U.S. patent application number 14/124760 was filed with the patent office on 2014-12-18 for stabilizing agents and methods of use thereof.
The applicant listed for this patent is SAFETY TEK, INC.. Invention is credited to Robert D. Friedman, Donald Hawkridge.
Application Number | 20140369749 14/124760 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 49083456 |
Filed Date | 2014-12-18 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140369749 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Friedman; Robert D. ; et
al. |
December 18, 2014 |
STABILIZING AGENTS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF
Abstract
Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the
provision of a methods and compositions for the installation and
formation of roads and construction materials. The use of base
materials and stabilizing agent provide affordable roads and
construction materials.
Inventors: |
Friedman; Robert D.; (New
Haven, CT) ; Hawkridge; Donald; (Church Broughton,
Derbyshire, GB) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
SAFETY TEK, INC. |
New Haven |
CT |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
49083456 |
Appl. No.: |
14/124760 |
Filed: |
February 28, 2013 |
PCT Filed: |
February 28, 2013 |
PCT NO: |
PCT/US13/28445 |
371 Date: |
December 9, 2013 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61604258 |
Feb 28, 2012 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
404/72 ;
524/442 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K 17/40 20130101;
E01C 15/00 20130101; E01C 9/002 20130101; E01C 3/003 20130101; E01C
7/30 20130101; C09K 2103/00 20130101; E01C 3/006 20130101; E01C
7/36 20130101; E02D 3/12 20130101; E01C 19/025 20130101; C08K 11/00
20130101; E01C 9/001 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
404/72 ;
524/442 |
International
Class: |
E01C 7/30 20060101
E01C007/30; C08K 11/00 20060101 C08K011/00 |
Claims
1. A method of forming a surface or construction material
comprising the steps of: obtaining a stabilizing agent; obtaining a
base material; obtaining a solvent; combining the stabilizing
agent, base material, and solvent to form a mixture; and compacting
the mixture to form a surface or compacting the mixture to form a
construction material; wherein the stabilizing agent comprises a
polymer.
2-3. (canceled)
4. A composition comprising: (i) a stabilizing agent, a base
material, and a solvent; or (ii) a cured stabilizing agent and a
base material; wherein the stabilizing agent comprises a polymer
and the stabilizing agent and base material are uniformly mixed
throughout the composition.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the surface or construction
material comprises a (i) a traversable surface or (ii) a road,
lining, way, path, route, street, pathway, track, roadway, or
walkway; the stabilizing agent is a soil stabilizing agent; the
base material comprises soil, sand, silt, clay, loam, rock, gravel,
organic matter; the solvent comprises a water-based solvent, water,
mud, recycled water, gray water, salt water, fresh water, purified
water, fresh water, sea water, or brackish water; and the polymer
comprises a styrene acrylic polymer or copolymer.
6. The composition of claim 4, wherein the stabilizing agent is a
soil stabilizing agent; the base material comprises soil, sand,
silt, clay, loam, rock, gravel, organic matter; the solvent
comprises a water-based solvent, water, mud, recycled water, gray
water, salt water, fresh water, purified water, fresh water, sea
water, or brackish water; and the polymer comprises a styrene
acrylic polymer or copolymer.
7-11. (canceled)
12. The method of claim 1, wherein compacting the mixture is
performed mechanically or manually.
13. The method of claim 1, wherein the polymer is combined with the
solvent, or a portion thereof, prior to further combination with
the base material.
14. The method of claim 1, wherein the construction material
comprises a block, brick, paver, decorative surface, or tile; or a
colorant.
15. (canceled)
16. The method of claim 1, wherein compaction comprises mechanical
compaction or manual compaction or compaction of the mixture into a
mold comprises mechanical compaction or manual compaction.
17. The method of claim 1, further comprising curing the compacted
mixture, wherein curing the compacted mixture comprises drying or
substantially drying the material.
18-23. (canceled)
24. The method of claim 1, wherein the base material comprises
about 30% to about 35% fines material, the fines material passing
through a sieve between 0.6 mm and 0.7 mm.
25. The composition of claim 4, wherein the base material comprises
about 30-35% fines material, the fines material passing through a
sieve between 0.6 mm and 0.7 mm.
26. The method of any one of claim 16, further comprising partially
or substantially drying the molded construction material.
27. (canceled)
28. A method of claim 1 further comprising a tracer or
water-resistant characteristics.
29. The composition of claim 4, further comprising a tracer or
water-resistant characteristics.
30. The composition of claim 4, further comprising water-resistant
characteristics.
31. The method of claim 1, further comprising a waste material.
32. The composition of claim 4, further comprising a waste
material.
33. The method of claim 31, wherein the waste material is a
hazardous material.
34. The composition of claim 32, wherein the waste material is a
hazardous material.
35. The method of claim 31, wherein the waste material comprises
inorganic waste, organic waste, scrap tire, recycled material,
recycled asphalt, recycled cement, nut shells, peat, organic
material, fly ash, oil impregnated sand, tar sand, construction
waste, mine waste, roofing shingles, plastic, crushed glass, fiber
glass, rubber crumb, non-organic municipal waste, material found in
polluted areas, or materials from lag storage tanks.
36. The composition of claim 32, wherein the waste material
comprises inorganic waste, organic waste, scrap tire, recycled
material, recycled asphalt, recycled cement, nut shells, peat,
organic material, fly ash, oil impregnated sand, tar sand,
construction waste, mine waste, roofing shingles, plastic, crushed
glass, fiber glass, rubber crumb, non-organic municipal waste,
material found in polluted areas, or materials from lag storage
tanks.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional
Application Ser. No. 61/604,258 filed on 28 Feb. 2012, which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to methods and
compositions for the construction of roads and construction
materials using base materials and stabilizing agents.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Building in developing countries can be expensive, and a
more affordable option is needed. Using local, indigenous, and in
situ materials (e.g., materials in the immediate area of the
building site, materials on hand, local materials) may be necessary
because the luxury of importing materials do not always exist.
Affordable housing and roads are needed to safely and securely
raise families. Roads are needed to move products to market,
children to schools, and people to medical care facilities.
[0004] It has been shown that high clay content can be required for
effective use of soil for road construction and building materials.
But clay is not always available as a material. Previous methods
have also demonstrated that many additives have little to no
benefit for silty, sandy soil types (Newman et al., 2004). Sandy
soil types have been problematic for stabilization and have often
required cement or asphalt emulsion to provide soil cohesion.
[0005] Many roads currently being used in many countries are not
paved. Such roads can consist of materials such as dirt, clay,
sand, dust, etc. Rains can cause: erosion of the roads, road
closures, wash-out of fine particles, formation of potholes, muddy
soil, road failure and collapse, damage to vehicles, harm or death
to humans, or environmental damage. Because of the issues caused by
rain, the roads may become impassable, the surface may become
rutted and damaged, pedestrian and bicycle movement may be
restricted, produce and products may not be able to get to the
market, any of which may result in financial loss to communities
and damage to the local and regional economy. Dry conditions can
cause issues with dust, resulting in danger to drivers and
pedestrians. Dust can also cause numerous health problems. Dust can
cause reduction in agricultural output and causes crop damage. Dirt
and gravel roads can develop corrugations (e.g., a wash-board
effect) that makes driving conditions hazardous and can cause
damage to vehicles and products.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0006] Among the various aspects of the present disclosure is the
provision of methods and compositions for the installation and
formation of roads and construction materials. The use of base
materials and stabilizing agent provide affordable roads and
construction materials.
[0007] Various methods and materials described herein can provide
roads that can last as long or longer than a traditional road base,
can be constructed about 5-10 times faster, and can produce about 3
to 5 times more road for the same cost.
[0008] One aspect provides a method of forming a surface or
construction material. In some embodiments, the method includes the
steps of: obtaining a stabilizing agent, obtaining a base material,
and obtaining a solvent; combining the stabilizing agent, base
material, and solvent to form a mixture; and compacting the mixture
to form a surface or compacting the mixture to form a construction
material; wherein, the stabilizing agent comprises a polymer.
[0009] Another aspect provides a method of forming a surface. In
some embodiments, the method includes obtaining a stabilizing
agent, obtaining a base material, and obtaining a solvent;
combining the stabilizing agent, base material, and solvent to form
a mixture; and compacting the mixture to form a surface; wherein,
the stabilizing agent comprises a polymer.
[0010] Yet another aspect provides a method of forming a
construction material. In some embodiments, the method includes
obtaining a stabilizing agent, obtaining a base material, and
obtaining a solvent; combining the stabilizing agent, base
material, and solvent to form a mixture; and compacting the mixture
into the mold to form a construction material; wherein, the
stabilizing agent comprises a polymer.
[0011] Yet another aspect provides a composition including a
stabilizing agent, a base material, and a solvent; or a cured
stabilizing agent and a base material; wherein, the stabilizing
agent comprises a polymer; and the stabilizing agent and base
material are uniformly mixed throughout the composition.
[0012] Other objects and features will be in part apparent and in
part pointed out hereinafter.
DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0013] Those of skill in the art will understand that the drawings,
described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings
are not intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any
way.
[0014] FIG. 1A is a photograph of preparing in situ soil by
mechanically breaking down the in situ soil between pavillions.
[0015] FIG. 1B is a photograph of the manual application of the
stabilizing agent to the prepared in situ soil and the mechanical
blending of the stabilizing agent mixture into the soil.
[0016] FIG. 1C is a photograph of the application of a top seal of
stabilizing agent.
[0017] FIG. 1D is a photograph of the finished cured road.
[0018] FIG. 2 is a photograph of various color options available
for the roads or construction materials (e.g., red, green, yellow,
blue).
[0019] FIG. 3A is a photograph of a bowser applying the stabilizing
agent.
[0020] FIG. 3B is a photograph of a roller compactor.
[0021] FIG. 4A is a photograph of a finished cured road after a
heavy rain showing water resistance. The rain water does not absorb
into the road.
[0022] FIG. 4B shows a finished cured road in the black color
option.
[0023] FIG. 5 is a photograph of the mixing of the colorant and
stabilizing agent. The colorant was mixed into the stabilizing
agent at about 2-10%.
[0024] FIG. 6A is a photograph of the combination of the
stabilizing agent/colorant blend with an in situ base material.
Water is added for optimum moisture content.
[0025] FIG. 6B is a photograph of the resulting mixture of the
stabilizing agent, colorant, and in situ base material compacted
into a corner.
[0026] FIG. 7A is a photograph of in situ material.
[0027] FIG. 7B is a photograph of the blend of in situ material,
the stabilizing agent, and added water for optimum moisture
content.
[0028] FIG. 8 is a photograph of construction materials produced by
simple machinery.
[0029] FIG. 8A is a photograph of a mould.
[0030] FIG. 9B is a photograph of the resulting structure made from
placing the mixture of base material, stabilizing agent, and water
into the mould, compressing, and allowing to cure.
[0031] FIG. 9C is a photograph of a colored construction material
made from 100% desert sand with a colored top seal. The colored top
seal is shown to penetrate into the constriction material.
[0032] FIG. 9D is a photograph of a colored construction materials
made from 100% sand with a colored top seal, cut through to show
the color is blended throughout the construction material. The
colored top seal is shown to penetrate into the constriction
material.
[0033] FIG. 10 is a photograph of automated machinery-made
construction materials with and without colorant added.
[0034] FIG. 11A is a photograph of recycled waste material.
[0035] FIG. 11B is a photograph of the waste material as 35%
recycled waste material combined with 65% base material.
[0036] FIG. 12 are photographs of examples of construction
materials made with about 35% fines content base material, fines
material passing through a 0.63 mm sieve; no stone larger than
about 20% of the minimum depth of final cured material; removed
organic materials, and on-site or local materials and waste
materials.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0037] The present disclosure is based, at least in part, the
discovery that stabilizing agents can be used with base materials
to form roads and construction materials easily and affordably.
Because there was a lack of rudimentary housing and passable roads,
an inexpensive composition and method was invented to provide
inexpensive roads and construction materials.
[0038] Provided herein are compositions and methods for
installation of roads and forming of construction materials with
base materials and stabilizing agents.
[0039] Surfaces, Roads, and Other Applications
[0040] As described herein, a surface, such as a traversable
surface (e.g., a road or other similar traversable surface), can be
constructed from a base material and a stabilizing agent. While
discussion below recites road, one of ordinary skill will
understand that the disclosure can apply equally to any other type
of traversable surface.
[0041] Construction, installation, and production of roads are
well-known within the art. Except as otherwise noted herein,
therefore, the methods and compositions of the present disclosure
can be carried out in accordance with such conventional
processes.
[0042] A road can be any traversable surface leading from one place
to another. For example, a road can be a way, path, route, street,
pathway, track, roadway, or walkway. For example, a road can be
used as a means to delineate properties or areas. For example, a
road can be used in golf courses, shopping malls, theme parks, and
other recreation parks (e.g., skate parks, water parks). A road can
be used for foot traffic, animal traffic, bicycle traffic, airport
landing strips, or vehicular traffic, or for a delineation of
areas, to show, for example, boundaries.
[0043] A road or surface described herein can include polymers or
other additives that provide the road or surface with
water-resistant characteristics, which can be desirable or
necessary in wet or potentially wet environments (e.g., water
parks, gardens, heavy seasonal rain).
[0044] A road or surface described herein can be a colored road or
surface. A colored road or surface can be any color, such as black,
green, blue, red, etc. The choice of colors may be limited to the
availability of water-based colorants where, for example, a water
based solvent is desired or necessary. A water-based colorant
suitable for use in a road or surface described herein can be
obtained from a variety of commercial sources (e.g., Northwest
Dispersion, Ltd, UK; see Examples). A colored road or surface can
be of a consistent color through a partial or entire depth or
surface of the road. A colored road or surface can include multiple
colors in a striated or layered pattern through a partial or entire
depth or surface of the road. For example, multiple colors in a
striated or layered pattern can be used as a wear indicator for a
road or surface.
[0045] A road or surface described herein can include a stabilizing
agent, a base material, and a waste material. Such components are
described in greater detail herein.
[0046] A natural colored road or surface can be advantageous if the
surface is desired or necessarily to be camouflaged, hidden, or
blended into the surroundings.
[0047] Colored roads can be advantageous, for example, in
conditions where ity is desirable or necessary for the road to be
colorful or have enhanced visibility. For example, where a road is
other than a "natural" color or the color of the base material, a
dangerous object (e.g., an explosive device or improvised explosive
device (IED)) can be more easily detected thereby providing
improved detection of possible danger. Further advantages of the
colored roads include the increased visibility of potholes or other
damage.
[0048] The above discussion applies equally to other surfaces
constructed from a base material and a stabilizing agent. For
example, such surfaces can include, without limitation, a
foundation, reservoir, embankment, lining of drainage channels,
weed growth suppression lining, bridleways, animal tracks, yards,
equestrian centers, golf course lining, lining for fish farming,
lining for seafood farming, or pond lining.
[0049] Construction Materials
[0050] As described herein, construction materials can be prepared
using base materials and stabilizing agents. A construction
material can be, for example, any modular building unit produced
and used in assemblage of a physical structure (e.g., a building
structure or a non-building structure; or building structures,
architectural structures, civil engineering structures, or
mechanical structures). For example, a construction material can
include a brick. As another example, a construction material can
include a block. As another example, a construction material can
include a paver. As another example, a construction material can
include a decorative surface. As another example, a construction
material can include tile. As another example, a construction
materials can be a block, brick, or paver. As another example, a
construction materials can be a decorative surface or tile.
[0051] Production processes for construction materials (including
bricks, blocks, pavers, free standing blocks, and other surfaces
(BBP)) are well known. Except as otherwise noted herein, therefore,
the methods and compositions of the present disclosure can be
carried out in accordance with such processes.
[0052] Construction materials, such as BBPs, can be used to build
roads. Construction materials can be used as building materials for
assemblage of, for example, building structures, architectural
structures, civil engineering structures, or mechanical structures.
Construction materials, such as BBPs, can be used as decorative
surfaces or tiles. Construction materials, such as blocks or
bricks, can be according to Example 1 and Example 2 and used for
structures such as building structures, architectural structures,
civil engineering structures, or mechanical structures. Buildings
can include, without limitation, structures such as free standing
structures, vertical structures, walls, roads, homes, businesses,
bases, installations, storage, shelters, embankment/bund
construction, dams, levees, etc.
[0053] Construction materials can include polymers or other
additives that provide the construction materials with
water-resistant characteristics, which can be desirable or
necessary in wet or potentially wet environments (e.g., water
parks, gardens, heavy seasonal rain). A construction material
described herein can be a colored construction material. A colored
construction material can be any color, such as black, green, blue,
red, etc. The choice of colors may be limited to the availability
of water-based colorants where, for example, a water based solvent
is desired or necessary. A water-based colorant suitable for use in
a construction material described herein can be obtained from a
variety of commercial sources (e.g., Northwest Dispersion, Ltd, UK;
see Examples). A colored construction material can be of a
consistent color through a portion of or all of the construction
material. A consistent color throughout a construction material can
allow for alteration of the construction material (e.g., to fit in
certain spaces) while preserving a uniform color. A colored
construction material can include multiple colors in a striated or
layered pattern through all or part of the construction material.
For example, multiple colors in a striated or layered pattern can
be used as a wear or damage indicator for a construction material
or a structure made from such construction material.
[0054] A colored construction material incorporated in or on a
building can be advantageous in conditions where it is desired or
necessary that a building be camouflaged, concealed, or colorful,
such as in conflicts or times of war. For example, where a
construction material is other than a "natural" color (or the color
of the base material or waste material), a dangerous object (e.g.,
an explosive device or an improvised explosive device (IED)) can be
more easily detected, thereby providing improved detection of
possible danger.
[0055] Further, a colored building material can create an
aesthetically pleasing color for a building, such as a home or
residence. For example, a colored building material can be
incorporated into or on a low-cost social housing structure so as
to foster inhabitants' sense of pride and identity.
[0056] A construction material can be an approved construction
material. For example, a construction material such as hand or
mechanically compacted bricks can be approved for use for
vertical/house construction. A construction material composed of a
base material and a stabilizing agent can be hand compacted or
mechanically compacted.
[0057] Hand compacted construction materials as described herein
can achieve strengths of about 1 daN to 20 daN, or more. For
example, hand compacted construction materials can achieve
strengths of about 11 daN to 20 daN. For example, hand compacted
construction materials can achieve strengths of at least about 1
daN, at least about 2 daN, at least about 3 daN, at least about 4
daN, at least about 5 daN, at least about 6 daN, at least about 7
daN, at least about 8 daN, at least about 9 daN, at least about 10
daN, at least about 11 daN, at least about 12 daN, at least about
13 daN, at least about 14 daN, at least about 15 daN, at least
about 16 daN, at least about 17 daN, at least about 18 daN, at
least about 19 daN, at least about 20 daN, at least about 21 daN,
at least about 22 daN, at least about 23 daN, at least about 24
daN, at least about 25 daN, at least about 26 daN, at least about
27 daN, at least about 28 daN, at least about 29 daN, at least
about 30 daN, at least about 31 daN, at least about 32 daN, at
least about 33 daN, at least about 34 daN, at least about 35 daN,
at least about 36 daN, at least about 37 daN, at least about 38
daN, at least about 39 daN, at least about 40 daN, at least about
50 daN, at least about 60 daN, at least about 70 daN, or more.
[0058] In some embodiments, hand compacted blocks using local soils
with little or no clay content and a stabilization agent (e.g.,
AggreBind.COPYRGT.) can achieve strengths of 11 daN to 20 daN, or
more.
[0059] Mechanically compacted construction materials as described
herein can achieve strengths of at least about 1 daN to 22 daN, or
more. For example, mechanically compacted construction materials as
described herein can achieve strengths of at least about 17 daN to
22 daN. For example, mechanically compacted construction materials
can achieve strengths of at least about 1 daN, at least about 2
daN, at least about 3 daN, at least about 4 daN, at least about 5
daN, at least about 6 daN, at least about 7 daN, at least about 8
daN, at least about 9 daN, at least about 10 daN, at least about 11
daN, at least about 12 daN, at least about 13 daN, at least about
14 daN, at least about 15 daN, at least about 16 daN, at least
about 17 daN, at least about 18 daN, at least about 19 daN, at
least about 20 daN, at least about 21 daN, at least about 22 daN,
at least about 23 daN, at least about 24 daN, at least about 25
daN, at least about 26 daN, at least about 27 daN, at least about
28 daN, at least about 29 daN, at least about 30 daN, at least
about 31 daN, at least about 32 daN, at least about 33 daN, at
least about 34 daN, at least about 35 daN, at least about 36 daN,
at least about 37 daN, at least about 38 daN, at least about 39
daN, at least about 40 daN, at least about 50 daN, at least about
60 daN, at least about 70 daN, or more.
[0060] In some embodiments, mechanically compacted blocks using
local soils with little or no clay content and a stabilization
agent (e.g., AggreBind.COPYRGT.) can achieve strengths of 17 daN to
22 daN, or more.
[0061] Stabilizing Agents
[0062] As described herein, stabilizing agents can be combined with
a base material so as to form a surface or construction material. A
stabilizing agents can be a soil stabilizing agent. Various
stabilizing agents that may be used in accordance with the present
disclosure are well-known in the art, are commercially available,
or have well-known synthesis (see e.g., Ramaji et al., J App Sci
Res, 2012, 8(4), 2193-2196; Lutzow et al., E J Soil Sci, 2006, 57,
426-445).
[0063] A stabilizing agent can be a polymer. For example,
stabilizing agents can be, without limitation, natural polymers,
synthetic polymers, cement, lime, fly ash, asphalt emulsion,
polymer emulsions, acids, lignin derivatives, enzymes, tree resin
emulsions, and silicates. Conventional use of asphalt emulsions,
such as with recycling equipment to perform "cold-mix" recycling to
rehabilitate deteriorated pavements, can be adapted for use with
methods or compositions described herein.
[0064] A polymer can be a combination of a large number of similar
small molecules or monomers into large molecules or polymers. A
polymer can be composed of connected monomers, a plurality of
monomers with the potential to be connected, or a combination
thereof. A polymer can be a copolymer. A polymer can have
properties different than or similar to the monomer. Naturally
occurring polymers include, but are not limited to, organic or
mineral polymers, hair, rubber, diamonds, and sulfur. For example,
bitumen can be a polymer due to the long-chain comprised in
bitumen.
[0065] Other examples of polymers of a stabilizing agent include
thermoplastic rubbers, styrene butadiene styrene, ethylene vinyl
acetate, styrene acrylic polymer, acrylic vinyl acetate copolymer,
polyethylene-vinyl acetate co polymer, acrylic copolymer, polymeric
inorganic acrylic copolymer, acrylic vinyl acetate copolymer, and
acrylic polymer. Various polymers that can be used in accord with
compositions and methods described herein, such as vinyl, acrylic,
or acrylate polymers, are well known in the art, are commercially
available, or have well-known synthetic procedures.
[0066] For example, polymers of a stabilizing agent can be a
styrene acrylic polymer (e.g., AggreBind.COPYRGT., UK). A styrene
acrylic polymer can be cross-linking, water-based, or
environmentally friendly. As another example, polymers of a
stabilizing agent can be a styrene acrylic copolymer.
[0067] Natural polymers can include lignin and tree resin. For
example, a natural polymer for use in composition or methods
described herein can be a lignosulfonate (e.g., Toranil.TM.,
desugared calcium lignosulfonate), which dissolves in water. Tree
resin, also known as mineral pitch, can also be used as a
stabilizing agent. Other polymers for use in or with stabilizing
agents include polyacrylamide (PAM) polymers, polyacrylamide and
poly(acrylic acid) random co-polymer. Other commercially available
stabilizing agents containing a polymer include Soilworks.RTM. or
DirtGlue.TM.. A polymer for use in or with a stabilizing agent can
be an aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH).sub.2.5Cl.sub.0.5), where the
polymer is a chain of seven hexagonal rings with the chemical
formula [Al.sub.24(OH).sub.60(H.sub.2O).sub.24].sup.18+. A polymer
for use in or with a stabilizing agent can be calcium acrylate. A
polymer for use in or with a stabilizing agent can be an acrylic
polymer. Another commercially available stabilizing agents
containing a polymer include Soil Seal.RTM.. Acetylene can be the
result of calcium carbide reacting with water. A polymer for use in
or with a stabilizing agent can be acetylene. Acetylene can be used
as a source of hydrocarbon, which when combined with an appropriate
radical, can produce in-situ polymerization within the soil.
[0068] Use of a stabilizing agent, such as a polymer-containing
stabilizing agent, can involve a polymer emulsion comprised of the
polymer and a liquid, where the liquid is diluted to a suitable
amount. A dilution amount can be selected to achieve a target
additive quantity at a desired moisture content desired or required
for efficient compaction of a base material. A polymer emulsion can
be a class of material in which the polymer is generally
manufactured in the emulsion state. A polymer emulsion can
represent a wide-range of materials including, but not limited to,
styrene-butadiene random copolymers (synthetic rubber), polyvinyl
chloride (PVC), and other types of acrylic-based polymers (e.g., as
employed in paints). A polymer emulsion may not require a solvent
carrier, can be easily cleaned up using water/detergent, or, for
many polymers, may not pose an environmental concern when used in
bulk.
[0069] Polymer emulsions can have a wide range of properties. A
polymer emulsion ionic state can be anionic, cationic, or
non-ionic. A polymer emulsion may be acidic, basic, or neutral pH.
A polymer emulsion solids content may vary. An exemplary polymer
emulsion can contain about 40% to about 45% polymer, about 1% to
about 2% emulsifier with the balance being a solvent, such as water
(e.g., potable water). The polymer can also be variable in its
chemistry (i.e., styrene-butadiene or polyethylene-vinyl acetate),
molecular weight, degree of branching, side-chain size or
composition, etc. A polymer of a stabilizing agent can have
physical properties such as high tensile, flexural, or compressive
strengths, desirable or necessary adhesion to soil particles, or
increased or enhanced resistance to water, chemical, or ultraviolet
effects. Examples of a polymer for a stabilizing agent include, but
are not limited to, vinyl acetate or acrylic-based copolymers.
[0070] A polymer for a stabilizing agent, as described herein, can
have a unique ability to "bond back to itself"; cross-link; provide
a permanent bond, free or substantially free from substantial
delaminating or substantial separation; have the properties or
strength to substantially retain polymer impregnated stone
chippings (e.g., 2-4 mm) into the surface prior to compaction or
final compaction and thus provide acceptable, desirable, or
necessary slip/grip polished stone value (PSV) resistance (PSV is a
standard test for grip on a road surface); have the ability to seal
or bind non-regular aggregate materials or bind/seal it with base
material (e.g., soil), such non-regular aggregate materials include
(but are not limited to) crushed glass, rubber crumb, construction
waste, non-organic municipal waste (e.g., after extraction of green
waste, metals, or other recyclable materials); have penetration
capabilities from surface spray application; bind or seal the
surface to contain dust or prevent the ingress of surface water; a
viscosity, penetration, sealing or encapsulating capability to
contain low level radiation or heavy metals being emitting into the
air or can seal the surface to reduce or eliminate surface water
penetration from percolation into a subpart of the base material
(e.g., a subsoil); seal, making inert, or re-aligning particles of
clay (e.g., such that they become inert) or used within base
materials having a high clay content or be compatible with the
polymers in binding and sealing into a stabilized base material
layer (e.g., a stabilized soil layer); have properties of, once
cured, being irreversible and thus the integrity of the product can
be retained indefinitely; have the capability of retaining their
properties, or are able to be reworked to bond and seal the soil
without any significant or substantial loss of strength or water
resistant properties under environmental conditions, such as rain;
have soil lubrication properties that, when used with a well graded
base material (e.g., soil) mixture, can produce compaction results
of about 95 to about 97 Proctor (Proctor is a standard compression
test in the construction industry).
[0071] A stabilizing agent can be supplied as an aqueous
concentrate. A stabilizing agent can be diluted according to, for
example, about 1 part stabilizing agent to about 1 to about 100
parts solvent. For example, a stabilizing agent can be diluted
according to about 1 part stabilizing agent to about 4 parts
solvent. As another example, the 1 part stabilizing agent can be
diluted to at least about 1 part solvent, at least about 2 parts
solvent, at least about 3 parts solvent, at least about 4 parts
solvent, at least about 5 parts solvent, at least about 6 parts
solvent, at least about 7 parts solvent, at least about 8 parts
solvent, at least about 9 parts solvent, at least about 10 parts
solvent, at least about 15 parts solvent, at least about 20 parts
solvent, at least about 25 parts solvent, at least about 30 parts
solvent, at least about 35 parts solvent, at least about 40 parts
solvent, at least about 45 parts solvent, at least about 50 parts
solvent, at least about 55 parts solvent, at least about 60 parts
solvent, at least about 65 parts solvent, or more.
[0072] A stabilizing agent can be used as described herein as an
aqueous solution. A stabilizing agent can be used, for example, at
the equivalent of about 1 L to about 50 L concentrated aqueous
stabilizing agent per cubic meter of base material. For example, a
stabilizing agent can be used at the equivalent of about 4 L
concentrated aqueous stabilizing agent per cubic meter of base
material. As another example, the stabilizing agent can be applied
at least about 1 L, at least about 2 L, at least about 3 L, at
least about 4 L, at least about 5 L, at least about 6 L, at least
about 7 L, at least about 8 L, at least about 9 L, at least about
10 L, at least about 11 L, at least about 12 L, at least about 13
L, at least about 14 L, at least about 15 L, at least about 16 L,
at least about 17 L, at least about 18 L, at least about 19 L, at
least about 20 L, at least about 25 L, at least about 30 L, at
least about 35 L, at least about 40 L, at least about 45 L, at
least about 50 L, or more equivalent concentrated stabilizing
agent.
[0073] A stabilizing agent can be used as described herein as a
solid or in a solution. A stabilizing agent can be combined with a
base material by weight or volume of at least about 0.01% to less
than about 100% of the base material. For example, a stabilizing
agent can be combined with a base material by weight or volume at
least about 0.01%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.1%, at
least about 0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least
about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%,
at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least
about 10%, at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about
13%, at least about 14%, at least about 15%, at least about 15%, at
least about 16%, at least about 17%, at least about 18%, at least
about 19%, at least about 20%, at least about 21%, at least about
22%, at least about 23%, at least about 24%, at least about 25%, at
least about 26%, at least about 27%, at least about 28%, at least
about 29%, at least about 30%, at least about 31%, at least about
32%, at least about 33%, at least about 34%, at least about 35%, at
least about 36%, at least about 37%, at least about 38%, at least
about 39%, at least about 40%, at least about 41%, at least about
42%, at least about 43%, at least about 44%, at least about 45%, at
least about 46%, at least about 47%, at least about 48%, at least
about 49%, at least about 50%, at least about 51%, at least about
52%, at least about 53%, at least about 54%, at least about 55%, at
least about 56%, at least about 57%, at least about 58%, at least
about 59%, at least about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about
62%, at least about 63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at
least about 66%, at least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least
about 69%, at least about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about
72%, at least about 73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at
least about 76%, at least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least
about 79%, at least about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about
82%, at least about 83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at
least about 86%, at least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least
about 89%, at least about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about
92%, at least about 93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at
least about 96%, at least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at
least about 99%, or less than about 100%.
[0074] Base Material
[0075] As described herein, a base material can be combined with a
stabilizing agent to form a surface (e.g., a traversable surface,
such as a road) or a construction material. A base material can be
any material available suitable to form a portion fo the surface or
construction material. A base material can be used, for example, in
the construction or installation of roads; surfaces; or
construction materials including blocks, bricks, pavers, or other
surfaces (BBPs) as described herein.
[0076] A base material can be an in situ material or an imported
material. For example, a base material can include an in situ,
local, or indigenous material. As another example, a base material
can include an imported material.
[0077] A base material can include soil, sand, silt, humus,
volcanic soil, peat, loam, or clay. A base material can be a waste
material, as described further herein. A base material can include
a cement. A base material can include an aggregate such as angular
stone, fines, clay, volcanic, pumice, or sand. A base material can
be a mixture of any aforesaid component, such as sand, silt, or
clay. A base material can include an organic material. A base
material can include limestone, granite, trap rock, sandstone,
basalt, diabase rock, gabbro, sand or gravel, or a combination
thereof.
[0078] As described herein, base material composition can compose
less than about 100% by weight or volume of the surface material
(e.g., traversable surface material) or construction material.
[0079] For example, a base material can compose by weight or volume
at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least
about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%,
at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least
about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at least about
14%, at least about 15%, at least about 15%, at least about 16%, at
least about 17%, at least about 18%, at least about 19%, at least
about 20%, at least about 21%, at least about 22%, at least about
23%, at least about 24%, at least about 25%, at least about 26%, at
least about 27%, at least about 28%, at least about 29%, at least
about 30%, at least about 31%, at least about 32%, at least about
33%, at least about 34%, at least about 35%, at least about 36%, at
least about 37%, at least about 38%, at least about 39%, at least
about 40%, at least about 41%, at least about 42%, at least about
43%, at least about 44%, at least about 45%, at least about 46%, at
least about 47%, at least about 48%, at least about 49%, at least
about 50%, at least about 51%, at least about 52%, at least about
53%, at least about 54%, at least about 55%, at least about 56%, at
least about 57%, at least about 58%, at least about 59%, at least
about 60%, at least about 61%, at least about 62%, at least about
63%, at least about 64%, at least about 65%, at least about 66%, at
least about 67%, at least about 68%, at least about 69%, at least
about 70%, at least about 71%, at least about 72%, at least about
73%, at least about 74%, at least about 75%, at least about 76%, at
least about 77%, at least about 78%, at least about 79%, at least
about 80%, at least about 81%, at least about 82%, at least about
83%, at least about 84%, at least about 85%, at least about 86%, at
least about 87%, at least about 88%, at least about 89%, at least
about 90%, at least about 91%, at least about 92%, at least about
93%, at least about 94%, at least about 95%, at least about 96%, at
least about 97%, at least about 98%, or at least about 99%, or less
than about 100% of the total weight or volume of the surface
material or construction material.
[0080] As described herein, fines percentage in a base material can
be used to obtain an desirable, necessary or optimum strength and
durability or estimate strength and durability. Fines percentages
in a base material can be at least about 1% up to about 100%. For
example, fines percentages in a base material can be at least about
30% to 35% to obtain desirable, necessary or optimum strength and
durability. For example, percentage of fines in a base material can
be at least about 1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at
least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least
about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about
45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at
least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least
about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about
95%, or about 100%.
[0081] As described herein, the fines can be measured through a
sieve to determine fines content. A sieve can be at least about
0.01 to about 0.25 mm. For example, sieve can be at least about
0.063 to about 0.07 mm to obtain desirable, necessary or optimum
strength and durability. of about 0.63-0.7 mm. For example, sieve
size can be at least about 0.01 mm, at least about 0.02 mm, at
least about 0.03 mm, at least about 0.04 mm, at least about 0.05
mm, at least about 0.06 mm, at least about 0.07 mm, at least about
0.08 mm, at least about 0.09 mm, at least about 0.1 mm, at least
about 0.11 mm, at least about 0.12 mm, at least about 0.13 mm, at
least about 0.14 mm, at least about 0.15 mm, at least about 0.16
mm, at least about 0.17 mm, at least about 0.18 mm, at least about
0.19 mm, at least about 0.20 mm, at least about 0.21 mm, at least
about 0.22 mm, at least about 0.23 mm, at least about 0.24 mm, at
least about 0.25 mm, or more.
[0082] A base material, as used herein, can include a soil. Soil is
understood to be a natural body consisting of layers (soil
horizons) that are primarily composed of minerals which differ from
their parent materials in their texture, structure, consistency,
color, chemical, biological or other characteristics. Soil is
understood to include the unconsolidated or loose covering of fine
rock particles that covers the surface of the earth. Soil is
understood to be an end product of the influence of the climate
(temperature, precipitation), relief (slope), organisms (flora and
fauna), parent materials (original minerals), and time. In
engineering terms, soil can be referred to as regolith, or loose
rock material that lies above the `solid geology`. In horticulture,
soil can be defined as the layer that contains organic material
that influences and has been influenced by plant roots and may
range in depth from centimeters to many meters. Soil is understood
to be a mixture of mineral and organic materials in the form of
solids, gases and liquids. Soil is commonly referred to as earth or
dirt, though dirt can be understood as displaced soil.
[0083] Physical properties of soils include texture, structure,
density, porosity, consistency, temperature, color and resistivity.
A base material can include a soil with a combination of these
physical properties. Soil texture depends on relative proportion of
three kinds of soil particles, i.e., soil separates: sand, silt,
and clay. A base material can include a mixture of sand, silt, or
clay. Peds are larger soil structures created from soil separates
when iron oxides, carbonates, clay, or silica with the organic
constituent humus, coat particles and cause them to adhere into
larger, relatively stable secondary structures. A base material can
include a soil with a ped secondary structure, such as platy,
prismatic, columnar, angular, subangular, blocky, granular, or
crumb. Soil density, particularly bulk density, is a measure of
soil compaction. Soil porosity consists of the part of the soil
volume occupied by air and water. Consistency is the ability of
soil to stick together. Soil temperature and (natural) color are
usually self-defining but can be modified with additives.
Resistivity refers to the resistance to conduction of electric
currents and affects the rate of corrosion of metal and concrete
structures. A soil of a base material can have differing
combinations of the above physical properties.
[0084] A base material can include a crystalline clay or an
amorphous clay. A base material can include clay-like soil
minerals, such as gypsum, carbonates, or quartz. A base material
can include crystalline alumino-silica clays, such as
montmorillonite, illite, vermiculite, chlorite, or kaolinite. A
base material can include amorphous clays, such as young mixtures
of silica (SiO.sub.2--OH) and alumina (Al(OH).sub.3) which have not
had time to form regular crystals. A base material can include
sesquioxide clays, such as old, highly leached clays which result
in oxides of iron, aluminum and titanium.
[0085] A base material can include rock. Rock is understood to be a
parent material or component of soil. A base material can include
particles of broken rock (parent materials) which have been altered
by physical, chemical and biological processes that include
weathering (disintegration) with associated erosion (movement).
[0086] A base material can include a dry soil (e.g., loose, soft,
hard, extremely hard); a moist soil (e.g., loose, friable, firm,
extremely firm); a wet soil (e.g., non-sticky, sticky or
non-plastic, plastic); or a cemented soil (e.g., weakly cemented,
indurated). Soil consistency can be useful in estimating the
ability of soil to support buildings or roads.
[0087] A base material can include an alfisol soil, an andisol
soil, an aaridisol soil, an entisol soil, a gelisol soil, a
histosol soil, an Inceptisol soil, a mollisol soil, an oxisol soil,
a spodosol soil, aultisol soil, a vertisol soil, or a mountain
soil.
[0088] Each of the described conventional definitions and
understandings of soil (and components thereof) are included in the
meaning of the term as used herein, including a soil or soil
component of a base material.
[0089] A base material including soil can contain pore spaces and
mixture of solids, water, and gases. Soil of a base material can
have, for example, a density between about 1 g/cm.sup.3 and about 2
g/cm.sup.3.
[0090] Soil of a base material can be composed of, for example,
about 45% minerals (sand, silt, clay), about 25% water, about 25%
air, and about 5% organic material. Mineral or organic components
of soil can be relatively constant while the percentages of water
and air can be variable parameters where the increase in one is
balanced by the reduction in the other.
[0091] Mineral content of soil of a base material can be about 1%
to about 100%. For example, mineral content of soil of a base
material can be about 45%. As another example, mineral content of
soil of a base material can be about at least about 1%, at least
about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about
20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at
least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least
about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about
70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at
least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about 100%.
[0092] Water content of soil of a base material can be about 1% to
less than about 100%. For example, water content of soil of a base
material can be about 25%. As another example, water content of
soil of a base material can be about at least about 1%, at least
about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about
20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at
least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least
about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about
70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at
least about 90%, at least about 95%, or less than about 100%.
[0093] Air content of soil of a base material can be about 1% to
less than about 100%. For example, air content of soil of a base
material an be about 25%. As another example, to air content of
soil of a base material can be at least about 1%, at least about
5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at
least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least
about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about
55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at
least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least
about 90%, at least about 95%, or less than about 100%.
[0094] Organic content of soil of a base material can be about 1%
to less than about 100%. For example, organic content of soil of a
base material can be about 5%. For example, organic content of soil
of a base material can be about at least about 1%, at least about
2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at
least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least
about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at least about
20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at
least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least
about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about
70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at
least about 90%, at least about 95%, or less than about 100%.
[0095] A base material can include soil from one or more soil
horizons (e.g., A, B, or C horizons). Over time, a simple mixture
of sand, silt, and clay can evolve into a soil profile which
consists of two or more layers called horizons that differ in one
or more properties such as texture, structure, color, porosity,
consistency, and reaction. Horizons can differ greatly in thickness
and generally lack sharp boundaries.
[0096] A base material can include rock (e.g., igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rock). Mineral content of rock of a
base material can include, for example, quartz (SiO.sub.2);
calcite(CaCO.sub.3); feldspar (KAlSi.sub.3O.sub.8); mica or biotite
(K(Mg,Fe).sub.3AlSi.sub.3O.sub.10(OH).sub.2).
[0097] A base material can include sand, silt, clay, loam, or rock.
Sand of a base material can include rock fragments (e.g., quartz
particles) ranging in size from about 2.0 to about 0.05 mm in
diameter. Silt of a base material can include particles ranging in
size from about 0.05 to about 0.002 mm in diameter. Clay of a base
material can include particles less than about are 0.002 mm in
diameter.
[0098] A base material can include rock (e.g., igneous,
sedimentary, or metamorphic rock). Mineral content of rock of a
base material can include, for example, quartz (SiO.sub.2);
calcite(CaCO.sub.3); feldspar (KAlSi.sub.3O.sub.8); mica or biotite
(K(Mg,Fe).sub.3AlSi.sub.3O.sub.10(OH).sub.2). A base material can
include rock or gravel having a size of greater than about 2.0 mm
in diameter
[0099] A base material can include an organic component of a soil
(e.g., an organic soil).
[0100] A base material can include a soil of a certain particle
density or range thereof (see e.g., Table 1).
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Representative bulk densities of soils. The
percentage pore space was calculated using 2.7 g/cc for particle
density except for the peat soil, which is estimated. Bulk density
Pore space Soil treatment and identification g/cc % Tilled surface
soil of a cotton field 1.3 51 Trafficked inter-rows where wheels
passed surface 1.67 37 Traffic pan at 25 cm deep 1.7 36 Undisturbed
soil below traffic pan, clay loam 1.5 43 Rocky silt loam soil under
aspen forest 1.62 40 Loamy sand surface soil 1.5 43 Decomposed peat
0.55 65
[0101] A base material can include organic matter, such as Raw
organic matter, humus (e.g., containing humic acid or fulvic acid),
lignin, or living organisms (e.g., plants, insects, bacteria or
fungi)
[0102] A soil for use in or as a base material can be derived from,
for example, the mining and construction industries. For example,
soil for use in or as a base material can be derived from volumes
of soil involved in surface mining, road building or dam
construction.
[0103] Waste Material
[0104] As described herein, a waste material can be included in a
base material.
[0105] A waste materials can be used in the construction or
installation of roads, surfaces, or construction materials
including blocks, bricks, pavers, or other surfaces (BBPs). Waste
materials can be a major component of a base material or an
additive thereto. The water-encapsulating properties of the
stabilizing agent can render hazardous material non-hazardous,
disposing the materials in a non-hazardous manner. For example,
waste materials can be inorganic waste, organic waste, scrap tire,
recycled material, recycled asphalt, recycled cement, nut shells,
peat, organic material, fly ash, oil impregnated sand, tar sand,
construction waste, mine waste, roofing shingles, plastic, crushed
glass, fiber glass, rubber crumb, non-organic municipal waste,
material found in polluted areas, or materials from lag storage
tanks. For example, plastic waste materials can include: PET,
polyethylene terphthalate, from 2-1 soda bottles; HDPE, high
density polyethylene, natural, from 1 gallon milk jugs, grocery
bags; HDPE, high density polyethylene, colored, from bottles; PVC,
polyvinyl chloride, various bottle, pipes, flooring; LDPE, low
density polyethylene, from film and trash bags, rigid containers;
PP, polypropylene, from some food containers, battery cases,
medical containers; and PS, polystyrene, from carry-out containers,
some food containers, vitamin bottles.
[0106] The waste materials can be incorporated in any of the
materials discussed in Example 1, Example 2, and Example 3.
[0107] Waste materials can be a component of a base material as
described herein. A waste materials can be, by weight or volume, at
least about 1% to less than about 100% of a base material. For
example, a waste materials can be, by weight or volume, at least
about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least about 4%,
at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%, at least
about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least about
11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at least about 14%, at
least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least
about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about
45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at
least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least
about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about
95%, or less than about 100% of a base material.
[0108] Solvent
[0109] As described herein, a solvent can be combined with a
stabilizing agent and a base material to form a surface (e.g., a
traversable surface) or a construction material. A solvent can be a
water based solvent. As described herein, a solvent can be
pre-mixed with a stabilizing agent or provided separately. A
solvent can include water. A solvent can be, for example, water,
mud, recycled water, gray water, salt water, fresh water, purified
water, fresh water, sea water, or brackish water. The solvent can
be local, pumped supplies, or transported in.
[0110] The volume of solvent used can depend on the moisture
content of the base material. The volume of solvent can be, for
example, about 1 L to 100 L per cubic meter of base material. As
another example, the volume of solvent can be about 20 L to 48 L
per cubic meter of base material. As another example, the volume of
solvent per cubic meter of soil can be at least about 1 L, at least
about 2 L, at least about 3 L, at least about 4 L, at least about 5
L, at least about 6 L, at least about 7 L, at least about 8 L, at
least about 9 L, at least about 10 L, at least about 11 L, at least
about 12 L, at least about 13 L, at least about 14 L, at least
about 15 L, at least about 16 L, at least about 17 L, at least
about 18 L, at least about 19 L, at least about 20 L, at least
about 21 L, at least about 22 L, at least about 23 L, at least
about 24 L, at least about 25 L, at least about 26 L, at least
about 27 L, at least about 28 L, at least about 29 L, at least
about 30 L, at least about 31 L, at least about 32 L, at least
about 33 L, at least about 34 L, at least about 35 L, at least
about 36 L, at least about 37 L, at least about 38 L, at least
about 39 L, at least about 40 L, at least about 41 L, at least
about 42 L, at least about 43 L, at least about 44 L, at least
about 45 L, at least about 46 L, at least about 47 L, at least
about 48 L, at least about 49 L, at least about 50 L, at least
about 51 L, at least about 52 L, at least about 53 L, at least
about 54 L, at least about 55 L, at least about 56 L, at least
about 57 L, at least about 58 L, at least about 59 L, at least
about 60 L, at least about 61 L, at least about 62 L, at least
about 63 L, at least about 64 L, at least about 65 L, at least
about 66 L, at least about 67 L, at least about 68 L, at least
about 69 L, at least about 70 L, at least about 80 L, at least
about 90 L, at least about 100 L, or more. Calculation of volume of
solvent can be according to the dry weight or volume of the base
material. Calculation of volume of solvent can be according to the
wet weight or volume of the base material.
[0111] In some embodiments, salt water as a solvent. For example,
salt water can be used as a solvent at a weight or volume of at
least about 1% to less than about 100% of the weight or volume of
the base material. As another example, salt water can be used as a
solvent at a weight or volume of at least about 4% or less of the
weight or volume of the base material for desired, necessary, or
optimum strength and durability. As another example, salt water
concentration can be at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least
about 3%, at least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%,
at least about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least
about 10%, at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about
13%, at least about 14%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at
least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least
about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about
55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at
least about 80%, or more.
[0112] Machine and Manual Installation and Formation
[0113] The materials described herein can be produced or installed
manually or by machinery. Machines and manual tools for use in
construction are well known in the art. For example, solvent
application can be applied manually or by machinery. For example,
compaction can be done manually or by machinery. For example,
machinery can be a roller, vibratory roller, power harrow/tiller,
spraying equipment, grader, recycler, meri-crusher, bowser, or
grinder.
[0114] Example 1 describes the manual and machine-formation of
roads and surfaces. Example 2 describes manual and
machine-formation of construction materials.
[0115] Compacting the combination or mixture of stabilizing agent
and base material can result in a reduction in volume. For example,
compacting can result in a reduction in volume of at least about
1%, at least about 5%, at least about 10%, at least about 15%, at
least about 20%, at least about 25%, at least about 30%, at least
about 35%, at least about 40%, at least about 45%, at least about
50%, at least about 55%, at least about 60%, at least about 65%, at
least about 70%, at least about 75%, at least about 80%, at least
about 85%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or about
100%.
[0116] Grinders can reduce a base material into smaller sizes.
Grinders can include roll crushers, rotary crushers, Hammermill,
and Jaw crusher. For example, limestone, granite, trap rock,
sandstone, basalt, diabase rock, gabbro, sand and gravel are a few
examples of types of aggregates that can be size reduced for use in
or as a base material. For example, grinding can result in
aggregate reduction of at least about 100%, at least about 200%, at
least about 300%, at least about 400%, at least about 500%, at
least about 600%, at least about 700%, at least about 800%, at
least about 900%, at least about 1,000% or more.
[0117] Colorant
[0118] As described herein, a colorant can be included in a surface
(e.g., a traversable surface) or construction material. Colorants
are commonly used in the paint, masonry, and construction fields
and are commercially available. Colorant synthetic processes are
well-known. Colorants are also known as pigments and pigment
dispersions. Colorants can be natural or synthetic.
[0119] The colorant can be mixed with one or more colorants. The
colorant can be combined with a stabilizing agent or a solvent
(e.g., water) at about 2 to about 10% weight or volume for desired,
necessary, or optimum color. For example, the colorant can be at
least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at least
about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least about 7%,
at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%, at least
about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at least about
14%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at
least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least
about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at least about
60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least about 75%, at
least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about 90%, at least
about 95%, or less than about 100% of weight or volume of the
stabilizing agent or solvent. As another example, the colorant can
be at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at
least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least
about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%,
at least about 11%, at least about 12%, at least about 13%, at
least about 14%, at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least
about 25%, at least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about
40%, at least about 45%, at least about 50%, at least about 55%, at
least about 60%, at least about 65%, at least about 70%, at least
about 75%, at least about 80%, at least about 85%, at least about
90%, at least about 95%, or less than about 100% of weight or
volume of the resulting surface (e.g., a traversable surface) or
construction material.
[0120] Colorants can include pigments, such as a fluorescence,
phosphorescence, or luminescent pigment. Colorants can include a
pigment having a high tinting strength relative to the materials it
colors. Colorants can include a pigment stable in solid form at
ambient temperatures. Colorants can include a permanent and or
stable pigment. A colorant can include a fugitive (not permanent)
pigment. A colorant can include a dry pigment or a fine powder
pigment. A colorant can include a vehicle (or binder), a relatively
neutral or colorless material that suspends the pigment and gives
the paint its adhesion.
[0121] A colorant can include a pigment or a dye. A distinction is
usually made between a pigment, which is insoluble in the vehicle
(resulting in a suspension), and a dye, which either is itself a
liquid or is soluble in its vehicle (resulting in a solution). A
colorant can include a biological pigment, i.e., a colored
substance independent of solubility. A colorant can include both a
pigment and a dye depending on the vehicle it is used in. A
colorant can include a pigment manufactured from a dye by
precipitating a soluble dye with a metallic salt (e.g., a lake
pigment).
[0122] A colorant can include a metallic or carbon pigments. A
colorant can include cadmium pigments (e.g., cadmium yellow,
cadmium red, cadmium green, cadmium orange); carbon pigments (e.g.,
carbon black, ivory black); chromium pigments (e.g., chrome yellow
or chrome green); cobalt pigments (e.g., cobalt violet, cobalt
blue, cerulean blue, aureolin (cobalt yellow)); copper pigments
(e.g., Azurite, Han purple, Han blue, Egyptian blue, Malachite,
Paris green, Phthalocyanine Blue BN, Phthalocyanine Green G,
verdigris, viridian); iron oxide pigments (e.g., sanguine, caput
mortuum, oxide red, red ochre, Venetian red, Prussian blue); clay
earth pigments, i.e., iron oxides (e.g., yellow ochre, raw sienna,
burnt sienna, raw umber, burnt umber); lead pigments (e.g., lead
white, cremnitz white, Naples yellow, red lead); mercury pigments
(e.g., vermilion); titanium pigments (e.g., titanium yellow,
titanium beige, titanium white, titanium black); ultramarine
pigments (e.g., ultramarine, ultramarine green shade); zinc
pigments (e.g., zinc white, zinc ferrite); biological and organic
pigments (e.g., alizarin (synthesized), alizarin crimson
(synthesized), gamboge, cochineal red, rose madder, indigo, Indian
yellow, Tyrian purple); and non-biological organic pigments (e.g.,
quinacridone, magenta, phthalo green, phthalo blue, pigment red
170).
[0123] Tracer
[0124] A tracer can be included in or along with the base material,
stabilizing agent, or solvent, as described herein. Tracers are
commonly used in the construction field and are commercially
available.
[0125] A tracer can be incorporated into a surface (e.g., a
traversable surface) or construction material, as those materials
are described herein. Such tracer can allow, manufacturers,
engineers, or authorities to empirically assess quality and
quantity of an installation. A tracer can be incorporated at any
step in the manufacturing process. For example, the tracer can be
incorporated directly into the stabilizing agent or component
thereof. For example, the tracer can be incorporated directly into
stabilizing agent. For example, a tracer can be added to the
stabilizing agent prior to distribution (e.g., to ensure the
material is being used properly). The tracer-laced material ca be
used in the construction of a road or structure. A sample of the
road or structure can be examined by an independent lab to
determine if the installation meets certain standards or
requirements. For example, introduction of an acid (e.g.,
H.sub.2SO.sub.4, HCl, HNO.sub.3) will dissolve the sample and the
tracer can be detected. For example, a tracer can be UV
materials.
[0126] A tracer can be combined with the stabilizing agent. A
tracer can be combined with the solvent. A trace can be added to
the stabilizing agent or solvent in a detectable amount. A tracer
can be present at about 0.01% to about 50% weight or volume of a
surface (e.g., a traversable surface) or construction material. For
example, in surface (e.g., a traversable surface) or construction
material, a tracer can be (by weight or volume) at least about
0.01%, at least about 0.05%, at least about 0.1%, at least about
0.5%, at least about 1%, at least about 2%, at least about 3%, at
least about 4%, at least about 5%, at least about 6%, at least
about 7%, at least about 8%, at least about 9%, at least about 10%,
at least about 15%, at least about 20%, at least about 25%, at
least about 30%, at least about 35%, at least about 40%, at least
about 45%, at least about 50%, or more.
[0127] Kits
[0128] Also provided are kits. Such kits can include an stabilizing
agent, colorant, or tracer as described herein and, in certain
embodiments, instructions for installation. Such kits can
facilitate performance of the methods described herein. When
supplied as a kit, the different components of the composition can
be packaged in separate containers and admixed immediately before
use. Components include, but are not limited to a stabilizing
agent, a concentrated solution of stabilizing agent, solvent,
water, or colorant. Such packaging of the components separately
can, if desired, be presented in a pack or dispenser device which
may contain one or more unit dosage forms containing the
composition. The pack may, for example, comprise metal or plastic
foil such as a blister pack. Such packaging of the components
separately can also, in certain instances, permit long-term storage
without losing activity of the components.
[0129] Kits may also include solutions in separate containers such
as, for example, colorant and stabilizing agent packaged
separately. Packaging may consist of any suitable material, such as
glass, organic polymers, such as polycarbonate, polystyrene,
ceramic, metal or any other material typically employed to hold
reagents. Other examples of suitable containers include bottles
that may be fabricated from similar substances as ampules, and
envelopes that may consist of foil-lined interiors, such as
aluminum or an alloy. Other containers include test tubes, vials,
flasks, bottles, syringes, and the like. Other containers may have
two compartments that are separated by a readily removable membrane
that upon removal permits the components to mix. Removable
membranes may be glass, plastic, rubber, and the like.
[0130] In certain embodiments, kits can be supplied with
instructional materials. Instructions may be printed on paper or
other substrate, and/or may be supplied as an electronic-readable
medium, such as a floppy disc, mini-CD-ROM, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, Zip
disc, videotape, audio tape, and the like. Detailed instructions
may not be physically associated with the kit; instead, a user may
be directed to an Internet web site specified by the manufacturer
or distributor of the kit.
[0131] Definitions and methods described herein are provided to
better define the present disclosure and to guide those of ordinary
skill in the art in the practice of the present disclosure. Unless
otherwise noted, terms are to be understood according to
conventional usage by those of ordinary skill in the relevant
art.
[0132] In some embodiments, numbers expressing quantities of
ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction
conditions, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain
embodiments of the present disclosure are to be understood as being
modified in some instances by the term "about." In some
embodiments, the term "about" is used to indicate that a value
includes the standard deviation of the mean for the method being
employed to determine the value. In some embodiments, the numerical
parameters set forth in the written description and attached claims
are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired
properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In
some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in
light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying
ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical
ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some
embodiments of the present disclosure are approximations, the
numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as
precisely as practicable. The numerical values presented in some
embodiments of the present disclosure may contain certain errors
necessarily resulting from the standard deviation found in their
respective testing measurements. The recitation of ranges of values
herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of
referring individually to each separate value falling within the
range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is
incorporated into the specification as if it were individually
recited herein.
[0133] In some embodiments, the terms "a" and "an" and "the" and
similar references used in the context of describing a particular
embodiment (especially in the context of certain of the following
claims) can be construed to cover both the singular and the plural,
unless specifically noted otherwise. In some embodiments, the term
"or" as used herein, including the claims, is used to mean "and/or"
unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only or the
alternatives are mutually exclusive.
[0134] The terms "comprise," "have" and "include" are open-ended
linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs,
such as "comprises," "comprising," "has," "having," "includes" and
"including," are also open-ended. For example, any method that
"comprises," "has" or "includes" one or more steps is not limited
to possessing only those one or more steps and can also cover other
unlisted steps. Similarly, any composition or device that
"comprises," "has" or "includes" one or more features is not
limited to possessing only those one or more features and can cover
other unlisted features.
[0135] All methods described herein can be performed in any
suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise
clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples,
or exemplary language (e.g., "such as") provided with respect to
certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate
the present disclosure and does not pose a limitation on the scope
of the present disclosure otherwise claimed. No language in the
specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed
element essential to the practice of the present disclosure.
[0136] Groupings of alternative elements or embodiments of the
present disclosure disclosed herein are not to be construed as
limitations. Each group member can be referred to and claimed
individually or in any combination with other members of the group
or other elements found herein. One or more members of a group can
be included in, or deleted from, a group for reasons of convenience
or patentability. When any such inclusion or deletion occurs, the
specification is herein deemed to contain the group as modified
thus fulfilling the written description of all Markush groups used
in the appended claims.
[0137] Citation of a reference herein shall not be construed as an
admission that such is prior art to the present disclosure.
[0138] Having described the present disclosure in detail, it will
be apparent that modifications, variations, and equivalent
embodiments are possible without departing the scope of the present
disclosure defined in the appended claims. Furthermore, it should
be appreciated that all examples in the present disclosure are
provided as non-limiting examples.
EXAMPLES
[0139] The following non-limiting examples are provided to further
illustrate the present disclosure. It should be appreciated by
those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the
examples that follow represent approaches the inventors have found
function well in the practice of the present disclosure, and thus
can be considered to constitute examples of modes for its practice.
However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present
disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the
specific embodiments that are disclosed and still obtain a like or
similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the
present disclosure.
Example 1
Road with Water Resistance
[0140] The following example describes the preparation of a road
with water resistant characteristics.
[0141] Preliminary assessment of the areas where the road is
desired include checking the geology, topography, levels,
gradients/drainage, water levels during rainy seasons; ensure the
foundation is stable (e.g., not subject to wash over/under or
standing water; has adequate or functional drainage, stones no
larger than about 20% of the stabilized layer depth, no major tree
roots under or protruding surface). Tests recommended to be
performed include a penetrometer test, soil core sample test (for
soil analysis and decaying vegetation), topographical leveling for
any re-grading/re-profiling/re-leveling, soil grading and sieve
analysis (to determine that the fines are about 30-35% or more,
measured through a -200 sieve 0.63-0.7 mm).
[0142] The road is prepared to a required
length.times.depth.times.width. Organic growth (e.g., roots, moss,
grass) are removed from the top surface of the area to be
resurfaced. The area can be the top surface of the base material
(e.g., local soil, in situ material). The surface is graded to a
specified length width and depth required for a specified usage and
traffic weight (see e.g., FIG. 1A). The base-layer can be about 50
mm for pathways, about 15-20 cm depth can support a 40 ton truck,
about 25 cm are for all other applications. For base-layers about
25 cm, two 12.5 cm layers should be installed. Generally, there
should be about 30-35% of fines and no stone larger than about 20%
of the layer depth for optimum strength and durability.
[0143] A stabilizing agent is applied. Here, a styrene acrylic
polymer (AggreBind.COPYRGT., UK) was used as the stabilizing agent.
The styrene acrylic polymer-based material obtained from
AggreBind.COPYRGT., was diluted with water as the solvent in a
ratio of about 1 part AggreBind.COPYRGT. to about 4 parts
water.
[0144] A water-based colorant (Northwest Dispersions, Inc., UK)
(see e.g., FIG. 2) can be blended into the stabilizing polymer with
machinery or manually. The proportion of water-based colorant to
polymer is about 2%-10% of the total volume of polymer solution.
The amount will depend on the color, chosen colorant, and the
desired color density. The resulting bended combination is a
colored stabilizing agent.
[0145] The optimum moisture content for the conditions for the base
material to be stabilized (e.g., soil) are determined with
consideration of the ambient temperature and relative humidity,
then water can be added as needed for disbursement of the colored
stabilizing polymer over the prepared road area comprising the base
material. Optimum moisture content will depend on the type of soil
stabilized polymer used. The soils stabilized polymer used herein
was a styrene acrylic polymer (AggreBind.COPYRGT., UK). A simple
test to determine the Optimum moisture content can be performed
after spraying the blend of soil with AggreBind.COPYRGT., the
treated soil is squeezed firmly in hand. If the soil binds together
with no moisture leaching through fingers, then the treated layer
is ready for compaction. If the treated layer starts to dry out,
the treated layer must be sprayed again.
[0146] The stabilizing agent used here has shown enhanced stability
and durability at about 4 liters concentrate into 1 cubic meter of
mass. Because the concentrate was diluted at least 4 parts water
with 1 part AggreBind.COPYRGT., about 20 L to 48 L per cubic meter
was used depending on the dryness of the soil.
[0147] After the disbursement of the colored stabilizing polymer,
the prepared area is blended. The stabilizing agent can be
installed manually (see e.g., FIG. 1B) or with common road
building/agricultural machinery, such as a bowser (see e.g., FIG.
3A).
[0148] A tracer can be incorporated. At any step in the process a
tracer can be incorporated into the stabilizing agent or material
to allow, manufacturers, engineers, and authorities to empirically
assess quality and quantity of any installation. The tracer can be
incorporated directly into the stabilizing agent or component
thereof. Here, the tracer is incorporated directly into stabilizing
agent.
[0149] If needed, the area can be re-graded, and compacted (see
e.g., FIG. 3B). The road can be seal-coated or top-coated (see
e.g., FIG. 1C). The polymer blended in the material imparts water
resistant characteristics. A polymer seal coating or polymer top
coating imparts enhanced water resistant characteristics (see e.g.,
FIG. 4A). After the top coating is applying rolling with no
vibration can be applied.
[0150] The result is a colored or non-colored road made from in
situ materials (see e.g., FIG. 1C). If colored, the color of the
road is consistent throughout the entire surface and depth of the
road (see e.g., FIG. 4B, black colorant).
[0151] Any surface can be applied to the surface of a road
installed as described above. Such surfaces include asphalt or
concrete for specialty applications such as airports (e.g., landing
strips), factory roads, or arterial roads. A polymer impregnated
stone chippings can be added to the surface prior to the final
compaction or rolling stage to provide a non-slip surface. Bitumen
stone can be installed into the surface as a wearing surface. The
roads can be painted to make driving safer. The road shoulder can
be sealed to prevent surface water from penetrating the edge and
draining ditches can be installed.
[0152] The road can be opened to traffic within two hours of
installation and withstand full wheel loads of aircraft, helicopter
and heavy equipment depending on depth. Full curing completes in
about 28 days. Repair of the roads can be done easily. The
stabilizing agent has a unique bond-back capability that ensures
that damaged areas bond naturally to a previously treated area.
Moreover the repaired area will attain the same strength as the
previously treated original areas. Potholes can be repaired by
spraying the stabilizing agent into the pot hole then the hole is
filled with treated soil. The treated soil s compacted and the
surface is oversprayed, with additional overspray beyond the edge
of the repair.
Example 2
Construction Materials with Water Resistance
[0153] The following example describes the preparation of a
construction materials including blocks, bricks, pavers, free
standing blocks, and other surfaces with water resistant
characteristics.
[0154] The length, width, and height of the blocks bricks, pavers,
and other surfaces (e.g., decorative surfaces, building materials)
are determined. Organic matter (e.g., roots, moss, and grass) are
removed from the base material. The base material (e.g., soil,
materials, recycled materials, in situ materials) is to be
evaluated to prepare the construction materials.
[0155] In this example, the fines content (granular material
passing through a sieve of about 0.7 mm) of the base material is
about 35% or more, for a high-quality construction material.
[0156] A stabilizing agent is applied. Here, a styrene acrylic
polymer (AggreBind.COPYRGT., UK) was used as the stabilizing agent.
The styrene acrylic polymer-based material obtained from
AggreBind.COPYRGT., was diluted with water as the solvent in a
ratio of about 1 AggreBind.COPYRGT. to about 4 water.
[0157] A water-based colorant (Northwest Dispersions, Ltd, UK) (see
e.g., FIG. 2) is blended with the stabilizing agent (see e.g., FIG.
5). The proportion of water-based colorant to polymer is about
2%-10% of the total volume of polymer solution. The amount will
depend on the color, chosen colorant, and the desired color
density. The resulting blended combination is a colored stabilizing
agent.
[0158] The optimum moisture content for the conditions for the
material to be stabilized (e.g., soil) are determined with
consideration of the ambient temperature and relative humidity,
then water can be added as needed for disbursement of the colored
stabilizing polymer throughout the base material. Optimum moisture
content will depend on the type of soil stabilized polymer used.
The soils stabilized polymer used herein was a styrene acrylic
polymer (AggreBind.COPYRGT., UK). The stabilizing polymer can have
an optimum moisture content of about 4 liters concentrate into 1
cubic meter of mass. The colorant can be omitted if the natural
color of the material is desirable. A simple test to determine the
Optimum moisture content can be performed after spraying the blend
of soil with AggreBind.COPYRGT., the treated soil is squeezed
firmly in hand. If the soil binds together with no moisture
leaching through fingers, then the treated layer is ready for
compaction. If the treated layer starts to dry out, the treated
layer must be sprayed again.
[0159] The construction material can be prepared by blending the
stabilizing agent (optionally colored) and the base material (see
e.g., FIG. 7A) in an appropriate receptacle (see e.g., FIG. 6A,
FIG. 7B). The resulting base material and stabilizing agent
composition can be poured in a desired area (see e.g., FIG. 6B) or
poured into an automated machine, rudimentary machine, or hand-made
moulds for compaction or compacted in a separate step (see e.g.,
FIG. 8, FIG. 9A-D). Alternatively, the base material can be blended
in an automated machine, rudimentary machine, or hand-made moulds
for compaction or compacted is a separate step. The compacted
mixture can be dried (e.g., kiln dried, air dried). Air-dried
construction materials can be dried for about 28 days in a covered
area. The construction materials can be handled in about 7 days.
For enhanced water-resistant properties, a seal coat or top seal of
stabilizing agent (with or without colorant) can be used (see e.g.,
FIG. 9C-D). Because the stabilizing agent is blended throughout the
construction material, the construction material possesses enhanced
longevity. Test have indicated the material is to last at least
indefinitely and guaranteed for 10 years. Because the colorant can
be uniform throughout (see e.g., FIG. 10), the construction
material can be cut to size and retain the same color on the cut
edge as the surface (see e.g., FIG. 10). The method resulted in
non-fired clay construction materials that meet or exceed
internationally recognized strength standards.
[0160] A tracer can be incorporated. At any step in the process a
tracer can be incorporated into the stabilizing agent or material
to allow, manufacturers, engineers, and authorities to empirically
assess quality and quantity of any installation. The tracer can be
incorporated directly into the stabilizing agent or component
thereof. Here, the tracer is incorporated directly into stabilizing
agent.
Example 3
Roads and Construction Materials from Waste Materials
[0161] The following example describes the preparation of
optionally colored roads and construction materials including
blocks, bricks, pavers, free standing blocks, and other surfaces
with water resistant characteristics using waste materials.
[0162] Adding up to about 35% waste material to the total volume of
the base material. As described in Example 1 and Example 2, the
base material is blended with the optionally colored stabilizing
agent. Up to about 35% waste material can be added to the blend of
base material and soils stabilizing polymer and blended. The waste
material can be pulverized (see e.g., FIG. 11A) prior to adding to
the blend of base material and stabilizing agent (see e.g., FIG.
11B). The blending, compacting, and sealing can be completed as
described in Example 1 and Example 2 resulting in construction
materials using waste materials (see e.g., FIG. 12).
[0163] A tracer can be incorporated. At any step in the process a
tracer can be incorporated into the stabilizing agent or material
to allow, manufacturers, engineers, and authorities to empirically
assess quality and quantity of any installation. The tracer can be
incorporated directly into the stabilizing agent or component
thereof. Here, the tracer is incorporated directly into stabilizing
agent.
* * * * *