |
Filed: |
October 20, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
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PCT/EP2013/058041 |
Apr 18, 2013 |
|
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14518647 |
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61625819 |
Apr 18, 2012 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
606/281 ;
606/297; 703/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 2034/108 20160201;
G06F 19/00 20130101; A61B 2017/00526 20130101; G16H 50/50 20180101;
A61B 2034/102 20160201; A61B 17/809 20130101; A61B 17/80 20130101;
A61B 17/151 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
606/281 ;
606/297; 703/1 |
International
Class: |
A61B 17/80 20060101
A61B017/80; G06F 19/00 20060101 G06F019/00 |
Claims
1. A bone plate for use in orthopedic surgery, comprising: a
support structure; one or more patient-specific features configured
to be positioned on a bone; one or more fixation features
configured to fix the bone plate onto the bone; and one or more
positioning elements configured to position the bone plate onto the
bone.
2. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein the positioning
elements are selected from the group consisting of a non-threaded
pin, a non-threaded peg or a non-threaded hook.
3. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein the bone plate
comprises a first patient-specific feature of the one or more
patient-specific features corresponding to a feature of a first
bone fragment of the bone and a second patient-specific feature of
the one or more patient-specific features corresponding to a second
bone fragment of the bone.
4. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein the supporting
structure has a varying thickness, including an area of increased
thickness around an osteotomy or fracture plane.
5. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein the bone plate
comprises at least two positioning elements of the one or more
positioning elements that extend from a surface of the support
structure.
6. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein at least one of the
one or more positioning elements is detachable.
7. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein a size of the bone
plate and a position of the one or more positioning elements are
determined according to a pre-operative plan.
8. The bone plate according to claim 1, wherein the support
structure comprises a first part and a second part, each part
comprising fixation features, and wherein the first part and the
second part are configured to be combined and attached to each
other in order to form a one-piece bone plate after placement on
the bone.
9. A method for generating a patient-specific bone plate, the
method comprising: generating a bone model of a bone based on one
or more images of the bone, wherein the bone model includes one of
a bone defect or a planned osteotomy; designing, based on the bone
model, a bone plate model; and generating a bone plate, comprising:
a support structure; one or more patient-specific features
configured to be positioned on a bone; one or more fixation
features configured to fix the bone plate onto the bone; and one or
more positioning elements configured to position the bone plate
onto the bone.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein at least one of the
one or more positioning elements extends from a surface of the
support structure.
11. A method for fixating a bone plate to one or more bone
fragments of a bone, the method comprising: drilling holes into one
or more of the bone fragments of the bone, wherein the holes are
configured to receive one or more positioning elements of the bone
plate; repositioning the one or more bone fragments into a correct
position for healing; positioning the bone plate on the one or more
bone fragments using the positioning elements, wherein the bone
plate comprises: a support structure; one or more patient-specific
features configured to be positioned on the one or more bone
fragments; one or more fixation features configured to fix the bone
plate onto the one or more bone fragments; and one or more
positioning elements configured to position the bone plate onto the
one or more bone fragments; fixing the bone plate to the one or
more bone fragments using the one or more fixation features on the
bone plate.
12. The method according to claim 11, wherein repositioning the
bone fragments into the correct position for healing comprises:
fixing the bone plate onto a first bone fragment of the one or more
bone fragments; using the bone plate as a hinge to further position
the bone plate onto a second bone fragment of the one or more bone
fragments.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] The application is a continuation under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120
of International Application No. PCT/EP2013/058041, filed Apr. 18,
2013 (and published on Oct. 24, 2013 in English by the
International Bureau as International Publication No. WO
2013/156545), which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application
No. 61/625,819, filed Apr. 18, 2012. The entire contents of each of
the above-referenced patent applications are hereby incorporated by
reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present application relates to orthopedic bone fixation
systems and methods for performing orthopedic interventions
according to pre-operative planning. The orthopedic systems can be
patient-specific.
BACKGROUND
[0003] The human skeleton is composed of a large number of
individual bones that perform a variety of important functions,
including support, movement, protection, storage of minerals, and
formation of blood cells. In response to trauma bones of the
skeleton may become fractured. To ensure that the skeleton retains
its ability to perform its important functions and to reduce pain
and disfigurement, fractured bones should be repaired promptly and
properly. Typically, fractured bones are treated using fixation
devices, which reinforce the fractured bones and keep them aligned
during healing. Fixation devices may take a variety of forms,
including casts for external fixation and bone plates for internal
fixation. Casts are minimally invasive, allowing reduction and
fixation of simple fractures from outside the body. In contrast,
bone plates are sturdy internal devices that are mounted directly
onto the bone(s) adjacent to the fracture.
[0004] Some bone defects (such as hallux valgus, coxa vara, genu
valgum, and genu varum) are treated by an osteotomy, i.e. a
surgical intervention involving cutting of the bone in order to
shorten the bone, lengthen it or change its alignment. After
surgery a bone plate is often used to hold the remaining detached
bone fragments in their desired position for healing.
[0005] Bone plates generally provide a rigid structure comprising
openings through which bone fixation elements are inserted into the
bone to anchor the plate to the target portions of the bone. The
bone plate is fastened to opposite sides of the fracture or
surgical cut using suitable fixation elements, such as screws
and/or wires, so that the bone fragments are fixed in position. The
mounted plate may be left in place permanently, or it may be
removed after the bone has healed sufficiently.
[0006] Bone plates are available in different sizes such that the
surgeon can choose a bone plate adapted to the size of the fracture
and/or disconnected bone fragments during the surgical procedure.
However, the shape of the bone plates from which the surgeon can
choose is limited, as the currently available bone plates typically
have a generic shape. A suboptimal fit of the bone plate however
may negatively affect the healing process.
[0007] Another problem often encountered during these types of
orthopedic procedures is that during the fixation of the bone plate
the fracture dislocates or repositions slightly due to the forces
required for inserting the fixation elements into the bones for
fastening the bone plate. As there is almost no opportunity during
the surgical procedure to loosen the fixation elements in order to
reposition the fracture for optimal healing, small dislocations are
often left, leading to suboptimal healing of the fracture and
possible complications during or after the healing process.
[0008] Accordingly, there is a need for improved ways to repair
structural defects in the field of orthopedic surgery.
SUMMARY
[0009] Provided herein are orthopedic devices which allow fixation
of two or more partially or entirely disconnected bone fragments
according to a pre-operatively determined position relative to each
other and methods for placing such orthopedic devices.
[0010] More particularly, disclosed herein is a bone plate for use
in orthopedic surgery for fixating two or more bone fragments
according to a pre-operative plan, comprising: a rigid structure
comprising one or more patient-specific features allowing the
positioning of the bone plate onto at least one bone fragment in a
specific position which position is determined based on
pre-operative planning; fixation features for fixing the bone plate
onto the bone or bone fragments; and positioning elements which aid
the positioning of the bone plate onto the bone.
[0011] More particularly, said bone plate is a bone plate for
fixing two bone fragments to each other, wherein the bone plate
comprises at least two patient-specific features, each
corresponding to or matching a feature on one of the bone fragments
which are to be fixed together. More particularly, the
patient-specific features are selected such that in the
pre-operatively determined correct relative position of the bone
fragments, the patient-specific features on the bone plate
optimally match the corresponding features on the bone
fragments.
[0012] More particularly, said bone plate provided is a bone plate
wherein the rigid structure which is the supporting element may
vary in thickness. In further particular embodiments, the rigid
structure of the bone plate is locally increased around the
osteotomy or fracture plane of the bone fragments.
[0013] In particular embodiments, bone plates are provided wherein
the positioning elements are non-threaded structures extending from
the rigid structure of the bone plate, such as, but not limited to
pins, pegs or hooks. Additionally or alternatively, the positioning
elements may be structures holes for positioning devices such as
are non-threaded pin-, peg- or hook-like structures. Optionally,
the positioning elements may be detachable from the bone plate
rigid structure.
[0014] In particular embodiments, the fixation elements are
threaded holes for screws.
[0015] The position and orientation of the positioning elements and
fixation features are determined according to a pre-operative
plan.
[0016] The application further provides guides for drilling holes
into bone fragments corresponding to the desired position of the
screws which are introduced in the fixation features of a bone
plate for fixing said bone fragments. More particularly, the
application envisages combinations of a bone plate for fixing onto
two bone fragments or a defect bone area as described herein
comprising a rigid structure, one or more patient-specific features
and fixation features and a guide for drilling holes into the bone
or bone fragments in pre-operatively planned position of the
fixation elements.
[0017] In particular embodiments, bone plates are provided which
comprise two or more separate parts, each comprising a rigid
structure with one or more fixation features and optionally one or
more positioning elements, which can be combined and attached to
each other to form a one-piece bone plate after placement on the
bone fragments and positioning the bone fragments in the
pre-operatively planned position.
[0018] In a further particular embodiment, methods are provided for
generating bone plates providing a tailored and defect-specific
approach comprising the steps of: generating a 2-dimensional (2D)
or 3-dimensional (3D) model of the bone defect or envisaged
osteotomy based on one or more images of the bone and the surgical
plan; designing, based on said 2D or 3D model, a model
corresponding to the envisioned repair of said bone
defect/envisaged result of the osteotomy; generating a bone plate
with a rigid structure based on the information above comprising:
one or more patient-specific features matching or corresponding to
the surface of a bone fragment in the area close to the defect, and
one or more fixation features whereby the position and orientation
is selected based on the information above so as to be suitable for
fixing the bone plate to said bone fragments.
[0019] More particularly, methods are provided for generating a
guide for a bone plate as described herein, the method comprising,
determining, based on the pre-operative plan the desired positions
of the holes for the fixation of the bone plate to the bone
fragments, and generating a guide comprising drill-guides for
drilling holes in to the bone or bone fragments to receive the
fixation elements (such as screws) introduced through the fixation
features of the bone plate. More particularly the methods for
generating the bone plate (and optionally the guide) involve
performing virtual surgery on the defective bone to identify the
defect site and determining the shape and/or form parameters of the
defect or of the structure necessary to fix the defect.
[0020] In a further particular embodiment, a method is provided for
fixating bone fragments according to a predetermined position
comprising the steps of: drilling holes into the bone or bone
fragments, for receiving the fixation elements; repositioning the
bone fragments into the correct position for healing, positioning a
bone plate as disclosed herein on the bone fragments using the
positioning elements; and introducing fixation elements into the
fixation features on the bone plate, thereby fixing the bone
fragments or bone according to a predetermined position.
[0021] More particularly, the method comprises first a step of
positioning a bone plate as disclosed herein on one of the bone
fragments, followed by repositioning the bone fragments into the
correct position for healing using the bone plate fixed onto one of
the bone fragments as a hinge and further positioning the bone
plate onto the bone fragments.
[0022] The application further claims kits comprising tools for
performing at least part of the surgical procedures described
herein. In particular embodiments the kits comprise: a patient
specific bone plate as disclosed herein; and a guide for drilling
holes corresponding to the desired location and direction of the
fixation elements, which are to be introduced through the fixation
features of the bone plate.
[0023] More particularly, the kits may further comprise positioning
devices which fit into a positioning feature of the bone plate
and/or fixation elements corresponding to the fixation features on
the bone plate for further fixing the bone plate into the correct
position on the bone fragments.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] The following description of a specific embodiment is merely
exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the present
teachings, their application or uses.
[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplified procedure for conducting a
bone osteotomy.
[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates the placement of a bone plate on a bone
according to a particular embodiment.
[0027] FIG. 3 illustrates the placement of a bone plate on a bone
according to a particular embodiment.
[0028] FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a bone plate positioned
on a bone.
[0029] The following references are used throughout the figures:
bone (1), bone plate (2), bone plate supporting structure (3), bone
plate positioning elements (4), bone plate fixation features (5),
fixation elements (6), patient-specific features (7), drill guide
(10), K-wire (11), hole (12), cutting guide (13) and bone osteotomy
(14).
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN INVENTIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0030] The disclosed systems and methods as described herein will
be described with respect to particular embodiments but the systems
and methods are not limited thereto.
[0031] As used herein, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the"
include both singular and plural referents unless the context
clearly dictates otherwise.
[0032] The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of" as
used herein are synonymous with "including", "includes" or
"containing", "contains", and are inclusive or open-ended and do
not exclude additional, non-recited members, elements or method
steps. The terms "comprising", "comprises" and "comprised of when
referring to recited members, elements or method steps also include
embodiments which "consist of said recited members, elements or
method steps.
[0033] Furthermore, the terms first, second, third and the like in
the description, are used for distinguishing between similar
elements and not necessarily for describing a sequential or
chronological order, unless specified. It is to be understood that
the terms so used are interchangeable under appropriate
circumstances and that the embodiments described herein are capable
of operation in other sequences than described or illustrated
herein.
[0034] All documents cited in the present specification are hereby
incorporated by reference in their entirety.
[0035] Unless otherwise defined, all terms used herein, including
technical and scientific terms, have the meaning as commonly
understood by one of ordinary skill in the art. By means of further
guidance, definitions for the terms used in the description are
included to better appreciate the present teaching. The terms or
definitions used herein are provided solely to aid in the
understanding of the present disclosure.
[0036] Reference throughout this specification to "one embodiment"
or "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure or
characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is
included in at least one embodiment as disclosed herein. Thus,
appearances of the phrases "in one embodiment" or "in an
embodiment" in various places throughout this specification are not
necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, but may.
Furthermore, the particular features, structures or characteristics
may be combined in any suitable manner, as would be apparent to a
person skilled in the art from this disclosure, in one or more
embodiments. Furthermore, while some embodiments described herein
include some but not other features included in other embodiments,
combinations of features of different embodiments are meant to be
within the present scope, and form different embodiments, as would
be understood by those in the art.
[0037] Provided herewith are systems, including apparatuses and
methods which may be used for performing a surgical orthopedic
intervention requiring the installation of a bone plate, allowing
the surgeon to perform the orthopedic intervention according to a
preoperative plan to ensure accuracy of the intervention such that
the amount of time the patient is in surgery is minimized and the
post-operative healing process is optimized. The orthopedic systems
can be patient-specific.
[0038] A first aspect relates to a bone plate for use in the
context of orthopedic surgery. The bone plate is used for fixating
two or more bone fragments according to a preoperative plan. A bone
fragment as used herein refers to partially or completely separated
parts originating from one bone. The bone plate ensures that the
bone fragments are fixed in a predetermined position relative to
each other to assist in the healing and/or to stabilize damaged or
weakened bones or portions of bone.
[0039] The bone plate provides a rigid structure which is typically
(but not necessarily) longitudinal in order to span over a gap
(caused by fracture and/or osteotomy) between two bone fragments or
over a stretch of weakened bone. The rigid structure, also referred
to as supporting element, is such that, after attachment to the
bone or bone fragments it can maintain these in position even under
stress conditions.
[0040] The rigid structure of the bone plate typically comprises
one or more patient-specific features, which allow positioning of
the bone plate onto at least one bone fragment in a specific
position which position is determined based on pre-operative
planning. The one or more patient-specific features typically match
features and/or areas of the bone or bone fragment(s) and help
guide the placement of the bone plate and ensure a unique fit
thereof. In particular embodiments the bone plate is envisaged for
fixing two bone fragments to each other and comprises at least two
patient-specific features, each corresponding to or matching a
feature on one of the bone fragments which are to be fixed together
whereby the features are selected such that in the pre-operatively
determined relative position of the bone fragments, the features on
the bone plate will optimally match the corresponding features on
the bone fragments. Thus, the patient-specific features will help
ensure that the bone plate fixes the bone fragments according to
the pre-operative planning.
[0041] The rigid structure or supporting element of the bone plate
may have a standard thickness or may be provided in a particular
embodiment with a varying thickness. More particularly, the
thickness of the supporting element may be locally increased for
instance around the osteotomy or fracture plane, thereby to
providing the bone plate with a higher stress resistance.
[0042] The patient-specific features provided on the bone plate are
typically selected from patient-specific surfaces (matching a
specific surface structure on the bone), combinations of
specifically placed holding pins (corresponding to a specific shape
of the bone), etc.
[0043] The bone plate further comprises fixation features for
fixing the bone plate onto the bone or bone fragments. The fixation
features typically comprise openings in the bone plate through
which bone fixation elements, such as pins, but more particularly
threaded elements such as screws can be inserted into the bone to
anchor the bone plate to the bone.
[0044] In particular embodiments, the bone plate further comprises
positioning elements which aid the positioning of the bone plate
onto the bone. The positioning elements that are provided onto the
bone plate may be any means which allow a first positioning of the
bone plate onto the bone. In a particular embodiment, these
positioning elements are non-threaded structures such as, but not
limited to pins, pegs or hooks. The bone plates are typically
provided with at least one positioning element, which is provided
(or envisaged to be provided) on a part of the bone plate envisaged
to be positioned on one of the bone fragments (where the fixation
of more than one bone fragment is envisaged) or on one area of the
bone. In particular embodiments, the bone plate comprises at least
two positioning elements, the first positioning element being
located on one bone fragment or part of the bone adjacent the bone
defect or cut and the second positioning element being located on
the other bone fragment or bone area adjacent to the bone defect or
cut.
[0045] In particular embodiments however, one or more of the
positioning elements may be non-threaded apertures such as, but not
limited to holes for pins, pegs or hooks. Where the positioning
element on the plate is a hole (extending through the rigid
structure of the bone plate) for a pin peg or hook, this is
intended for use with a corresponding external positioning device,
such as a pin, peg or hook, which can be introduced through the
bone plate into the bone upon positioning the bone plate.
Typically, the position and orientation of the hole or opening will
determine the orientation of the positioning device in the bone.
Additionally or alternatively, in particular embodiments, the
positioning element may be a structure extending from the rigid
structure of the bone plate, which can be introduced into bone when
positioning the bone plate onto a bone fragment e.g. by exerting
pressure onto the bone plate. In these embodiments, the positioning
element may have a pin, peg or hook-like shape extending from the
bone plate (more particularly from the surface intended to be
positioned on the bone, i.e. the same surface of the bone plate
comprising the patient-specific feature(s)). Typically, as the bone
plate is typically designed to be positioned parallel to the bone
surface, the (external or incorporated) positioning
elements/devices may be positioned perpendicular to the bone
surface. This may imply that the positioning elements/devices
intended for introducing into the bone are all positioned
essentially perpendicular to the surface of the bone plate and to
the surface of the bone. In particular embodiments, at least two of
the positioning elements/devices are such that these
elements/devices for introducing into the bone are positioned in
parallel relative to each other. In further particular embodiments
all positioning elements/devices of said bone plate are positioned
parallel relative to each other. However, it is also envisioned
that the positioning elements or external positioning devices are
provided on the bone plate so as not to be positioned parallel to
each other. This may increase the stability of the bone plate on
the bone. In particular embodiments, the positioning elements are
envisaged to be oriented at a slight angle (2-10.degree.) with
respect to the axis perpendicular to the bone surface. In
particular embodiments, the orientation of this angle is different
for the different positioning elements/devices. Where the
positioning elements are openings which allow the introduction of
external positioning devices, the openings can be provided such
that they allow and/or ensure non-parallel introduction of external
positioning devices. The same applies to the fixation features and
their respective fixation elements.
[0046] In particular embodiments the positioning elements of said
bone plate are detachable and removable, thereby allowing a firs
set of less permanent positioning elements to be removed and
replaced by more permanent fixation elements. Thus, in particular
embodiments, the positioning elements may function as fixation
features. For instance, when pegs are used as positioning elements
or positioning devices, after the positioning of the bone plate
into the correct position and a first fixation of the bone plate to
the bone, one may envisage removing the pegs from the bone plate
and introducing further screws as fixation elements to further
strengthen the position of the bone plate. In particular
embodiments as detailed above, the bone plate is thus provided with
a combination of fixed positioning elements on the bone plate which
are openings and separate external positioning devices and fixation
elements which can be inserted therethrough.
[0047] It will be understood that the bone plates are tailored
specifically for the repair of the bone defect or osteotomy at
hand. In particular embodiments, not only patient-specific features
are provided, but the size of the bone plate and the position and
orientation of the different positioning elements and fixation
features are determined according to a preoperative plan.
[0048] According to particular embodiments, a multitude of 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8 or more fixation features and/or positioning elements can
be provided on the bone plate, depending on the complexity of the
bone defect (where multiple parts are to be fixated relative to
each other with one bone plate) or where for instance a higher
degree of strength is required.
[0049] The present disclosure further envisages methods for fixing
bone fragments according to a predetermined position using the bone
plates as disclosed herein.
[0050] These methods typically involve the step of drilling holes
into the bone or bone fragments, for receiving the positioning
elements and/or the fixation elements introduced through the
fixation features of the bone plate. Thus, holes to receive these
positioning elements and/or fixation elements are drilled into the
bone or bone fragments according to a pre-operatively planned
position of the bone plate. Drilling of the holes is typically
ensured using a guide.
[0051] Where the bone plate as disclosed herein is envisaged for
use in an osteotomy procedure of an intact bone, e.g. for removing
part of the bone, drilling of the holes can be ensured prior to the
osteotomy step, i.e. when the bone is still in one piece.
Alternatively, drilling can be ensured after the osteotomy is
performed, on each of the bone fragments.
[0052] Thereafter, the bone plate is positioned on one of the bone
fragments. More particularly, the part of the bone plate envisaged
for placement on that bone fragment.
[0053] In particular embodiments, the bone plate is provided with
at least one patient-specific feature matching an area of that bone
fragment to which the bone plate is attached first. More
particularly, the patient-specific feature matches an area of the
bone fragment to which the bone plate is first attached near or
adjacent to the areas where the positioning elements and/or
fixation elements are or will be introduced into the bone fragment.
By providing patient-specific features near areas where positioning
elements and/or fixation elements are introduced, the surgeon
manipulating and positioning the patient-specific bone plate is
ensured that the bone plate is fixed in the correct position when
fixing the bone plate onto the patient's anatomy.
[0054] In particular embodiments, after the bone plate has been
fixed onto the first bone fragment, the two or more bone fragments
are repositioned into the correct position for healing, using the
bone plate fixated onto one of the bone fragments as a hinge to aid
the surgeon. Where the bone plate comprises a further
patient-specific feature corresponding to/matching a feature on the
surface of the second bone fragment, the correct fit of the bone
plate on the second bone fragment will be aided by matching the
patient-specific feature with the corresponding feature on the
bone.
[0055] Once the bones are placed in the correct relative position
for healing the fixation elements can be introduced into the
fixation features on the bone plate through the bone, thereby
fixating the position of the reconstituted bone defect in the
correct position for optimal healing.
[0056] As the bone plate is used as a hinge for repositioning the
bone fragments into to their correct relative position for healing,
it may be necessary to ensure a fixation to the first bone fragment
which is sufficiently strong. The provision of multiple positioning
elements on the bone fragment to which the bone plate is first
attached provide an increased strength of the attachment and allows
the surgeon to put more pressure on the bone plate which functions
as a hinge. Accordingly, the number of positioning elements on
either side of the bone plate may be unequal, thereby providing N+X
positioning elements on the side of the bone plate which is fixated
first to the bone fragment and providing N positioning elements on
the side of the bone plate which is fixated once the bone defect is
repositioned into the correct position for healing, N being an
integer equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more and X being an
integer equal to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more. In particular
embodiments the positioning elements are an integral part of the
bone plate.
[0057] Once the bone fragments are repositioned and the bone plate
is fixated into the correct position using the positioning
elements, the bone plate is fastened to the different bone
fragments using suitable fixation elements. Suitable fixation
elements include any type of fixation or attachment elements as can
be envisaged by a skilled person, including, but not limited to
screw, nails, bolts, pins, clamps or stitches, to ensure that the
bone plate is definitively fixed into position.
[0058] As described above, the bone plate comprises fixation
features such as openings through which bone fixation elements can
be inserted into the bone to definitely anchor the bone plate to
each of the bone fragments. As the bone plate is already fixated
into the correct position (by the positioning elements), the
further fixation using stronger and more permanent fixation
elements will not have an effect on the position of the
reconstituted bone, thereby ensuring that the correct position for
healing is maintained also after fixating the bone plate
permanently. The mounted bone plate may be left in place
permanently, or it may be removed after the bone has healed
sufficiently.
[0059] It is noted that typically the bone plate as disclosed
herein is a one piece structure optionally with separate or
detachable fixation and/or positioning elements.
[0060] In an alternative embodiment the bone plate is provided in
two or more separate parts, which can be combined and attached to
each other to form a one-piece bone plate after placement on the
bone fragments. In these embodiments, the complete bone plate (i.e.
when both parts are joined) is designed according to pre-operative
planning to ensure correct positioning of the different bone
fragments relative to each other. The bone plate is however
provided in two parts, each of which can be attached to a bone
fragment in a specific position (optionally guided by one or more
patient-specific features). Thereafter, connecting of the two parts
of the bone plate (to generate a single base plate structure) will
ensure that the corresponding bone fragments are correctly
positioned.
[0061] In particular embodiments the separate parts of the bone
plate each comprise positioning elements. In these embodiments, the
two parts of the bone plate can be referred to as positioning
parts. In further particular embodiments, a positioning part
comprises positioning elements provided with a patient-specific
feature, ensuring/aiding the correct positioning of the positioning
part onto a bone fragment. Typically, the positioning parts further
comprise attachment elements to which a bone connector can be
attached for connection of one positioning part to another.
[0062] Where the bone plate is provided as separate positioning
parts, placement will typically first involve positioning of a
positioning part on the bone and a first fixation by positioning
elements. Typically, each of the two positioning parts is provided
onto a different bone fragment. After inserting the positioning
elements into the bone fragments, the bone fragments can be
repositioned into the correct position relative to each other for
healing. In a next step, the bone connector is attached to each of
the positioning parts, thereby forming a bone plate as disclosed
herein. By using a bone plate comprising separate parts which can
be interconnected, the bone plate can be assembled by the surgeon
during the surgical procedure, allowing the surgery to occur in a
small surgical window, leading to a faster healing process. The
assembly of the different parts is easily performed by the surgeon.
In particular embodiments, the correct position of the bones for
healing is ensured by the patient-specific character of each of the
positioning parts of the bone plate.
[0063] The present disclosure further relates to methods for
generating bone plates providing a tailored and defect-specific
approach as each bone plates is made on the basis of the specific
defective bone at hand and its envisaged repair.
[0064] Typically, the bone plate is developed by first generating a
two dimensional (2D) or three dimensional (3D) model of the bone
defect or envisaged osteotomy based on one or more images thereof,
generating a 2D or 3D model of the envisaged repair of the bone
defect or result of the osteotomy and generating a bone plate
matching or corresponding to at least part of the surface of the
bone fragments surrounding the area. Optionally, the bone plate is
further provided with positioning elements. In further particular
embodiments, the bone plate is provided with openings for fixation
elements.
[0065] Accordingly, herein disclosed are methods of making a bone
plate for fixing a bone defect, the method comprising the steps of:
generating a 2D or 3D model of the bone defect or envisaged
osteotomy based on one or more images of the bone and the surgical
plan; designing based on said 2D or 3D model a model corresponding
to the envisioned repair of said bone defect/envisaged result of
the osteotomy; generating a bone plate with a rigid structure based
on the information above comprising: one or more patient-specific
features matching or corresponding to the surface of a bone
fragment in the area close to the defect or osteotomy, and fixation
features in areas suitable for fixing the bone plate to each of
said bone fragments.
[0066] More particularly the methods for making a bone plate for
fixing a bone defect may further comprise steps of returning to the
model of the bone fragments prior to the envisaged repair (the
original position of the bone fragments), taking into account the
axis depth of the positioning and/or fixation elements of said bone
plate, and generating a guide comprising drill-guides for drilling
holes in to the bone fragments to receive the positioning and/or
fixation elements of said bone plate. More particularly, said drill
holes are predrill screw holes.
[0067] Thus, the methods as disclosed herein rely on one or more
images of the bone defect or of the bone for which osteotomy is
envisaged. In particular embodiments, the methods as disclosed
herein include the step of taking images of the bone or bone
defect. The images may be any type of image that can be used to
create a 2D or 3D image or model of said envisaged repair of the
bone or result of the osteotomy. It is not required that the images
are of the entire patient. Indeed, typically, only part of the
patient is reflected in the image, provided that this part also
includes the area of the bone defect.
[0068] In particular embodiments, the images are 2D or 3D images.
The images can be taken using any type of imaging apparatus or
imaging technique which allows imaging or scanning the defective
object in an accurate manner. These may include equipment such as
cameras and scanners for industrial, household or medical use. In
particular embodiments the imaging techniques and appliances used
are typical medical imaging tools such as, but not limited to
radiography, X-ray, ultrasound or fluoroscopy for 2D images and
computer tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans for 3D images. It is noted that from a combination of 2D
images a 3D model can be constituted (according to U.S. 61/579,927
which is incorporated herein by reference). A summary of medical
imaging has been described in "Fundamentals of Medical imaging", by
P. Suetens, Cambridge University Press, 2002.
[0069] The term "medical imaging" as used herein refers to
techniques and processes used to create images of the human or
animal body (or parts and function thereof), typically for clinical
purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine
disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy
and physiology).
[0070] Based on these images, a 2D or 3D model of the objects
defective region is made. This 2D or 3D model allows a detailed
analysis of the bone defect to determine the actual size and shape
of the defect. The examination of the defect allows the
reconstitution of the bone defect to its original position and/or
the provision of the desired repair of the defect.
[0071] In particular embodiments, the methods involve performing
virtual surgery on the defective bone to identify the defect site
and determining the shape and/or form parameters of the defect or
of the structure necessary to fix the defect. Based thereon, a
model corresponding to the envisioned repair of said bone defect or
osteotomy is generated. This can be obtained by manual designing
based on anatomical knowledge. This involves determining the
optimal position of the remaining elements relative to each other.
Where the bone is a long bone, typically, the defect or osteotomy
will generate two parts which need to be fixed in a specific
position relative to each other. In other embodiments, such as
fractures of the skull, the optimal position of multiple pieces may
need to be determined.
[0072] In a next step the bone plate is generated based on the
model corresponding to the envisioned repair of said bone defect or
envisaged osteotomy. In particular embodiments, the bone plate is
designed to comprise patient-specific features matching or
corresponding to the surface of said model for one or more, and
typically for each of the bone fragments. Additionally, the
positions of the different positioning elements and openings for
fixation elements (also referred to herein as fixation features)
corresponding to suitable positions in each of the bone fragments
which are to be fixed to each other is also determined. The methods
as disclosed herein are envisaged e.g. in the context of orthopedic
surgery. The model will allow the identification of areas on the
bone fragments (typically in the vicinity of the defect) that are
suitable for fixing and/or attaching the bone plate.
[0073] The bone plate can be made based on the information for
these different features.
[0074] Typically, the methods allow the generation of a
specifically fitting bone plate. Most particularly, the methods
envisage making the bone plate in one piece or in separate
detachable parts. Methods of manufacturing will be detailed
below.
[0075] The step of generating said bone plate may thus include
designing a model of a bone plate or an image thereof. The design
of the bone plate may further be provided on an information carrier
or can be sent to a manufacturing facility for the manufacturing of
the bone plate or parts thereof. Thus, in particular embodiments,
the methods as disclosed herein include manufacturing the bone
plate or parts thereof.
[0076] As detailed above, the methods envisage the generation of a
bone plate comprising one or more surfaces that fit specifically
with the bone fragment(s). In particular embodiments, the bone
plates may comprise one or more free-form structures fitting at
least part of the surface of the bone fragments. The term
"free-form structure" as used herein refers to a structure having
an irregular and/or asymmetrical flowing shape or contour, more
particularly fitting at least part of the contour of the bone
fragments. Thus, in particular embodiments, the free-form structure
is a free-form surface, as described above. A free-form surface
refers to an (essentially) 2D shape contained in a 3D geometric
space. Indeed, as will be detailed below, such a surface can be
considered as essentially 2D but may have a varying thickness.
Typically, the free-form structure or surface is characterized by a
lack of rigid radial dimensions, unlike regular surfaces such as
planes, cylinders and conic surfaces. Free-form surfaces are known
to the skilled person and widely used in engineering design
disciplines. Typically non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS)
mathematics is used to describe the surface forms; however, there
are other methods such as Gorden surfaces or Coons surfaces. The
form of the free-form surfaces are characterized and defined not in
terms of polynomial equations, but by their poles, degree, and
number of patches (segments with spline curves). Free-form surfaces
can also be defined as triangulated surfaces, where triangles are
used to approximate the 3D surface. Triangulated surfaces are used
in STL (Standard Triangulation Language) files that are known to a
person skilled in CAD design. The free-form structures are
structured such that they fit the surface of said object
specifically, thereby giving the structures their free-form
characteristics.
[0077] Typically, the bone plates are designed to comprise
free-form structures, wherein said free-form structures are
patient-specific, i.e. they are made to fit specifically in the
anatomy of a certain (animal or human) body-part.
[0078] As used herein, the term "patient-specific features" relates
to a feature such as a surface, which is designed, based on an
individual patient's anatomy to include features that have a custom
fit on a specific location in a specific patient. The use of the
patient-specific features in the bone plates allows to ensure an
improved or optimized accuracy of the positioning of the device and
thus of the introduction of the anchoring device for each patient.
Accordingly, the term "patient-specific device or surface" is used
to refer to a custom-made device or surface specific to the
individual patient's anatomy. In particular embodiments the bone
plates may comprise at least one patient-specific element or
surface that ensures a patient-specific fit on the anatomy of a
patient. In particular embodiments, the patient-specific surface
conforms to or is complementary with at least part of the patient's
anatomy.
[0079] The step of manufacturing the bone plate envisaged in the
context of the methods as disclosed herein typically involves
methods that allow the generation of free-form objects according to
a pre-determined design. In particular embodiments, the bone plate
is manufactured at least partially by additive manufacturing.
[0080] Additive Manufacturing can be defined as a group of
techniques used to fabricate a tangible model of an object
typically using 3D computer aided design (CAD) data of the object.
Currently, a multitude of Additive Manufacturing techniques is
available, including stereolithography, Selective Laser Sintering,
Fused Deposition Modeling, foil-based techniques, etc.
[0081] Selective laser sintering uses a high power laser or another
focused heat source to sinter or weld small particles of plastic,
metal, or ceramic powders into a mass representing the 3D object to
be formed.
[0082] Fused deposition modeling and related techniques make use of
a temporary transition from a solid material to a liquid state,
usually due to heating. The material is driven through an extrusion
nozzle in a controlled way and deposited in the required place as
described among others in U.S. Pat. No. 5,141,680.
[0083] Foil-based techniques fix coats to one another by means of
gluing or photo polymerization or other techniques and cut the
object from these coats or polymerize the object. Such a technique
is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,192,539.
[0084] Typically AM techniques start from a digital representation
of the 3-D object to be formed. Generally, the digital
representation is sliced into a series of cross-sectional layers
which can be overlaid to form the object as a whole. The AM
apparatus uses this data for building the object on a
layer-by-layer basis. The cross-sectional data representing the
layer data of the 3-D object may be generated using a computer
system and computer aided design and manufacturing (CAD/CAM)
software.
[0085] The bone plate envisaged in the context of the present
disclosure are thus typically made of material which is compatible
with additive manufacturing and which is able to provide a
sufficient stiffness to the free-form structure. Suitable materials
include, but are not limited to polyurethane, acrylonitrile
butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), PC-ABS, polyamide,
polyamide with additives such as glass or metal particles, methyl
methacrylate-acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, resorbable
materials such as polymer-ceramic composites, etc. Examples of
commercially available materials are: DSM Somos.RTM. series of
materials 7100, 8100, 9100, 9420, 10100, 11 100, 12110, 14120 and
15100 from DSM Somos; ABSplus-P430, ABSi, ABS-ESD7, ABS-M30,
ABS-M30i, PC-ABS, PC-ISO, PC, ULTEM 9085, PPSF and PPSU materials
from Stratasys; Accura Plastic, DuraForm, CastForm, Laserform and
VisiJet line of materials from 3-Systems; Aluminium, CobaltChrome
and Stainless Steel materials; Maranging Steel; Nickel Alloy;
Titanium; the PA line of materials, PrimeCast and PrimePart
materials and Alumide and CarbonMide from EOS GmbH.
[0086] A further aspect as disclosed herein relates to computer
programs for carrying out the methods for generating the bone
plates as disclosed herein. In particular embodiments, computer
programs are provided, which, when run on a computer, generate the
bone plates as disclosed herein. In particular embodiments the
computer programs are adapted to perform the different steps of the
methods as disclosed herein. In further embodiments, computer
programs comprise software code adapted to perform the steps of the
methods as disclosed herein. The data processing system or computer
program particularly refer to computer aided design and
manufacturing systems and programs such as CAD/CAM systems or
programs. Said computer programs typically comprise tools for
loading images of the object with the defect, tools for generating
a 3D model of said bone defect based on the images, tools for
generating a virtual element based on said 3D model and tools for
designing the bone plate and optionally tools for instructing a
manufacturing system to manufacture the bone plate according to the
generated design.
[0087] As illustrated above, methods are disclosed for fixing a
bone defect making use of the bone plates described herein. In
particular embodiments such methods comprise providing a bone plate
as described herein, such as by performing the methods as described
herein above. The methods then comprise the step of placing the
bone plate on the defective bone.
[0088] The provision of patient-specific or, more particularly,
defect-specific bone plates can overcome certain problems
associated with existing procedures for the repair of bone defects.
Thus in particular embodiments, disclosed herein are bone plates
and methods for making such bone plates for fixing a defect on an
anatomical part. Thus, according to this aspect, orthopedic bone
plates for fixing a defect in an anatomical part are provided,
comprising (1) a positioning element for providing the first
fixation of the bone plate onto the bone, (2) openings through
which bone fixation elements are inserted into the bone to
definitely anchor the bone plate to the target portions of the bone
and (3) one or more patient-specific features ensuring the correct
position of the bone plate onto the bone defect.
[0089] In addition, according to this aspect, methods for providing
bone plates for fixing a defect on an anatomical part, more
particularly a bone are provided, which methods comprise the steps
of: generating a 2D or 3D model of the bone defect based on one or
more medical images of the defective region of the anatomical part;
designing based on said 2D or 3D model a model corresponding to the
envisioned repair of said bone defect; generating a bone plate
corresponding to the envisioned repair of said bone defect such
that said bone plate comprises patient-specific features matching
or corresponding to the surface of said model and the positions of
the different positioning elements and openings for fixation
elements; and making said bone plate based on said design.
[0090] In particular the bone plate is an orthopedic structure for
use as an implant. The bone plate may comprise means allowing
fixation to the patient's anatomical part in a region not affected
by the defect. The bone plate provides structural strength during
the healing process.
[0091] In these embodiments, the bone plates are typically made of
biocompatible material. The orthopedic bone plates as described
herein and the methods for making them disclosed herein have the
advantage that the implants are made and ready for use prior to
surgery, whereas current devices are generic and do not match with
the patient's anatomy leading to more complex surgery. Also, the
geometry of the orthopedic bone plate is determined in advance and
based on the patient's specific situation, thereby providing a
perfect fit, resulting in a better, faster and more accurate
healing process. Also, the proper design of orthopedic bone plate
is considered as one of the most important aspects for the success
of the surgical intervention. Time spent before surgery evaluating
the exact dimensions of the bone defect and then custom design of
the implant has numerous advantages. Donor site pain and morbidity
is eliminated or reduced with maximal use of synthetic replacement
parts. Operative times can be reduced significantly, often cutting
the length of an operation in half.
[0092] In yet a further aspect, methods for performing a surgical
procedure on an anatomical part using the patient-specific bone
plate are provided as described herein. The method comprises: a)
drilling one or more holes into the bone or bone fragments
according to a preoperative plan for the re-alignment of the bone
fragments; b) inserting into at least one of said holes at least
one of the positioning elements of a bone plate or bone plate
assembly, thereby fitting at least part of the bone plate or bone
plate assembly to the anatomical part; c) aligning the bone
fragments and positioning the bone fragments into the position
required for optimal healing; and; d) fixating the bone plate onto
the bone fragment(s) by inserting fixating elements into the bone
through fixation features (e.g. holes) on the bone plate, thereby
securing the bone fragments in said required position.
[0093] The present method for performing a surgical procedure may
further comprise the step of using the partially inserted bone
plate of step b) as a hinge for aligning the bone defect in step
c).
[0094] Typically, the present method for performing a surgical
procedure further comprises the step of sterilizing the bone plate
before fitting the bone plate to the anatomical part.
[0095] In certain embodiments, the present method for performing a
surgical procedure further comprises the step of using a surgical
guide to drill one or more holes into the bone fragments and/or to
perform osteotomy on the anatomical part.
[0096] In yet a further aspect, kits are provided comprising tools
for performing at least part of the surgical procedure. The kit
typically comprises a patient specific bone plate as disclosed
herein and a guide. More particularly for use in the placement of
the bone plate envisaged herein, the guide may be a guide for
drilling holes corresponding to the positioning elements of the
bone plate as disclosed herein. In particular embodiments this
implies that the guide is also patient-specific and allows the
drilling of holes according to a pre-determined surgical plan for
the placement of the bone plate. However, it may also be envisaged
that the kit comprises the same or a different guide which serves
as a cutting guide for performing the osteotomy. Indeed, the use of
bone plates as envisaged herein typically involves performing
osteotomy to allow repositioning of the bone-parts. In particular
embodiments, the kit comprises a guide which is a drill guide
and/or a cutting guide for performing the osteotomy. The kit may
additionally or alternatively comprise external positioning
elements and/or fixation elements for further fixating the bone
plate into the correct position.
[0097] The present disclosure will be illustrated by the following
non-limiting embodiments.
EXAMPLES
[0098] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary embodiment where the
different steps of a bone osteotomy are illustrated using guides
and bone plates which are manufactured according to a pre-operative
plan. A bone (1) is provided with a drill and/or cutting guide
(10), which is used for drilling a number of holes in the bone (1)
at predetermined positions. The drill guide comprises holes for
introducing K-wires. After introduction of the K-wires (11) the
drill guide (10) is removed (while the K-wires remain in place. A
cutting guide (13) is put in place, using the K-wires for guidance
and further K-wires are introduced and the bone osteotomy (14) is
performed. The guide and K-wires can then be removed.
[0099] FIG. 2 illustrates a specific embodiment where the different
steps of positioning a bone plate are illustrated. A bone which has
undergone a bone osteotomy (e.g. as illustrated in FIG. 1) is
repositioned (from B to C) and a bone plate (2) having a supporting
structure (3), a patient-specific part (7) and two pin-like
positioning elements (4) is positioned onto the bone fragments,
thereby positioning the bone fragments into a correct position for
healing.
[0100] FIG. 3 illustrates a specific embodiment where the different
steps of positioning a bone plate are illustrated. A bone which has
undergone a bone osteotomy or fracture is provided with a bone
plate (2). Using the bone plate the correct position for healing is
obtained and this correct healing position is fixated using
fixation elements (6).
[0101] FIG. 4 illustrates a specific embodiment of an orthopedic
bone plate according to a particular embodiment. A fractured bone
(1) has been repositioned into the correct healing position and
this position is maintained using a bone plate (2) according to a
particular embodiment. The bone plate (2) is provided with a
supporting structure (3) which comprises positioning elements (4)
for providing the first fixation of the bone plate onto the bone,
fixation features (5) through which bone fixation elements (6) are
inserted into the bone to definitely anchor the bone plate to the
target portions of the bone and one or more patient-specific
features (7) ensuring the correct position of the bone plate onto
the bone defect. The orthopedic bone plate as illustrated in FIG. 4
can be used for the healing of large bone defects in long bones
such as the femur, humerus or tibia. The implants are structurally
stable and will not resorb or change their shape over time.
* * * * *