U.S. patent application number 14/380513 was filed with the patent office on 2015-01-29 for apparatus for collecting fingerprints and buccal swabs.
This patent application is currently assigned to LIFE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION. The applicant listed for this patent is LIFE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Michael Harrold, Lori Hennessy, Leonard Klevan.
Application Number | 20150031031 14/380513 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47902341 |
Filed Date | 2015-01-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150031031 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Harrold; Michael ; et
al. |
January 29, 2015 |
APPARATUS FOR COLLECTING FINGERPRINTS AND BUCCAL SWABS
Abstract
Disclosed are devices and methods for collection, labeling and
matching biological samples containing nucleic acid in conjunction
with collecting at least one ridge and valley signature such as a
fingerprint or footprint of an individual. Such devices and methods
are used in forensic, human identification, paternity, tissue
typing, and screening technologies to rapidly process an
individual's identity, determine the identity of an individual
along with the genotype profile of the individual.
Inventors: |
Harrold; Michael; (San
Mateo, CA) ; Hennessy; Lori; (San Mateo, CA) ;
Klevan; Leonard; (Orinda, CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
LIFE TECHNOLOGIES CORPORATION |
Carlsbad |
CA |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
LIFE TECHNOLOGIES
CORPORATION
Carlsbad
CA
|
Family ID: |
47902341 |
Appl. No.: |
14/380513 |
Filed: |
February 22, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
February 22, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US2013/027492 |
371 Date: |
August 22, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61601931 |
Feb 22, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/6.11 ;
435/287.2 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61B 10/0051 20130101;
C12Q 1/6881 20130101; A61B 5/1172 20130101; G06K 9/00013 20130101;
G16H 30/20 20180101; A61B 10/02 20130101; G16H 10/60 20180101; G16H
40/63 20180101; A61B 5/1174 20130101; C12Q 1/6806 20130101; G16H
10/40 20180101; A61B 10/0045 20130101; G06F 16/245 20190101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/6.11 ;
435/287.2 |
International
Class: |
C12Q 1/68 20060101
C12Q001/68; A61B 10/02 20060101 A61B010/02; A61B 5/117 20060101
A61B005/117; G06F 17/30 20060101 G06F017/30; G06K 9/00 20060101
G06K009/00 |
Claims
1. A biometric data collection system comprising: a first component
adapted to obtain a representation of an appendage of an
individual, and at least a second component comprising a substrate
adapted to receive a biological sample from the individual, wherein
either the substrate or a biological sample collection device
comprising the substrate is labeled with the representation.
2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first component comprises a
surface adapted to obtain an impression of the appendage.
3. The system of claim 2, further comprising an imaging system
operatively coupled to the surface, wherein the imaging system is
configured to collect an electronic image resulting from the
impression.
4. The system of claim 3, wherein the imaging system is an optical
imaging system or a capacitive scanning/imaging system.
5. The system of claim 1, further comprising a processor.
6. The system of claim 5, wherein the processor is configured to
convert the electronic image from the impression of claim 3 into
the representation of the appendage.
7. The system of claim 1, wherein the representation is configured
for data basing.
8. The system of claim 1, further comprising a component adapted to
label the substrate or the biological sample collection device with
the representation.
9. The system of claim 6, further comprising: (i) a database
connected to the processor; and (ii) a connections module connected
to the processor.
10. The system of claim 1, wherein the representation is a
graphical, digital, photographic, analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal
or binary representation.
11. The system of claim 1, wherein the impression is an electronic
image.
12. The system of claim 1, wherein the impression of an appendage
is a fingerprint.
13. The system of claim 2 wherein the surface for obtaining the
representation comprises a platen.
14. The system of claim 9, wherein the connections module provides
the system access to networks, software sources, databases of such
entities as investigative and intelligence agencies, watch lists,
cable systems, the web, optical fiber systems, wireless
communications, and/or other pertinent resources.
15. A method for matching collected biometric information
comprising: providing a surface for obtaining a representation of
an appendage of an individual, wherein an impression of a
fingerprint of a finger of the individual is obtained when the
individual touches the surface; converting the fingerprint
impression to an electronically readable representation; labeling a
biological sample collection device with the electronically
readable representation; collecting a biological sample from the
individual with the labeled biological sample collection device;
wherein the electronically readable representation from the
fingerprint is matched to the labeled biological sample collection
device following collection of the biological sample.
16. The method of claim 15, further comprising genotyping the
biological sample.
17. The method of claim 15, further comprising archiving the
collected biometric information.
18. A method for matching collected biometric information
comprising: providing a surface for obtaining a representation of
an appendage of an individual, wherein an impression of the
appendage of the individual is obtained when the individual touches
the surface, wherein the appendage is a digit; converting the
impression to an electronically readable representation; labeling a
substrate with the electronically readable representation;
transferring a biological sample from the individual to the
substrate; and matching the electronically readable representation
from the impression to the labeled substrate following collection
of the biological sample.
19. The method of claim 18, further comprising genotyping the
biological sample.
20. The method of claim 18, further comprising archiving the
collected biometric information.
21. A method for matching collected biometric information
comprising: providing a surface for obtaining a representation of
an appendage of an individual, wherein an impression of the
appendage of the individual is obtained when the individual touches
the surface, wherein the appendage is a digit; converting the
impression to an electronically readable representation; entering a
first instance of the electronically readable representation and
identifying information in a database; labeling a substrate with a
second instance of the electronically readable representation;
transferring a biological sample from the individual to the
substrate; transporting the labeled substrate containing the
biological sample to another location; matching the second instance
of the electronically readable representation on the labeled
substrate to the first instance of the electronically readable
representation in the database.
22. The method of claim 21, further comprising genotyping the
biological sample.
23. The method of claim 21, further comprising archiving the
collected biometric information.
Description
[0001] This application is the National Stage of International
Application No. PCT/US2013/027492 filed on Feb. 22, 2013, which
International Application claims the benefit of priority under 35
U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/601,931
filed on Feb. 22, 2012, each disclosure of which is incorporated by
reference in its entirety.
[0002] The section headings used herein are for organizational
purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject
matter described herein in any way.
FIELD
[0003] The present teachings relate to integrated collection
systems and methods for linking the identity of the donor of a
biological sample with the donor's fingerprints.
INTRODUCTION
[0004] Forensic evidence and biometric data are often used together
to identify perpetrators of criminal activities as well as for the
identification of missing persons, victims of mass disasters,
paternity testing and to exonerate the innocent. The ability to
simultaneously or concurrently collect biometric characteristic(s)
such as fingerprints, an iris or retinal scan, an image or photo of
an individual, create an electronic representation of the collected
biometric characteristic and associate the representation with a
biological sample(s) collected from the individual, such as
forensic evidence including but not limited to blood, tissue, hair,
body fluid or a buccal sample, provides a system for expediting
identification and screening for potential terrorists and felons.
Furthermore, maintaining records of biometric characteristic in a
database and correlating the representation with the respective
biological samples can be complicated at best and susceptible to
errors in collecting, manual labeling, cataloging and archiving.
Therefore, there remains a need to accurately collect, label and
process biometric characteristic(s) and biological samples from a
single individual.
SUMMARY
[0005] In accordance with the embodiments, there is disclosed a
biometric data collection system having a first component adapted
to obtain a representation of an appendage of an individual, and at
least a second component comprising a substrate adapted to receive
a biological sample from the individual, wherein either the
substrate or a biological sample collection device comprising the
substrate is labeled with the representation. The first component
has a surface adapted to obtain an impression of the appendage and
an imaging system is operatively coupled to the surface, wherein
the imaging system is configured to collect an electronic image
resulting from the impression. The imaging system can be either an
optical imaging system or a capacitive scanning/imaging system. The
collection system can also have a processor configured to convert
the electronic image from the impression into the representation of
the appendage. Additionally, the processor can provide for and tie
the system in with an outside connections module to networks,
software sources, databases of such entities as the FBI, Homeland
Security, investigative agencies, intelligence agencies, watch
lists, cable systems, the web, optical fiber systems, wireless
communications such as satellites, cell phone systems (e.g., GSM),
and other pertinent resources. Additionally, the processor can have
a database connect to the processor and a connection module
connected to the processor. The representation can be configured
for uploading into a network or database and other pertinent
archiving and information retrieval and comparison resources. The
system can also have a component adapted to label the substrate or
the biological sample collection device with the representation to
enable matching the biometric characteristic to the biological
sample. The representation can be graphical, digital, photographic,
analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal or binary, including a barcode.
The impression obtained by the system can be converted into an
electronic image and the appendage can be a finger, thumb, hand,
toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is
transparent. The resulting impression can be a fingerprint,
thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint.
[0006] In accordance with the embodiments, there is also disclosed
a method for matching collected biometric information comprising:
providing a surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage
of an individual, wherein an impression of a fingerprint of a
finger of the individual is obtained when the individual touches
the surface; converting the fingerprint impression to an
electronically readable representation; labeling a biological
sample collection device with the electronically readable
representation; collecting a biological sample from the individual
with the labeled biological sample collection device; wherein the
electronically readable representation from the fingerprint is
matched to the labeled biological sample collection device
following collection of the biological sample. The digit can be a
finger, thumb, hand, toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a
platen that is transparent. The resulting impression can be a
fingerprint, thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint. The
biological sample can be analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and
the collected biometric information can be archived in a database,
network or other pertinent resource.
[0007] In accordance with the embodiments, there is also disclosed
a method for matching collected biometric information comprising:
providing a surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage
of an individual, wherein an impression of the appendage of the
individual is obtained when the individual touches the surface,
wherein the appendage is a digit; converting the impression to an
electronically readable representation; labeling a substrate with
the electronically readable representation; transferring a
biological sample from the individual to the substrate; and
matching the electronically readable representation from the
impression to the labeled substrate following collection of the
biological sample. The digit can be a finger, thumb, hand, toe or
foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is transparent.
The resulting impression can be a fingerprint, thumbprint,
handprint, toe print or footprint. The biological sample can be
analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and the collected biometric
information can be archived in a database, network or other
pertinent resource.
[0008] In the following description, certain aspects and
embodiments will become evident. It should be understood that a
given embodiment need not have all aspects and features described
herein. It should be understood that these aspects and embodiments
are merely exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the
invention.
[0009] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and
constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several
exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and together with the
description, serve to explain certain teachings.
[0010] There still exists a need for improved systems and methods
for obtaining biometric data and biological sample of individuals,
while retaining proper matching between samples and the biometric
data. Therefore, it is desirable to develop systems and methods
which provide a higher assurance of identity between a given
biological sample and biometric data associated with the biological
data. The systems and methods described herein fulfill that need to
provide higher certainty that a sample associated with a specific
individual actually is that sample and not that of another
individual.
[0011] These and other features of the present teachings are set
forth herein.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0012] The skilled artisan will understand that the drawings
described below are for illustration purposes only. The drawings
are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any
way.
[0013] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the biometric system 10 disclosed herein. A surface 11 captures an
impression of an appendage. Ports 12, 13 and 14 can have a
photo-capturing component, a sensor component and motion sensor
component, respectively. Operatively coupled to surface 11 is a
biological sample collection system 20. A collected biological
sample, including but not limited to a swab, is placed on a
substrate 28. The substrate is labeled with a barcode
representation 24 and fingerprint representation 26. The substrate
is covered by a protective film 22. The substrate 28 is positioned
on a heat block 29 and the biological sample containing substrate
can be sealed by the application of pressure from press 27.
[0014] FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the method for processing a biological sample. The biological
sample collection system 20 has swab 31 pressed upon a substrate
38. The substrate is labeled with a barcode representation 34 and
fingerprint representation 36. The substrate is covered by a
protective film 32. The substrate 38 is positioned on a heat block
39 and the biological sample containing substrate can be sealed by
the application of pressure from press 37 shown with film 35.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the method for processing a biological sample. The biological
sample collection system 40 biological sample 43 pressed upon a
substrate 48. The substrate is labeled with a barcode
representation 44 and fingerprint representation 46. The
substrate's biological sample 43 is covered by protective film 42.
The substrate 48 is positioned on a heat block 49 and the
biological sample containing substrate can be sealed by the
application of pressure from press 47 shown with weight 45.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the matched fingerprint 56 and biological sample 53 following the
disclosed methods for processing a biological sample. The
biological sample collection system 50 has biological sample 53
pressed upon a substrate 58. The substrate 58 is labeled with a
barcode representation 54 and fingerprint representation 56. The
substrate's biological sample 53 is covered by protective film 52.
The substrate 58 and the biological sample 53 are sealed 57 in a
protective pouch 59.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a
biological sample collection device 60. A substrate 68 enclosed and
attached to the device lies at one end of said device 60 and is
composed of either treated paper e.g., Whatman.RTM. FTA paper
(Whatman) or untreated paper (e.g. 903 paper). The substrate 68 is
protected by cover 69 prior to collection and after collection of a
biological sample to preclude contamination by extraneous nucleic
acids, environmental contaminants and the like. A label having the
barcode representation 64 derived from the fingerprint of the same
individual who provided the biological sample is at the opposite
end of device 60. Additional information such as name, date of
birth, and so on can be further added to the collection device
60.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of a
workflow of the disclosed systems and methods.
[0019] FIG. 7 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of the
biometric system 70 disclosed herein. A surface 71 captures an
impression of an appendage. Ports 72a, 72b, and 72c can have a
photo-capturing component, a sensor component and motion sensor
component, respectively. Operatively coupled to surface 71 is the
biometric collection and data processing system 70. After
processing, an image of the impression 76, a barcode representation
74 of the impression, and, optionally, further identifying
information 76a (ie. personal name, other identifying code
numbering, etc) is deposited on a substrate 28.
[0020] FIG. 8 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the method for processing a biological sample. An impression of an
appendage 86 is obtained, and in step 801, a barcode 84 or other
representation of the impression is generated. In step 802, a
substrate 88A is labeled with barcode 84, other identifying
information 86a, and optionally, with impression 86. In step 803,
biological sample, obtained with swab 81, is transferred to
substrate 88A. In some embodiments, the substrate is already in
place on an apparatus 80. In step 804, apparatus 80 dries the
archival card bearing the biological sample to produce the dried
sample on substrate 88B. In step 805, the archival card is
encapsulated 88C in a tamper- proof package for transport to a
testing facility. The image 86 of the impression of the appendage
or the barcode 84 representation of the impression may be used to
authenticate the archival card bearing the biological sample.
[0021] FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the method for authenticating the archival card containing the
biological sample bearing substrate, which may or may not be sealed
in protective covering or envelope. An impression of an appendage
96 may be obtained in the field or point of contact, and in step
901, a barcode 94 or other representation is generated. The barcode
and identifying information is uploaded to a remote database 91 in
step 902. In step 903, a biological sample is deposited to the
substrate that is labeled with the barcode 94, and optionally the
image 96 of the impression and other identifying information 96a,
and the archival sample card 98C is sealed for protection. In step
904, the archival sample card is transported to a central
laboratory. In step 905, the barcode 94, identifying information
96a, and, optionally, the image 96 of the impression is read by
suitable means. The remote database 91 is interrogated to determine
whether the sample ID 96a and barcode 94 matches the data input in
the field or point of contact.
[0022] FIG. 10 is a schematic representation of an embodiment of
the biometric system 100 disclosed herein. A surface 101 captures
an impression of an appendage. Ports 102a, 102b, and 102c can have
a photo-capturing component, a sensor component and motion sensor
component, respectively. Operatively coupled to surface 101 is the
biometric collection and data processing system 100. After
processing, a barcode representation 74 of the impression, and,
optionally, further identifying information 76a (ie. personal name,
other identifying code numbering, etc) is labeled in a swab
labeling port 103 on collection swab 105. Collection swab 105 may
further have a cover 109, protecting the collection substrate
surface.
[0023] FIG. 11 s a schematic representation of one embodiment of
the method for authenticating a collection swab 115 containing a
substrate 118. An impression of an appendage 116 may be obtained in
the field or point of contact, and in step 1101, a barcode 114 or
other representation is generated from the impression or an image
thereof. The barcode and identifying information is uploaded to a
remote database (unnumbered) in step 1102. In step 1103, a
biological sample is deposited to the substrate that is labeled
with the barcode 94, and optionally the image 96 of the impression
and other identifying information 96a. In step 1104, the archival
sample card is transported to a central laboratory. In step 905,
the barcode 114 and identifying information 115a is read by
suitable means. The remote database is interrogated to determine
whether the sample ID 96a and barcode 94 matches the data input in
the field or point of contact. After authentication, the substrate
118a containing the biological sample is processed and tested in
one or more assays.
[0024] It is to be understood that the figures are not drawn to
scale, nor are the objects in the figures necessarily drawn to
scale in relationship to one another. The figures are depictions
that are intended to bring clarity and understanding to various
embodiments of apparatuses, systems, and methods disclosed herein.
Wherever possible, the last two digits of reference numbers will be
used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like
parts.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0025] For the purposes of interpreting of this specification, the
following definitions will apply and whenever appropriate, terms
used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa.
In the event that any definition set forth below conflicts with the
usage of that word in any other document, including any document
incorporated herein by reference, the definition set forth below
shall always control for purposes of interpreting this
specification and its associated claims unless a contrary meaning
is clearly intended (for example in the document where the term is
originally used). It is noted that, as used in this specification
and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the,"
include plural referents unless expressly and unequivocally limited
to one referent. The use of "or" means "and/or" unless stated
otherwise. The use of "comprise," "comprises," "comprising,"
"include," "includes," and "including" are interchangeable and not
intended to be limiting. Furthermore, where the description of one
or more embodiments uses the term "comprising," those skilled in
the art would understand that, in some specific instances, the
embodiment or embodiments can be alternatively described using the
language "consisting essentially of" and/or "consisting of."
[0026] Repeated usage of the phrase "in one embodiment" does not
necessarily limit to usage to that same embodiment, although it
may.
[0027] Unless otherwise defined, scientific and technical terms
used in connection with the present teachings described herein
shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of
ordinary skill in the art. Generally, nomenclatures utilized in
connection with, and techniques of, molecular biology, and oligo-
or polynucleotide chemistry and amplification and detection thereof
described herein are those well known and commonly used in the
art.
[0028] As used herein, the phrase "membrane," "partition," "layer,"
and "film" are interchangeable and not intended to be limiting.
[0029] As used herein, the phrase "nucleic acid,"
"oligonucleotide", and polynucleotide(s)" are interchangeable and
not intended to be limiting.
[0030] "Biometric data" as used herein, refers to data related to
physiological aspects of an individual and may include skin
recognition, including but not limited to fingerprints and palm
prints; body geometry features, including but not limited to ear,
hand, finger, and the like; facial features; face images; voice;
voice prints; optical recognition, including but not limited to
iris scans and retinal scans; signatures; blood typing; nucleic
acid profiles, including deoxyribonucleotide (DNA) profiles and
ribonucleic acid (RNA) profiles; protein assays; infrared
identification, including but not limited to face, hand, and hand
vein; and the like. One or more of these may be used in any
combination.
[0031] DNA data include but are not limited to Short Tandem Repeat
(STR); Single Nucleotide polymorphism (SNP); Insert and Deletion
(INDEL) sequences; Alu elements and other non-STR repeat sequences.
In some embodiments, the DNA data is any polymorphic DNA sequence
that can be used for human identification.
[0032] STR profile: Common sets of short tandem repeat (STR)
markers or "core loci" permits equivalent genetic information to be
shared and compared. These core STR loci occur in between genes
where a high degree of variability is tolerated and are thus not
directly responsible for physical traits or genetic diseases. The
"core loci" are often used in human identity testing such as
parentage testing and missing persons and mass disaster
investigations, as well as for entry of DNA genotype data into
national or international databases used to link serial crimes and
offenders. Presently, the FBI has generated 13 core STR loci as the
basis for the genetic fingerprinting of an individual and maintains
a database of such information for later reference. Other
international organizations focus on different, but overlapping
sets of STR loci, as shown in Table 1. One of skill can determine
that additional loci may be useful to add to a STR profile, and the
listing herein is by no means limiting.
[0033] SNP profile: Single nucleotide variants in a DNA sequence
may be in coding, non coding or intergenic regions of genes,
differing between members of a biological species or between paired
chromosomes of an individual. Some SNP sequences may be related to
phenotypic characteristics of an individual. This data may be of
particular use if attempting to interrogate data where there is
incomplete personal information for a biometric data set.
[0034] INDEL profile: Insertion and deletion sequences include the
following types of insertion/deletions: insertions or deletions of
single base pairs; expansions by only one base pair (monomeric base
pair expansions); multi-base pair expansions of about 2 to about 15
repeats; transposon insertions (insertions of mobile elements); and
random DNA sequence insertions or deletions.
[0035] Alu element: Alu elements are mobile and repetitive elements
in the human genome. Alu elements are generally about 300 by and
are considered as a short interspersed element (SINE) within the
broad class of repetitive DNA elements. Derived from the small
cytoplasmic 7SL RNA, these inserted elements are interspersed
throughout the genome. About 7,000 Alu elements are unique to
humans, and some may result in disease. Alu elements are useful in
human identification as Alu element insertion events have
characteristic signatures and reveal details of ancestry and
relatedness.
[0036] "Hash", "hashed" or "hashing" as used herein, refers to data
transformation which converts variable sized data to another
representation. "Hash" as used herein, includes usage as both verb
and noun forms. For example, a hash can be the representation
resulting from the data transformation. The representation may be
of fixed data size, same data size, different data size or variable
data size. The representation may be of the same data type or
another data type, including but not limited to numerical,
alphabetical, graphical, or audio. The graphical representation may
be pictorial or schematic, including but not limited to a barcode
representation. The representation may be encrypted. The encrypted
representation may be invertible with or without a key, or the
encrypted representation may be encrypted one-way.
[0037] Many forms of data transformation are useful in this
invention. In some of the embodiments of the invention, the hashing
produces the same end value for a given input data every time the
hash is produced. The hashing also provides unique values for
unique input, thus providing uniform distribution of the hash
values within a potential range, and preventing differing input
biometric data from mapping to the same hash value. One of skill
can determine other data manipulation that may be useful for
storage of the hash values as enrollment databases enlarge.
[0038] Some useful cryptographic hash functions include BLAKE-256,
BLAKE-512, ECOH, FSB, GOST, Grostl, HAS-160, HAVAL, JH, Keccak,
MD2, MD4, MD5, MD6, RadioGat n, RIPEMD-64, RIPEMD-160, RIPEMD-320,
SHA-0, SHA-1, SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512, Skein, Snefru,
Spectral Hash, SWIFFT, Tiger, and Whirlpool.
[0039] An additional level of data transformation may be used to
verify data integrity and to authenticate the hash values
represented on an identification card of the invention. A
Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) may be used to
combine the cryptographic hash functions described above with a
secret key. One definition of the HMAC algorithm from a source, RFC
2014 code, defines the algorithm as follows:
H() is a cryptographic hash function K is a secret key, for
example, padded to the right with extra zeros to the input block
size of the hash function, or the hash of the original key if it is
longer than that block size; m is the message to be authenticated;
.parallel. denotes concatenation; {circumflex over (+)} denotes
exclusive or (XOR); opad is the outer padding (0x5c5c5c . . . 5c5c,
one-block-long hexadecimal constant) ; ipad is the inner padding
(0x363636 . . . 3636, one-block-long hexadecimal constant); Then
HMAC(K,m) can be mathematically defined as:
HMAC(K,m)=H((K{circumflex over (+)}opad) .parallel. H((K{circumflex
over (+)}ipad) .parallel. m)), in one non-limiting example. The
cryptographic strength of the HMAC depends upon the size of the
secret key that is used. The most common attack against HMACs is
brute force to uncover the secret key. HMACs are substantially less
affected by independent values mapping to the same hash values,
i.e. collisions, than their underlying hashing algorithms alone.
Therefore, HMAC-MD5 does not suffer from the same weaknesses that
have been found in MD5, for example.
[0040] Hashing methods allowing some degree of dissimilarity while
still finding identity between two substantially similar files, are
widely available and are often referred to as fuzzy hash functions.
Context triggered piecewise hashing is one method of matching not
quite identical sets of bits of information. An example of such a
method combines a rolling hash with a piecewise hash, as devised by
Kornblum (Kornblum, Digital Investigation 3S (2006), pp S91-S97).
Other fuzzy hashing tools include ssdeep and deeptoad.
Additionally, fuzzy hash algorithms are disclosed in U.S. Patent
Application Publications 2011/0093426 and 2011/0067108 (Hoglund),
for classifying data objects including DNA sequences.
[0041] In some embodiments of the invention, hashing methods are
used that allow a predetermined degree of dissimilarity when
comparing two hashes for identity. Even a small change, for
example, in orientation of a fingerprint scan, may provide a
digitized form that yields a different hash from a different
fingerprint scan taken from the same finger at a different time,
location or after a degree of physiological modification. These
hashing methods can be useful when differences in the source or
target biometric data do not provide an exact match but do possess
a degree of similarity high enough for a positive identification.
Therefore, the processor may be instructed to not require perfect
identity to signal a match. DNA profiles may also demonstrate some
dissimilarity upon hashing, but still be capable of being detected
by the processor as representing a reasonable match. Allowing some
degree of dissimilarity while still determining that a match has
been identified, can initiate a further inquiry into the identity
of the individual presenting the identification card.
[0042] The description also uses the terms such as "secure,"
"protected," "encrypted," "authenticated," etc. These terms refer
to a given level of security, protection, authenticity, etc.
[0043] The disclosed system concurrently or consecutively collects
biometric information and at least one biological sample. At some
points of entry such as international airports, customs, port
authorities, border crossings, money-supplying bank kiosks,
admission to secure areas, it is important to positively identify
the person seeking entry. The present system may use a series of
techniques for identifying such a person. The present system can
also be utilized to ensure chain of custody, database work,
casework sample processing, cataloging individuals for tissue
registries for both donors and recipients, individual
identification and for paternity testing.
[0044] The resulting information can be acted upon, such as with
searching and comparison with databases, and processing in seeking
an independent verification of identity of the person providing the
appendage impression and the at least one biological sample. The
data collection may be short-term and utilized for just
identification at the moment of collection, or the collection may
be a basis for building an identification database or databank,
and/or for long-term storage and analysis. The present system may
detect a user who is attempting to provide false identification
and/or information or a person crossing an international boarder
without proper authorization. The collection of such data and
associated activities may be covert, partially covert, or not
covert. Incidentally, there may be laws in certain jurisdictions
that regulate the collection and use of certain kinds of biometric
data.
[0045] The disclosed system will identify an individual who may
have participated in an act of violence or terrorism previously
without additionally encompassing innocent individuals who have
some characteristics in common, such as name or physical
description.
[0046] Additionally, while biometric data are useful personal
identifiers, it is also desirable to prevent unauthorized access or
theft of such data. Unlike passwords and the like, individualized
biometric data cannot be revoked and reissued after a breach of
security.
[0047] There are a number of databases being managed and developed
by agencies who gather evidence from attempted or successful acts
of violence and terrorism, which include biometric data including,
without limitation, fingerprints, voice recordings, DNA samples
from which DNA data may be developed, and the like, which are
entered into the database.
[0048] It is of interest to be able to interrogate these databases
to identify individuals who may request access to an entity,
transport, information, location, transaction, services, authorized
status, funds, and the like, but who may be at high risk of
attempting acts of violence or terrorism. Additionally, it would be
useful to definitively verify the identity of an individual who is
legitimately requesting access to an entity, international boarder,
transport, information, location, transaction, services, authorized
status, funds, and the like.
[0049] The individualized identification information includes
individualized biometric data of at least a first class and a
second class, where the individualized biometric data of the first
class and the individualized biometric data of the second class has
been stored on the card as a hash formed from the individualized
biometric data of the first and second class. The individualized
identification information may further include a third class of
individualized biometric data or more. The third and additional
classes of individualized biometric data may be present on the
identification card in a hashed form, and may be invertible. The
third and additional classes of individualized biometric data may
be present on the identification card in a non-invertible hashed
form.
[0050] In some embodiments of the invention, the biometric data is
selected from the group consisting of a fingerprint scan data, a
palm print scan data, a retinal scan data, an iris scan data, or a
hand vein scan data of the individual. In some embodiments the
biometric data is a biological sample for which genetic and/or
genotyping data can be obtained. Such data includes a DNA data,
including a STR profile, SNP profile, or INDEL profile, an Alu
element, a non-STR DNA profile, or a fingerprint scan of the
individual. In other embodiments the biometric data a DNA data,
including a STR profile, SNP profile, or INDEL profile, an Alu
element, or a non-STR DNA profile of the individual.
[0051] In some embodiments, a biometric data collection system is
disclosed as illustrated in FIG. 1. The system provides a first
component which collects an impression of an appendage such as a
fingerprint, handprint or toe print from an individual. The
impression is processed into an electronic image in a format
suitable for uploading into a database or network.
[0052] In some embodiments, the system provides a first component
which collects an impression of an appendage such as a fingerprint,
handprint or toe print from an individual. The system may include a
second component which is configured to process the impression to
form an electronic image having a format suitable for uploading
into a database or network. The electronic image can be converted
into a representation including but not limited to a graphical,
digital, photographic, analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal or binary
representation which can be represented as a hash or barcode. The
representation may be used to label the biological sample obtained
in the methods described herein or to label containers, substrates,
collection devices or data associated with the subject providing
the impression.
[0053] In some embodiments, the first component includes an optical
imaging system. In other embodiments the apparatus can comprise a
first solid-state ridge and valley signature reader. Ridge and
valley signatures can be distinguished by optical, ultrasonic,
capacitive or thermal means using an analog means as well as by a
touchless three-dimensional ridge and valley scanners using a
digital processing means. (Wang, Yongchang; Q. Hao, A. Fatehpuria,
D. L. Lau and L. G. Hassebrook (2009). "Data Acquisition and
Quality Analysis of 3-Dimensional Fingerprints". Florida: IEEE
conference on Biometrics, Identity and Security.
http://vis.uky.edu/realtime3d/Doc/3D_Fingerprint_Quality.pdf.
Retrieved March 2010. Wang, Yongchang; D. L. Lau and L. G.
Hassebrook (2010). "Fit-sphere unwrapping and performance analysis
of 3D Fingerprints". Applied Optics. pp. 592-600. The optical
imaging system has an illuminating means for optically collecting
the ridge and valley signature using an optical scanner as is known
to one of skill in the art. The optical scanner can be an array of
a plurality of light emitting diodes or a multispectral
illuminator. In an optical scanner a beam of light passes through
the topological impression made by the test subject upon exposure
to the source of illumination wherein the test subject places the
finger, hand, palm, toe, sole or foot against a surface of the
imaging system having an illuminating source. In one embodiment the
surface comprises a platen, wherein the platen is transparent to
allow the illuminating source to illuminate the at least one valley
and ridge of the test subject. After collection of the at least one
ridge and valley signature, the signature, in analog or digital
format can be transmitted to a database having a plurality of ridge
and valley signatures as well as other physical biometric data. In
some embodiments, the collection of data includes minutia. In
certain embodiments the illumination source is from LEDs, laser
diodes, incandescent sources, or a multispectral imager. The
illumination may include light of a combination of wavelengths, and
may be made from more than one angle of illumination relative to
the platen and/or appendage being scanned. The illumination may
include light that is coherent or noncoherent, polarized or non
polarized, and may have wavelengths from near ultraviolet (320-400
nm) to mid-infrared (approximately 5 microns). In some embodiments,
the resulting images are significantly affected by the presence and
distribution of total-internal-reflectance ("TIR") phenomena at the
interface between the platen and the appendage. In other
embodiments, the resulting image of the appendage is substantially
unaffected by the presence or absence of TIR effects at the platen.
In some embodiments, the light collected from the illuminated
surface may include light reflected at the surface of the skin. In
other embodiments, the light collected may include light reflected
from subsurface scattering from beneath the surface of the skin.
Such subsurface scattered light may yield more robust images when
impressions of appendages are made under sub-ideal
circumstances.
[0054] Any suitable instrumentation may be used to acquire the
image of an appendage according to the methods described herein.
Some instruments and techniques include but are not limited to
those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,537,484, U.S. Pat. No.
6,175,407, U.S. Pat. No. 6,665,427, U.S. Pat. No. 8,014,581, U.S.
Pat. No. 8,036,431, U.S. Pat. No. 5,177,353, U.S. Pat. No.
6,282,303, U.S. Pat. No. 6,188,781, U.S. Pat. No. 6,741,729, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,122,394, U.S. Pat. No. 6,826,000, U.S. Pat. No.
6,496,630, U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,813, U.S. Pat. No. 6,983,062, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,162,060, U.S. Pat. No. 7,164,440, U.S. Pat. No.
7,657,067, U.S. Pat. No. 8,073,209, U.S. Pat. No. 7,190,817, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,558,410, U.S. Pat. No. 7,565,541, U.S. Pat. No.
7,995,808 U.S. Pat. No. 7,899,217 U.S. Pat. No. 7,890,158, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,835,554, U.S. Pat. No. 7,831,072, U.S. Pat. No.
7,819,311, U.S. Pat. No. 7,804,984, U.S. Pat. No. 7,801,339 U.S.
Pat. No. 7,801,338, U.S. Pat. No. 7,751,594, U.S. Pat. No.
7,735,729, U.S. Pat. No. 7,668,350, U.S. Pat. No. 7,627,151, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,620,212, U.S. Pat. No. 7,613,504, U.S. Pat. No.
7,545,963, U.S. Pat. No. 7,539,330, U.S. Pat. No. 7,508,965, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,460,696, U.S. Pat. No. 7,440,597, U.S. Pat. No.
7,394,919, U.S. Pat. No. 7,386,152, U.S. Pat. No. 7,347,365, U.S.
Pat. No. 7,263,213, U.S. Pat. No. 7,203,345, U.S. Pat. No.
7,147,153, U.S. Pat. No. 6,816,605, U.S. Pat. No. 6,628,809, U.S.
Pat. No. 6,560,352, US200110235872, US200110211055, US200110165911,
U320110163163, US200110085708, US200100246902, US200100067748,
US20090245591, US20090148005, US20090092290, US20090080709,
US20090046903, US20080304712, US20080298649, US20080297788,
US20080232653, US20080192988, US20080025580, US20080025579,
US20070116331, US20070030475, US20060274921 US20060244947,
US20060210120, US20060202028, US20060110015, US20060062438,
US20060002598, US20060002597, US20050271258, US20050265586,
US20050265585, US20050205667, US20050185847, US20050007582,
US20040240712, US20040047493, US20030223621, US20030078504,
US20020183624, and US20020009213, each of which is herein
incorporated by reference in its entirety.
[0055] The electronic image can be converted into a representation
including but not limited to a graphical, digital, photographic,
analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal or binary representation which
can be represented as a hash or barcode. The system has at least a
second component including a substrate adapted to receive a
biological sample from the individual. The biometric system labels
either the substrate or a biological sample collection device
comprising the substrate with the representation derived from the
electronic image from the first component. The first component has
a surface adapted to obtain an impression of the appendage. The
surface can be a platen, a film or other material capable of being
scanned or photographed by an imaging system, either optically or
capacitively. The imaging system is operatively coupled to the
surface, wherein the imaging system is configured to collect an
electronic image resulting from the impression.
[0056] In some embodiments, the collection system can also have a
processor configured to convert the electronic image acquired from
the impression into the representation of the appendage.
Additionally, the processor can provide for and tie the system in
with an outside connections module to networks, software sources,
databases of such entities as the FBI, Homeland Security,
investigative agencies, intelligence agencies, watch lists, cable
systems, the web, optical fiber systems, wireless communications
such as satellites, cell phone systems (e.g., GSM), and other
pertinent resources. Additionally, the processor can have a
database connect to the processor and a connection module connected
to the processor. The representation can be configured for
uploading into a network or database and other pertinent archiving
and information retrieval and comparison resources. The system can
also have a component adapted to label the substrate or the
biological sample collection device with the representation to
enable matching the biometric characteristic to the biological
sample. The representation can be graphical, digital, photographic,
analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal or binary, including a barcode.
The impression obtained by the system can be converted into an
electronic image and the appendage can be a finger, thumb, hand,
toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is
transparent. The resulting impression can be a fingerprint,
thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint.
[0057] In further embodiments, there is also disclosed a method for
matching collected biometric information. The method utilizes a
surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage of an
individual. The representation results when an individual places an
appendage, including but not limited to a finger on the surface.
The finger imparts an impression when the individual touches the
surface. The fingerprint impression is scanned by an imaging system
operatively coupled to the surface. The imaging system converts the
image into an electronically readable representation. The
representation, as a label, is imprinted on to a biological sample
collection device. The electronically readable representation can
be read by a scanner, lazar scanner, and barcode reader and so on.
The biological sample collecting device can collect a biological
sample from the individual with the labeled biological sample
collection device. A technician or designated security personal can
compare the representation on the collection device following
collection with the fingerprint representation to verify the
biological sample matches the individual whose fingerprint was used
to generate the representation. The digit can be a finger, thumb,
hand, toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is
transparent. The resulting impression can be a fingerprint,
thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint. The biological
sample can be analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and the
collected biometric information can be archived in a database,
network or other pertinent resource.
[0058] In accordance with the embodiments, there is also disclosed
a method for matching collected biometric information comprising:
providing a surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage
of an individual, wherein an impression of the appendage of the
individual is obtained when the individual touches the surface,
wherein the appendage is a digit; converting the impression to an
electronically readable representation; labeling a substrate with
the electronically readable representation; transferring a
biological sample from the individual to the substrate; and
matching the electronically readable representation from the
impression to the labeled substrate following collection of the
biological sample. The digit can be a finger, thumb, hand, toe or
foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is transparent.
The resulting impression can be a fingerprint, thumbprint,
handprint, toe print or footprint. The biological sample can be
analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and the collected biometric
information can be archived in a database, network or other
pertinent resource.
[0059] As used herein, the term "kit" refers to any delivery system
for delivering materials. In the context of reaction assays, such
delivery systems include systems that allow for the storage,
transport, or delivery of reaction reagents (e.g.,
oligonucleotides, enzymes, primer set(s), etc. in the appropriate
containers) and/or supporting materials (e.g., buffers, written
instructions for performing the assay etc.) from one location to
another. For example, kits can include one or more enclosures
(e.g., boxes) containing the relevant reaction reagents and/or
supporting materials. As used herein, the term "fragmented kit"
refers to a delivery system comprising two or more separate
containers that each contains a subportion of the total kit
components. The containers may be delivered to the intended
recipient together or separately. For example, a first container
may contain an enzyme for use in an assay, while a second container
contains oligonucleotides. Indeed, any delivery system comprising
two or more separate containers that each contains a subportion of
the total kit components are included in the term "fragmented kit."
In contrast, a "combined kit" refers to a delivery system
containing all of the components of a reaction assay in a single
container (e.g., in a single box housing each of the desired
components). The term "kit" includes both fragmented and combined
kits.
[0060] Reference will now be made to various embodiments, examples
of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.
[0061] In accordance with the embodiments, there is disclosed a
biometric data collection system having a first component adapted
to obtain a representation of an appendage of an individual, and at
least a second component comprising a substrate adapted to receive
a biological sample from the individual, wherein either the
substrate or a biological sample collection device comprising the
substrate is labeled with the representation. The first component
has a surface adapted to obtain an impression of the appendage and
an imaging system is operatively coupled to the surface, wherein
the imaging system is configured to collect an electronic image
resulting from the impression. The imaging system can be either an
optical imaging system or a capacitive scanning/imaging system. The
collection system can also have a processor configured to convert
the electronic image from the impression into the representation of
the appendage. Additionally, the processor can provide for and tie
the system in with an outside connections module to networks,
software sources, databases of such entities as the FBI, Homeland
Security, investigative agencies, intelligence agencies, watch
lists, cable systems, the web, optical fiber systems, wireless
communications such as satellites, cell phone systems (e.g., GSM),
and other pertinent resources. Additionally, the processor can have
a database connect to the processor and a connection module
connected to the processor. The representation can be configured
for uploading into a network or database and other pertinent
archiving and information retrieval and comparison resources. The
system can also have a component adapted to label the substrate or
the biological sample collection device with the representation to
enable matching the biometric characteristic to the biological
sample. The representation can be graphical, digital, photographic,
analog, alphanumeric, hexadecimal or binary, including a barcode.
The impression obtained by the system can be converted into an
electronic image and the appendage can be a finger, thumb, hand,
toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is
transparent. The resulting impression can be a fingerprint,
thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint.
[0062] In accordance with the embodiments, there is also disclosed
a method for matching collected biometric information comprising:
providing a surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage
of an individual, wherein an impression of a fingerprint of a
finger of the individual is obtained when the individual touches
the surface; converting the fingerprint impression to an
electronically readable representation; labeling a biological
sample collection device with the electronically readable
representation; collecting a biological sample from the individual
with the labeled biological sample collection device; wherein the
electronically readable representation from the fingerprint is
matched to the labeled biological sample collection device
following collection of the biological sample. The digit can be a
finger, thumb, hand, toe or foot placed upon a surface such as a
platen that is transparent. The resulting impression can be a
fingerprint, thumbprint, handprint, toe print or footprint. The
biological sample can be analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and
the collected biometric information can be archived in a database,
network or other pertinent resource.
[0063] In accordance with the embodiments, there is also disclosed
a method for matching collected biometric information comprising:
providing a surface for obtaining a representation of an appendage
of an individual, wherein an impression of the appendage of the
individual is obtained when the individual touches the surface,
wherein the appendage is a digit; converting the impression to an
electronically readable representation; labeling a substrate with
the electronically readable representation; transferring a
biological sample from the individual to the substrate; and
matching the electronically readable representation from the
impression to the labeled substrate following collection of the
biological sample. The digit can be a finger, thumb, hand, toe or
foot placed upon a surface such as a platen that is transparent.
The resulting impression can be a fingerprint, thumbprint,
handprint, toe print or footprint. The biological sample can be
analyzed by genotyping or HLA typing and the collected biometric
information can be archived in a database, network or other
pertinent resource.
[0064] Those having ordinary skill in the art will understand that
many modifications, alternatives, and equivalents are possible. All
such modifications, alternatives, and equivalents are intended to
be encompassed herein.
Example 1
[0065] The following procedures are representative of procedures
that can be employed for the surface modification of silicon
wafers/membrane.
[0066] Experiment: Genotyping of a biological sample using the
AmpFISTR.RTM. Identifiler Direct PCR Amplification Kit (Applied
Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.). A buccal sample was collected by
swabbing the inside of an individual's cheek with a Copan.RTM. "DNA
flocked swab". A 3 cm square FTA.RTM. paper (Whatman) was cut out
and place on 5 cm square piece of aluminum foil. The swab was
placed in the center of the paper and cover with second piece of 5
cm square aluminum foil. Pressure was applied to the swab for 3
seconds to transfer liquid obtained in from the cheek swabbing to
the paper. The aluminum foil on top of the swab was removed and
discarded. The lower piece of aluminum foil plus damp paper was
placed on a heat block at 100C and dried for 2 minutes. The FTA
paper was removed from the heat and was not sealed for archiving.
Instead 1.2 mm circles were punched from the paper at the site of
the transfer of the liquid and placed into wells containing
Identifiler Direct MasterMix, 12.5 uL/well. Add 12.5 uL Identifiler
Direct Primer Set. Amplify 26-28 cycles on ABI 9700. The number of
cycles is determined in validation experiments for the Identifiler
Direct PCR Amplification Kit according to the manufacture's
directions. Transfer 1 uL+9 uL formamide/GS500 LIZ.RTM. size
standard to 3130x/ for analysis. Analyze results using GeneMapper
ID-X v.1.2 software.
[0067] The resulting capillary electrophoresis resulted in a full
STR profile with good color balance and interlocus balance.
[0068] While the foregoing specification teaches the principles of
the present invention, with examples provided for the purpose of
illustration, it will be appreciated by one skilled in the art from
reading this disclosure that various changes in form and detail can
be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
* * * * *
References