U.S. patent application number 14/512321 was filed with the patent office on 2015-01-29 for sugar compositions.
The applicant listed for this patent is Virdia Ltd.. Invention is credited to Aharon Eyal, Robert Jansen.
Application Number | 20150028255 14/512321 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48082386 |
Filed Date | 2015-01-29 |
United States Patent
Application |
20150028255 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Eyal; Aharon ; et
al. |
January 29, 2015 |
SUGAR COMPOSITIONS
Abstract
A sugar composition comprising at least 40% dissolved solids in
an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42
DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved
solids concentration at a given temperature. Another sugar
composition comprising at least 30% glucose relative to total
sugars, at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars, at least 5%
xylose relative to total sugars, and less than 0.25% ash. Another
sugar composition comprising at least 30% glucose relative to total
sugars at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars, at least 5%
xylose relative to total sugars, and at least 2% total
furfurals.
Inventors: |
Eyal; Aharon; (Jerusalem,
IL) ; Jansen; Robert; (Collinsville, IL) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Virdia Ltd. |
Herzelia |
|
IL |
|
|
Family ID: |
48082386 |
Appl. No.: |
14/512321 |
Filed: |
October 10, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14385142 |
Sep 12, 2014 |
|
|
|
PCT/US12/59542 |
Oct 10, 2012 |
|
|
|
14512321 |
|
|
|
|
61545389 |
Oct 10, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
252/182.31 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07H 3/04 20130101; C13K
11/00 20130101; C13K 1/02 20130101; C13B 50/00 20130101; C07H 3/02
20130101; C13K 13/002 20130101; A23L 29/30 20160801; C07H 3/06
20130101; C13K 13/00 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
252/182.31 |
International
Class: |
C07H 3/06 20060101
C07H003/06; C07H 3/02 20060101 C07H003/02 |
Claims
1-59. (canceled)
60. A composition comprising: (a) at least one water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (i) a monomeric hemicellulose
sugar hydrolyzate; or (ii) a monomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate;
(b) at least one water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric
hydrolyzate selected from: (iii) a dimeric or higher oligomeric
hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (iv) a dimeric or higher
oligomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; and (c) less than 0.25% in
total by weight, relative to the total solids in the composition,
of ash.
61. The composition of claim 60, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu,
Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
62. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof.
63. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose,
or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose,
trehalose, or a combination thereof.
64. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose,
fructose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric
or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose,
isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
65. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is derived from a lignocellulose
substrate.
66. The composition of claim 60, further comprising water.
67. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is present at a concentration of at least 90%
in an aqueous solution.
68. The composition of claim 60, wherein the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is glucose, galactose, mannose, fructose, or
a mixture thereof.
69. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 0.10%
by weight, relative to the total solids in the composition, of
ash.
70. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 1 ppm
by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the
composition, of calcium.
71. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 1 ppm
by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the
composition, of iron.
72. The composition of claim 60, further comprising less than 50
ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total solids in the
composition, of sulfur.
73. The composition of claim 60, wherein the weight ratio of the
water-soluble monomeric hydrolyzate to the ash is greater than
360:1.
74. A composition comprising: (a) at least one water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate selected from: (i) a monomeric hemicellulose
sugar hydrolyzate; or (ii) a monomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate;
(b) at least one water-soluble dimeric or higher oligomeric
hydrolyzate selected from: (iii) a dimeric or higher oligomeric
hemicellulose sugar hydrolyzate; or (iv) a dimeric or higher
oligomeric cellulose sugar hydrolyzate; and (c) impurities, wherein
the impurities comprise: less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the
total weight of the total solids in the composition, of calcium;
less than 1 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the total
solids in the composition, of iron; less than 50 ppm by weight,
based on the total weight of the total solids in the composition,
of sulfur; and less than 0.25% by weight, based on the total weight
of the total solids in the composition, of ash.
75. The composition of claim 74, wherein the impurities comprise
Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
76. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of glucose, mannose, or a combination thereof.
77. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose,
or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose, isomaltose,
trehalose, or a combination thereof.
78. The composition of claim 74, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from glucose, mannose, galactose,
fructose, or a combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric
or higher oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from cellobiose,
isomaltose, trehalose, or a combination thereof.
79. The composition of claim 74, further comprising less than 0.10%
in the total weight relative to the total solids in the
composition, of ash, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg,
Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
80. The composition of claim 60, comprising at least one dimeric
hydrolyzate.
81. The composition of claim 60, wherein one or more of the
hydrolyzates is a hexose.
82. The composition of claim 60, wherein one or more of the
hydrolyzates is a pentose.
83. The composition of claim 60, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
84. The composition of claim 69, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
85. The composition of claim 70, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
86. The composition of claim 71, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
87. The composition of claim 72, wherein: the water-soluble
monomeric hydrolyzate is selected from xylose, arabinose, or a
combination thereof; and the water-soluble dimeric or higher
oligomeric hydrolyzate is selected from a dimer or higher oligomer
of xylose, arabinose, or a combination thereof.
88. A composition comprising: at least one water-soluble
monosaccharide hydrolyzate; at least one water-soluble disaccharide
hydrolyzate; and less than 0.25% in total by weight, relative to
the total solids in the composition, of ash.
89. The composition of claim 88, wherein the ash comprises Ca, Cu,
Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, and Si.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] In accord with the provisions of 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) and
.sctn.363, this application claims the benefit of: [0002] U.S.
61/545,389 filed Oct. 10, 2011 by Aharon EYAL and entitled "Sugar
Compositions And Uses Thereof"; which is fully incorporated herein
by reference.
[0003] This application is related to the following co-pending
applications: [0004] Prior PCT application IL 2011/000424 filed on
Jun. 1, 2011 by Robert JANSEN et al. and entitled "LIGNIN
COMPOSITIONS, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING LIGNIN AND/OR HCl"
and published as WO/2011/151823; [0005] Prior PCT application IL
2011/000509 filed on Jun. 26, 2011 by Aharon EYAL et al. and
entitled "SUGAR MIXTURES AND METHODS FOR PRODUCTION AND USE
THEREOF" and published as WO 2011/161685; [0006] Prior PCT
application IL 2011/000517 filed on Jun. 28, 2011 by Aharon EYAL et
al. and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING A SUCROSE CROP
AND SUGAR MIXTURES" and published as WO2012/001688; [0007] Prior
PCT application US 2011/046153 filed on Aug. 1, 2011 by Robert
JANSEN et al. and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SOLVENT
PURIFICATION" and published as WO 2012/018740; [0008] Prior U.S.
application Ser. No. 13/195,721 filed on Aug. 1, 2011 by Robert
JANSEN et al. and entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SOLVENT
PURIFICATION" and published as US 2012/0167874; [0009] Prior PCT
application US2011/057552 filed on May 9, 2011 by Robert JANSEN et
al. and entitled "HYDROLYSIS SYSTEMS AND METHODS" and published as
WO2012/061085; [0010] Prior PCT application PCT/US2011/064237 filed
on Dec. 9, 2011 by Aharon EYAL et al. and entitled "METHODS AND
SYSTEMS FOR PROCESSING LIGNOCELLULOSIC MATERIALS" and published as
WO2012/079021; [0011] Prior PCT application US2012/024033 filed on
Feb. 6, 2012 by Robert JANSEN et al. and entitled "SYSTEMS AND
METHODS FOR SUGAR REFINING"; and published as WO/2012/106727; each
of which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0012] This invention relates to sugar compositions.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The increasing cost of fossil fuels has created a demand for
alternative energy sources. This demand is reflected in the
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS), established by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) under the Energy Independence
and Security Act of 2007. RFS has set standards to increase the
volume of renewable fuel required to be blended into gasoline from
9 billion gallons in 2008 to 36 billion gallons by 2022, composed
of 15 billion gallons of renewable fuel and 21 billion gallons of
advanced bio-fuels (16 billion gallons cellulosic bio-fuels).
[0014] One theoretically feasible way to produce alternative fuels
is by chemical conversion of carbon containing substrates using
non-enzymatic catalysts. In practice, development of this
technology has revealed a variety of technical problems including,
but not limited to, fouling or poisoning of catalysts, unacceptably
low yields of conversion product and requirements for reaction
conditions which make the conversion process industrially
unattractive.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] A broad aspect of the invention relates to sugar
compositions. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the
compositions are useful as substrates for chemically catalyzed
conversion processes. In some embodiments, the sugars in the
compositions result from hydrolysis of a cellulose containing
substrate (e.g. with HCl).
[0016] As used in this specification and the accompanying claims
the term "hydrolyzate" refers to a mixture of sugars resulting from
hydrolysis of a cellulose containing substrate. The term
hydrolyzate includes "refined hydrolyzates" prepared by application
of an appropriate purification protocol to remove residual reagents
from the hydrolysis process and/or separate lignin (if present)
and/or adjust the sugar concentration to a desired level and/or
adjust the sugar composition by enzymatic conversion. Exemplary
purification protocols are described in co-pending International
application publication WO/2012/106727 which is fully incorporated
herein by reference. Alternatively or additionally, the term
hydrolyzate includes fractionated hydrolyzates which are enriched
for one or more specific sugars (e.g. glucose or mannose) or sugar
types (e.g. pentoses or hexoses). In some exemplary embodiments of
the invention, hydrolyzates are provided as aqueous solutions.
According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention, the
concentration of sugars in such an aqueous solution is 40%, 50%,
60%, 70% or 80% or intermediate or greater percentages. For
example, in some embodiments the sugar concentration is 40 to 50%,
50 to 60%, 60 to 70%, 70 to 80% or greater than 80% In other
exemplary embodiments of the invention, hydrolyzates are provided
as a dry sugar mixture. Dried sugar mixtures can be prepared, for
example, by spray drying and/or crystallization. In some
embodiments, a dried sugar mixture is subsequently dissolved in
water, or an aqueous solution, at a desired concentration.
[0017] As used in this specification and the accompanying claims
the term "cellulose containing substrate" includes any plant
derived material containing cellulose (e.g. wood, wood by-products,
crop residues (e.g. cornstover, sugar cane bagasse, empty palm
fruit bunches), perennial grasses, perennial woody crops and
food/feed processing residues) as well as processed cellulose
products (e.g. paper and cardboard)).
[0018] As used in this specification and the accompanying claims
the term "cellulose sugars" refers to glucose in monomeric form and
that portion of any dimer or higher oligomer composed of
glucose.
[0019] As used in this specification and the accompanying claims
the term "hemicellulose sugars" refers to xylose and/or arabinose
and/or mannose in monomeric form and that portion of any dimer or
higher oligomer composed of xylose and/or arabinose and/or
mannose.
[0020] One aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to
sugar mixtures characterized by a low viscosity relative to
previously available alternatives with a same dissolved solids
concentration and 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) when assayed at the
same temperature.
[0021] Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates
to a sugar mixture containing a low level of inorganic material. In
some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a reduction in the
level of inorganic material in a sugar mixture contributes to a
decrease in catalyst fouling and/or poisoning during the conversion
process. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, levels of
sulfur are below 50 PPM, 40 PPM, 30 PPM, 20 PPM or 10 PPM (e.g. 10
to 50 PPM; 20 to 40 PPM; 35 to 50 PPM or 40 to 50 PPM).
Alternatively or additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the
invention, levels of phosphorus are below 10 PPM, 7 PPM, 5 PPM or 1
PPM (e.g. 1 to 10 PPM; 1 to 7 PPM or 1 to 5 PPM or 5 to 10
PPM).
[0022] Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates
to a level of furfurals present in the sugar mixture. As used in
this specification and the accompanying claims the terms
"furfurals" and "total furfurals" include both furfural and
hydroxymethylfurfural. In those cases where "furfural" or
"hydroxymethylfurfural" amounts or concentrations are indicated,
reference is to the specific compound. In some exemplary
embodiments of the invention, furfural is present due to hydrolysis
of pentose-comprising polysaccharides. According to various
exemplary embodiments of the invention 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or
10 percent (or intermediate percentages) of pentoses (e.g. from
hemicellulose) are degraded during the hydrolysis reaction and the
resultant furfural appears in the hydrolyzate. Alternatively or
additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention,
hydroxymethylfurfural is present due to hydrolysis of
hexose-comprising polysaccharides (e.g. cellulose and/or
hemicellulose). According to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention According to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 (or intermediate
percentages) of hexoses are degraded during the hydrolysis reaction
and the resultant hydroxymethylfurfural appears in the
hydrolyzate.
[0023] One aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates to
hydrolyzates with a saccharide composition that is different than
the theoretically expected saccharide yield from hydrolysis of the
cellulose containing substrate. For example, if the substrate is
wood, the hydrolyzate may have less glucose that expected and/or
more pentoses than expected. In some exemplary embodiments of the
invention, the hydrolyzate results from complete hydrolysis of
hemicellulose but incomplete hydrolysis of cellulose. In some
embodiments, hemicellulose and cellulose are hydrolyzed separately
and the resultant hemicellulose hydrolyzate and cellulose
hydrolyzate are mixed in a desired ratio to produce a hydrolyzate
according to an exemplary embodiment of the invention. In some
embodiments, the hydrolyzate composition is affected by sugars
degradation rate during the hydrolysis. Some of the sugars in the
cellulose containing substrate (e.g. lignocellulose) substrate
degrade at a higher rate compared with other sugars. In some
embodiments, pentoses degrade more rapidly than hexoses.
[0024] An additional aspect of some embodiments of the invention
relates to sucrose present with the cellulose containing substrate
prior to hydrolysis. In some exemplary embodiments of the
invention, this results from incomplete processing of a sucrose
crop as described in co-pending application publication
WO2012/001688; which is fully incorporated herein by reference. In
some exemplary embodiments of the invention, this sucrose
contributes to an increase in fructose in the hydrolyzate.
Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments an enzymatic
treatment is employed to increase sucrose levels. Exemplary
enzymatic treatments are described hereinbelow.
[0025] Another aspect of some embodiments of the invention relates
to assaying one or more specific parameters of a hydrolyzate
produced in an industrial facility and using results of the assay
to select a subset of hydrolyzate batches for chemical conversion.
In some embodiments, batches which are not well suited to
biological conversion (e.g. fermentation) are advantageously
employed in chemical conversion. According to various exemplary
embodiments of the invention, the one or more specific parameters
assayed include viscosity and/or ash content and/or level(s) of one
or more degradation produc(s) and/or levels of one or more
hemicellulose sugars. Degradation products include, but are not
limited to, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural.
[0026] It will be appreciated that the various aspects described
above relate to solution of technical problems associated with
conversion of carbohydrates in a chemically catalyzed reaction.
[0027] Alternatively or additionally, it will be appreciated that
the various aspects described above relate to solution of technical
problems related to fouling and/or poisoning of catalysts in a
chemically catalyzed reaction.
[0028] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition including: at least 40%, at least 50%,
at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids in an aqueous
solution having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE
(Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution with a same dissolved
solids concentration at a given temperature (e.g. a 42% high
fructose 80% solids corn syrup reference solution has a viscosity
of 2200 cP at 80.degree. F.).
[0029] In some embodiments, the dissolved solids include at least
20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% hemicellulose
sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, mannose
comprises at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or
at least 30% of the dissolved solids and/or xylose comprises at
least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least
15% of the dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some
embodiments glucose comprises not more than 60% or not more than
55% of the dissolved solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some
embodiments at least 90% of the dissolved solids are monomeric
sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the
composition includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of
organic compounds including one or more compounds selected from the
group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids
including 2-5 carbon atoms.
[0030] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition including: at least 30%, at least 40%,
at least 50% or at least 60% glucose relative to total sugars; at
least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30%
mannose relative to total sugars; at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at
least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total
sugars; and less than 0.25, less than 0.20, less than 0.15, less
than 0.10, less than 0.05, less than 0.01 or less than 0.005% ash.
In some embodiments, the composition includes less than 50, less
than 30, less than 10, less than 5 or less than 1 PPM sulfur.
Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition
includes less than 10, less than 5, less than 3 less than 1 or less
than 0.1 PPM phosphorus. Alternatively or additionally, in some
embodiments the composition is provided as a solution including at
least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved
solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the
composition includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of
organic compounds including one or more compounds selected from the
group consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids
including 2-5 carbon atoms.
[0031] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition including: at least 30%, at least 40%,
at least 50% or at least 60% glucose relative to total sugars; at
least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30%
mannose relative to total sugars; at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at
least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative to total
sugars; and at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4% or at least 5%
total furfurals. In some embodiments, the composition includes not
more than 15, not more than 12, or not more than 10% total
furfurals. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a
molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is at least 0.03, at least
0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of furfural to
pentoses is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of
hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03, at least 0.05,
at least 0.07 or at least 0.09. Alternatively or additionally, in
some embodiments a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses
is less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally,
in some embodiments a molar ratio of carboxylic acids (e.g. acetic
and/or formic and/or galactauronic and/or levulinic acids) to
sugars is at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least
0.09. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments a molar
ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is less than 0.12 or less than
0.1.
[0032] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition, including: at least 30, at least 40,
at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70% hemicellulose sugars
relative to total sugars; and 20 to 60% cellulose sugars relative
to total sugars. In some embodiments, the composition includes at
least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30%
mannose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in
some embodiments the composition includes at least 5%, at least
7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose relative
to total sugars. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments
the composition includes at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%,
at least 12.5% or at least 15% fructose relative to total
sugars.
[0033] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition including at least 10% fructose
relative to total sugars; and at least 10% hemicellulose sugars
relative to total sugars. In some embodiments, the composition
includes at least 15% or at least 20% fructose. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments the composition includes at least
15% or at least 20% hemicellulose sugars. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments the composition is provided as an
aqueous solution including at least 60% dissolved solids.
Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the composition
includes at least 5, at least 10 or at least 15% of organic
compounds including one or more compounds selected from the group
consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids
including 2-5 carbon atoms.
[0034] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids):
(a) at least 49% glucose; (b) at least 9.5% xylose; (c) at least
2.5% arabinose; and (d) at least 25% mannose.
[0035] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a method including: producing a sugar composition as
described hereinabove; and converting sugars in the sugar
composition to a conversion product in a chemically catalyzed
reaction. In some embodiments, the producing includes hydrolyzing a
substrate including cellulose to produce a hydrolyzate. In some
embodiments, the hydrolyzing includes refining the hydrolyzate.
[0036] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a method including
[0037] hydrolyzing not more than 90% of cellulose in a cellulose
including substrate to produce a hydrolyzate; and
[0038] converting sugars in the hydrolyzate to a conversion product
in a chemically catalyzed reaction.
[0039] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a method including: providing a conversion product as
described hereinabove; and processing the conversion product to
produce a processed product.
[0040] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention,
the processed product includes one or more members selected from
the group consisting of terephthalic acid, polymers of terephthalic
acid, a fuel ingredient, a paraffin a polyethylene, a polystyrene,
a polypropylene, butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, dibutyl phthalate,
dibutyl sebacate, other butyl esters, ethylene glycol, monobutyl
ether, di-ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether,
isobutyl acetate and butanone (MEK).
[0041] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a processed product produced by a method as described
hereinabove.
[0042] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a method including
[0043] providing a processed product as described hereinabove;
and
[0044] subjecting the processed product to an industrial process to
produce a downstream product.
[0045] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention,
the downstream product is selected from the group consisting of a
liquid fuel and a polymeric plastic.
[0046] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a downstream product produced by a method as described
hereinabove.
[0047] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a method including
[0048] providing a processed product as described hereinabove;
and
[0049] using the processed product as an ingredient or component in
a downstream product.
[0050] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention,
the downstream product is selected from the group consisting of a
liquid fuel, a super absorbent gel, a paint, a dye, a glue, a
fabric and a plastic item.
[0051] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, there is
provided a downstream product produced by a method as described
hereinabove.
Representative Embodiments
[0052] The following embodiments of the disclosure are provided by
way of example only:
1. A sugar composition comprising:
[0053] at least 40% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having
a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents)
reference solution with a same dissolved solids concentration at a
given temperature.
2. A composition according to embodiment 1, wherein the dissolved
solids comprise at least 20% hemicellulose sugars. 3. A composition
according to embodiment 1 or embodiment 2, wherein mannose
comprises at least 10% of the dissolved solids and/or xylose
comprises at least 5% of the dissolved solids. 4. A composition
according to any of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein glucose comprises
less than 60% of the dissolved solids. 5. A composition according
to any of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein at least 90% of the dissolved
solids are monomeric sugars. 6. A composition according to any of
embodiments 1 to 5, comprising at least 5% of organic compounds
comprising one or more compounds selected from the group consisting
of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids comprising 2-5
carbon atoms. 7. A sugar composition comprising:
[0054] at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars;
[0055] at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars;
[0056] at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars; and
[0057] less than 0.25% ash.
8. A composition according to embodiment 7, comprising less than 50
PPM sulfur. 9. A composition according to embodiment 7 or 8,
comprising less than 10 PPM phosphorus. 10. A composition according
to any of embodiments 7 to 9, provided as a solution comprising at
least 40% dissolved solids. 11. A composition according to any of
embodiments 7 to 10, further comprising at least 5% of organic
compounds comprising one or more compounds selected from the group
consisting of alcohols, ketones, aldehydes and organic acids
comprising 2-5 carbon atoms. 12. A sugar composition
comprising:
[0058] at least 30% glucose relative to total sugars;
[0059] at least 10% mannose relative to total sugars;
[0060] at least 5% xylose relative to total sugars; and
[0061] at least 2% total furfurals.
13. A composition according to embodiment 12, comprising not more
than 15% total furfurals. 14. A composition according to embodiment
12 or 13, wherein a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is at least
0.03. 15. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 14,
wherein a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses is less than 0.12.
16. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 15, wherein
a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03.
17. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 16, wherein
a molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is less than
0.12. 18. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 17,
wherein a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is at least
0.03. 19. A composition according to any of embodiments 12 to 18,
wherein a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to sugars is less than
0.12. 20. A sugar composition, comprising:
[0062] at least 30% hemicellulose sugars relative to total sugars;
and
[0063] 20% to 60% cellulose sugars relative to total sugars.
21. A composition according to embodiment 20, comprising at least
10% mannose relative to total sugars. 22. A composition according
to embodiment 20 or 21, comprising at least 5% xylose relative to
total sugars. 23. A composition according to any of embodiments 20
to 22, comprising at least 5% fructose relative to total sugars.
24. A sugar composition comprising:
[0064] at least 10% fructose; and
[0065] at least 10% hemicellulose sugars.
25. A composition according to embodiment 24, comprising at least
15% fructose. 26. A composition according to embodiment 24 or 25,
comprising at least 15%, hemicellulose sugars. 27. A composition
according to any of embodiments 24 to 26, provided as an aqueous
solution comprising at least 60% dissolved solids. 28. A
composition according to any of embodiments 24 to 27, further
comprising at least 5% of organic compounds comprising one or more
compounds selected from the group consisting of alcohols, ketones,
aldehydes and organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms. 29. A
sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids):
[0066] (a) at least 49% glucose;
[0067] (b) at least 9.5% xylose;
[0068] (c) at least 2.5% arabinose; and
[0069] (d) at least 25% mannose.
[0070] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms
used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of
ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although
suitable methods and materials are described below, methods and
materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be
used in the practice of the present invention. In case of conflict,
the patent specification, including definitions, will control. All
materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and are not
intended to be limiting.
[0071] As used herein, the terms "comprising" and "including" or
grammatical variants thereof are to be taken as specifying
inclusion of the stated features, integers, actions or components
without precluding the addition of one or more additional features,
integers, actions, components or groups thereof.
[0072] The phrase "adapted to" as used in this specification and
the accompanying claims imposes additional structural limitations
on a previously recited component.
[0073] Percentages (%) of insoluble carbohydrates (e.g. cellulose),
sugars, saccharides, furfurals and ash (total and individual
components) are W/W (weight per weight) relative to total solids
unless otherwise indicated. Concentrations indicated in PPM are
also on a total solids basis unless otherwise indicated. As used in
this specification and the accompanying claims the term "total
solids" indicates dry matter which remains after all water is
evaporated.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0074] In order to understand the invention and to see how it may
be carried out in practice, embodiments will now be described, by
way of non-limiting example only, with reference to the
accompanying figures. In the figures, identical and similar
structures, elements or parts thereof that appear in more than one
figure are generally labeled with the same or similar references in
the figures in which they appear. Dimensions of components and
features shown in the figures are chosen primarily for convenience
and clarity of presentation and are not necessarily to scale. The
attached figures are:
[0075] FIG. 1 is schematic overview of a system according some
exemplary embodiments of the invention; and
[0076] FIG. 2 is a simplified flow diagram of a method according to
some exemplary embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
[0077] Embodiments of the invention relate to sugar compositions.
According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the
sugar compositions are provided in liquid or solid form.
[0078] Specifically, sugar compositions according to various
embodiments of the invention can serve as input streams for
chemical conversion to a conversion product. Some exemplary
embodiments of the invention relate to conversion products produced
by such a chemical conversion. Exemplary conversion products
include, but are not limited to hydrocarbons (e.g. para-xylene),
oxygenated hydrocarbons, non-condensable gas products, alcohols and
hydrogen gas. In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, these
conversion products are characterized by an O/C ratio less than
1.5; less than 1.0; less than 0.75; less than 0.5; less than 0.3;
less than 0.2 or less than 0.1.
[0079] Compositions according to exemplary embodiments of the
invention may be better understood with reference to the drawings
and accompanying descriptions.
[0080] Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention
in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited
in its application to the details set forth in the following
description or exemplified by the Examples. The invention is
capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out
in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology
and terminology employed herein is illustrative and not
limiting.
[0081] Exemplary System Overview
[0082] FIG. 1 is a simplified schematic diagram of a system for
acid hydrolysis of a substrate including cellulose indicated
generally as 100. Depicted system 100 includes a main hydrolysis
reactor 110 adapted to receive an input substrate 112. In many
cases substrate 112 is provided as wood chips, although any
cellulose containing substrate can be used instead of wood. In some
exemplary embodiments of the invention, substrate 112 is subjected
to a pretreatment in pretreatment module 108 to produce a modified
substrate 112'. In some embodiments, a pretreatment conducted in
module 108 produces one or more streams containing ash and/or
sugars (additional streams not depicted). Exemplary pretreatments
are described in international application publication
WO/2012/079021; which is fully incorporated herein by
reference.
[0083] Additional exemplary substrates 112 include, but are not
limited to, sugar cane bagasse, sugar beets and/or their cossettes,
corn stover, post harvest plants (e.g. cotton, soybean or
rapeseed), switchgrass, broomgrass, paper and cardboard.
[0084] In the depicted exemplary system, substrate 112 is brought
into contact with a concentrated HCl solution in reactor 110 and
hemicellulose and/or cellulose in the substrate are hydrolyzed to
produce a mixture of soluble sugars and, optionally, residual
lignin. These materials are collected separately as lignin stream
120 (if present) and crude hydrolyzate 130, each of which contains
a high concentrations of HCl.
[0085] Details of exemplary hydrolysis methods and systems are
described in co-pending International application publication
WO2012/061085; which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention the way
in which hydrolysis is conducted in reactor 110 contributes to the
composition of crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or lignin stream 120.
Affecting parameters include, but are not limited to, initial
substrate moisture, reactor design, mode of hydrolysis (e.g.
co-current contact, counter-current contact and combinations
thereof), number of hydrolysis stages and acid concentration and/or
temperature and/or residence time in each hydrolysis stage. The
composition of crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or lignin stream 120 is
influenced by the amount of sugar degradation products produced at
110 and/or 201 and/or by the yield of specific intact sugars
produced at 110 and/or remaining after 201 (e.g. pentoses such as
xylose and/or hexoses such as glucose).
[0086] Crude hydrolyzate 130 is processed to remove HCl and/or
adjust the mixture to achieve one or more desired ratios of mixture
components (e.g. disaccharides and/or monosaccharides). Parameters
of HCl removal also affect the composition of the deacidified
hydrolyzate, including the mode of removal, e.g. distillation vs.
solvent extraction, solvent choice, e.g. its selectivity and water
co-extraction, contactors design, number of theoretical stages in
the solvent extraction, temperature of each stage and residence
time in each stage. This processing is conducted in a hydrolyzate
refining module, designated here generically as 201.
[0087] In some embodiments, additional hydrolyzate (similar to 130)
is recovered from lignin stream 120 as described in co-pending
International application publication WO/2011/151823 which is fully
incorporated herein by reference. In some exemplary embodiments of
the invention, this additional hydrolyzate is routed (not depicted)
to refining module 201. According to various exemplary embodiments
of the invention this additional hydrolyzate increases a total
sugar yield and/or changes a composition of mixture (e.g. refined
hydrolyzate 230).
[0088] In depicted system 100, hydrolyzate refining module 201
employs a flow of organic solvent 155 (solid arrows) to extract HCl
140 (dashed arrows) from crude hydrolyzate 130.
[0089] Refined hydrolyzate 230 containing a mixture of de-acidified
sugars is the primary product of refining module 201. In some
embodiments, sugars recovered from pretreatment module 108 and/or
lignin stream 120 are also present in refined hydrolyzate 230.
Module 201 also produces a stream of HCl 140 mixed with solvent 155
(depicted as parallel dashed and solid arrows respectively for
clarity) which is routed to a solvent/HCl recovery module 150.
Recovery module 150 separates HCl 140 from solvent 155. In some
exemplary embodiments of the invention, separation is by
distillation. HCl 140 is recycled to hydrolysis reactor 110 and
solvent 155 is recycled to refining module 201. Details of HCl and
solvent recycling are described in co-pending international
application publication WO/2012/081740 and US application
publication 2012/0167874; each of which is fully incorporated by
reference.
[0090] Refined hydrolyzate 230 includes a mixture of de-acidified
sugars. Various components of the mixture can be chemically
converted to conversion products. In some cases, implementation of
specific chemical conversion processes is influenced by an initial
composition of refined hydrolyzate 230. In many cases, refined
hydrolyzate 230 contains glucose as a primary component since
glucose is a primary component of cellulose in substrate 112.
Alternatively or additionally, in many cases, sugar mixture 230
contains a significant amount of xylose since xylose is often the
most prevalent saccharide component of hemicellulose in substrate
112.
[0091] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, refined
hydrolyzate 230 is assayed with respect to one or more parameters
in an assay module 211. Depending upon the results of the assay(s),
refined hydrolyzate 230 is routed to chemical conversion 233 or
biological conversion 235 (e.g. fermentation).
[0092] Exemplary Chemical Conversion Processes
[0093] Exemplary chemically catalyzed processes for conversion of
biomass derived sugars to conventional liquid fuels through a
multistep catalytic conversion process are disclosed in U.S. Pat.
No. 7,038,094; U.S. Pat. No. 6,486,366; U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,713;
U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,643; U.S. Pat. No. 7,880,049; U.S. Pat. No.
4,503,278; U.S. Pat. No. 8,017,818; U.S. Pat. No. 7,977,517; U.S.
Pat. No. 7,038,094; U.S. Pat. No. 6,841,085; U.S. Pat. No.
6,124,443; U.S. Pat. No. 8,084,508; U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,868; U.S.
Pat. No. 5,856,261; U.S. Pat. No. 8,277,643; U.S. Pat. No.
7,947,858; U.S. Pat. No. 7,704,381; U.S. Pat. No. 5,856,261; U.S.
Pat. No. 8,152,867; U.S. Pat. No. 7,935,156; U.S. Pat. No.
7,942,940; U.S. Pat. No. 8,026,378; U.S. Pat. No. 8,053,468; U.S.
Pat. No. 8,084,635; U.S. Pat. No. 8,178,701; and U.S. Pat. No.
8,188,030. The contents of each of these patents are fully
incorporated herein by reference.
[0094] Exemplary Compositions
[0095] Some exemplary embodiments of the invention, relate to sugar
compositions suitable for use as inputs in a catalytic conversion
processes.
[0096] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the sugar
composition includes at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at
least 70% dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a
viscosity which is at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% or 50% lower than a
42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) solution with a same dissolved solids
concentration at a given temperature. Viscosity influences flow
properties which may be relevant to conversion processes 233 and/or
235. According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention
the dissolved solids comprise at least 20%, at least 30%, at least
40% or at least 50% hemicellulose sugars.
[0097] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, at least
10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or 30% (or intermediate or greater percentages)
of the dissolved solids are mannose. Alternatively or additionally,
at least 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% or 15% (or intermediate or greater
percentages) of the dissolved solids are xylose. According to
various exemplary embodiments of the invention mannose and xylose
are present as monomeric sugars and/or as portions of oligomeric
sugars (dimers or higher).
[0098] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, less than
60%, or less than 55%, of the dissolved solids is glucose.
[0099] Alternatively or additionally, the dissolved solids in the
composition include at least 90%, at least 92% or at least 94%
monomeric sugars.
[0100] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the
composition includes at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of organic
compounds such as alcohols and/or ketones and/or aldehydes and/or
organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms.
[0101] Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a
composition including at least 30%, 40%, 50% or 60% (or
intermediate or greater percentages) glucose relative to total
sugars, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at
least 30% (or intermediate or greater percentages) mannose relative
to total sugars and at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at
least 12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or greater
percentages) xylose relative to total sugars and less than 0.25% or
less than 0.15% ash. In some embodiments, compositions of this type
include less than 50, less than 10, less than 5 or less than 2 PPM
sulfur (or intermediate or lower amounts). Alternatively or
additionally, compositions of this type include less than 10, less
than 7, less than 5, less than 2 or less than 1 PPM phosphorus (or
intermediate or lower amounts). Alternatively or additionally, in
some embodiments compositions of this type are provided as an
aqueous solution with at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at
least 70% dissolved solids (or intermediate or higher
percentages).
[0102] Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments the
composition includes at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of organic
compounds such as alcohols and/or ketones and/or aldehydes and/or
organic acids comprising 2-5 carbon atoms.
[0103] Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a
sugar composition including at least 30%, at least 40%, at least
50% or at least 60% glucose (or intermediate or higher percentages)
relative to total sugars and at least 2%, at least 3%, at least 4%,
at least 5% total furfurals (or intermediate or higher
percentages).
[0104] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the
composition includes at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at
least 25% or at least 30% mannose (or intermediate or higher
percentages) relative to total sugars. Alternatively or
additionally, in some exemplary embodiments of the invention the
composition includes at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at
least 12.5% or at least 15% xylose (or intermediate or higher
percentages) relative to total sugars.
[0105] In some embodiments, the composition includes not more than
15 or not more than 10% total furfurals. In some exemplary
embodiments of the invention, a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses
is at least 0.03, 0.05, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07 or at least 0.075.
Alternatively or additionally, the molar ratio of furfural to
pentoses is less than 0.12, 0.115, 0.11, 0.105 or less than 0.1.
Alternatively or additionally, a molar ratio of
hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is at least 0.03, 0.05, 0.06,
0.065, 0.07 or at least 0.075. Alternatively or additionally, a
molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses is less than 0.12
or less than 0.1. In some embodiments, compositions of this type
are provided as an aqueous solution with at least 40%, at least
50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved solids (or intermediate
or higher percentages).
[0106] In some embodiments, a molar ratio of carboxylic acids to
sugars in the composition is at least 0.03. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments a molar ratio of carboxylic acids
to sugars in the composition is less than 0.12.
[0107] Some exemplary embodiments of the invention relate to a
sugar composition including at least 30%, at least 40%, at least
45% or at least 50% (or intermediate or higher percentages)
hemicellulose sugars (relative to total sugars) and 20%, 30%, 40%,
50%, 55% or 60% (or intermediate or higher percentages) glucose
(relative to total sugars). Alternatively or additionally, in some
embodiments a composition of this type includes at least 10%, at
least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least 30% (or
intermediate or higher percentages) mannose (relative to total
sugars) and/or at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least
12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or higher percentages)
xylose (relative to total sugars). Alternatively or additionally, a
composition of this type includes 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%,
at least 12.5% or at least 15% (or intermediate or higher
percentages) fructose (relative to total sugars). In some
embodiments, fructose results from use of a hydrolysis substrate
112 (FIG. 1) including sucrose as described in International
application publication WO2012/001688 which is fully incorporated
herein by reference.
[0108] Alternatively or additionally, use of a hydrolysis substrate
112 including sucrose produces a sugar composition including at
least 10%, at least 15% or at least 20% fructose (or intermediate
or higher percentages); and at least 10%, at least 15% or at least
20% sugars derived from hemicellulose (or intermediate or higher
percentages). According to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention the sugars derived from hemicellulose include xylose
and/or mannose and/or arabinose. In some exemplary embodiments of
the invention, compositions of this type are provided as an aqueous
solution including at least 60%, 65%, 70% or 75% dissolved solids.
Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments compositions of
this type are provided as an aqueous solution with at least 40%, at
least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70% dissolved solids (or
intermediate or higher percentages).
[0109] Alternatively or additionally, crude hydrolyzate 130 and/or
refined hydrolyzate 230 are enzymatically treated to convert at
least a portion of the glucose therein to fructose. For example, a
xylose isomerase (Enzyme commission number EC 5.3.1.5; also known
as glucose isomerase) can be used to convert glucose to fructose as
is done in the high fructose corn syrup industry.
[0110] Some exemplary embodiments of the invention, relate to a
sugar composition comprising (relative to dry solids) at least 49%
glucose; at least 9.5% xylose; at least 2.5% arabinose; and at
least 25% mannose.
[0111] Exemplary Viscosity Assay Protocol
[0112] In some embodiments of the invention, a comparison is made
between a sample (e.g. refined hydrolyzate 230) and a reference
solution. In order to make this comparison, a measurement of
percentage of total dissolved solids in the sample (e.g.
hydrolyzate 230) is made (e.g. by evaporation to dryness). If the
reference solution is not labeled as to total dissolved solids
concentration, a measurement of the dissolved solids concentration
in the reference solution is conducted using the same measurement
technique as for the sample. Once the total dissolved solids
concentration of the sample and the reference solution are known,
the reference solution is adjusted to the same dissolved solids
concentration as the sample by dilution, or evaporation, as needed.
In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, a 42 Dextrose
Equivalents (DE) solution serves as a reference solution. One
example of a suitable reference solution is IsoClear.RTM. 42% high
fructose 80% solids corn syrup (Cargill; Regional Sweeteners
Office; Lancaster Pa.; USA).
[0113] In some embodiments, a reference solution with a
concentration of dissolved solids higher than the composition being
assayed is selected. Use of a reference solution with a higher
concentration of dissolved solids allows adjustment of the
reference solution by dilution.
[0114] Once the reference solution and the composition being
assayed are at the same dissolved solids concentration, the
viscosity of each is measured at a given temperature (e.g. 25; 30;
35; 40; 45; 50; 55 or 60.degree. C.). A sugar composition (e.g.
refined hydrolyzate 230) with a viscosity at least 10% lower than a
42 DE reference solution with the same dissolved solids
concentration (measured under the same conditions) is an exemplary
embodiment of the invention.
[0115] Exemplary Parameter Assay Considerations
[0116] Referring again to FIG. 1, in some embodiments refined
hydrolyzate 230 is assayed with respect to one or more specific
parameters. According to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention the specific parameters include viscosity and/or ash
content and/or degradation product level and/or levels of one or
more hemicellulose sugars.
[0117] With regard to viscosity, an increase in viscosity can
contribute to problems (e.g. decreased reaction rate and/or
decreased yield) in chemically catalyzed conversion processes 233,
particularly using heterogeneous catalyst, where reaction rate AO
reaction kinetics are diffusion controlled. Traditionally,
implementation of a temperature increase during the chemically
catalyzed conversion was undertaken in an attempt to mitigate these
problems as viscosity typically decreases with temperature
elevation. However, increase of temperature beyond a certain point
can contribute to undesired degradation of sugars. Elevated
temperature reactions are more difficult to control and therefore
lead to side degradation reactions resulting in undesired products,
e.g. large condensation products and coking. Some exemplary
embodiments of the invention are compositions with at least 40%
dissolved solids in an aqueous solution having a viscosity at least
10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose Equivalents) reference solution
with a same dissolved solids concentration at a given
temperature.
[0118] In some embodiments, a viscosity assay of refined
hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition including
at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60% or at least 70% dissolved
solids having a viscosity at least 10% lower than a 42 DE (Dextrose
Equivalents) solution of similar concentration at a given
temperature. In some embodiments, the dissolved solids include at
least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% hemicellulose
sugars (or intermediate or higher percentages). In some
embodiments, refined hydrolyzate 230 includes at least 10%, 15%,
20%, 25% or 30% or more mannose as a percentage of the dissolved
solids. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments refined
hydrolyzate 230 includes at least 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5%, or 15% or
more xylose as a percentage of the dissolved solids. In some
embodiments, a refined hydrolyzate 230 with a viscosity at or below
a pre-determined threshold level is selected for routing to a
chemical conversion process 233. Alternatively or additionally, in
some embodiments a refined hydrolyzate 230 with a viscosity above a
pre-determined threshold level is mixed with a second sugar stream
to decrease viscosity and produce a mixed stream suitable for
routing to a chemical conversion process 233. In some embodiments,
the second sugar stream includes more non-glucose sugars than
refined hydrolyzate 230.
[0119] In some embodiments, an assay of organic compounds (e.g. by
HPLC or gas chromatography) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to
identify a sugar composition including at least 5, at least 10 or
at least 15% organic compounds (e.g. alcohols, ketones, aldehydes
and organic acids including 2-5 carbon atoms). While these organic
compounds may have an inhibitory effect on biological processes,
they can be introduced into a chemical conversion process 233 with
little or no effect (Z. R. Ismagilov et al. (2008) Energy Environ.
Sci. 1:526-541 and A. Holmen (2009) Catalysis Today 142:2-8). In
some embodiments, the organic compounds serve as a substrate for
the chemical conversion process 233 and are converted to additional
conversion product(s). Thus, in some embodiments a refined
hydrolyzate 230 with an organic compounds content at or above a
pre-determined threshold level is selected for routing to a
chemical conversion process 233. In some embodiments, assay of
organic compound levels is conducted in conjunction with assay of
viscosity.
[0120] In some embodiments, an assay of ash (e.g. by complete
combustion) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar
composition including less than 0.25, less than 0.20, less than
0.15, less than 0.10, less than 0.05, less than 0.01 or less than
0.005% ash. In contrast to organic compounds, increasing the level
of ash would not be expected to have a significant negative impact
on biological conversion 235, but is expected to contribute to
increased catalyst fouling and/or catalyst poisoning in a chemical
conversion process 233. In some exemplary embodiments of the
invention, assays of specific ash components are conducted. For
example, in some embodiments the assay identifies refined
hydrolyzates 230 including less than 50, less than 30, less than
10, less than 5 or less than 1 PPM sulfur. Alternatively or
additionally, in some embodiments the assay identifies refined
hydrolyzates 230 including less than 10, less than 5, less than 3,
less than 1 or less than 0.1 PPM phosphorus. According to various
exemplary embodiments of the invention assays of ash, or specific
components of ash (e.g. sulfur and/or phosphorus), are conducted in
conjunction with assays of viscosity and/or with assays of organic
compound levels. Multiple assays can be conducted in conjunction
with one another by taking multiple samples and sending each sample
to a specific assay in parallel.
[0121] In some embodiments, an assay of degradation products (e.g.
furfurals) in refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar
composition having a relatively high level of degradation products.
Assays for measurement of furfurals include, but are not limited
to, gas chromatography and colorimetric assays.
[0122] Furfurals have a negative impact on many biological
conversion processes but can serve as a substrate for many chemical
conversion processes. In some embodiments the assay of degradation
products identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with at least 2%, at
least 3%, at least 4% or at least 5% total furfurals and/or sugar
compositions with not more than 15%, not more than 12% or not more
than 10% total furfurals.
[0123] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, pentoses
and/or hexoses are measured in parallel to furfurals so that molar
ratio scan be calculated.
[0124] In some embodiments, the assay identifies refined
hydrolyzates with a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses of at least
0.03, at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or refined
hydrolyzates 230 with a molar ratio of furfural to pentoses less
than 0.12 or less than 0.1. Alternatively or additionally, in some
embodiments the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with a
molar ratio of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses of at least 0.03,
at least 0.05, at least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or a molar ratio
of hydroxymethylfurfural to hexoses less than 0.12 or less than
0.1. In some embodiments, the assay of degradation products is
conducted in parallel with an assay of carboxylic acids and
identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with a molar ratio of
carboxylic acids to sugars of at least 0.03, at least 0.05, at
least 0.07 or at least 0.09 and/or with a molar ratio of carboxylic
acids to sugars less than 0.12 or less than 0.1. According to
various exemplary embodiments of the invention assays of
degradation product level are conducted in parallel with assays of
ash (or specific components of ash) and/or with assays of viscosity
and/or with assays of organic compound levels.
[0125] In some embodiments, an assay of hemicellulose sugars in
refined hydrolyzate 230 is used to identify a sugar composition
having a relatively high level of hemicellulose sugars. These
hemicellulose sugars originate from module 108 and/or from reactor
110. Hemicellulose sugars are not well utilized by many biological
conversion processes 235 but can serve as a substrate for many
chemical conversion processes 233, e.g. xylose hydrogenation to
xylitol or hemicellulose sugars dehydration to furfural and
furfural conversion to levulinic acid.
[0126] In some embodiments the assay of hemicellulose sugars
identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 with at least 30, at least 40,
at least 50, at least 60 or at least 70% hemicellulose sugars
relative to total sugars; and 20 to 60% cellulose sugars relative
to total sugars. According to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including
at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25% or at least
30% mannose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or
additionally, according to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including
at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5% or at
least 15% xylose relative to total sugars. Alternatively or
additionally, according to various exemplary embodiments of the
invention the assay identifies refined hydrolyzates 230 including
at least 5%, at least 7.5%, at least 10%, at least 12.5%, or at
least 15% fructose relative to total sugars.
[0127] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention
assays of hemicellulose sugar levels are conducted in parallel with
assays of degradation product level and/or with assays of ash (or
specific components of ash) and/or with assays of viscosity and/or
with assays of organic compound levels.
[0128] Exemplary Fructose Enrichment
[0129] In some embodiments refined hydrolyzate 230 is subjected to
fructose enrichment (e.g. via enzymatic treatment) to produce a
composition including at least 10%, 15% or 20% fructose and at
least 10%, 15% or 20% hemicellulose sugars.
[0130] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention
the resultant composition includes at least 60% dissolved solids
and/or at least 5%, at least 10% or at least 15% of organic
compounds as described above. In some embodiments, fructose
enrichment contributes to a reduction in viscosity. Alternatively
or additionally, in some embodiments some chemical conversion
processes 233 operate more efficiently with fructose than with
glucose.
[0131] Exemplary Furfural Concentration Adjustment
[0132] As described above, furfurals (or their degradation products
such as levulinic acid) can adversely affect biological conversion
235 but are acceptable in chemical conversion 233 (FIG. 1). In some
embodiments, refined hydrolyzate 230 is divided into two portions,
one of which is directed to chemical conversion 233 and another of
is directed to biological conversion 235.
[0133] The portion of refined hydrolyzate 230 destined for
biological conversion 235 is purified to remove furfurals.
According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention,
purification to remove furfurals includes distillation and/or
chromatographic separation. This purification reduces the furfural
concentration sufficiently that the purified portion of refined
hydrolyzate 230 can be used in biological conversion 235.
[0134] According to these embodiments, the furfurals removed during
purification are then added back to the portion of refined
hydrolyzate 230 destined for chemical conversion 233. In these
embodiments of the invention, a loss of sugar yield from substrate
112 as a result of degradation to furfurals during hydrolysis 110
is at least partially offset by conversion of the furfurals to
useful products in chemical conversion 233.
[0135] Exemplary Further Processing
[0136] FIG. 2 is a simplified flow diagram depicting exemplary
methods for further processing conversion products indicated
generally as 300.
[0137] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, method 300
includes providing 310 a conversion product (e.g. from a chemical
conversion process 233 or a biological conversion process 235) and
processing 320 the conversion product to produce a processed
product 330.
[0138] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the
processed product includes one or more members selected from the
group consisting of terephthalic acid, polymers of terephthalic
acid, a fuel ingredient, a paraffin a polyethylene, a polystyrene,
a polypropylene, butyl acrylate, butyl acetate, dibutyl phthalate,
dibutyl sebacate, other butyl esters, ethylene glycol, monobutyl
ether, di-ethylene glycol triethylene glycol, monobutyl ether,
isobutyl acetate and butanone (MEK).
[0139] In some exemplary embodiments of the invention, the
conversion product includes paraxylene (p-xylene) and processed
product 330 includes terephthalic acid. For example, paraxylene can
be formed by dehydroaromatization (see for example Z. R. Ismagilov
et al. (2008) Energy Environ. Sci. 1:526-541 and A. Holmen (2009)
Catalysis Today 142:2-8).
[0140] A processed product produced by a method as described above
is an additional exemplary embodiment of the invention.
[0141] Alternatively or additionally, the depicted further
processing method 300 can include providing a processed product 330
and subjecting said processed product to an industrial process 340
to produce a downstream product 350 in some embodiments.
[0142] In some embodiments, downstream product 350 is a liquid fuel
and/or a polymeric plastic.
[0143] A downstream product 350 produced by a method as described
above is an additional exemplary embodiment of the invention.
[0144] Alternatively or additionally, the depicted further
processing method 300 includes providing a processed product 330
and using 345 processed product 330 as an ingredient or component
in a downstream product 350 in some embodiments.
[0145] According to various exemplary embodiments of the invention
downstream product 350 is a liquid fuel and/or a super absorbent
gel and/or a paint and/or a dye, and/or a glue and/or a fabric
and/or a plastic item. For example, plastic items according to some
exemplary embodiments of the invention may be PET and/or PETA
products such as bottles or food wrappers. Alternatively or
additionally, fabrics may be woven or non-woven fabrics (e.g. as
commonly used in moist towelettes).
[0146] Downstream product 350 produced by a method 300 as described
above are exemplary embodiments of the invention.
[0147] It is expected that during the life of this patent many
non-enzymatic catalysts will be developed and the scope of the
invention is intended to include all such new technologies a
priori.
[0148] Although the invention has been described in conjunction
with specific embodiments, many alternatives, modifications and
variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art.
Accordingly, the application embraces all such alternatives,
modifications and variations that fall within the scope of the
appended claims.
[0149] Specifically, numerical indicators used in the application
could vary even further based upon engineering principles and/or
materials and/or intended use and/or designs incorporated into
various embodiments of the invention. Additionally, components
and/or actions ascribed to exemplary embodiments of the invention
and depicted as a single unit may be divided into subunits.
Conversely, components and/or actions ascribed to exemplary
embodiments of the invention and depicted as sub-units/individual
actions may be combined into a single unit/action with the
described/depicted function.
[0150] Alternatively, or additionally, features used to describe a
method can be used to characterize an apparatus and features used
to describe an apparatus can be used to characterize a method.
[0151] It should be further understood that the individual features
described hereinabove can be combined in all possible combinations
and sub-combinations to produce additional embodiments of the
invention. The examples given above are purely illustrative and do
not limit the scope of the invention which is defined solely by the
following claims. Specifically, the invention has been described in
some instances in the context of sugar mixtures resulting from
hydrolysis of cellulose although similar mixtures produced by other
methods are embodiments of the invention.
[0152] All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned
in this specification are herein incorporated in their entirety by
reference into the specification, to the same extent as if each
individual publication, patent or patent application was
specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated herein
by reference. In addition, citation or identification of any
reference in this application shall not be construed as an
admission that such reference is available as prior art to the
present invention.
[0153] The terms "include", and "have" and their conjugates as used
herein mean "including but not necessarily limited to".
EXAMPLES
[0154] Reference is now made to the following examples, which
together with the above descriptions; illustrate the invention in a
non limiting fashion.
Example 1
Chemical Analysis of Exemplary Compositions
[0155] Table 1 provides a summary of chemical analyses of six
samples of sugar compositions according to exemplary embodiments of
the invention. These compositions, when used in chemically
catalyzed conversion processes can give results superior to those
obtained in similar processes using previously available 42 DE
sugar compositions.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 chemical analyses exemplary sugar
compositions SAMPLE S2011080801 S2011081001 S2011081301 S2011081601
S11060601 S11060602 PARAMETER RESULT** APPEARANCE Clear Clear
Colorless Clear Colorless Colorless colorless colorless liquid
colorless viscous viscous liquid*** liquid liquid*** liquid liquid
DS** 76% 78% .sup. 77% 80% .sup. 69% .sup. 73% Monomeric 94.3%
94.1% 93.5% 93.6% 89.7% 87.3 sugars (total) XYLOSE 10.5% 10.7%
11.1% 9.9% 13.0% 12.5% ARABINOSE 3.0% 3.0% 3.2% 2.7% 4.26% 4.20%
MANNOSE 25.4% 26.1% 25.3% 25.0% 26.4% 25.8% GLUCOSE 50.5% 49.6%
49.2% 50.9% 38.2% 37.3% GALACTOSE 4.7% 4.7% 4.8% 4.5% 7.80% 7.54%
FRUCTOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not detected detected detected
detected detected detected GENTIOBIOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not
detected detected detected detected detected detected CELLOBIOSE
0.6% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% Not Not detected detected ISOMALTOSE 0.2% 0.2%
0.3% 0.3% 0.26% 0.09% MALTOSE Not Not Not Not Not Not detected
detected detected detected detected detected TREHALOSE 1.0% 1.0%
0.06% 1.0% 1.25% 1.35% dimeric 3.9% 4.9% 4.9% 4.9% 5.08% 5.40%
sugars(other) trimeric or Not Not Not Not Not Not longer sugars
detected detected detected detected detected detected FURFURAL Not
Not Not Not Not Not DERIVATIVES detected detected detected detected
detected detected (<0.001%) (<0.001%) ACETIC ACID Not Not Not
Not 0.033% 0.047% detected detected detected detected ASH 0.094%
0.088% 0.117% 0.097% **All saccharides results refer to the dry
solids (DS). ***At ambient temperature the product may appear as
white opaque liquid, but becomes clearer upon warming.
Example 2
Chemical Analysis of Ash Fraction of Exemplary Compositions
[0156] Table 2 provides a summary of chemical analyses of the ash
fraction from the first four samples presented in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 chemical analyses of ash fraction of
exemplary sugar compositions SAMPLE S2011080801 S2011081001
S2011081301 S2011081601 Ion RESULT (PPM of total solids) Ca <1
<1 <1 <1 Cu <1 <1 <1 <1 Fe <1 <1 <1
<1 K 10 10 11 11 Mg <1 <1 <1 <1 Mn <1 <1 <1
<1 Na 42 38 34 43 P <1 <1 <1 <1 S 7 6 7 7 Si 154 152
146 163
[0157] Results presented in Table 2 indicate that sulfur and
phosphorus levels in the analyzed samples are exceptionally
low.
[0158] These results suggest that the exemplary sugar compositions
analyzed will exhibit a low tendency to foul and/or poison
catalysts employed in the relevant conversion processes.
* * * * *