U.S. patent application number 14/476272 was filed with the patent office on 2014-12-18 for method and apparatus for holding cells.
This patent application is currently assigned to University of Pittsburgh. The applicant listed for this patent is Paul A. DiMilla, Michael M. Domach, Joel S. Greenberger, Raymond K. Houck. Invention is credited to Paul A. DiMilla, Michael M. Domach, Joel S. Greenberger, Raymond K. Houck.
Application Number | 20140371112 14/476272 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 24981507 |
Filed Date | 2014-12-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140371112 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Greenberger; Joel S. ; et
al. |
December 18, 2014 |
Method and Apparatus for Holding Cells
Abstract
The present invention pertains to an apparatus for holding
cells. The apparatus comprises a mechanism for incubating cells
having a dynamically controlled environment in which the cells are
grown, which are maintained in a desired condition and in which
cells can be examined while the environment is dynamically
controlled and maintained in the desired condition. The apparatus
also comprises a mechanism for determining the state of the cells.
The determining mechanism is in communication with the incubating
mechanism. The present invention pertains to a method for holding
cells. The method comprises the steps of incubating the cells in a
dynamically controlled environment which is maintained in a desired
condition and in which the cells can be examined while the
environment is dynamically controlled and maintained in the desired
condition. Additionally, there is the step of determining the state
of the cells.
Inventors: |
Greenberger; Joel S.;
(Sewickley, PA) ; DiMilla; Paul A.; (Gibsonia,
PA) ; Domach; Michael M.; (Pittsburgh, PA) ;
Houck; Raymond K.; (Oakmont, PA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Greenberger; Joel S.
DiMilla; Paul A.
Domach; Michael M.
Houck; Raymond K. |
Sewickley
Gibsonia
Pittsburgh
Oakmont |
PA
PA
PA
PA |
US
US
US
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
University of Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
PA
|
Family ID: |
24981507 |
Appl. No.: |
14/476272 |
Filed: |
September 3, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13568900 |
Aug 7, 2012 |
8859263 |
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14476272 |
|
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|
12930471 |
Jan 7, 2011 |
8445261 |
|
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13568900 |
|
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|
09292056 |
Apr 14, 1999 |
7867752 |
|
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12930471 |
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08741628 |
Nov 1, 1996 |
6008010 |
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09292056 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
506/39 ;
435/287.2; 435/287.3; 435/288.3; 435/288.7 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61P 37/00 20180101;
Y10S 435/813 20130101; C12M 41/36 20130101; C12M 41/46 20130101;
G02B 21/34 20130101; Y10S 435/808 20130101; Y10S 435/802 20130101;
G02B 21/16 20130101; C12M 41/48 20130101; A61P 7/00 20180101; C12M
23/12 20130101; Y10S 435/809 20130101; G01N 33/5008 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
506/39 ;
435/287.3; 435/288.7; 435/288.3; 435/287.2 |
International
Class: |
G01N 33/50 20060101
G01N033/50 |
Claims
1. An apparatus for using imaging to determine the state of at
least one cell located in at least one container having a plurality
of cells in response to at least one stimulus comprising: a housing
configured to store said container in an environment in which
temperature, humidity and carbon dioxide levels are maintained;
said container adapted to enable at least one cell to be imaged
while remaining in said container in the housing and maintained
environment; a camera for generating images of the cell over time
while the cell remains in the container in the housing and
maintained environment; a computer programmed for analyzing said
images for determining the state of the cell over time; and a
dispenser for periodically dispensing a stimulus to the cell.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the stimulus is at least one of
a liquid, compound, reagent, enzyme or protein.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the dispenser dispenses said
stimulus in coordination with the imaging of the cell by the camera
while the cell remains in the container in the housing and
maintained environment.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the dispensing by the dispenser
is controlled by the computer.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 including a sensor which senses the
environment in the housing.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the environment in the housing
is a dynamically controlled closed environment.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the environment in the housing
is a closed environment.
8. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the housing is a
biochamber.
9. The apparatus of claim 1 including a microscope aligned with the
camera for the camera to generate the images of the cell through
the microscope.
10. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the dispenser includes a
robotic arm which dispenses the material to the cell.
11. The apparatus of claim 10 including an assay for analyzing the
cell in communication with the robotic arm.
12. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the container includes a plate
having at least one well in which the cell is disposed.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 said computer controls the
environment.
14. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said air temperature, air
humidity and carbon dioxide levels in the air are maintained.
15. An apparatus for using imaging to determine the state of at
least one cell located in a container having a plurality of cells
in response to at least one supplied material comprising: a housing
configured to create an environment in which temperature, humidity
and carbon dioxide levels are maintained and in which the cell can
be imaged over time while remaining in the container in the housing
and maintained environment; a camera for generating images of the
cell over time while the cell remains in the container in the
housing and maintained environment; a computer programmed for
analyzing said images for determining the state of the cell over
time while the cell remains in the container in the housing and
maintained environment; and a dispenser for periodically dispensing
material to the cell while the cell remains in the container in the
housing and maintained environment.
16. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the stimulus is at least one
of a liquid, compound, reagent, enzyme or protein.
17. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the dispenser dispenses said
stimulus in coordination with the imaging of the cell by the camera
while the cell remains in the container in the housing and
maintained environment.
18. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the dispensing by the
dispenser is controlled by the computer.
19. The apparatus of claim 15 including a sensor which senses the
environment in the housing.
20. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the environment in the
housing is a dynamically controlled closed environment.
21. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the environment in the
housing is a closed environment.
22. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the housing is a
biochamber.
23. The apparatus of claim 15 including a microscope aligned with
the camera for the camera to generate the images of the cell
through the microscope.
24. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the dispenser includes a
robotic arm which dispenses the material to the cell.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 including an assay for analyzing the
cell in communication with the robotic arm.
26. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the container includes a
plate having at least one well in which the cell is disposed.
27. The apparatus of claim 15 said computer controls the
environment.
28. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein said air temperature, air
humidity and carbon dioxide levels in the air are maintained.
29. An apparatus for using imaging to determine the state of at
least one cell located in at least one container having a plurality
of cells in response to at least one stimulus comprising: a housing
configured to store said container in an environment in which
temperature and carbon dioxide levels are maintained; said
container adapted to enable at least one cell to be imaged while
remaining in said container in the housing and maintained
environment; a camera for generating images of the cell over time
while the cell remains in the container in the housing and
maintained environment; a computer programmed for analyzing said
images for determining the state of the cell over time; and a
dispenser for periodically dispensing a stimulus to the cell.
30. An apparatus for using imaging to determine the state of at
least one cell located in a container having a plurality of cells
in response to at least one supplied material comprising: a housing
configured to create an environment in which temperature and carbon
dioxide levels are maintained and in which the cell can be imaged
over time while remaining in the container in the housing and
maintained environment; a camera for generating images of the cell
over time while the cell remains in the container in the housing
and maintained environment; a computer programmed for analyzing
said images for determining the state of the cell over time while
the cell remains in the container in the housing and maintained
environment; and a dispenser for periodically dispensing material
to the cell while the cell remains in the container in the housing
and maintained environment.
31. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein the computer has a program to
cause the camera to take an image of the cell at predetermined
times over time.
32. The apparatus of claim 31 wherein the program causes the camera
to take an image of each cell of the plurality of cells at
predetermined times over time, the computer analyzing said images
of each cell for determining the state of each cell over time.
33. The apparatus of claim 32 wherein the computer has pattern
recognition software that determines the state of the cell over
time from the images of the cell.
34. The apparatus of claim 15 wherein the computer has a program to
cause the camera to take an image of the cell at predetermined
times over time.
35. The apparatus of claim 34 wherein the program causes the camera
to take an image of each cell of the plurality of cells at
predetermined times over time, the computer analyzing said images
of each cell for determining the state of each cell over time.
36. The apparatus of claim 35 wherein the computer has pattern
recognition software that determines the state of the cell over
time from the images of the cell.
37. The apparatus of claim 29 wherein the computer has a program to
cause the camera to take an image of the cell at predetermined
times over time.
38. The apparatus of claim 37 wherein the program causes the camera
to take an image of each cell of the plurality of cells at
predetermined times over time, the computer analyzing said images
of each cell for determining the state of each cell over time.
39. The apparatus of claim 38 wherein the computer has pattern
recognition software that determines the state of the cell over
time from the images of the cell.
40. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein the computer has a program to
cause the camera to take an image of the cell at predetermined
times over time.
41. The apparatus of claim 40 wherein the program causes the camera
to take an image of each cell of the plurality of cells at
predetermined times over time, the computer analyzing said images
of each cell for determining the state of each cell over time.
42. The apparatus of claim 41 wherein the computer has pattern
recognition software that determines the state of the cell over
time from the images of the cell.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/568,900 filed Aug. 7, 2012, which is a divisional of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 12/930,471 filed on Jan. 7, 2011, now U.S.
Pat. No. 8,445,261 issued on May 21, 2013, which is a divisional of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/292,056 filed on Apr. 14, 1999,
now U.S. Pat. No. 7,867,752 issued on Jan. 11, 2011, which is a
divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/741,628 filed
Nov. 1, 1996, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,008,010 issued on Dec. 28, 1999,
all of which are incorporated by reference herein.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention is related to an apparatus for holding
cells. More specifically, the present invention is related to an
apparatus for incubating cells so that an array of single cells, or
a functional ensemble, can be grown and individually analyzed in a
dynamically controlled environment.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] In adult humans, hematopoeitic stem cells are found
primarily in the bone marrow, although in newborns these cells also
are present in the blood of the umbilical cord. Hematopoeitic stem
cells are the progenitors (i.e., precursors) of mature blood cells
in the body, and through a process called hematopoiesis, stem cells
continuously regenerate the body's blood supply, including red
blood cells (which transport oxygen in the body), white blood cells
(which fight infections and comprise the body's immune system), and
platelets (which form clots to stop bleeding). Hematopoiesis
involves cell division (i.e., increase in cell number) and
differentiation (i.e., change in cell phenotype). Chemotherapy and
radiation therapy are important tools for treating patients with
cancer or requiring solid-organ transplants, but these processes
are (beneficially) toxic to the hematopoeitic (i.e., blood) system
because chemotherapy and ionizing irradiation kill many of the stem
cells in the bone marrow. This immunosuppression and other blood
toxicity limit the effectiveness of many otherwise promising cancer
therapies because a critical low number of blood cells in the body
lead to life-threatening infection and bleeding.
[0004] Recovery from these therapies requires replenishment of the
patient's stem cells. Treatment with growth factors currently is
used to promote the recovery of blood cells but is only partially
effective following immunosuppressive treatments. Alternatively,
infusion of human stem cells through a bone marrow transplant
increasingly is used by physicians to restore rapidly and
permanently a patient's ability to regenerate blood cells.
Transplants of bone marrow grew from 5,000 per year in 1990 to more
than 40,000 per year by 1995 (Kline, Ronald, New Marrow for Old,
Technology Review, November/December 1993, p. 43; Anonymous Inside
Surgery, Medical Data International Ed., Vol. 3, No. 8, February
1996, p. 192). However, the large number of reports in the media
citing people who are looking for appropriate bone marrow donors
demonstrates that this process can be extremely difficult because
appropriate donors are very rare in many cases. Although the best
bone marrow donors are siblings, only 25% of the time is a sibling
a compatible transplant donor (Kline, Ronald, New Marrow for Old,
Technology Review, November/December 1993, p. 43).
[0005] The automated growth of stem cells through the use of a
unique bioreactor system would be a very important advance for
cancer research and therapy. For example, the use of the bioreactor
system could eliminate the need for donors: some stem cells can be
removed from a patient prior to chemotherapy, stored during
chemotherapy, and then large numbers of stem cells generated in the
bioreactor system can be transplanted back into the patient. This
strategy cannot be implemented with current technologies for
growing stem cells because these approaches predominantly result in
hematopoeitic expansion to produce differentiated mature blood
cells at the expense of increasing the number of pluripotent (most
primitive) stem cells needed for long-term replenishment of the
bone marrow (Van Zant, Gary, Rummel, Sue A., Koller, Manfred R.,
Larson, David B., Drubachevsky, Ilana, Palsson, Mahshid and
Emerson, Stephen G. Expansion in Bioreactors of Human Progenitor
Populations from Cord Blood and Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood
Cells (1994) 20:482-491; Goff, Julie P., Shields, Donna S.,
Petersen, Bryon E., Zajac, Valerie F., Michalopoulos, George K. and
Greenberger, Joel S. Synergistic Effects of Hepatocyte Growth
Factor on Human Cord Blood CD34+ Progenitor Cells are the Result of
c-met Receptor Expression. Stem Cells (In Press); Moore, M A S.
Clinical Implications of Positive and Negative Hematopoeitic Stem
Cell Regulators. Blood 1991; 78:1-19; Metcalfe, D. Hematopoeitic
Regulators: Redundancy or Subtlety? Blood 1993; 82:3515-3523;
Bernstein, I.D., Andrews, R. G., Zsebo, K. M. Recombinant Human
Stem Cell Factor Enhances the Formation of Colonies by CD34+ and
CD34+lin- Cells and the Generation of Colony-Forming Cell Progeny
From CD34+lin- Cells Cultured With Interleukin-3, Granulocyte
Colony-Stimulating Factor, or Granulocyte-Macrophage
Colony-Stimulating Factor. Blood 1991; 77:2316-2321; Musashi, M.
Clark, S. C., Suodo, T. et al. Synergistic Interactions Between
Interleukin-11 and Interleukin-4 in Support of Proliferation of
Primitive Hematopoeitic Progenitors of Mice. Blood 1991;
78:1448-1451; Musashi, M., Yang, Y-C, Paul, S. R. et al. Direct and
Synergistic Effects of Interleukin-11 on Murine Hemopoiesis in
Culture. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1991; 88:765-769; Migliaccio, G.,
Migliaccio, A. R., Druzin, M. L. et al. Long-Term Generation of
Colony-Forming Cells in Liquid Culture of CD34+ Cord Blood Cells in
the Presence of Recombinant Human Stem Cell Factor. Blood 1992;
79(10):2620-2627; Ikuta, K., Weissman, I. L. Evidence That
Hematopoeitic Stem Cells Express Mouse C-Kit but do not Depend on
Steel Factor for Their Generation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992;
89:1502-1506; Miltenyi, S., Guth, S., Radbruch, A. et al. Isolation
of CD34+ Hematopoeitic Progenitor Cells by High-Gradient Magnetic
Sorting. In: Wunder E., ed Hematopoeitic Stem Cells: Alpha Med
Press 1994; 201-213; Traycoff, C. M., Kosak, S. T., Grigsby, S.,
Srour, E. F. Evaluation of Ex Vivo Expansion Potential of Cord
Blood and Bone Marrow Hematopoeitic Progenitor Cells Using Cell
Tracking and Limiting Dilution Analysis. Blood 85, No. 8:2059-2068
(April 15) 1995; Murray, L., Chen, B., Galy, A., Chen, S.,
Tushinski, R., Uchida, N., Negrin, R., Tricot, G., Jagannath, S.,
Vesole, D., Barlogie, B., Hoffman, R., Tsukamoto, A. Enrichment of
Human Hematopoeitic Stem Cell Activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin-
Subpopulation from Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood 85, No.
2:368-378 (January 15) 1995; Uchida, N., Aguila, H. L., Fleming, W.
H., Jerabek, L., Weissman, I. L. Rapid and Sustained Hematopoeitic
Recovery in Lethally Irradiated Mice Transplanted with Purified
Thy-1.1 Lin-Sca1+ Hematopoeitic Stem Cells. Blood 83, No.
12:3758-3779 (June 15) 1995).
[0006] The underlying biological problem is that differentiated
daughter cells--termed "committed progenitors"--produce and secrete
molecules that appear to inhibit the proliferation of nearby true
stem cells (Ogata, H., Bradley, W. G., Inaba, M., Ogata, N.,
Ikehara, S., Good, R. A. Long-Term Repopulation of Hematolymphoid
Cells with Only a Few Hemopoietic Stem Cells in Mice. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA. 92:5945-5949, June 1995; Li, C. L., Johnson, G. R.
Murine Hematopoeitic Stem and Progenitor Cells: I. Enrichment and
Biologic Characterization. Blood 85, No. 6:1472-1479 (March 15)
1995; Dunbar, C. E., Cottler-Fox, M., O'Shaughnessy, J. A., Doren,
S., Charter, C., Berenson, R., Brown, S., Moen, R. C., Greenblatt,
J., Stewart, F. M., Leitman, S. F., Wilson, W. H., Cowan, K.,
Young, N. S., Nienhuis, A. W. Retrovirally Marked CD34-Enriched
Peripheral Blood and Bone Marrow Cells Contribute to Long-Term
Engraftment After Autologous Transplantation. Blood 85, No.
11:3048-3057 (June 1) 1995; Traycoff, C. M., Kosak, S. T., Grigsby,
S., Srour, E. F. Evaluation of Ex Vivo Expansion Potential of Cord
Blood and Bone Marrow Hematopoeitic Progenitor Cells Using Cell
Tracking and Limiting Dilution Analysis. Blood 85, No. 8:2059-2068
(April 15) 1995; Murray, L., Chen, B., Galy, A., Chen, S.,
Tushinski, R., Uchida, N., Negrin, R., Tricot, G., Jagannath, S.,
Vesole, D., Barlogie, B., Hoffman, R., Tsukamoto, A. Enrichment of
Human Hematopoeitic Stem Cell Activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin-
Subpopulation from Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood 85, No.
2:368-378 (January 15) 1995; Uchida, N., Aguila, H. L., Fleming, W.
H., Jerabek, L., Weissman, I. L. Rapid and Sustained Hematopoeitic
Recovery in Lethally Irradiated Mice Transplanted with Purified
Thy-1.1 Lin-Sca1+ Hematopoeitic Stem Cells. Blood 83, No.
12:3758-3779 (June 15) 1995); Issaad, C., Croisille, L., Katz, A.,
Vainchenker, W., Coulombel, L. A Murine Stromal Cell Line Allows
the Proliferation of Very Primitive Human CD34+ +/CD38- Progenitor
Cells in Long-Term Cultures and Semisolid Assays. Blood 81, No.
11:2916-2924 (June 1) 1993; Pettengell, R., Luft, T., Henschler,
R., Hows, J. M., Dexter, T. M., Ryder, D., Testa, N. G. Direct
Comparison by Limiting Dilution Analysis of Long-Term
Culture-Initiating Cells in Human Bone Marrow, Umbilical Cord
Blood, and Blood Stem Cells. Blood 84, No. 11:3653-3659 (December
1) 1994; Greenberger, J. S. Long-Term Hematopoeitic Cultures. In:
Golde D, (ed). Methods in Hematology. New York: Churchill
Livingston, 11:203-243, 1984; Rothstein, L., Pierce, J. H.,
Aaronson, S. A., Greenberger, J. S. Amphotropic Retrovirus Vector
Transfer of the v-ras Oncogene Into Human Hematopoeitic and Stromal
Cells in Continuous Bone Marrow Culture. Blood. 65:744-752, 1985;
Greenberger, J. S. Recent Modifications and Technical Improvements
in Human Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures. Proceedings of the
Symposium on Long-Term Bone Marrow Culture, Kroc Foundation,
September 1983, Alan R. Liss, New York, pp. 119-133, 1984;
Greenberger, J. S. The Hematopoeitic Microenvironment. Critical
Reviews in Hem/One, Elsevier Science Publications B.V. 11:65-84,
1991; Gaff, J. P., Shields, D. S., Michalopoulos, G. K.,
Greenberger, J. S. Synergistic Effects of Hepatocyte Growth Factor
on In Vitro Generation of CFU-FM From Human Cord Blood CD34+
Progenitor Cells. Thirty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the American
Society of Hematology, Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 1, 1994-Dec. 6, 1994.
Blood, 84(10):Suppl. #280A, 1994; Pogue-Geile, K. L., Sakakeeny, M.
A., Panza, J. L., Sell, S. L., Greenberger, J. S. Cloning and
Expression of Unique Murine Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor
Transcripts. Blood, 85:3478 3486, 1995; Goff, J. P., Shields, D.
S., Michalopoulos, G. K., Greenberger, J. S. Effects of Hepatocyte
Growth Factor and IL-11 on Human Cord Blood CD34+ Progenitor Cells.
International Society for Experimental Hematology Meeting,
Duesseldorf, Germany, Aug. 25, 1995-Sep. 1, 1995). Current
technologies for the growth of stem cells do not address this
problem because these technologies are designed to increase the
total number of blood cells, not the number of stem cells per se
(Traycoff, C. M., Kosak, S. T., Grigsby, S., Srour, E. F.
Evaluation of Ex Vivo Expansion Potential of Cord Blood and Bone
Marrow Hematopoeitic Progenitor Cells Using Cell Tracking and
Limiting Dilution Analysis. Blood 85, No. 8:2059-2068 (April 15)
1995; Murray, L., Chen, B., Galy, A., Chen, S., Tushinski, R.,
Uchida, N., Negrin, R., Tricot, G., Jagannath, S., Vesole, D.,
Barlogie, B., Hoffman, R., Tsukamoto, A. Enrichment of Human
Hematopoeitic Stem Cell Activity in the CD34+Thy-1+Lin-
Subpopulation from Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood 85, No.
2:368-378 (January 15) 1995). Limiting the differentiation of
daughter cells is necessary to grow multiple exact replicas of the
original stem cells. By identifying in situ the occurrence of cell
division and the presence of differentiated cells with microscope
imaging, the bioreactor system with z-robot pipette for medium
exchange allows solution of this problem: there will be automated
exchange of the primary growth medium in a well with a secondary
quiescence (i.e., "quieting") medium upon cell division. The first
medium promotes proliferation of the original stem cell into exact
replicas, and the second medium inhibits differentiation of the
resulting daughter cells into committed progenitors.
[0007] Understanding and continuing interest in culturing human
stem cells obtained from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood has
expanded greatly in the last five years. Human stem cell candidates
are identified as CD34+Thy1+Lin- (lin-): they express the cell
surface antigens CD34 and Thy1 but not lineage specific antigens
(lin-). Antigens are molecules on cell surfaces recognized by
specific monoclonal antibodies. CD34+ cells in the bone marrow
(approximately 1%) can be isolated by immunomagnetic selection
(incubating cells with magnetic beads coated with monoclonal
antibodies against CD34 and applying a magnetic field). The
subpopulation of CD34+ cells (roughly 1 in 2 to 1 in 4) which do
not express antigens associated with differentiated or lineage
committed cells can also be removed using appropriate antibodies
and immunomagnetic selection or by labeling these antibodies with
fluorochromes and flow cytometry. The lin- cells obtained after
sorting represent around 1 in 50,000 cells from the original
population.
[0008] Previous work on developing technology for culturing stem
cells has focused on hematopoeitic expansion (i.e., solely
increasing the number of committed progeny and mature blood cells)
rather than increasing the number of uncommitted lin- cells in the
population. For example, Stephen Emerson and Bernhard Palsson
(University of Michigan, in collaboration with Aastrom Biosciences,
Inc.) developed a batch-operated bioreactor for growing large
numbers of CD34+ cells in which culture medium is recirculated over
a series of layered individual trays on which stem cells are
maintained (Van Zant, Gary, Rummel, Sue A., Koller, Manfred R.,
Larson, David B., Drubachevsky, liana, Palsson, Mahshid and
Emerson, Stephen G. Expansion in Bioreactors of Human Progenitor
Populations from Cord Blood and Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood
Cells (1994) 20:482-491). Waste and catabolites are removed
continuously from the reactor. Modest increases in numbers of CD34+
cells were detected, but the true lineage specificity of the
amplified stem cell was not demonstrated (Van Zant, Gary, Rummel,
Sue A., Koller, Manfred R., Larson, David B., Drubachevsky, Dana,
Palsson, Mahshid and Emerson, Stephen G. Expansion in Bioreactors
of Human Progenitor Populations from Cord Blood and Mobilized
Peripheral Blood. Blood Cells (1994) 20:482-491).
[0009] Based on the results of previous studies in which modest or
no increases in the numbers of CD34+ cells were detected (Van Zant,
Gary, Rummel, Sue A., Koller, Manfred R., Larson, David B.,
Drubachevsky, liana, Palsson, Mahshid and Emerson, Stephen G.
Expansion in Bioreactors of Human Progenitor Populations from Cord
Blood and Mobilized Peripheral Blood. Blood Cells (1994)
20:482-491; Verfaille, C. M., Catanzarro, P. M. W. Li. Macrophage
Inflammatory Protein 1.alpha., Interleukin 3 and Diffusible Marrow
Stromal Factors Maintain Human Hematopoetic Stem Cells for at Least
Eight Weeks In Vitro. J. Exp. Med. 1994; 179:643-649), the problem
of stem cell differentiation during expansion through a combination
of biological and engineering technologies was addressed. It was
hypothesized that after one cell division one daughter of the two
resulting lin- cells might produce inhibitors which limit
proliferation and promote differentiation. This hypothesis suggests
that the stem cells will be lost if growth conditions are not
optimized--i.e., if the medium is not controlled dynamically to
shut down differentiation. This model requires testing with an
assay in which individual cell phenotype is identified in situ. By
detecting the antigens for CD34, Thy1, and Lin with monoclonal
antibodies labeled with different fluorochromes fluorescein
isothiocyanate (FITC) and phycoerythrein (PE), it was demonstrated
that lineage fidelity can be confirmed while maintaining cell
viability. These experiments were conducted in single wells of a
96-well plate.
[0010] Achieving the goal of maximizing proliferation (i.e.,
minimizing the time between cell divisions) and minimizing
differentiation of human stem cells clearly requires an automated
technology that can significantly reduce the time needed to
optimize growth conditions by testing various combinations of the
over 30 known molecularly-cloned growth and inhibitory factors.
With current tissue culture techniques this task is essentially
impossible (Verfaille, C. M. Can Human Hematopoetic Stem Cells Be
Cultured Ex Vivo? Stem Cells 1994; 12:466-476).
[0011] From a broader perspective, the technology herein will
provide a revolutionary means for developing media for tissue
culture and protocols for growing cells through the automated
testing of a large number of biological variables (e.g., medium
composition, environmental conditions, and presence of engineered
genes). The opportunity extends into cell biology, molecular
biology, the rational development of extracellular matrices for
tissue culture and biomaterials, and toxicology. The invention
herein will be unique because it enables academic researchers,
applied clinicians, or industrial scientists to focus their efforts
on understanding the processes of division and differentiation for
individual cells. Moreover, the invention herein will be superior
to any other available: bioreactors and systems for cell culture
which currently are commercially available only allow
identification of the properties of populations of large numbers of
cells while neglecting phenomena, such as differentiation, which
occur at the single-cell level and control the properties of the
population.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0012] The present invention pertains to an apparatus for holding
cells. The apparatus comprises a mechanism for incubating cells
having a dynamically controlled environment in which the cells are
grown, which are maintained in a desired condition and in which
cells can be examined while the environment is dynamically
controlled and maintained in the desired condition. The apparatus
also comprises a mechanism for determining the state of the cells.
The determining mechanism is in communication with the incubating
mechanism.
[0013] The present invention pertains to a method for holding
cells. The method comprises the steps of incubating the cells in a
dynamically or controlled environment which is maintained in a
desired condition and in which the cells can be examined while the
environment is dynamically controlled and maintained in the desired
condition. Additionally, there is the step of determining the state
of the cells.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] In the accompanying drawings, the preferred embodiment of
the invention and preferred methods of practicing the invention are
illustrated in which:
[0015] FIG. 1a is a schematic representation of components of a
first embodiment of the present invention.
[0016] FIGS. 1b, 1c, 1d and 1e are details of the chamber of a
first embodiment of the present invention.
[0017] FIG. 2 is a demonstration of the recognition patterns
identified by the microscope software which can detect a cell
division.
[0018] FIG. 3 is a representation of the paths of ten human
glioblastoma cells (superimposed to a common origin) over a 12-hour
period. Scale bars: 100 .mu.m.
[0019] FIG. 4a is an overhead view of a representation of another
embodiment of the present invention.
[0020] FIG. 4b is a side view of a representation of a z-robot
pipette for media change operations.
[0021] FIG. 4c is a schematic representation of a z-robot pipette
with diagnostic elements.
[0022] FIG. 4d is a schematic representation of an alternative
embodiment of the housing with the chamber of the system.
[0023] FIG. 5 is a series of photographs showing a stem cell
dividing.
[0024] FIG. 6 is a flow chart of the operational mode of the
system.
[0025] FIGS. 7a and 7b are immunofluorescently stained human
umbilical cord blood cells for the expression of CD34, Thy1, and
lineage specific markers, respectively.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0026] Referring now to the drawings wherein like reference
numerals refer to similar or identical parts throughout the several
views, and more specifically to FIGS. 1a-1e, 4a and 4b thereof,
there is shown an system 300 for holding cells. The system 300
comprises a mechanism 200 for incubating cells having a dynamically
controlled environment in which the cells are grown, which is
maintained in a desired condition and in which cells can be
examined while the environment is dynamically controlled and
maintained in the desired condition. The system 300 also comprises
a mechanism 202 for determining the state of the cells. The
determining mechanism 202 is in communication with the incubating
mechanism 200.
[0027] The incubating mechanism 200 preferably includes a housing
204 having a Biochamber 10 in the housing 204. The incubating
mechanism 200 preferably includes a first well 206 and at least a
second well 208 in which cells are grown. The first and second
wells are disposed in the Biochamber 10 of the housing 204. The
incubating mechanism 200 preferably comprises a transparent plate
207 in which the first and second wells are disposed.
[0028] The housing 204 preferably has a first port mechanism 210
through which the first and second wells in the Biochamber 10 can
be viewed. The first port mechanism 210 preferably includes a first
window 209 disposed in the top of the housing 204 and a second
window 211 disposed in the bottom of the housing 204 and in optical
alignment with the first window 209 to form an optical path for
light entering the first window 209 from outside the housing 204
and to exit the housing 204 through the second window 211. The
housing 204 preferably has a second port mechanism 214 in fluid
communication with the Biochamber 10.
[0029] The determining mechanism 202 preferably includes an imaging
mechanism 212 disposed adjacent the first port mechanism 210 which
engages the cells in the first and second wells. The imaging
mechanism 212 preferably comprises a computer 42 for identifying
whether a cell in the first well 206 or the second well 208 has
multiplied. The computer 42 is connected to the imaging mechanism
212 to receive images from the first and second wells from the
imaging mechanism 212. The imaging mechanism 212 preferably
comprises a microscope mechanism 220 which view the first and the
second wells. The microscope mechanism 220 is disposed adjacent the
first port mechanism 210. The microscope mechanism 220 is in
communication with the computer 42. The determining mechanism 202
preferably includes a moving mechanism 224 for moving the first and
second wells relative to the microscope mechanism 220 so the
microscope mechanism 220 can view the cells in the first and second
wells. The determining mechanism 202 preferably includes a joystick
30 connected to the microscope mechanism 220 to control the
position of the microscope mechanism 220 relative to the first and
second wells. The joystick function can also be controlled directly
through computer 42.
[0030] The imaging mechanism 212 preferably comprises a camera
mechanism 222 for imaging the cells in the first and second wells.
The camera mechanism 222 is connected to the microscope mechanism
220 such that the camera mechanism 222 takes images of the cells in
the first and second wells through the microscope mechanism 220.
The camera mechanism 222 is connected to the computer 42.
[0031] Preferably, the incubating mechanism 200 includes a
mechanism 216 for controlling the environment in the Biochamber 10.
The environment controlling mechanism 216 is connected with the
second port mechanism 214. The environment controlling mechanism
216 preferably includes a heating mechanism 218 in thermal
communication with the Biochamber 10 to maintain the cells in the
first and second wells at a desired temperature. The environment
controlling mechanism 216 preferably comprises a mechanism 226 for
controlling media pH in the first and second wells in communication
with the Biochamber 10, and the environment controlling mechanism
216 preferably also comprises a mechanism 228 for controlling
pressure in the Biochamber 10 in communication with the Biochamber
10. The controlling media pH mechanism 228 preferably includes a
CO.sub.2 controller 14 with tank 16 and sensor 66. The CO.sub.2
affects the pH of the media in a well as is well known in the art.
The controlling pressure mechanism 228 preferably includes a
pressure relief fitting 70 and pressure relief valve 72.
[0032] The incubating mechanism 200 preferably includes a robotic
mechanism 230 for automatically dispensing and aspirating media to
and from the first or second wells. The robotic mechanism 230
includes a reservoir mechanism 232 for fresh and waste media
regarding the first and second wells. The determining mechanism 202
includes a diagnostic mechanism 234 in communication with the
robotic mechanism 230 for ascertaining an occurrence of a
predetermined biological event in the first or second wells.
[0033] The biological unit is any type of living organism which
divides for reproduction like a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell such
as animal or plant cell including but not limited to: [0034] a.
Single invertebrate cell [0035] b. Single vertebrate cell [0036] c.
Single parasite organism [0037] d. Single micro-organism
(protozoan, bacterium, trypanosome, amoeba, fungus) [0038] e. A
mammalian cell including but not limited to: [0039] 1. Muscle cell
[0040] 2. Fertilized ovum [0041] 3. Glandular cell [0042] 4.
Endothelial cell [0043] 5. Immunoreactive cell (T-cell, B-cell,
Nk-cell, macrophage, neutrophil, basophil, mast-cell, eosinophil)
[0044] 6. Hematopoeitic stem cell [0045] 7. Keratinocyte [0046] 8.
Neuron or neural cell including glial cell [0047] 9. Mesenchymal
cell or mesenchymal stem cell [0048] 10. Skin cell [0049] 11.
Embryonal stem cell [0050] f. A plant cell including but not
limited to: [0051] 1. A cell from a member of the phylum
angiospermae (dicotyledoneae, monocotyledmeael) [0052] 2. A cell
from a member of the phylum embryophyta (gymnospermae, filicineae,
hepaticae, lycopodmeae, equisetineae) [0053] 3. A cell from a
member of the class chlorophyta (green algae)
[0054] Also, the biological unit can be protozoa, bacteria, single
and multicellular organisms, as well as embryonic life forms,
including fish, amphibians, reptiles, and all vertebrata. This can
also apply to plant cells, as mentioned above, whether they are
single-celled such as algae, slime, molds, yeasts, and other small
single and multicellular organisms. It is possible that some of
these organisms will be important for inserting transgenes to
produce recombinant molecules that will be of value in the
pharmaceutical or chemical industries, and the Biochamber 10 can be
used in all of those kinds of experiments.
[0055] The present invention pertains to a method for holding
cells. The method comprises the steps of incubating the cells in a
dynamically controlled environment which is maintained in a desired
condition and in which the cells can be examined while the
environment is dynamically controlled and maintained in the desired
condition. Additionally, there is the step of determining the state
of the cells.
[0056] The operation of the preferred embodiment is now described.
Concerning biological research, a statistically significant array
of single cells can be observed at the individual and descendent
levels in real time to ascertain how cellular growth and
differentiation are altered by a static or dynamically controlled
environment. This capability exceeds that provided by current
technologies such as suspension culture coupled with flow
cytometry. In such systems, information with good time resolution
is unattainable due to hazards or contamination risks associated
with breaching the cultivation system for sampling. Additionally,
flow cytometry provides population constituent information, but the
mother-daughter relationship information is not preserved during
analysis. Hence, vital information is routinely lost.
[0057] For technologists, the system 300 will enable a more rapid
and complete assessment of the synergistic and/or antagonistic
effects of different combinations of factors (e.g. hormones,
cytokines, radiation, surface treatments, environment, etc.) on
cellular proliferation, function, and other metrics. The system 300
allows this purpose to be achieved.
[0058] FIG. 1a provides an overall schematic of one embodiment of
an automated single-cell culture system; Table 1 provides a
detailed description of the components in FIG. 1a. FIGS. 1b-1e
provide a more detailed set of schematics for the Chamber for one
embodiment of the automated single-cell culture system 300; Table
II provides a detailed description of the components of the
Biochamber 10.
[0059] A preferable strategy used in the system 300 entails
periodic monitoring and analysis of cells housed in 300 .mu.L wells
of a disposable, plastic 96-well plate 207 under a sterile,
controlled environment using a robotic imaging system (FIG. 1a,
20-46). Cells are observed using an Inverted Microscope 20 with
extra-long working distance (ELWD) condenser and phase-contrast
objectives and epifluorescence attachments. Digitized
phase-contrast images of cells are obtained using a Video-Rate CCD
Camera 32 connected to a PixelPipeline Imaging Board 38 installed
in a Macintosh Quadra 950 42 through a Time-Lapse VCR 36; the
Time-Lapse VCR records images for long-term archiving of image
data. Digitized fluorescence images of cells are obtained using a
Cooled CCD Camera 34 connected directly to an interface board in
the Quadra 950. Imaging operations on the Quadra 950 are performed
using Oncor-Image software. Both phase-contrast and fluorescence
images are displaced on the Computer Monitor 46 using a Video Board
44 installed in the Quadra 950. Phase-contrast images also are
displaced on a High-Resolution Video Monitor 40.
[0060] The robotic components of the imaging system (FIG. 1a, 18
and 22-30) are controlled by a Microscope Controller 28 which
itself is controlled by commands from the Quadra 950 using
Oncor-Image software through a RS-232 interface. The Biochamber 10
is secured on a Motorized Stage 18 mounted on the Inverted
Microscope 20. The Motorized Stage 18 has a resolution of 0.1
.mu.m, an accuracy of .+-.6 .mu.m, and a repeatability of 2 .mu.m.
Preferably, the Biochamber 10 itself with Motorized Stage 18 mounts
directly on the Inverted Microscope 20. Focus control is achieved
for each well using a Motorized Focus Drive Assembly and Controller
22 mounted on the focusing knob of the Inverted Microscope 20.
Illumination is switched between transmitted light for
phase-contrast imaging and epillumination for fluorescence imaging
using a High-Speed Shutter for Transmitted Light 24 and a
High-Speed Dual Filter Wheel with Shutter for Fluorescence 26. The
Motorized Focus Drive Assembly and Controller 22, the motorized
stage 18, the High-Speed Shutter for Transmitted Light 24, and the
High-Speed Dual Filter Wheel with Shutter for Fluorescence 26 are
connected electrically to the Microscope Controller 28. Initial x-y
positioning of the Motorized Stage 18 stage and z-focal planes for
each well are chosen using a Joystick 30 connected to the
Microscope Controller 28 or by the computer 42.
[0061] Cells are maintained in individual wells of 96-well plates
under a sterile, controlled environment (i.e., physiological
temperature, pH, pO.sub.2, and humidity) inside a anodized aluminum
Biochamber 10 with glass windows on top and bottom to provide an
optical path for imaging. There are two embodiments for the system
300: a Biochamber 10 (FIG. 1a and Table I) and a Biochamber 10 also
with z-robot for medium exchange, as shown in FIGS. 4a-4d. The
Biochamber 10 for the first embodiment (described in detail in
FIGS. 1b-e and Table II) is approximately 6'' by 5'' by 2'' high.
Temperature is regulated using a Thermocouple 58, Temperature
Controller 12, and Heating Cartridges 62. Media pH is maintained
using standard bicarbonate-based buffers and a CO.sub.2 Controller
14 which sets atmospheric pCO.sub.2 at 5% by regulating the flow of
CO.sub.2 from a CO.sub.2 Supply Tank with Regulator 16 through a
solenoid valve based on signals from a detachable CO.sub.2 Sensor
66 mounted on the side of the Biochamber 10. Pressure inside the
Biochamber 10 is fixed by a Pressure Relief Valve 72. Control of
pO.sub.2 in the Biochamber 10 can be maintained similarly through a
sensor and supply interfaced through two additional chamber
frontports. Fast response dynamics and stable control are insured
by rapidly mixing the Chamber's atmosphere using a pinwheel turbine
78 driven externally by house air.
[0062] Several parts of the Biochamber 10 are maintained in an
assembled state at all times. Glass Observation Windows 54 are
cemented into the base of the Chamber Body 50 and Chamber Cover 52;
the Glass Observation Windows can be removed for replacement but
are not routinely because their removal requires breakage. The
Thermocouple Fitting 60 is screwed into the right face of the
Chamber Body; the CO.sub.2 Supply Fitting 68, Pressure Relief
Fitting 70, and three Unused Port Plugs 74 are screwed into the
front face of the Chamber Body. The turbine is assembled by
securing one of the Turbines 78 to the Turbine Shaft 80 with a
Brass Bushing 82, screwing the two House Air Fittings 90 into
opposing side faces of the Turbine Housing 76, inserting the
turbine-shaft assembly into the Turbine Housing such that a Turbine
is housed in the Turbine Housing, and securing the remaining
Turbine to the Turbine Shaft with the remaining Brass Bushing.
Next, the Turbine Housing O-Ring 86 is placed in a groove on the
front face of the Turbine Housing, the Turbine Back Plate O-Ring 88
placed in a groove on the back face of the Turbine Housing, the
Turbine Housing Back Plate 84 placed on the back face of the
Turbine Housing by lining up the groove on the Turbine Housing Back
Plate with the Turbine Back Plate O-Ring, and the assembly mounted
onto the back face of the Chamber with two 11/4''.times. 3/16''
hex-nut headed screws. These screws are tightened to form gas-tight
seals between the Chamber Body and the Turbine Housing and between
the Turbine Housing and Turbine Housing Back Plate.
[0063] In operation, before use the disassembled Biochamber 10 is
autoclaved with 121.degree. C. steam for 15 minutes for sterility.
All components of the Chamber (50-90 in Table II) are sterilized
except for the Thermocouple 58, CO.sub.2 Sensor 66 and the Pressure
Relief Valve 72. The CO.sub.2 Sensor and Thermocouple are
sterilized by swabbing with a 70% aqueous solution of ethanol in
the sterile environment of a laminar flow hood. The sterilized
components are removed from the autoclave and placed in the laminar
flow hood along with a disposable 96-well plate 207 containing
cells. The 96-well plate 207 has been maintained at 37.degree. C.
in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO.sub.2 since cells were plated.
The procedure for plating cells is described subsequently in this
application. Spare wells in the plate in which cells were not
plated are previously filled with 100 .mu.L of sterile distilled
water to maintain 95-100% humidity inside the enclosed Chamber. The
CO.sub.2 Sensor is mounted on the right face of the Chamber Body 50
by tightening two 11/2''.times. 3/16'' hex-nut headed screws. The
Pressure Relief Valve 72 is connected to the Pressure Relief
Fitting 70 with tygon tubing. Next, the plate 207 is placed
carefully into the inset on the bottom of the Chamber Body 50 and
secured with a spring clip. The Thermocouple is inserted into the
Chamber through the Thermocouple Fitting 60 and tightened into
place with a Teflon fastener on the Thermocouple Fitting. The
Chamber is enclosed by placing the Chamber Cover Gasket 56 in a
groove on the top face of the Chamber Body and securing the Chamber
Cover 52 in place on top of the Chamber Body and Chamber Cover
Gasket by tightening eight 0.50''.times.0.19'' hex-nut headed
screws. Chamber assembly is completed by securing the two Heating
Cartridges 62 into channels in side walls of the Chamber Body from
ports in the front face of the Chamber Body using one Heating
Cartridge Retaining Screw 64 each.
[0064] Environmental control within the Biochamber 10 is maintained
by regulating temperature and the partial pressure of CO.sub.2 with
two control systems. The Thermocouple 58 is connected by insulated
electrical wire to the input junction of the Temperature Controller
12. The two Heating Cartridges 62 are connected by insulated
electrical wire to the output junctions of the Temperature
Controller. The CO.sub.2 Sensor 66 is connected electrically to the
input junction of the CO.sub.2 Controller 14. The output gas stream
from the CO.sub.2 Sensor is connected to the CO.sub.2 Supply
Fitting 68 on the front face of the Chamber and the CO.sub.2 Supply
Tank with Regulator 16 connected to the input gas stream to the
CO.sub.2 Sensor. The assembled Biochamber 10 with environmental
controls is allowed to thermally and atmospherically equilibrate
for one to two hours before placement on the Motorized Stage 18.
Temperature and pCO.sub.2 are controllable to 37.+-.0.5.degree. C.
and 5.+-.0.2%, respectively, over the course of several days.
[0065] The Biochamber 10 with environmental controls next is
secured on the Motorized Stage 18 with a spring mount. Cells for
observation are chosen by scanning wells using the Motorized Stage
and Joystick 30 and phase-contrast and fluorescence optics. Image
fields of individual wells containing cells for further
investigation are selected based on clarity of images. For each
well, one or more fields are selected. After selection of fields
from up to preferably 96 wells for observation, the user initiates
the automated part of the imaging and analysis by selecting the
appropriate option. Each field selected then is scanned
sequentially at a user-defined interval (preferably between one and
60 minutes). It also is possible to scan at shorter or longer
intervals depending on the requirements of a particular biological
system. Each field is imaged under phase-contrast optics with
transmitted light illumination using the Video-Rate CCD Camera 32
and under fluorescence optics with epillumination using the Cooled
CCD Camera 34.
[0066] The occurrence of cell division and differentiation is
detected by pattern recognition software. The number and
two-dimensional shape (e.g., area and perimeter) of "objects" in
each selected field are identified from phase-contrast images after
application of an optical gradient transformation, thresholding,
and dilation to detect "halos" around each cell (see FIG. 2).
Threshold values for shape parameters which indicate whether each
object is one or more cells have been defined. The number of cells
is then determined in each well at that particular time point by
comparing the current values of the shape parameters with values
for previous time points. Cell division is detected automatically
as an increase in cell number between two time points. Image
analysis also provides information on (x-y) positions which can be
used to measure individual cell speed and directional persistence
time by application of a persistent random walk model for
migration, to determine the fraction of a population which is
motile, and to adjust the position of the field to allow for cell
movement while centering cells in the field. The parameter cell
speed and directional persistence time for each individual cell and
%-motile for a population of individual cells are determined by
fitting a mathematical model for a persistent random walk in an
isotropic environment to observe data for the mean-squared
displacement of each individual cell based on a time sequence of
(xyl position at the control of the cell). (DiMilla, P. A.,
Albelda, S. M., Lauffenburger, D. A., and Quinn, J. A. 1992.
Measurement of Individual Cell Migration Parameters for Human
Tissue Cells. AIChE J 38(7): 1092-1104; DiMilla, P. A., Stone, J.
A., Albelda, S. M., Lauffenburger, D. A. and Quinn, J. A. 1992.
Measurement of Cell Adhesion and Migration on Protein-Coated
Surfaces. In Tissue-Inducing Biomaterials, L. G. Cima and E. Ron,
eds., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol. 252, pp. 205-212; DiMilla, P. A.,
Stone, J. A., Quinn, J. A., Albelda, S. M. and Lauffenburger, D. A.
1993. Maximal Migration of Human Smooth Muscle Cells on Type IV
Collagen and Fibronectin Occurs at an Intermediate Initial
Attachment Strength. J. Cell Biol. 122(3): 729-737; DiMilla, P. A.
Receptor-Mediated Adhesive Interactions at the
Cytoskeleton/Substratum Interface During Cell Migration. In Cell
Mechanics and Cellular Engineering, R. M. Hochmuth, V. C. Mow, F.
Guilak, and R. Tran-Son-Tay, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.
490-514, 1994; Thomas, T. W. and DiMilla, P. A. Effects of
Substratum Compliance on the Motility, Morphology, and
Proliferation of Adherent Human Gliblastoma Cells. In Proceedings
of the 1995 Bioengineering Conference, BED--Vol. 29, R. M.
Hochmuth, N. A. Langrana, and M. S. Hefzy, eds., ASME, New York,
pp. 153-154, 1995), all of which are incorporated by reference
herein. Data for the movement of human grade IV SNB-19 glioblastoma
cells is depicted in FIG. 3 and demonstrates an application in
neuroscience and cancer research.
[0067] After completion of an experiment to identify growth or
attribute information about a given type of cell, or after cells
are grown as desired, the computer program is stopped, the
Biochamber 10 removed from the imaging system, and environmental
controls disconnected. The Chamber is disassembled in a laminar
flow hood. The 96-well plate is saved. The Chamber components are
now ready for sterilization and use in a new experiment.
[0068] The second embodiment of the system 300 is designed to
augment the basic strategy. It implements a different translation
strategy in the x-y plane and provides for enhanced diagnostic and
growth environment manipulation at the level of a single well in
the array.
[0069] The second embodiment of the system 300 adds to the features
of the first embodiment (continuous non-invasive observation of
single cells in multiple wells, sterility, control of temperature
to .+-.0.5.degree. C., control of pCO.sub.2 and pO.sub.2 to
.+-.0.1%, autoclavablity) with a z-robot pipette that can
automatically dispense and aspirate media to and from wells in a
96-well plate. The z-robot thus endows the system with the
capability to alter the environment of each well and/or add
diagnostic reagents to ascertain the occurrence of biological
events or based upon the image recognition of a biological
event.
[0070] In the second embodiment, the generic motorized stage has
been replaced with a custom motorized stage which allows the
incorporation of the z-robot pipette. The Biochamber 10 houses a
96-well plate 207 mounted on a movable platter which is moved to
specific (x-y) coordinates by a pair of stepper motors. This design
moves each well under the microscope objective as well as move any
selected well for z-robot pipette servicing. An overview is shown
in FIG. 4A.
[0071] The z-robot pipette dynamically controls the composition of
medium bathing cells to add growth and/or quiescence factors
automatically to individual wells based on cell behavior. Software
driving the operation of this z-robot pipette is integrated with
software for monitoring cell behavior. It also is possible and
preferred in some applications of the system 300 to add, remove or
change medium based on external criteria, such as at particular
time intervals chosen by the user. The z-robot pipette also
transfers media from individual wells to supplemental analysis
systems.
[0072] The z-robot pipette for media exchange itself consists of a
modified micropipette tip, see FIG. 4b, mounted on a support arm
driven by a z-axis stepper motor to move up and down and raise and
lower the pipette tip for aspiration and dispensing media in 1 to
95 .mu.L increments. Note that although typically 100 .mu.L of
medium is added to each 300 .mu.L-volume well, aspirating all of
the medium from a well will result in very large shears being
applied to cells and likely detach or otherwise disturb them.
Preferably, the minimum volume of medium which must remain in any
well at any time is 5 .mu.L (corresponding to a depth of 125
.mu.m).
[0073] Referring to FIG. 4b, the major components of the pipetting
system consists of a syringe pump 100 that can deliver growth
factors, quiescence factors, or any type of liquid from multiple
fluid reservoirs 101 through tubing to a pipette tip 102. The
syringe pump consists preferably of a 250 microliter syringe 103
(although other syringe sizes can be used) that is driven by a
stepper motor 104, which is in turn controlled via a multi-port
stepper motor driver card 105 and a computer 106. The stepper motor
104 drives the plunger 107 of the syringe 103 up and down which
results in a dispensing action (if the plunger is being driven into
the syringe) or an aspiration action (if the plunger is being
driven out of the syringe). The syringe is connected to one port of
a distribution valve 108. The distribution valve can be from 3
ports to 8 or more ports. One port is connected to the syringe 103;
one port is connected to the pipette probe 102, one port to an
optional wash pump 111, and the remaining ports to various fluid
reservoirs 101. The distribution valve 108 is also stepper motor
driven through stepper motor 109 which can be driven also from
stepper motor drive board 105. The syringe, stepper motor, stepper
motor driver, and distribution valve can be obtained from Advanced
Liquid Handling model MBP 2000 (Williams Bay, Wis.). A second
distribution valve can also be mounted in the system in parallel
with valve 108 to tie into more fluid reservoirs. The reservoirs
101 are thermostat to 4.+-.2.degree. C. by thermostatting means
112, to allow good preservation of the growth and quiescence medias
and tied to the distribution valve 108 through 1/16 inch Teflon
tubing.
[0074] The distribution valve (and thus the syringe pump) is
plumbed via 1/16 inch Teflon or stainless steel tubing to the
pipette probe 102. The pipette consists of a stainless steel probe
with an ID of 1/32 inch (0.031 inch) that narrows down to a tip ID
of 0.013 inch. This pipette tip is used for both dispensing growth
and quiescence factors into the 96 well plate as well as aspirating
media out of the plate. The pipette probe has conductive coating on
the outside of the probe that provides a signal that can be read by
the computer 106. This electrical signal provides feedback on how
much fluid there is in the well that the probe is in. This is
helpful in aspiration to know when no more fluid exists and
aspiration should stop. The pipette probe is driven in the "Z"
direction by a stepper motor 110 that is tied into the stepper
motor drive 105. This stepper motor drives the pipette probe up and
down to dispense into or aspirate out of a selected well. The probe
with conductive sensing can be obtained from Diba Industries, Inc.,
(Danbury, Conn.). The pipette stepper motor can be obtained from
Advanced Liquid Handling model MBD Crawler (Williams Bay, Wis.).
The pipette probe mounts into the biocontainment box by piercing
through a Teflon bulkhead. The Teflon bulkhead has a hole in it
that is sized to interference fit the OD of the pipette probe. Thus
a seal is made between the OD of the pipette and the ID of the hole
in the Teflon. This fit allows the pipette to move up and down
freely and yet provides a seal to keep the environment within the
Biochamber stable. The pipette moves down into the well to a depth
of 3.+-.1 mm from the top of the well for dispensing; the pipette
moves down to the liquid surface in the well for aspiration (as
measured by the conductive sensing mechanism on the probe tip); and
the probe moves up out of the well with a clearance of 10 to 13 mm
to clear the well as the well plate moves around on the x-y
stage.
[0075] An alternative embodiment is to have multiple
dispensing/aspiration tips so that dispenses to the 96 well plate
or aspirations can be done in parallel for higher throughput. A
wash is needed with the system to wash out growth factors,
quiescence factors or used media from the plumbing lines. The
preferred wash fluid is Phosphate Buffer Saline (PBS). One approach
is to use one of the reservoirs 101 for wash fluid to clean the
system. Another approach is to use a separate wash pump 111 with
the system. The wash pump 111 is a peristaltic pump with higher
volumetric flow capabilities that can be turned on by the computer
106 and pump through higher flows of wash fluid. The wash fluid is
dispensed from the pipette tip 102 to a flush station within the
Biochamber 10, as shown by item 330 in FIG. 4d.
[0076] Referring to FIGS. 4a and 4c, various additional analytical
determination steps can be added to the system. A second
distribution valve 114 has been added to the system and tied into
distribution valve 108. This allows more ports to be added to the
system. This allows more fluid reservoirs 101 to be added to the
system or supplemental analysis systems 116 and 118. These
supplemental analysis systems work in the following way: The
pipette tip 102 is lowered into a well of the 96 well plate; the
syringe pump 100 aspirates out a specific amount of media or fluid
from the well through the pipette tip. This fluid is drawn all the
way into the syringe barrel 103. The distribution valve 108 and
distribution valve 114 is switched so that the flow from the
syringe pump is directed out through these two valves to
supplemental analysis systems 1 (116) or 2 (118) or to any port
connected to the distribution valves. The syringe pump would then
pump out through the plumbing and valves to the supplemental
analysis systems. These supplemental analysis systems could be any
of the following examples, although not limited thereto. Additional
supplemental analysis systems can be added based on user
requirements.
[0077] Tissue culture medium or nutrients removed from individual
tissue culture wells by the robotic arm will (for specific
experimental uses) be deposited into a protein/nutrient analysis
system. Alternatively, all material including cells will be removed
for cell counting by automated cell counters (Coulter, Co.). This
tissue culture medium can be analyzed by each of a variety of
biochemical, immunochemical, biological and chemical assays
including but not limited to the following: [0078] 1.
Radioimmuno-assay for detection of produced hormones such as
insulin, growth hormone, prolactin, gastrin, (other peptide
hormones) or by radioimmuno-assay for cellular production and
release of cytokines including but not limited to: IL-1
(interleukin 1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9,
IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, M-CSF, GM-CSF, C-CSF,
HGF, NGF, basic FGF, acidic FGF, PDGF). [0079] 2. Lentil lectin
chromatography for detection of glycosylated proteins using columns
such as the Sepharose 4 .beta. (Pharmacia Corporation) column:
[0080] 3. Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) chromatography using a column
such as that produced by the Whatman Corporation. [0081] 4. Ionic
exchange high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis using
a column such as the Synchropak AX300 column (Thompson Instrument
Company). [0082] 5. Gel filtration (HPLC), using centriprep or
centricon-30 (30,000 molecular weight cut-off) centrifugal
microcentrifuge (Amicon Corporation) samples using a column such as
the protein-PAK 300 SW (Millipore Corporation). [0083] 6. Reverse
phase (HPLC), using an apparatus such as the VydacC.sub.4 HPLC
column (The Separations Group Corporation) using the equilibration
with Trifluoroactic acidic acid, or acetonitrile (made by Pierce
Corporation and Baxter Corporation, respectively). [0084] 7. Sodium
deodecylsulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS/PAGE)
analysis using commercially available reagents from Integrated
Separations Systems Incorporated. [0085] 8. Protein analysis for
glycosylation by tunicamycin or N-glycosidase treatment (using
reagents obtained from Wurthington Biochemical Corporation and
Genzyme Corporation). [0086] 9. Proliferation stimulation assays
(biological assays); aliquots of tissue culture medium will be
tested for stimulation of tritiated thymidine incorporation (50-90
MMOL; Dupont Chemical Corporation) by target indicator cell
populations with known cell populations that respond to each of a
variety of cytokines in each growth factor using published methods.
(Pogue-Geile, K. L., Sakakeeny, M. A., Panza, J. L., Sell, S. L.,
Greenberger, J. S. Cloning and Expression of Unique Murine
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Transcripts. Blood, 85:3478
3486, 1995) [0087] 10. Respiratory/oxidative physiologic
functioning analysis including analysis of pH, bicarbonate
concentration, chloride concentration, oxygen concentration. [0088]
11. Catabolic product production including assays for ammonium
urea, and consumption of glucose, fructose and other sugar
molecules contained within the particular culture medium (including
Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium, McCoy's medium and other tissue
culture media prepared by commercial suppliers and available from
GIBCO Corporation or other suppliers). [0089] 12. Enzyme analysis
including tests for proteases, sucrases, and other sugar
conjugating or degrading enzymes using standard biochemical test
kits available from SIGMA Pharmaceutical Company, and available in
standard hospital clinical laboratories. Assays would include those
for amylase, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, carbonic
anhydrase, and others.
[0090] The purpose of the assays outlined above will be to
determine whether cells identified by the imaging mechanism and
Pattern Recognition software and computer analysis system are in a
specific physical, chemical or physiological state and to correlate
this state with a particular metabolic process including those
associated with either production or consumption of the above
factors.
[0091] In summary, the medium from tissue cultured cells grown in
the Biochamber wells would be tested for production or degradation
of proteins, simple or complex sugars, individual amino acids,
individual ions, and individual molecules, both with respect to
physical presence and/or biological activity.
[0092] Another embodiment of the biocontainment box is shown in
FIG. 4d, which shows a front view of parts of the system. The X-Y
translation system is shown as part 300, which has an open space in
the middle of it shown by the dotted lines 302 and 304. This allows
the objective lenses 306 to be moved into the X-Y translation table
and be focused onto the 96 well plate 308. The 96 well plate 308 is
positioned onto a mounting plate 310 which moves according to the
translation of the X-Y translation plate. Mounting plate 310 has an
optical window 328 in it that is below the 96 well plate. The
mounting plate also contains a pipette probe flushing station 330
which is used as a port to flush and clean the probe. The
biocontainment box 312 has double walls 314 and 316. Each of these
walls is sealed to the mounting plate 310 by a silicone seal 318.
The biocontainment box is stationary while the mounting plate 310
moves underneath it. The biocontainment box 312 also has the
following parts mounted into it: pipette probe 320 is mounted in a
Teflon bulkhead 322 and driven in the Z-axis direction by stepper
motor 332; and an optical window 324 is mounted so that light can
pass through it into condenser 326 with is positioned above the
objective lenses 306, optical window 328, plate 308 and optical
window 324. The biocontainment box also has the controls for pH,
CO.sub.2, humidity, etc. mounted into it (not shown). The pipette
probe is connected to the syringe pump system via teflon line
334.
[0093] The X-Y translation plate moves any well of the 96 well
plate over the objective so that the cells in the well can be
imaged; it also moves any well to the pipette probe for dispensing
or aspiration of media or cells, and it also moves the flushing
station to the probe tip so that the probe can be flushed and/or
cleaned.
[0094] Reservoirs for fresh and waste media, including individual
cocktails of growth factors, are located next to the Chamber and
maintained at 4.degree. C. Small-volume syringe pumps are used to
deliver growth factors and base medium to user-specified
compositions, and waste media is aspirated from wells using the
same pipette. The pipette is cleaned thoroughly between dispenses
and aspirations by flushing with a PBS solution.
[0095] The operation of the z-robot pipette has been optimized such
that the fluid forces applied to cells are minimized while
retaining a sufficient flow rate for rapid medium exchange. The
following parameters have been examined: the dynamics and
steady-state value of the flow rate, the minimum volume of fluid
which must be retained in a well after aspiration, and the effects
of locating the nozzle off-center in the well. Medium is dispensed
to wells by drop-wise addition. Choosing the optimal parameters for
aspiration most quickly is supported by numerical simulations of
the fluid mechanics of this process using well-established
computational packages (e.g., Fluent). (DiMilla, P. A., Stone, J.
A., Albelda, S. M., Lauffenburger, D. A. and Quinn, J. A. 1992.
Measurement of Cell Adhesion and Migration on Protein-Coated
Surfaces. In Tissue-Inducing Biomaterials, L. G. Cima and E. Ron,
eds., Mater. Res. Soc. Proc. Vol. 252, pp. 205-212; DiMilla, P. A.,
Stone, J. A., Quinn, J. A., Albelda, S. M. and Lauffenburger, D. A.
1993. Maximal Migration of Human Smooth Muscle Cells on Type IV
Collagen and Fibronectin Occurs at an Intermediate Initial
Attachment Strength. J. Cell Biol. 122(3): 729-737; DiMilla, P. A.
Receptor-Mediated Adhesive Interactions at the
Cytoskeleton/Substratum Interface During Cell Migration. In Cell
Mechanics and Cellular Engineering, R. M. Hochmuth, V. C. Mow, F.
Guilak, and R. Tran-Son-Tay, eds., Springer-Verlag, New York, pp.
490-514, 1994; Goldstein A. S. and DiMilla, P. A., all of which are
incorporated by reference herein.
[0096] Overall, the detection of changes in cell phenotype and
operation of the z-robot pipette with the features of the first
embodiment are integrated. By applying the methodology for
phase-contrast imaging to fluorescent images (obtained with a
cooled CCD camera) for wells in which fluorescent antibodies
against specific antigens for the lin- phenotype are added, the
system 300 is able to, for example, identify stem cells from other
differentiated cells. As discussed in more detail below, this
approach allows one to determine whether and when individual cells
differentiate and change phenotype. Kinetic data for the rates of
cell division and differentiation can then be obtained. This data
is then analyzed using engineering models for probabilistic
processes to determine kinetic parameters for rationally optimizing
and scheduling changes of media.
[0097] A general description of an algorithm for image analysis of
a doubling event is now provided. When a cell divides, there are
characteristic morphological features that are visible. The
pinching of the middle and the swelling of the size, for example.
These are used to identify cells that are dividing. In terms of the
computer, these events are recognized by changes in the x,y
position, area, perimeter, sphericity (a measurement of the
closeness to a circle), and eccentricity (a measurement of
closeness to a square). Other parameters can be added as new data
queue is acquired. Moreover, the trend of these parameters
corresponds with the time before the doubling. The parameters are
stored in computer memory in a queue for a certain length of time.
As new image data is taken, the least recent value is removed from
the queue. The trend of this data is compared to the historically
known trend that reflects a cell division. If the match is within
tolerance, then the computer is signaled that the cell is about to
or is in the process of dividing. For example, with stem cells it
is theorized that these cells stop moving just before they undergo
division. This would signal a decrease in the change of the x,y
positions. If the change remains small enough for a significant
period of time, then a division may be occurring. However, this
alone is not enough to guarantee it, so the trends of the other
variables are compared also.
[0098] The mathematical nature of the trend comparison is the
following. The trend of each parameter up to the point of cell
division is curve fitted over a length of time. The current
parameters stored in a queue obtained from a cell for a given time
period are compared to this smooth curve and the error between the
two is calculated. If the error is within a user-specified
tolerance, the cell is considered to be approaching a division.
[0099] A division could be missed if the cell is not visualized
frequently. This could result from having to analyze, stain and/or
view other wells or having too many wells to successfully return to
each well within a regional period of time. If this is the case,
the parameters from the image are compared to the previous
parameters. A set of morphological and positional criteria
established empirically are used to determine if the two objects
could have come from a division or if one additional object all
moved into the view field.
[0100] FIG. 5 shows the results from an analysis of a cell
dividing. The photographs show the phase contrast images on the
left and the bitplane pictures on the right. The pinching has
already begun to occur in the top left picture.
[0101] A protocol for purifying human hematopoeitic stem cells
using the system 300 is now provided as an example of using cells
generally with the system 300.
[0102] Human nucleated blood cells, obtained from either umbilical
cord blood, peripheral blood by leukophoresis or bone marrow, are
purified free of red cells by centrifugation. Buffy coat leukocytes
are then purified to separate CD34+ cells (representing
approximately 1 out of 10,000 nucleated cells in human adult bone
marrow) using any of several commercially available immunobead, or
column chromatography methods. A preferred method is the CellPro
Ceprate column, which is commercially available from CellPro
Corporation, Bothell, Wash. Using the techniques described in the
information supplied by the manufacturer, nucleated cells that are
adherent to the column are then washed free from the column by
competition with a supply of reagent contained in the package which
separates the CD34+ human hematopoeitic cells from the column. This
is carried out by competition displacement. The CD34+ cells are
washed free through the eluate and are collected. These cells are
then sorted a second time using a fluorescence-activated cell
sorter and a combination of monoclonal antibodies that are
lineage-specific. Those subsets of the CD34+ cells which bind FITC,
rhodamine, or other fluorescently labeled indicator of
lineage-specific antigens including CD38, are then collected in the
lineage-negative (fluorescent antibody-negative) preparation
volume. These cells are then prepared for a second FACS
(fluorescence activated cell sorting) step, and now are separated
into a final population of those reacting positively with a
fluorochrome dye for Thy1. This population represents a final
concentration of cells which represented one out of 50,000 of the
original nucleated cells from the original specimen of peripheral
blood, bone marrow or umbilical cord blood. These cells are those
known to be highly enriched for multilineage hematopoeitic stem
cells. Assays confirming the homogeneity and purification of these
cells include the long-term culture initiating cell assay
(Sutherland, H. J., Landsdorp, P. M., Henkelman, D. H., Eaves, A.
C., Eaves, C. J. Functional Characterization of Individual Human
Hematopoeitic Stein Cells Cultured at Limiting Dilution on
Supportive Marrow Stromal Layers. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:2584,
1990) incorporated by reference herein), or the cobblestone island
assay measuring those cells forming cobblestone islands at day 14
or day 21 after coculture (Ploemacher, R., van der Sluijs, J., van
Beurden, C., Baert, M., Chan, P. Use of Limiting-Dilution Type
Long-Term Marrow Cultures in Frequency Analysis of
Marrow-Repopulating and Spleen Colony-Forming Hematopoeitic Stem
Cells in the Mouse. Blood 10:2527-2533; 1991), incorporated by
reference herein), or the assay for CFU-blast (Ikebuchi, K., Wong,
G., Clark, S., Ihle, J., Hirai, Y., Ogawa, M. Interleukin 6
Enhancement of Interleukin 3 Dependent Proliferation of
Multi-Potential Hemopoietic Progenitors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
84:9035; 1987), incorporated by reference herein), or the assay for
high proliferative potential colony-forming unit culture [HPP-CFC]
(Pogue-Geile, K. L., Sakakeeny, M. A., Panza, J. L., Sell, S. L.,
Greenberger, J. S. Cloning and Expression of Unique Murine
Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor Transcripts. Blood, 85:3478
3486, 1995), incorporated by reference herein). Each and any of
these assays demonstrates that the CD34+Lin-Thy1+subpopulation of
cells is enriched for the presence of cells positive in these
assays by a factor of around 1000-10.000-fold. More importantly,
these enriched cells have been demonstrated to form multilineage
hematopoeitic cells in the peripheral blood in marrow of SCID/Hu
mice, or Nu/BIX in xenotransplant studies. These cells have also
been shown to reconstitute multilineage human hematopoiesis in
fetal sheep (Zanjani, E. D., Almeida-Porada, G. and Flake, A. W.
1995. Engraftment and Multilineage Expression of Human
Hematopoeitic Stem Cells in Human-sheep Chimeras. Stem Cells
13:101-111). Thus, by the two xenotransplant models (SCID/Hu mouse,
and fetal sheep) as well as the in vitro assays described above,
the CD34+Lin-Thy1+ and Thy1- fraction of nucleated peripheral
blood, bone marrow, or cord blood cells is known to be highly
enriched for stem cells. The phenotype of CD34+Lin-Thy1+ is known
to be rapidly lost when cells are cultured in suspension culture as
other than single cells and as culture methods other than an
automated cell division linked bioreactor (Mayani, Hector,
Lansdorp, Peter M. Proliferation of Individual Hematopoeitic
Progenitors Purified From Umbilical Cord Blood. Experimental
Hematology 23:1453-1462 (1995); Van Zant, Gary, Rummel, Sue A.,
Koller, Manfred R., Larson, David B., Drubachevsky, liana, Palsson,
Mahshid and Emerson, Stephen G. Expansion in Bioreactors of Human
Progenitor Populations from Cord Blood and Mobilized Peripheral
Blood. Blood Cells (1994) 20:482-491; Sandstrom, C. E., Bender, J.
G., Papoutsakis, E. T., Miller, W. M. Effects of CD34+ Cell
Selection and Perfusion on Ex Vivo Expansion of Peripheral Blood
Mononuclear Cells. Blood. 86, No. 3:958 970 (August 1) 1995),
incorporated by reference herein).
[0103] Using 96-well plates (LinBro Plastic Corporation), the MB210
mouse cell line (preferred), or any of a variety of human, murine
or primate bone marrow stromal cell lines (or no stromal cell line,
or in place of the stromal cell line extracellular matrix protein
or proteoglycan such as fibronectin, or heparin sulfate
proteoglycan), is plated into each of the 96 wells at
1.times.10.sup.5 cells/well in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, and the cultures are
incubated at 37.degree. C. in a high humidity incubator for 24
hours. The cultures are then removed from the incubator and each
well is surveyed to be certain there is a lawn of confluent
monolayer of the stromal cell line. The stromal cells are then
irradiated to 2000 cGy preferred (1000-10,000 cGy) using a 250 KVP
orthovoltage x-ray unit (preferred) or any linear accelerator from
6 MeV-20 MeV with focal plane at the tissue culture surface on the
monolayer of cells. The cells are irradiated in the same medium and
are returned to the incubator in the same medium. The cultures are
then washed free of medium with multiple washes of Iscove's
Modified, serum-free medium for each well, and then Iscove's
Modified, serum-free medium is added to each well. The exact recipe
for the Iscove's Medium is described in the reference (Goff, Julie
P., Shields, Donna S., Petersen, Bryon E., Zajac, Valerie F.,
Michalopoulos, George K. and Greenberger, Joel S. Synergistic
Effects of Hepatocyte Growth Factor on Human Cord Blood CD34+
Progenitor Cells are the Result of c-met Receptor Expression. Stern
Cells (In Press)), incorporated by reference herein. The serum-free
Iscove's Medium (preferred) can be substituted with any
commercially available serum-free medium supplemented with
vitamins, nutrients, lipid substitute, bovine serum albumin or any
of a variety of additives known to support hematopoeitic progenitor
cells in the absence of serum, but supplemented with appropriate
growth factors. Each tissue culture well is then fed with 100 .mu.L
of Iscove's complete medium, and with an additional volume of
Medium-A (this is the growth medium and contains optimal
concentrations of each of the following growth factors: IL-11,
IL-6, IL-1, HGF, G-CSF, basic FGF). This medium will be referred to
as growth medium or Medium-A. Each tissue culture well in the
96-well plate is then supplemented with a 10 .mu.L drop containing
one FAC-sorted single CD34+Lin-Thy1+ cell, hereafter referred to as
"stem cell". The term "stem cell" will be used in this application
to refer to a cell with a phenotype demonstrated by fluorescence
antibody binding which is positive for CD34+, negative for the
lineage markers (the combination of lineage antibody markers used
in any of a combination of 10-15 different lineage markers but
contains the preferred marker, CD38, and is either Thy1+ or Thy1-).
The term "stem cell" will be used to refer to that cell which is
either Thy1+ or Thy1- (varies between experiments, preferred Thy1+)
but which is definitely CD38- and CD34+. Cells were stained with
FITC and PE-conjugated antibodies against hematopoietic cell
surface differentiation markers. FIGS. 7A and 7B represent the same
field of cells. Examples of cells that are only positive for CD34
and Thy1 appear green (7A, asterisk). Cells that express lineage
markers appear red (7B). When the cells are positive for CD34 and
Thy1 as well as lineage markers, the wavelengths combine and the
resulting fluorescence is yellow (arrowheads FIG. 7A).
[0104] The plate of 96 wells containing one stem cell per well is
then transferred to the Biochamber 10.
[0105] The Biochamber 10 is then closed and the unit is programmed
to cycle according to medium change with each cell division (linked
to the pattern recognition of the CD34+Lin-Thy1+ phenotype).
[0106] Details of the specific motions for each element of the
protocol will be described following a short summary. Note that
different operational modes are possible and selection depends on,
for example, whether the aim is biologic production or more basic
investigation. The following summary is a representative production
mode where phenotype conservation and high proliferation are
intended. An example of operation for basic investigation is
presented later in the form of a flow chart.
[0107] Each individual well is tracked separately over a cycle of
the plate 207 underneath the viewing objective, and this is
programmed to be viewed every minute (preferred), can be varied to
every 20 seconds or as long as once per day or once per week (or
any longer desired length of time) or anything in between. The
viewing is accompanied by capture of the image of the cell in the
software of the computer linked to the CCD camera. When a pattern
associated with a cell doubling is recognized by pattern
recognition software, the cell doubling event is recorded and
operation of the system 300 linked to the dye recognition phase.
The dye recognition phase is activated when the x-y stage moves the
well to underneath the z-robot where a combination of fluorescent
dyes are added for CD34 and CD38 (lineage marker) as well as for
Thy1 (Thy1 marker). After the well is moved by the x-y stage back
to the optical path/mechanism and waiting for an appropriate
interval (which depends on dye properties), an image is then
captured by the cooled CCD camera of the cell doublet with three
imaging purposes: 1) detecting the color of the dye on CD34, 2)
detecting the color of the dye on the CD38, and 3) detecting the
color of the dye on Thy1. The pattern recognition software then
recognizes those wells in which a doublet was identified and in
which the pattern was noted to be conserved (both cells CD34+ or
both cells CD34- to substituting for the latter both cells CD38-)
and then the well is moved by the x-y stage to the z-robot which
carries out a media change, which will be described in greater
detail. The medium is then replaced with Medium-B (quiescence
medium) which will be described in greater detail. The entire cycle
then continues with observation of that well at regular intervals
(preferably each minute, can vary from 20 seconds to more than one
week), and then when a second interval has passed (preferably six
hours or any time between 1 minute to more than a week), the stage
is instructed to translate that well to the z-robot which changes
the medium back to Medium-A or growth medium. The entire cycle then
repeats again with the pattern recognition software analyzing that
well and waiting and scoring for the appearance of four cells. When
the presence of four cells have been detected/recorded, the
colorimetric fluorochrome staining mechanism of the z-robot adds
colorimetric dye, after an appropriate interval (preferably five
minutes) more images are taken with the cooled CCD camera and image
analysis to detect each of the three fluorochromes, and those wells
now which score positive for all four cells with the phenotype of
CD34+CD38-Thy1+ are again translated to the z-robot which extracts
the Medium-A and replaces the medium with Medium-B. The entire
cycle repeats again surveying for the presence of 8 cells, then
again surveying for 16 cells, then again for 32 cells, then again
for 64 cells, and finally, 128 cells. Alternatively, the system 300
can be operated such that at each cell division (i.e. when 3, 4, 5,
6, . . . up to more than 128 cells are present) medium exchange
from Medium-A to Medium-B occurs. When a well contains 128 cells,
the imaging protocol is terminated and all the cells (in Medium-B
(quiescence medium)) removed from the well into a repository. When
the repository is replete with the contents of each well in the
plate (representing over 1000 cells), the contents at such
repository then are transferred to other parts of the operation for
use in gene transfer, bone marrow stem cell transplantation to an
awaiting patient, or cryopreservation facility to be used later for
gene therapy or for an awaiting patient.
[0108] Specifics of the protocol are now provided. The 96-well
plate is placed in a sterile tissue culture hood (Format or similar
type) and using a Pasteur pipette, the contents of individual 1.0
ml Eppendorf tubes, each containing 10-20 .mu.L of serum-free
Iscove's medium which have been supplemented with one sorted
CD34+Lin-Thy1+stem cell, are transferred to each respective well of
the 96-well plate. Each well already contains 100 .mu.L of the
Iscove's medium, and is now supplemented with 10-20 .mu.L of this
medium containing a single cell. The 96-well plate 207 is then
transferred to the Biochamber 10. The 100-120 .mu.L in each well
contains the concentration of growth factors contained in Medium-A
(a range for each of the factors will be included with a preferred
concentration indicated: hepatocyte growth factor [HGF], 10 ng/ml-1
.mu.g/ml, preferred 10 .mu.g/ml; IL-11, 1 ng/ml-100 .mu.g/ml,
preferred 10 .mu.g/ml; IL-1 10 ng/ml-100 .mu.g/ml, preferred 10
.mu.g/ml; G-CSF, 1 ng/ml-100 .mu.g/ml, preferred 10 .mu.g/ml). Each
of these growth factors are available from commercial suppliers
including Immunex and Amgen. It should be noted these are but
examples of Medium-A or growth medium. There may be many different
growth mediums, and not one unique Medium-A, for a given type of
cell. An acceptable growth medium is one which allows the cell to
reproduce in a healthy manner. The cells are then placed in the
Biochamber 10, which is set at a temperature of 37.degree. C. (can
be varied from 31.degree. C.-49.degree. C.), and 7% CO.sub.2 (can
be varied from 0.1% to 40% CO.sub.2), and the humidity is kept at a
high level (but can be low or very high).
[0109] The Biochamber stage is moved so that each well is placed
over the microscope objective and in the optical path, and the user
moves the stage to identify the exact coordinates of where the
single stem cell is located. This is done by hand and usually takes
15 minutes (this can take between one minute and four hours to
identify the location of each cell). The coordinates of the
individual cell are then recorded and the cycling for observation
of the cell is begun with a magnification of 20-40.times.
magnification, preferably 40.times.. The individual cell is located
by image analysis and its position and morphological parameters
records by the computer Y2. The computer is then set to cycle to
capture the image of the individual well during a six second
viewing of this cell (variation between one second and five
minutes) using the cooled CCD camera. The time during which the
cooled CCD Camera focuses on each well is set to be long enough to
capture the image within an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio
(preferably 20 seconds, can vary from one second-20 minutes). The
digitized image of the single cell in each well is recorded and the
stage then cycles over each of the 96 positions (corresponding to
one per well) tracking the cellular movement and recording the
position of the cell relative to the cross hairs which have been
set to define the position of the cell in the initial image
capture. The survey of each well is carried out in cycle. The
digitized image is recorded sequentially for each well and stored
in the computer's memory. The images are compared to one another
serially over the time required for one cell doubling to occur in
each of the 96 single wells. With the growth Medium-A being in each
well, cell divisions are expected to occur in each of the cells
within six hours preferably (range can be 10 minutes-two
months).
[0110] At the time when a cell doubling is detected, as captured by
the image at the cycling over that particular well and as reflected
in the temporal trends in morphological parameters for the
computer's stored set of images and registered as a cell doubling
by pattern recognition software, the stage is mechanically moved so
that the well corresponding to the cell doubling is underneath the
z-robot and fluorochrome dyes are added for determination of the
phenotype of the two cells comprising the doublet. The robotic
pipette moves down and adds 10 .mu.L (range can be 1 .mu.L-100
.mu.L) of a combination of two fluorochrome dyes including
FITC-labeled anti-CD34 and phycoerythrin-labeled anti-CD38. The
concentrations of dyes are those as supplied by the manufacturer,
and are commercially available. Fluorochromes for detection of each
monoclonal antibody (e.g., from Pharmingen, Becton Dickinson,
Dakocorp., Immunotech) will be conjugated to each antibody, such
that two separate non-overlapping colors, each detected with the
appropriate fluorescence filters (available from but not limited to
Sigma and Chroma), will be distinguishable and registered by each
of two specific images. After the dye has been added to the well
with the cell doublet, two successive fluorescent images are
acquired with the imaging mechanism consisting of the inverted
microscope using epillumination with appropriate excitation filter
(placed in the optical path by the High Speed Dual Filter Wheel
with Shutter for Fluorescence) and cooled CCD camera and stored as
a digitized image on the computer. Each image is exposed for a
particular color, either green or red, and for exposure times
ranging from 0.1 seconds to 100 seconds. Optimal exposure time for
each dye is that determined by the fluorescence intensity of the
dye on the cell surface from detection prior to operation of the
system 300 and correlated to the positive control test samples for
the dye according to manufacturer's instructions. Of the two
successive images the first is acquired with a filter that allows
imaging of emission in the green range of the visible light
spectrum (to detect the binding of anti-CD34 antibody to any CD34
marker present on the surface of the cells of the doublet) and the
second acquired with a filter that allows imaging of emission in
the red range of the visible light spectrum (to detect binding of
anti-CD38 antibody to any CD38 marker present on the surface of the
cells of the doublet). This detection scheme is not limited to
successive examination for only two distinct colored antibodies and
can be extended to detect the presence of additional markers on the
cell surface reflecting finer discrimination of cell phenotype. Two
types of approaches can be implemented for this extension of
detection. In the first, an additional antibody type labeled with a
third distinct colored dye other than red or green, such that the
emission bands of each of the dyes do not overlap, can be included
in the antibody cocktail to detect the presence of a third
cell-surface marker. This approach itself allows further extension
to fourth, fifth, and more than fifth colors of dyes used to label
distinct antibodies against cell-surface markers provided that the
emission of each of the dyes can be distinguished unambiguously. In
the second approach for extending detection capability of cell
phenotype, after acquisition of the initial two successive images
using green and red excitation filters, the well is washed
sufficiently with PBS and another cocktail containing an
alternative set of antibodies labeled with green-emitting and/or
red-emitting dyes are added. Again images are acquired successively
with green and red excitation filters, respectively. This second
approach and the first described approach for extending detection
types are not mutually exclusive and can be combined to allow for
detection of any desired number of cell-surface determinants by
further successive washes and dye-labeled antibody additions.
Preferably, the second addition of antibodies will contain a
green-labeled anti-Thy1 antibody against Thy1. Each fluorescent
image acquired for each distinct dye and antibody will be sorted in
computer memory and images overlaid digitally by computer for
automated interpretation. Sets of processed images which, with the
above approach with successive incubation with anti-CD34,
anti-CD38, and anti-Thy1 antibodies, are green positive (i.e.,
CD34+ and Thy1+ from positive detection of the green dye on cell
surfaces in successive green images) and red negative (i.e., CD38-
from the absence of red dye on the cell surfaces in the red image)
will be recorded and the z-robot will carry out media change. For
images of cell in wells not meeting the criteria of green
positive/red negative but identified as a cell doublet, a conserved
phenotype has not been obtained, and this well will be removed from
the survey cycle of image acquisition, pattern recognition,
fluorochrome-labeled antibody analysis, and media exchange for the
remainder of the process of expanding stem cells. The presence of a
non-conserved division indicates that the stem cell phenotype has
been lost and that no further increase in stem cell number in this
well is possible.
[0111] The pattern recognition software and stage movement having
registered that an individual well contains two cells with the
appropriate phenotype is described above. This well is next moved
by the x-y stage underneath the z-robot and 100 .mu.L of media
removed, and the waste media placed into the receptacle vehicle in
the Biochamber 10. (See FIGS. 4a-4d.) The range of medium removed
can be from 10-200 .mu.L (preferred 100 .mu.L). Standard conditions
for media change will be those associated with detection of the
cell doublet after fluorescence analysis. After withdrawing
Medium-A, Medium B containing the quiescence medium will be added.
This contains a 100 .mu.L volume of Iscove's Modified Medium,
serum-free, as described above but now containing MIP-1.alpha.,
TGF.beta. each in the optimal concentration (preferred 10 ng/ml,
range 10 ng/ml-100 ng/ml). This quiescence medium is but one
example of many possible quiescence mediums. The quiescence medium
can simply be a serum-free medium alone added for twenty seconds to
five minutes, or a medium with TGF.beta. or MIP-1.alpha., or TNF.
There may be many possible quiescence media that work; that is,
which shut down the maturation or differentiation process in the
given cell but maintain the cell in essentially a status quo
state.
[0112] The bioreactor system 300 then continues to cyclically
examine all other wells and view this well to which Medium-B has
been added as a well in quiescence. A timer within the computer
program doing system operations is set to leave the well in which
Medium-B has not been added undisturbed, except for imaging for
pattern recognition of an additional cell doubling event, for six
hours (preferred, range 10 minutes-two months). After the chosen
time in Medium-B has passed, this well is automatically returned by
x-y stage to underneath the z-robot and again imaged for pattern
recognition to identify a cell doublet. Quiescence medium, by
definition, facilitates no cell division, and the location of the
cells in the doublet as well as their shape will be similar
compared to the time when the interval in which the quiescence
medium was present began (six hours earlier).
[0113] The z-robot then aspirates Medium-B and deposit this medium
in the receptacle container within the bioreactor. The z-robot then
adds an equivalent volume of Medium-A (the original growth medium).
The optimal volume removed of Medium-B is 100 .mu.L, the optimal
replacement volume is 100 .mu.L (range can be 10 .mu.L-200
.mu.L).
[0114] After addition of Medium-A to the bioreactor well containing
two cells, the sequence of review of that well consisting of
imaging, pattern recognition, fluorescence analysis and media
exchange is resumed. After release of that well from the
"quiescence period," routine monitoring at each previously set
interval resumes. This interval is as brief as ten seconds, and as
long as two months. The well is then assessed for the appearance of
four cells (quadruplicates). The pattern recognition software is
reset for that particular well to identify a four cell
quadruplicate. Upon recognition of the four cell quadruplicate, the
well is moved underneath the z-robot and 20 .mu.L of the dye
combination added as described above. The same dyes are added in
the same concentrations as described above. After an appropriate
interval for incubation with the fluorescent dyes (preferred 5
minutes, range one minute-20 minutes), the filters are rotated to
image the four cells with the green and red excitation filters,
respectively. The exposure times are those as described above. The
images are then processed and those wells containing four cells
with the (CD34+, green positive, CD38-, red negative) phenotype are
then registered as being maintained in the experiment. Those wells
containing one or more of the four cells with non-conserved
phenotype are eliminated from the experiment. The z-robot then
maintains this position over the well with the four cells of
conserved phenotype and withdraws 100 .mu.L of Medium-A, replacing
it with 100 .mu.L of the quiescence Medium-B as described above.
The amount of medium removed and replaced can range from 10
.mu.L-200 .mu.L.
[0115] The quiescence media interval is then reset for that
particular bioreactor well and the well is left undisturbed, except
for routine observation during each cycle for the quiescence
interval (preferably six hours, variation two minutes-two
months).
[0116] The bioreactor system 300 is then reset to indicate that the
well will be surveyed for the appearance of eight cells
representing an octuplet. The bioreactor system 300 continues to
cycle during its observation periods with review of that well at
each survey over the 96 wells, and continues its pattern
recognition program for 8, then 16, then 32, then 64, then 128
cells. The mechanical and computer algorithms used for identifying
increases in the number of cell doublet, the presence of conserved
phenotypes, and exchange of media, including scheduling, are as
described above, except the threshold number of cells is
increased.
[0117] When the pattern recognition software recognizes the
presence of eight cells in that well, the z-robot adds the
previously described concentrations of dyes in each two colors, the
imaging devices are used to acquire images of green and red
fluorescence, and those wells containing eight cells with the
conserved phenotype of green positive, red negative are scored. The
z-robot then withdraws 100 .mu.L of growth medium (Medium-A) and
replaces it with 100 .mu.L of quiescence medium (Medium-B) and
resets the clock for the quiescence interval (six hours preferred,
range one minute-two months). Cycling is resumed as described
above.
[0118] When the pattern recognition software detects the presence
of 16 cells in the well, recognition is accompanied by movement of
the z-robot to add dye, survey for the green positive, red negative
phenotype and then registers those wells in which all 16 cells have
the appropriate green positive, red negative phenotype. The z-robot
then removes 100 .mu.L of growth medium and replaces it with 100
.mu.L of quiescence medium as described above. That well is then
registered as being in quiescence. Cycling is resumed as described
above.
[0119] The pattern as described above is repeated for those wells
containing 32 cells with the green positive, red negative
phenotype. The robotic arm moves to this site and withdraws 100
.mu.L of Medium-B and replaces it with 100 .mu.L of the growth
medium (Medium-A). Cycling is resumed as described above.
[0120] Those wells recognized by the pattern recognition software
to contain 64 individual cells then are manipulated as described
above such that the z-robot adds the colored dyes and images are
acquired using each of the two filters. Those wells containing 64
cells with the green positive, red negative phenotype then have 100
.mu.L of growth medium (Medium-A) removed and 100 .mu.L of
quiescence (Medium-B) added. The time interval in quiescence
(preferred six hours) will again be re-initiated. Cycling is
resumed as described above before replacement of quiescence medium
with growth medium.
[0121] Pattern recognition software resumes surveying that well in
its growth medium until such time as 128 cells are detected in a
well. The z-robot then delivers the fluorophore-labeled antibodies
and images (with respective excitation filters) for labeled cells
in the well. A well containing 128 objects of green positive, red
negative is then scored as having achieved the optimum cell
division number for that experiment while maintaining the conserved
stem cell phenotype. This is the preferred experiment in practice.
The number can go up to 256 or higher numbers if this is preferred
for the individual experiment in question. Additionally, the plate
can have many more than 96 wells and is not limited to such number
of wells.
[0122] The bioreactor system 300 then removes the growth medium and
replace with 100 .mu.L of quiescence medium in this well. The
z-robot then harvests all the contents of the well, including the
128 stem cells, and place these in a specific receptacle marked
"finished". This receptacle (which may actually be one or more
receptacles) is kept in quiescence medium at refrigerator
temperature (3.degree. C. preferred, temperature from
-270.degree.-37.degree. C.). When 10 "unfinished" wells are
obtained containing over 1,200 stem cells, these are taken from the
bioreactor system 300 and placed in the "completed" designation
receptacle for use in gene therapy, cryopreservation for later use
in a patient transplant, or delivered to the physician/clinical
group requesting amplified stem cells for a stem cell
transplantation.
[0123] Another example of operational mode is depicted in the
attached flow charge, shown in FIG. 6, to illustrate event
sequencing and overall system operational integration. The mode
shown would allow one to fulfill the goal of recording cellular
events in time while manipulating the cellular environment to study
response that could, among other things, provide information
relevant to directing growth to an optimal target (e.g. prior
example). With respect to the enabling technological application,
conservation of stem cell phenotype during division, the mode
allows for a switch to quiescence medium and a diagnosis of the
phenotypic outcome of the first division event. As noted before,
other modes are possible.
[0124] (1) First the array is initialized; cell coordinates are
recorded along with image parameters which have been previously
described (e.g. sphericity). (2) Thereafter, the optimal scanning
cycle is begun which is in the phase contrast or fluorescence
modes. (3,4) The cells in each well are viewed and image parameters
acquired and compared to prior values. (5) When the threshold
criteria are attained for an event such as cell division, the well
is (6) flagged for a medium change. (7) Otherwise, if the scan
cycle is not complete (cells in wells remain to be examined), the
next cells in the array are viewed, analyzed, and parameters
recorded.
[0125] When all the cells in the well have been imaged, the (8)
medium manipulation and diagnostic reagent addition cycle
commences. The stage translates to the z-robot station, and (9)
each well in a row that has been flagged as exhibiting a cell
starting division is directed under the pipette. (10) The pipette
apparatus aspirates old medium and adds quiescence medium; the well
is then flagged for subsequent antigen analysis which will be
performed after division is complete. (11) If a well is not flagged
for a medium change, the (12) need to add diagnostics to a well to
enable the determination of cell phenotype is determined before
moving on to other wells. The determination is based on being
flagged following a prior medium change and being scored as having
undergone a division based on the most recently stored image
parameters. (13) When flagged for the addition of diagnostic
reagents, the z-robot makes the needed additions. The well is then
flagged for fluorescence or alternate analysis which will be
conducted once the well scan cycle is restarted. (The flagging will
automatically engage the needed filters, illumination sources, and
relevant sections of the imaging code within the restarted image
cycle). (14,15) This servicing continues until all wells flagged
for either medium change or diagnostic addition have been serviced
by the z-robot. (Note: the system allows alternate operation where
all medium changes are done first, the scan cycle is restarted, and
thereafter diagnostic addition is done. This mode is more suited
when events are spread in time and parallelizing medium change and
reagent addition are not needed). (14) When the z-robot service
cycle is complete (YES), the scan cycle is restarted to detect the
onset of division or to score the outcome of a division completed
in quiescence medium as indicated by the added diagnostic
reagents.
[0126] The use of the quiescence media is designed as follows:
[0127] The transcriptional regulators for cell division can be
separated from those associated with adherence and cell
differentiation by time. In other words, the addition of specific
growth factors sends "three trains down three tracks", by replacing
the growth media by quiescence media one train will go to the end
of a very small track independently of the effects of more added
growth factors (cell division), however, the adherence and cell
differentiation trains will stop. Thus, at some point, there are
two cells both stopped at the undifferentiated state. By
re-addition of growth factors in the growth medium, the three
trains are started down three tracks again, by addition of the
quiescence media stop trains two and three again. This occurs over
and over. Time in the quiescence media will determine whether the
cells can recover and be able to start three trains down three
tracks. The bioreactor can also be used to determine the length of
time in quiescence media to optimize the ideal situation (train 1
goes to completion, trains 2 and 3 stop).
[0128] The bioreactor can be used to study cells where there is no
a priori information about the cell as follows. Basic tissue
culture media such as Dulbecco's modified Eagles medium, RPMI 1640
medium, or other tissue culture liquids available from commercial
suppliers is used without any additional serum or growth factors.
The subject cells of interest are put in the reactor and the cell
shape monitored. If cells are alive their size does not change and
they double; if they are dying or experiencing toxicity, their size
shrinks and they do not divide. Therefore, the bioreactor can be
used first to screen different commercially available medias for
what keeps the cell alive (and/or dividing) and then to add
different types of serum including fetal calf, horse, goat, or
other commercially serum to see what would supplement growth. These
parameters would be the same looking at cell size survivability,
and division. Then recombinant growth factors such as those listed
herein.
[0129] Although the invention has been described in detail in the
foregoing embodiments for the purpose of illustration, it is to be
understood that such detail is solely for that purpose and that
variations can be made therein by those skilled in the art without
departing from the spirit and scope of the invention except as it
may be described by the following claims.
APPENDIX
TABLE-US-00001 [0130] TABLE I Components of Automated Single-Cell
Culture System. System is depicted in FIG. 1a. Component # Name
Manufacturer Description 10 Chamber CMU ChE Machine Parts described
in Table H as components #50-92. Shop 12 Temperature Controller
Omega Model CN76000. Input from thermocouple (#58 in Table II);
output from two heating cartridges (#62 in Table II) 14 CO.sub.2
Controller Forma Scientific Model Portamatic .TM.. Electrical input
from sensor (#66 in Table II) mounted on Chamber (#10). Regulates
internal solenoid valve which controls flow of 10% CO.sub.2/90%
N.sub.2 from CO.sub.2 Supply Tank with Regulator (#16) to CO.sub.2
Supply Fitting (#68 in Table II). 16 CO.sub.2 Supply Tank with
Matheson (Tank); Supplies Chamber (#10) with 10% CO.sub.2/90%
N.sub.2 Regulator Regulator (Fisher) mixture through CO.sub.2
Controller (#14) 18 Motorized Stage Ludl X-Y stage with 4.5''
.times. 3.25'' travel. Mounts on Inverted Microscope (#20); motion
controlled by 2 each Microstepper Motor Controller Boards 73000500
and Microstepper Power Boards 73000503 installed in Microscope
Controller (#28). 20 Inverted Microscope Nikon Diaphot 300,
equipped with 100 white light, ELWD condenser, 6-place nosepiece
with 4x and 10x phase objectives and 20x and 40x ELWD phase
objectives, I1MX-4 lamphouse with Hg bulb, and epifluorescence
attachments. Mounts Motorized Stage (#18), Motorized Focus Drive
Assembly (#22), High-Speed Shutter for Transmitted Light (#24),
High-Speed Dual Filter Wheel with Shutter for Fluorescence (#26),
and Video-Rate (#32) and Cooled (#34) CCD Cameras 22 Motorized
Focus Drive Ludl Model 73000901 Focus Drive Motor Assembly and
Assembly and Controller Model 99A006 Z-axis Control Card. Focus
Drive Motor Assembly mounts on focus control of Inverted Microscope
(#20) and controls focus through action of Control Card installed
in Microscope Controller (#28). 24 High-Speed Shutter for Ludl
Model 99A043 shutter with microscope adapter flange Transmitted
Light mounts on Inverted Microscope (#20). Position of shutter
(i.e., open or close) controlled by Model 73000800 board in
Microscope Controller (#28). 26 High-Speed Dual Filter Ludl Model
99A076 high-speed dual 6 position filter wheel Wheel with Shutter
for with wheel with 100 ms switching between filters and
Fluorescence high-speed shutter for excitation by epifluorescence.
Position of filter wheel and shutter controlled by Model 73000800
board in Microscope Controller (#28). 28 Microscope Controller Ludl
Model 990082 19'' automation electronics console with joystick.
Controls movement of Motorized Stage (#18) and Motorized Focus
Drive Assembly (#22) and position of High-Speed Shutter for
Transmitted Light (#24) and High-Speed Dual Filter Wheel with
Shutter for Fluorescence (#26) through communications with Quadra
950 (#42) by RS-232 interface. 30 Joystick Ludl Model 73000362. X-Y
action controls sets initial position of Motorized Stage (#18);
Z-axis digipot set initial position of Motorized Focus Drive
Assembly (#22). 32 Video-Rate CCD Camera Hammamatsu Model C2400-77
High Resolution System with solid- state RS-170 camera head and
controller. Mounts on Inverted Microscope (#20); output to
Time-Lapse VCR (#36). 34 Cooled CCD Camera Photometrics High
performance cooled CCD camera with Kodak Model KAF1400 Grade 1 chip
with 1317 .times. 1035 pixel resolution, and 12-bit/pixel gray
scale resolution at 500 kHz and CE200A Camera Electronics Unit
controller. Output to Quadra 950 (#42) through NuBus interface
board. 36 Time-Lapse VCR Sony Model SVT-5000. Input from Video-rate
CCD camera (#32); output to PixelPipeline board (#38) in Quadra 950
(#42). 38 PixelPipeline Imaging Perceptics Model 425 with
real-time, RS-170 frame-grabber and Board frame-averaging running
Oncor Image .TM. software. Input from Time-Lapse VCR (#36); output
to High- Resolution Video Monitor (#40). 40 High-Resolution Video
Sony Model PVM-122 12'' B&W monitor with 100 lines Monitor
horizontal resolution. Input from PixelPipeline Board (#38) in
Quadra 950 (#42). 42 Macintosh Quadra 950 Apple Quadra 950 computer
with 48 MB RAM, 1 GB System harddisk, extended keyboard, and mouse.
Connected by NuBus interface to NuBus Board for Cooled CCD Camera
(#34), PixelPipeline Imaging Board (#38), and Video Board (#44).
Connected by RS-232 interface to Microscope Controller (#27). 44
Video Board Radius Futura Model LX with 1152 .times. 870
resolution. Output to Computer Monitor (#46). 46 Computer Monitor
Apple 17'' Multiscan color monitor. Input from Video Board
(#44).
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE II Components of Chamber for Automated
Single-Cell Culture System (Component #10 in FIG. 1a and Table I).
Component # Name Description 50 Chamber Body Constructed of
anodized aluminum. Forms enclosed chamber (#10 in Table I) by
assembly with Chamber Cover (#52) and Turbine Housing (#76). Mounts
screwed in Thermocouple Fitting (#60) with Thermocouple (#58), 2
Heating Cartridges (#62) secured with Heating Cartridge Retaining
Screws (#64), CO.sub.2 Sensor (#66) by two 11/2'' .times. 3/16''
hex-nut headed screws, screwed-in CO.sub.2 Supply Fitting (#68),
screwed in Pressure Relief Fitting (#70), and 3 screwed-in Unused
Port Plugs (#74). Gas-tight seal between Chamber Body and Chamber
Cover (#52) maintained by tightening 8 0.50'' .times. 0.19''
hex-nut headed screws with Chamber Cover Gasket (#56) in place; gas
tight seal between Chamber Body and Turbine Housing maintained by
tightening two 1 1/4'' .times. 3/16'' hex-nut headed screws with
Turbine Housing O-Ring (#86) in place. 52 Chamber Cover Constructed
of anodized aluminum. Glass Observation Window (#54) glued with
silicone rubber into inset. Mounted on top of Chamber Body (#50) of
chamber by 8 0.50'' .times. 0.19'' hex-nut headed screws. Gas tight
seal between Chamber Body and Chamber Cover maintained by
tightening screws with Chamber Cover Gasket (#56) in place. 54
Glass Observation Windows One each 5.00'' .times. 3.41'' .times.
0.01'' optical-grade glass slides glued by silicone (2) rubber into
inset on bottom of Chamber Body (#50) and inset on top of Chamber
Cover (#52). 56 Chamber Cover Gasket Silicone rubber o-ring gasket
(size #162) forms gas-tight seal between Chamber Body (#50) and
Chamber Cover (#52) with tightening of 8 0.50'' .times. 0.19''
hex-nut headed screws. Outer dimensions 6.30'' .times. 4.33'',
inner dimensions 5.25'' .times. 3.50'', thickness 0.01''. 58
Thermocouple Omega Type K thermocouple. Connected to Temperature
Controller (#12 in Table I). Probe extends into Chamber Body (#50)
approximately 0.5'' above bottom Glass Observation Window (#54).
Secured in place by Thermocouple Fitting (#60). 60 Thermocouple
Fitting Teflon assembly, 1/8 NPT, screwed and sealed with teflon
tape into side port on Chamber Body (#50). Secures Thermocouple
(#58) in Chamber Body. 62 Heating Cartridges (2) 20 watt
McMaster-Cart heating cartridge. Each mounts into ports on front of
Chamber Body (#50) and secured in place by a Heating Cartridge
Retaining Screw (#64). Each connected by insulated electrical wire
to Temperature Controller (#12 in Table I). 64 Heating Cartridge
Retaining One each secures one Heating Cartridge (#62) in sidewalls
of Chamber Body Screws (2) (#50) through ports on front of Chamber
Body. Constructed of anodized aluminum. Mounts by screwing into
Chamber Body. 66 CO.sub.2 Sensor Copper body containing resistance
sensor measuring partial pressure of CO.sub.2. Mounted on side of
Chamber Body (#50) by two 11/2'' .times. 3/16'' hex-nut headed
screws. Canabalized from components from Forma Scientific
Portamatic .TM. CO.sub.2 sensor. Connected to CO.sub.2 Controller
(#14 in Table I) by insulated electrical wire. 68 CO.sub.2 Supply
Fitting Teflon elbow, 1/8 NPT, screws and sealed with teflon tape
into front port on Chamber Body (#50). Connected by Tygon tubing to
CO.sub.2 Controller (#14 in Table I). 70 Pressure Relief Fitting
Teflon elbow, 1/8 NPT, screws and sealed with teflon tape into
front port on Chamber Body (#50). Connected by Tygon tubing to
Pressure Relief Valve (#72). 72 Pressure Relief Valve Georg Fisher
Type 360 0.5 psi check-valve. Connected by Tygon tubing to Pressure
Relief Fitting (#70) on Chamber Body (#50). 74 Unused Port Plugs
(3) Stainless steel fittings with threads wrapped in Teflon tape
and screwed into unused ports of Chamber Body (#50). 76 Turbine
Housing Air-tight housing for driving rotation of External Turbine
(#78) by flow of house air from input and output House Air Fittings
(#90) for atmospheric mixing inside sealed Chamber Body (#50) and
Chamber Cover (#52). Constructed of anodized aluminum. Forms
enclosed housing with Turbine Housing Back Plate (#84) by mounting
on back of Chamber Body with two 11/4'' .times. 3/16'' hex-nut
headed screws. Gas-tight seal between Turbine Housing and Chamber
Body maintained by tightening screws with Turbine Housing O- Ring
(#86) in place; gas-tight seal between Turbine Housing and Turbine
Housing Back Plate maintained by tightening screws with Turbine
Back Plate O-Ring (#88) in place. Turbine Shaft (#82) couples
external Turbine (#78) in Turbine Housing to internal Turbine in
Chamber Body. 78 Turbines (2) Six-bladed impeller constructed of
anodized aluminum. Secured on Turbine Shaft (#80) with a Brash
Bushing (#82). External turbine housed in Turbine Housing (#76) and
driven by flow of house air; internal turbine housed in Chamber
Body (#50) and driven by rotation of external Turbine through
Turbine Shaft coupling to mix atmosphere inside sealed chamber (#10
in Table I). 80 Turbine Shaft Stainless steel 1.16'' .times.
0.125'' shaft connecting external and internal Turbines (#78). Each
turbine secured on shaft with a Brass Bushing (#82). 82 Brass
Bushing (2) One each secure external and internal Turbines (#78) to
Turbine Shaft (#80). 84 Turbine Housing Back Plate Plate allowing
assess to inside of Turbine Housing (#76) for assembly and
disassembly of turbine unit. Constructed of anodized aluminum.
Mounts on back of Turbine Housing with two 11/4'' .times. 3/16''
hex-nut headed screws. 86 Turbine Housing O-Ring Silicone rubber
o-ring gasket (size #24) forms gas-tight seal between Chamber Body
(#50) and Turbine Housing (#76) with tightening of two 11/4''
.times. 3/16'' hex-nut headed screws. Outer dimensions 1.125''
circular, inner dimensions 1.00'' circular, thickness 0.01''. 88
Turbine Back Plate O-Ring Silicone rubber o-ring gasket (size #12)
forms gas-tight seal between Turbine Housing (#76) and Turbine
Housing Back Plate (#84) with tightening of two 11/4'' .times.
3/16'' hex-nut headed screws. Outer dimensions 1.25'' circular,
inner dimensions 1.00'' circular, thickness 0.01''. 90 House Air
Fittings (2) Teflon elbow, 1/8 NPT, screwed and sealed with teflon
tape into side port on Turbine Housing (#76). Connected by Tygon
tubing to House air supply.
* * * * *