U.S. patent application number 14/288557 was filed with the patent office on 2014-12-11 for method for producing an l-amino acid.
This patent application is currently assigned to AJINOMOTO CO., INC.. The applicant listed for this patent is AJINOMOTO CO., INC.. Invention is credited to Shigeo Suzuki.
Application Number | 20140363857 14/288557 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 43529359 |
Filed Date | 2014-12-11 |
United States Patent
Application |
20140363857 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Suzuki; Shigeo |
December 11, 2014 |
Method for Producing an L-Amino Acid
Abstract
A method for producing an L-amino acid by preparing a processed
product of a microalgae, which promotes production and accumulation
of the L-amino acid by a bacterium having an ability to produce the
L-amino acid, by culturing the microalgae in a medium, and
processing the resulting culture at a midtemperature; culturing the
bacterium in a medium containing the processed product of the
microalgae to produce and accumulate the L-amino acid in culture;
and collecting the L-amino acid from the culture.
Inventors: |
Suzuki; Shigeo; (Kanagawa,
JP) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
AJINOMOTO CO., INC. |
Tokyo |
|
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
AJINOMOTO CO., INC.
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
43529359 |
Appl. No.: |
14/288557 |
Filed: |
May 28, 2014 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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13360016 |
Jan 27, 2012 |
8771981 |
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14288557 |
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PCT/JP2010/062708 |
Jul 28, 2010 |
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13360016 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
435/106 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C12P 13/04 20130101;
C12N 1/20 20130101; C12P 13/08 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
435/106 |
International
Class: |
C12P 13/04 20060101
C12P013/04; C12P 13/08 20060101 C12P013/08 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Jul 29, 2009 |
JP |
2009-176518 |
Claims
1. A method for producing an L-amino acid, which comprises: (a)
preparing a processed product of a microalga, which comprises a
fatty acid and promotes production and accumulation of the L-amino
acid by a bacterium having an ability to produce the L-amino acid,
by culturing the microalga in a first medium, followed by
processing at a mid-temperature of 40.degree. C. to 70.degree. C.,
(b) culturing the bacterium in a second medium comprising the
processed product of the microalga to produce and accumulate the
L-amino acid in the second medium, and (c) collecting the L-amino
acid from the second medium.
2. The method according to claim 1, wherein step (a) further
comprises performing centrifugation on the product of the
processing at the mid-temperature, resulting in a precipitate
comprising the fatty acid.
3. The method according to claim 1, wherein the processed product
comprises an extract comprising a fatty acid, obtained by
subjecting the product of the processing at the mid-temperature to
a treatment with an alkali or an organic solvent.
4. The method of according to claim 2, wherein the precipitate
obtained by centrifuging the product of the processing at the
mid-temperature is subjected to a treatment with an alkali or an
organic solvent.
5. The method according to claim 3, wherein the treatment with an
alkali is performed at a pH of 10.5 or higher.
6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the treatment with an
alkali is performed at 60.degree. C. or higher.
7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the organic solvent is
selected from the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, acetone,
2-propanol, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol,
chloroform, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether, diethyl
ether, and hexane.
8. The method according to claim 1, wherein temperature is lowered
during the processing at the mid-temperature.
9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the microalga is an
alga belonging to the division Chlorophyta or Heterokontophyta.
10. The method according to claim 9, wherein the microalga is an
alga belonging to the class Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, or
Bacillariophyceae.
11. The method according to claim 10, wherein the microalga is an
alga belonging to the class Chlorophyceae.
12. The method according to claim 1, wherein the bacterium belongs
to the family Enterobacteriaceae or a coryneform bacterium.
13. The method according to claim 12, wherein the bacterium
belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae is Escherichia coli.
Description
[0001] This application is a Continuation of, and claims priority
under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to, U.S. patent application Ser. No.
13/360,016, filed Jan. 27, 2012, which was a Continuation of, and
claimed priority under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.120 to, International
Application No. PCT/JP2010/062708, filed Jul. 28, 2010, which
claimed priority therethrough under 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119 to Japanese
Patent Application No. 2009-176518, filed Jul. 29, 2009, the
entireties of which are incorporated by reference herein. Also, the
Sequence Listing filed electronically herewith is hereby
incorporated by reference (File name: 2014-05-28T_US-473C_Seq_List;
File size: 77 KB; Date recorded: May 28, 2014).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a method for producing an
L-amino acid using a microorganism. L-amino acids are used in
various fields such as for use in seasonings, food additives, feed
additives, chemicals, and drugs.
[0004] 2. Brief Description of the Related Art
[0005] L-amino acids such as L-threonine and L-lysine are
industrially produced by fermentation using amino acid-producing
bacteria such as Escherichia bacteria. As these amino
acid-producing bacteria, bacterial strains isolated from nature,
artificial mutants of those bacterial strains, recombinants of
those bacterial strains in which L-amino acid biosynthetic enzymes
are enhanced by gene recombination, or the like, are used. Examples
of the methods for producing L-threonine include, for example, the
methods described in Japanese Patent Laid-open (Kokai) No.
5-304969, International Publication WO98/04715, Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 05-227977, and U.S. Patent Published Application No.
2002/0110876. Examples of the methods for producing L-lysine
include, for example, the methods described in Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 10-165180, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 11-192088,
Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-253879, and Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2001-057896.
[0006] In the industrial production of L-amino acids by
fermentation, saccharides, i.e., glucose, fructose, sucrose,
blackstrap molasses, starch hydrolysate, and so forth, are used as
carbon sources. Frequently used in methods for producing an L-amino
acid by fermentation as a carbon source are saccharification
products of starches derived from higher plants such as corn and
cassava. These have low moisture content and high starch content,
and therefore it is easy to industrially obtain starches from them.
On the other hand, although starches contained in microalgae are
present at an amount per dry weight unit comparable to that of corn
or cassava, the dry weight of the algae per weight unit of culture
medium does not reach 1%. The process of separating alga bodies,
dehydrating them, disrupting the cells, extracting starches, and
purifying the starches is complicated and difficult. Although
ethanol fermentation using starches of microalgae is described in
U.S. Patent Published Application No. 2006/135308, U.S. Patent
Published Application No. 2007/0202582, and Matsumoto, M. et al.,
2003, Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol., 105-108:247-254, the results of
the ethanol fermentation are not described. Further, any example of
use of saccharified starches of microalgae for amino acid
production has not been shown so far.
[0007] It is known that Escherichia coli, which is a typical amino
acid-producing bacterium, can grow using glycerol as a sole carbon
source (Lin, E. C. C., 1996, pp. 307-342, In F. D. Neidhardt (ed.),
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cellular and Molecular
Biology/Second Edition, American Society for Microbiology Press,
Washington, D.C.), and can grow using long chain fatty acids having
12 or more carbon atoms as the sole carbon source (Clark, D. P. and
Cronan Jr., J. E., 1996, pp. 343-357, In F. D. Neidhardt (ed.),
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cellular and Molecular
Biology/Second Edition, American Society for Microbiology Press,
Washington, D.C.). Therefore, it is described in Brenner, D. J. and
Farmer III J. J. (Family I., 2005, pp. 587-669, In: D. J. Brenner,
N. R. Krieg and J. T. Staley, Editors, Bergey's Manual of
Systematic Bacteriology, Volume Two: The Proteobacteria Part B: The
Gammaproteobacteria, Springer, New York), that Escherichia coli can
assimilate both long chain fatty acids and glycerol, which are the
hydrolysis products of fats and oils, but Escherichia coli does not
have lipase activity, and therefore it cannot directly assimilate
fats and oils. Furthermore, it is also known that solubility of
long chain fatty acids is generally extremely low, and the
measurement results of the solubility are described in Vorum, H. et
al., 1992, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1126:135-142, i.e.,
although solubility of lauric acid is not lower than 0.1 g/L or
more, solubility of oleic acid is not higher than 0.0003 g/L, and
that of palmitic acid is not higher than 0.00000003 g/L. Therefore,
it is difficult to simultaneously assimilate highly water-soluble
glycerol and fatty acids, and there has not been reported to date
L-amino acid production based on direct fermentation utilizing
hydrolysates of fats and oils, which is a mixture of long chain
fatty acids and glycerol, as a carbon source.
[0008] As for soybean and Elaeis guineensis (oil palm), which are
oil plants generally used for production of edible oil, beans or
fruits thereof contain about 20% of fats and oils. As for
microalgae, there are known microalgae producing fats or oils, and
the yield of fats and oils per area much exceeds that obtainable
with the oil plants as reported in Chisti Y., 2007, Biotechnol.
Adv., 25:294-306. However, the process of separating algae,
dehydrating them, disrupting the cells, extracting fats and oils
and purifying them is complicated and difficult, as in the case of
starches. Therefore, there have so far been no reports about
L-amino acid production based on direct fermentation utilizing fats
and oils originating in algae.
[0009] Further, although methods for extracting organic substances
derived from chlorella have been reported (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 9-75094, International Publication WO2006/095964, and
U.S. Patent Published Application No. 2007/0202582), it has been
considered that disruption is preferably performed by a high
temperature reaction. Moreover, there has so far been no report
about production of L-amino acids by direct fermentation utilizing
a processed product obtained by the aforementioned methods as a
carbon source. Furthermore, it has also been known that nucleic
acid-related compounds can be increased by autolysis of chlorella
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 62-278977), but there has so far
been no report about production of L-amino acids by direct
fermentation utilizing a processed product obtained by such a
method as mentioned above as a carbon source.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0010] An aspect of the present invention is to provide a more
efficient method for producing an L-amino acid, especially a method
for producing an L-amino acid at a lower cost by using a carbon
source derived from microalgae as compared with conventional
methods for producing an L-amino acid by fermentation using
microorganisms, which are performed by using mainly saccharides
derived from higher plants as the carbon source.
[0011] The present invention demonstrates that L-amino acids can be
efficiently produced by utilizing, as a carbon source, a processed
product of a culture of a microalga obtained by reacting the
culture at a midtemperature, from which organic substances can be
obtained without adding lipase or amylase, or with adding a small
amount of lipase or amylase. It is an aspect of the present
invention to provide a method for producing an L-amino acid, which
comprises:
[0012] preparing a processed product of a microalga, which promotes
production and accumulation of the L-amino acid by a bacterium
having an ability to produce the L-amino acid, by culturing the
microalga in a first medium, and followed by processing at a
midtemperature,
[0013] culturing the bacterium in a second medium comprising the
processed product of the microalga to produce and accumulate the
L-amino acid in the second medium, and
[0014] collecting the L-amino acid from the second medium.
[0015] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein said mid-temperature is
40.degree. C. or higher.
[0016] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein said mid-temperature is
70.degree. C. or lower.
[0017] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the processed product comprises
a) a precipitate obtained by centrifugation of the product of the
processing at a mid-temperature, and b) a fatty acid.
[0018] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the processed product comprises
a) a supernatant obtained by centrifugation of the product of the
processing at a mid-temperature, and b) glucose or glycerol.
[0019] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the processed product comprises
an extract comprising a fatty acid obtained by subjecting the
product of the processing at a mid-temperature to a treatment with
an alkali or an organic solvent.
[0020] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the precipitate obtained by
centrifuging the product of the processing at a mid-temperature is
subjected to a treatment with an alkali or an organic solvent.
[0021] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the treatment with an alkali is
performed at a pH of 10.5 or higher.
[0022] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the treatment with an alkali is
performed at 60.degree. C. or higher.
[0023] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein organic solvent is selected from
the group consisting of methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone,
butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol, octanol, chloroform, methyl
acetate, ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, and
hexane.
[0024] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein temperature is lowered during
the processing at a mid-temperature.
[0025] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the microalga is an alga
belonging to the division Chlorophyta or Heterokontophyta.
[0026] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the microalga is an alga
belonging to the class Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, or
Bacillariophyceae.
[0027] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the microalga is an alga
belonging to the class Chlorophyceae.
[0028] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the bacterium is a bacterium
belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae or a coryneform
bacterium.
[0029] It is a further aspect of the present invention to provide a
method as described above, wherein the bacterium belonging to the
family Enterobacteriaceae is Escherichia coli.
[0030] By utilizing the present invention, L-amino acids can be
efficiently produced.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0031] FIG. 1 shows the amount of fatty acids obtained by
processing Chorella kessleri at a mid-temperature.
[0032] FIG. 2 shows the amount of fatty acids obtained by
processing Nannochloris sp. at a mid-temperature.
[0033] FIG. 3 shows the time course of the fatty acid generation
ratio during a processing of an alga at a mid-temperature.
[0034] FIG. 4 shows the results of examination of the pH conditions
for an alkali treatment for extracting fatty acids.
[0035] FIG. 5 shows the results of examination of the temperature
conditions for an alkali treatment for extracting fatty acids.
[0036] FIG. 6 shows the results of examination of time for an
alkali treatment for extracting fatty acids.
[0037] FIG. 7 shows the results of examination of the temperature
conditions for first step of a two-step processing of algae at a
mid-temperature.
[0038] FIG. 8 shows the results of examination of time for first
step and time for second step of a two-step processing of algae at
a mid-temperature.
[0039] FIG. 9 shows the results of examination of the solvent used
for an organic solvent treatment for extracting fatty acids.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
[0040] Hereafter, the present invention will be explained in
detail.
[0041] <1> Microalgae and Culture Method Therefor
[0042] As the microalga used in the present invention, any algae
can be used. However, microalgae which accumulates starches and/or
fats and oils in alga bodies are particular examples.
[0043] Algae can refer to all the organisms performing oxygen
generating type photosynthesis except for Bryophyta, Pteridophyta
and Spermatophyta, which live mainly on the ground. Algae can
include various unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms
such as cyanobacteria (blue-green algae), which are prokaryotes, as
well as those classified into the phylum Glaucophyta, Rhodophyta
(red algae), Chlorophyta, Cryptophyta (crypt algae), Haptophyta
(haptophytes), Heterokontophyta, Dinophyta (dinoflagellates),
Euglenophyta, or Chlorarachniophyta, which are eukaryotes.
Microalgae can refer to algae having a microscopic structure among
these algae except for marine algae, which are multicellular
organisms (Biodiversity Series (3) Diversity and Pedigree of Algae,
edited by Mitsuo Chihara, Shokabo Publishing Co., Ltd. (1999)).
[0044] Many plants, including algae, produce starches as storage
polysaccharides (Ball, S. G. and Morell, M. K., 2003, Annual Review
of Plant Biology, 54:207-233). Many algae which accumulate starches
are known, and typical algae include those of the class
Prasinophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Trebouxiophyceae, Ulvophyceae,
Charophyceae, or the like, which all belong to the phylum
Chlorophyta. Among these, algae belonging to the class
Chlorophyceae or Trebouxiophyceae have been well studied. Examples
of algae belonging to the class Chlorophyceae include those of the
genus Chlamydomonas, and examples of algae belonging to the class
Trebouxiophyceae include those of the genus Chlorella.
Specifically, examples of algae belonging to the genus
Chlamydomonas include Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Ball, S. G., 1998,
The Molecular Biology of Chloroplasts and Mitochondria in
Chlamydomonas, pp. 549-567, Rochaix J.-D., Goldschmidt-Clermont M.,
and Merchant S. (Eds), Kluwer Academic Publishers), and examples of
algae belonging to the genus Chlorella include Chlorella kessleri
(formerly Chlorella vulgaris, Izumo A. et al, 2007, Plant Science,
172:1138-1147). More specifically, examples of Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii include the Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CC125 strain, and
examples of Chlorella kessleri include the Chlorella kessleri 11h
strain. These strains are stored at, for example, The University of
Texas at Austin, The Culture Collection of Algae (UTEX) (1
University Station A6700, Austin, Tex. 78712-0183, USA) with
accession numbers of UTEX 2244 and UTEX 263, respectively, and can
be obtained from UTEX. The Chlorella kessleri 11h strain was stored
at the independent administrative agency, the IAM Culture
Collection, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The
University of Tokyo with a storage number of C-531, and then
transferred to the Microbial Culture Collection at the National
Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES). Further, this strain is
stored at the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, P.O. Box
1549, Manassas, Va. 20108, 1, United States of America) under an
accession number of ATCC 11468, and can also be obtained from
ATCC.
[0045] It is further known that microalgae include those that
accumulate fats and oils as storage substances (Chisti Y., 2007,
Biotechnol. Adv., 25:294-306). As such algae, those belonging to
the phylum Chlorophyta or Heterokontophyta are well known. Examples
of the algae belonging to the phylum Chlorophyta include those
belonging to the class Chlorophyceae, and examples of algae
belonging to the class Chlorophyceae include Neochloris
oleoabundans (Tornabene, T. G. et al., 1983, Enzyme and Microb.
Technol., 5:435-440), Nannochloris sp. (Takagi, M. et al., 2000,
Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 54:112-117) and so forth. In the
phylum Heterokontophyta, the classes Chrysophyceae,
Dictyochophyceae, Pelagophyceae, Rhaphidophyceae,
Bacillariophyceae, Phaeophyceae, Xanthophyceae, and
Eustigmatophyceae are classified. Examples of frequently used algae
belonging to the class Bacillariophyceae include Thalassiosira
pseudonana (Tonon, T. et al., 2002, Phytochemistry, 61:15-24).
Specific examples of Neochloris oleoabundans include the Neochloris
oleoabundans UTEX 1185 strain, specific examples of Nannochloris
sp. include the Nannochloris sp. UTEX LB 1999 strain, and specific
examples of Thalassiosira pseudonana include the Thalassiosira
pseudonana UTEX LB FD2 strain. These strains can be obtained from
the University of Texas at Austin, The Culture Collection of Algae
(UTEX), 1 University Station A6700, Austin, Tex. 78712-0183,
USA.
[0046] There is much information about culturing microalgae, and
those of the genus Chlorella or Arthrospira (Spirulina), Dunaliella
salina and so forth are industrially cultured on a large scale
(Spolaore, P. et al., 2006, J. Biosci. Bioeng., 101:87-96). For
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, for example, the 0.3.times.HSM medium
(Oyama Y. et al., 2006, Planta, 224:646-654) can be used, and for
Chlorella kessleri, the 0.2.times.Gamborg's medium (Izumo A. et
al., 2007, Plant Science, 172:1138-1147) and so forth can be used.
Neochloris oleoabundans and Nannochloris sp. can be cultured by
using the modified NORO medium (Yamaberi, K. et al., 1998, J. Mar.
Biotechnol., 6:44-48; Takagi, M. et al., 2000, Appl. Microbiol.
Biotechnol., 54:112-117) or the Bold's basal medium (Tornabene, T.
G. et al., 1983, Enzyme and Microb. Technol., 5:435-440; Archibald,
P. A. and Bold, H. C., 1970, Phytomorphology, 20:383-389). For
Thalassiosira pseudonana as an alga belonging to the class
Bacillariophyceae, the F/2 medium (Lie, C.-P. and Lin, L.-P., 2001,
Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin., 42:207-214) and so forth can be used.
Further, a photobioreactor can also be used for culturing
microalgae (WO2003/094598).
[0047] The culture is performed by adding 1 to 50% of precultured
cell suspension based on the volume of the main culture in many
cases. Initial pH can be around neutral, i.e., 7 to 9, and the pH
is not adjusted during the culture in many cases. However, the pH
may be adjusted if needed. The culture temperature can be 25 to
35.degree. C., and in particular, a temperature around 28.degree.
C. is generally frequently used. However, the culture temperature
may be a temperature suitable for the chosen alga. Air is blown
into the culture medium in many cases, and as an aeration rate, an
aeration volume per unit volume of culture medium per minute of 0.1
to 2 vvm (volume per volume per minute) is frequently used.
Further, CO.sub.2 may also be blown into the medium in order to
promote growth, and it can be blown at about 0.5 to 5% of the
aeration rate. Although optimum illumination intensity of light
also differs depending on type of microalgae, an illumination
intensity of about 1,000 to 10,000 lux is frequently used. As the
light source, it is common to use a white fluorescent lamp indoors,
but the light source is not limited to it. It is also possible to
perform the culture outdoors with sunlight. The culture medium may
be stirred at an appropriate intensity, or circulated, if needed.
Further, it is known that algae accumulate fats and oils in alga
bodies when the nitrogen source is depleted (Thompson G. A. Jr.,
1996, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1302:17-45), and a medium of a
limited nitrogen source concentration can also be used for the main
culture.
[0048] The culture of microalga can include a culture medium
containing alga bodies, and alga bodies which have been collected
from a culture medium.
[0049] Alga bodies can be collected from a culture medium by
typical techniques, such as centrifugation, filtration,
gravitational precipitation using a flocculant, or the like (Grima,
E. M. et al., 2003, Biotechnol. Advances, 20:491-515).
[0050] When fatty acids present in the processed product are used
as the carbon source, the microalga can be concentrated by
centrifugation or the like before the processing at a
mid-temperature. The concentration of the alga bodies includes
obtaining a concentration of dry weight of the microalga per unit
volume of solution of 25 g/L or higher, or 250 g/L or higher by the
removal of solution components (including separating alga bodies
from a culture medium by centrifugation or the like and suspending
the alga bodies in a liquid at a desired concentration), and using
alga bodies precipitated and separated from the medium.
[0051] <2> Method for Processing Microalga and Obtaining the
Processed Product of Microalga
[0052] The culture of a microalga can be processed at a
mid-temperature, and the processed product of the microalga can be
used as a nutrient source for L-amino acid fermentation.
[0053] The processed product of microalga can mean a reaction
mixture obtained by processing the culture of the microalga at a
mid-temperature. Therefore, the terms "to process at a
mid-temperature" and "to react at a mid-temperature" have the same
meaning. The processed product can include one obtained by further
subjecting the reaction mixture processed at a mid-temperature to
extraction or fractionation, and/or another treatment, which
contains a mixture of organic substances originating in the cells
of the microalga, and promotes production and accumulation of an
L-amino acid by a bacterium having an ability to produce the
L-amino acid.
[0054] The expression "to promote production and accumulation of an
L-amino acid" means that the mixture of organic substances derived
from disrupted cells of microalga contained in the processed
product substantially contributes to proliferation of a bacterium
and L-amino acid production as a supply source of carbon
constituting cell components and L-amino acids. Any processed
products which can contribute in such a manner as described above
can be included in the "processed product which promotes production
and accumulation of an L-amino acid".
[0055] Whether a processed product promotes production and
accumulation of an L-amino acid can be confirmed by culturing the
bacterium under the same conditions in the presence and absence of
the processed product, and comparing production and accumulation
amounts of the L-amino acid in culture.
[0056] Although the L-amino acid accumulation may be improved in
any degree as compared with L-amino acid accumulation observed
without addition of the processed product, the L-amino acid
accumulation can be improved by 10% or more, 20% or more, or even
30% or more, as compared with the culture not containing the
processed product.
[0057] Improvement of growth rate of a microorganism and increase
of cell amount of a microorganism in a culture medium by the
addition of the processed product are also included in the results
of "to promote production and accumulation of an L-amino acid", and
the growth rate and cell amount can be increased by 10% or more,
20% or more, or even 30% or more, as compared with the culture not
containing the processed product.
[0058] Further, when the processed product contains a carbon
source, if it can substantially contribute to growth of a bacterium
and L-amino acid production as a supply source of carbon
constituting cell components and L-amino acids, it can be included
in the processed product which promotes production and accumulation
of an L-amino acid. Therefore, although any processed product which
increases L-amino acid production and accumulation amounts, as
compared with when the processed product is not added, can be a
processed product, a processed product which improves L-amino acid
production and accumulation amounts as compared with when a carbon
source comprising purified substances is added in the same amount
as the carbon source contained in the processed product is one
particular example.
[0059] Further, if the processing steps for purifying the carbon
source is shortened as compared with that for using a carbon source
consisting of purified substances, it can be said that L-amino acid
production and accumulation are improved. In this case, the time of
the processing steps can be shortened by 10% or more, 20% or more,
or even 30% or more.
[0060] The midtemperature can mean a temperature sufficient for
increasing the amount of fatty acids, glycerol or glucose in the
processed product, and the processing may be continuously performed
at the same temperature, or the temperature maybe lowered in the
middle of the processing. As an example of lowering the temperature
in the middle of the processing, the processing may be performed
once at a midtemperature as a first step, and then performed at a
constant midtemperature which is lower than the first step
temperature as a second step. The continuous processing at a
midtemperature, or the first step midtemperature processing, can be
performed usually at 40.degree. C. or higher, 45.degree. C. or
higher, or even 50.degree. C. or higher, as for the minimum
temperature, and usually at 70.degree. C. or lower, 65.degree. C.
or lower, or even 60.degree. C. or lower, as for the maximum
temperature. The second step can be performed usually at 30.degree.
C. or higher, 35.degree. C. or higher, or even 40.degree. C. or
higher, as for the minimum temperature, and usually at 55.degree.
C. or lower, 50.degree. C. or lower, or even 45.degree. C. or
lower, as for the maximum temperature.
[0061] Although the culture of the alga obtained by the
aforementioned culturing method per se may be subjected to the
reaction at a midtemperature, it may be concentrated as described
above and then used. For example, the culture may be once
centrifuged, and the precipitated alga bodies may be used for the
reaction.
[0062] Moreover, before the reaction at a midtemperature, the pH
for the reaction may be adjusted to be weakly acidic, or the alga
bodies may be once frozen.
[0063] The weakly acidic pH mentioned above can be 3.0 to 7.0, or
4.0 to 6.0.
[0064] The temperature for freezing usually can mean a temperature
of from -80 to 0.degree. C., and the reaction can be conducted at
-20.degree. C. or lower, or -50.degree. C. or lower, for 1 hour or
more.
[0065] For the continuous processing at a mid-temperature, the
reaction can be performed for at least 1 hour or more, or even 5
hours or more. The reaction at a mid-temperature is usually
performed for 48 hours or less, or 24 hours or less. For the first
step mid-temperature processing, the reaction can be performed for
at least 1 minute or more, 10 minutes or more, or even 20 minutes
or more. The first step mid-temperature processing can be performed
for 120 minutes or less, or 60 minutes or less. The second step
mid-temperature processing can be performed for at least 1 hour or
more, 4 hours or more, as for the minimum reaction time, and can be
performed for 20 hours or less, or 15 hours or less, as for the
maximum reaction time.
[0066] When an alkali treatment or organic solvent treatment is
performed after the processing at a mid-temperature, the solution
processed at a mid-temperature as it is having the same volume may
be subjected to the treatment, the solution may be subjected to the
treatment after dilution, or a precipitate separated from the
supernatant may be subjected to the treatment. The treatment can be
performed at a concentration of precipitate per unit volume of the
solution of 250 g/L or lower, or 125 g/L or lower. In the case of
the alkali treatment, it can be performed at a concentration of 125
g/L or lower, and in the case of the organic solvent treatment, the
precipitates can be separated from the supernatant.
[0067] The pH for the alkali treatment performed after the
processing at a mid-temperature can be 10.5 or higher and 14 or
lower, or 11.5 or higher, or even 12.5 or higher.
[0068] The temperature of the alkali treatment can be 60.degree. C.
or higher, 80.degree. C. or higher, or even 90.degree. C. or
higher. The temperature of the alkali treatment can be 120.degree.
C. or lower.
[0069] The time of the alkali treatment can be at least 10 minutes
or more, 30 minutes or more, or even 60 minutes or more. Time of
the alkali treatment can be 150 minutes or less.
[0070] The processed product obtained by the processing at a
mid-temperature may be subjected to the organic solvent treatment
for extraction after drying, or may be extracted without drying.
Examples of the organic solvent mentioned above include methanol,
ethanol, 2-propanol, acetone, butanol, pentanol, hexanol, heptanol,
octanol, chloroform, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, dimethyl ether,
diethyl ether, hexane, and so forth.
[0071] After the processing at a mid-temperature, the reaction
mixture can be separated into precipitate and supernatant by
centrifugation. Moreover, after the processing at a
mid-temperature, the processed product per se can be used as a
medium component for L-amino acid fermentation.
[0072] The precipitate can contain much fatty acids, and they can
be subjected to an alkali treatment in order to form micelles of
the fatty acids in water. Further, in order to obtain more
efficient assimilation as the carbon source, the precipitate can be
subjected to an emulsification treatment. Examples of the
emulsification treatment can include addition of an emulsification
enhancer, stirring, homogenization, ultrasonication, and so forth.
It is considered that the emulsification treatment makes it easier
for the bacteria to assimilate fatty acids, and L-amino acid
fermentation becomes more effective. The emulsification treatment
can be of any type, so long as it makes it easier for bacteria
having an L-amino acid-producing ability to assimilate fatty acids.
As the emulsification method, for example, addition of an
emulsification enhancer or a surfactant etc. can be contemplated.
Examples of emulsification enhancer can include phospholipids and
sterols. Examples of the surfactant include, as nonionic
surfactants, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid esters such as
poly(oxyethylene) sorbitan monooleic acid ester (Tween 80), alkyl
glucosides such as n-octyl .beta.-D-glucoside, sucrose fatty acid
esters such as sucrose stearate, polyglyceryl fatty acid esters
such as polyglycerin stearic acid ester, and so forth. Examples of
the surfactant can include, as ampholytic surfactants,
N,N-dimethyl-N-dodecylglycine betaine, which is an alkylbetaine,
and so forth. Besides these, surfactants generally used in the
field of biology such as Triton X-100, polyoxyethylene(20) cetyl
ether (Brij-58) and nonylphenol ethoxlate (Tergitol NP-40) can be
used.
[0073] Furthermore, an operation for promoting emulsification and
homogenization of hardly soluble substances, i.e., fatty acids, is
also effective. This operation may be any operation which promotes
emulsification and homogenization of a mixture of a fatty acid and
glycerol. Specific examples include stirring, homogenizer
treatment, homomixer treatment, ultrasonication, high pressure
treatment, high temperature treatment, and so forth, and stirring,
homogenizer treatment, ultrasonication, and a combinations of these
are particular examples.
[0074] The treatment can be used with the aforementioned
emulsification enhancer and stirring, homogenizer treatment and/or
ultrasonication in combination, and these treatments can be carried
out under alkaline conditions, under which fatty acids are more
stable. As the alkaline condition, pH of 9 or higher can be used,
and pH of 11 or higher is another example.
[0075] When the precipitate contains fats and oils produced by
microalgae, a hydrolysate thereof can also be added to the medium
as a carbon source. A mixed solution of organic substances
extracted with a solvent such as ethanol, a mixture of methanol and
chloroform or acetone can also be subjected to hydrolysis. These
solutions can be used as they are, or they can also be concentrated
by a processing such as lyophilization and evaporation. This
solution contains components that can be used as an organic
nitrogen source such as amino acids and components effective for
growth of bacteria having an amino acid-producing ability such as
metals, and can also be used as a medium component other than the
carbon source.
[0076] Fats and oils are esters formed from fatty acids and
glycerol, and are also called triglycerides. Fats and oils produced
by microalgae can be fatty acid species generated by hydrolysis
which can be utilized by a chosen bacterium as a carbon source, and
higher contents thereof can be used. Examples of long chain fatty
acid species assimilable by bacteria having an L-amino
acid-producing ability include lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic
acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, and so forth. Further, besides fats
and oils, organisms generally contain lipids, which release fatty
acids by hydrolysis, and fatty acids produced by hydrolysis of
lipids can also be used as a carbon source. Examples of the lipid
include waxes and ceramides, which are simple lipids, as well as
phospholipids and glycolipids, which are complex lipids, and so
forth.
[0077] In order to further hydrolyze fats and oils, the precipitate
may be reacted with a lipase. Lipases are enzymes that hydrolyze
fat or oil into fatty acids and glycerol, and are also called
triacylglycerol lipases, or triacylglyceride lipases.
[0078] Lipases are found in various organisms, and lipases derived
from any species may be used so long as a lipase which catalyzes
the aforementioned reaction is used. In recent years, various
attempts have also been made to produce biodiesel fuel, which is
fatty acid esters, from fat or oil and an alcohol by using a lipase
enzyme (Fukuda, H., Kondo, A., and Noda, H., 2001, J. Biosci.
Bioeng., 92, 405-416).
[0079] As typical lipases derived from microorganisms, many lipases
derived from those of the genus Bacillus, Burkholderia, Pseudomonas
or Staphylococcus are known (Jaeger, K. E., and Eggert, T., 2002,
Curr. Opin. Biotechnol., 13:390-397).
[0080] As examples, the nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for
LipA derived from Bacillus subtilis (GenBank Accession No. M74010)
and the amino acid sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 1 and
2, respectively.
[0081] The nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for LipA derived
from Burkholderia glumae (GenBank Accession No. X70354) and the
amino acid sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 3 and 4,
respectively.
[0082] The nucleotide sequence of the gene coding for LipA derived
from Pseudomonas aeruginosa (GenBank Accession No. D50587) and the
amino acid sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 5 and 6,
respectively.
[0083] The nucleotide sequence of the lipase derived from
Staphylococcus aureus (GenBank Accession No. M12715) and the amino
acid sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 7 and 8,
respectively.
[0084] The lipase derived from the yeast Candida antarctica
(GenBank Accession No. Z30645) is also one of the lipases which can
be used (Breivik, H., Haraldsson, G. G., and Kristinsson, B., 1997,
J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 74, 1425-1429). The nucleotide sequence of
the gene coding for this lipase and the amino acid sequence thereof
are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 9 and 10, respectively.
[0085] Furthermore, as for the yeast, of five or more kinds of
lipases encoded by separate genes are known to be present in
Candida rugosa (Candida cylindracea) (Alberghina, L. and Lotti, M.,
1997, Methods Enzymol., 284:246-260). As major lipases, LIP1 and
LIP2 are known, and the nucleotide sequence of the lip1 gene
(GenBank Accession No. X64703) coding for LIP1 and the amino acid
sequence thereof are shown in SEQ ID NOS: 11 and 12, respectively.
The nucleotide sequence of the lip2 gene (GenBank Accession No.
X64703) coding for LIP2 and the amino acid sequence thereof are
shown in SEQ ID NOS: 13 and 14, respectively. In addition, it is
known that, in yeasts of the genus Candida such as Candida
cylindracea, the CTG codon, which codes for leucine according to
the universal codes, codes for serine (Kawaguchi, Y. et al., 1989,
Nature, 341:164-166; Ohama, T. et al., 1993, Nucleic Acids Res.,
21:4039-4045). In SEQ ID NOS: 11 to 14, although the amino acids
corresponding to CTG are indicated as Leu for convenience, they are
actually Ser.
[0086] Furthermore, lipases derived from Cryptococcus bacteria, for
example, the lipase produced by Cryptococcus sp. S-2, and lipases
having a primary structure similar to those of the foregoing
lipases may also be used (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
2004-73123). As a gene coding for a lipase derived from a
Cryptococcus bacterium, the lipase gene CS2 of Cryptococcus sp. S-2
(FERM P-15155) is known (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2004-73123).
The nucleotide sequence of this CS2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 18,
and the amino acid sequence of the precursor of the lipase encoded
by this CS2 gene is shown in SEQ ID NO: 19. It is expected that, in
the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, the sequence of the -34 to
-1 positions is a signal peptide, and the sequence of the 1 to 205
positions corresponds to the mature protein. Cryptococcus sp. S-2
was deposited on Sep. 5, 1995 at the National Institute of
Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and
Technology (presently, the independent administrative agency, the
International Patent Organism Depository, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Central 6, 1-1, Higashi
1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan)), and assigned
an accession number of FERM P-15155. The deposit was converted to
an international deposit based on the Budapest Treaty on Apr. 25,
2008, and assigned an accession number of FERM BP-10961.
[0087] As the aforementioned lipases, those prepared from cells or
culture of the aforementioned microorganisms can be used, or they
may be prepared by expressing a gene coding for each lipase in
another host microorganism using genetic engineering techniques.
When a gene derived from yeast in which CTG codon codes for serine,
such as Candida rugosa (Candida cylindracea), is expressed in
another host, it is necessary to change CTG into another universal
codon coding for serine (Schmidt-Dannert, C., 1999, Bioorg. Med.
Chem., 7:2123-2130).
[0088] Examples of the characteristics of sequences of lipases
include the presence of the GXSXG motif called a lipase box near
Ser of the active center, and conservation of three residues of
Ser, Asp and His called the catalytic triad, which are common to
lipases, esterases and serine proteases. For example, in the amino
acid sequence of LipA derived from Bacillus subtilis shown in SEQ
ID NO: 2, the lipase box corresponds to the positions 106 to 110,
and the catalytic triad corresponds to the three residues: Ser at
the position 108, Asp at the position 164, and His at the position
187.
[0089] Furthermore, in order to reduce the cost for the enzyme, a
lipase modified so that the activity and stability thereof are
improved may also be used. Examples include the lipase A of
Bacillus subtilis modified by the phage display method (Droge et
al., ChemBioChem, 2006, 7:149-157), a modified lipase of which
activity and stability are improved by DNA shuffling (Suen et al.,
Protein Eng. Design & Selection, 2004, 17:133-140), the C.
antactica lipase B modified by the CALB method (Zhang et al.,
Protein Eng., 2003, 16:599-605), the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lipase
modified by the CAST method (Reets et al., Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.,
2005, 44:4192-4196), and so forth.
[0090] If fats and oils in the precipitate obtained by
centrifugation of the processed product obtained by the reaction at
a midtemperature are decomposed, they decompose into fatty acids
and glycerol. Therefore, glycerol may be used as a carbon source
for the amino acid fermentation.
[0091] The supernatant obtained by centrifugation of the processed
product obtained by the reaction at a midtemperature may also be
used as the processed product. The supernatant obtained by
centrifugation of the processed product contains fragments of
starches and glucose as well as glycerol, which are produced
through decomposition of starches and oils and fats, respectively,
by the processing at a mid-temperature according to the present
invention. Therefore, glucose and glycerol may be used as the
carbon source.
[0092] The supernatant obtained by centrifugation of the processed
product obtained the reaction at a moderate temperature contains
fragments of starches. Therefore, a processed product obtained by
saccharifying the fragments of starches in the supernatant with an
amyloglucosidase or the like to further increase the glucose amount
may also be used.
[0093] Starches are high molecular weight polysaccharides made up
of amylose, which includes glucose residues linearly linked by
.alpha.-1,4-glycoside linkages and amylopectin, which includes
glucose residues linearly linked by .alpha.-1,4-glycoside linkages
and branching by .alpha.-1,6-glycoside linkages. Amylase is a
generic name for enzymes that hydrolyze glycoside linkages of
starches etc. Because of a difference in the action site, they are
roughly classified into .alpha.-amylase (EC 3.2.1.1),
.beta.-amylase (EC 3.2.1.2), and glucoamylase (EC 3.2.1.3) or
amyloglucosidase (amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase, EC: HYPERLINK
www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www#bget?3.2.1.33'' 3.2.1.33.
.alpha.-Amylase is an endo-type enzyme which randomly cleaves
.alpha.-1,4-glycoside linkages of starches, glycogen, and so forth.
.beta.-Amylase is an exo-type enzyme which cleaves
.alpha.-1,4-glycoside linkage to excise a maltose unit one by one
from the non-reducing end of starches. The glucoamylase or
amyloglucosidase is an exo-type enzyme which cleaves
.alpha.-1,4-glycoside linkages to excise a glucose unit one by one
from the non-reducing end of starches, and also cleaves
.alpha.-1,6-glycoside linkages contained in amylopectin. In order
to directly produce glucose from starches, glucoamylase or
amyloglucosidase is widely used for the production of glucose.
[0094] There are many examples of saccharification reactions of
starches derived from grains, which can also be industrially
implemented (Robertson, G. H. et al., 2006, J. Agric. Food Chem.,
54:353-365). In the same manner as these examples, a
saccharification product can be obtained from alga bodies by an
enzymatic reaction. When a solution containing disrupted alga
bodies is subjected to an enzyme treatment, a pretreatment such as
boiling, ultrasonication, an alkaline treatment, and so forth can
be used in combination (Izumo A. et al., 2007, Plant Science,
172:1138-1147).
[0095] Conditions of the enzymatic reaction can be suitably
determined according to the characteristics of the chosen enzyme.
For example, for amyloglucosidase (Sigma Aldrich, A-9228), an
enzyme concentration of 2 to 20 U/mL, a temperature of 40 to
60.degree. C., and pH 4 to 6 are particular examples. If an organic
acid that can be assimilated by a bacterium used for the L-amino
acid production is used for adjusting pH as a buffer, the organic
acid can be used as a carbon source together with the
saccharification product of starches. For example, the enzyme
reaction product as it is can be added to the medium.
[0096] <4> Bacteria Used in the Present Inventions
[0097] A bacterium having an L-amino acid-producing ability is
used. The bacterium is not particularly limited, so long as it can
efficiently produce an L-amino acid from organic substances
produced by microalgae, in particular, a saccharification product
of starches or a hydrolysate of fat or oil. Examples of the
bacterium include, for example, bacteria belonging to the family
Enterobacteriaceae such as those of the genus Escherichia, Pantoea,
Enterobacter, and so forth, and so-called coryneform bacteria such
as those belonging to the genus Brevibacterium, Corynebacterium,
Microbacterium, or the like, but the bacterium is not limited to
these.
[0098] The L-amino acid-producing bacterium can be modified to
increase an ability to utilize hydrolysate of fats or oils or fatty
acids. Examples of such modification include, for example, deletion
of the gene coding for the transcription factor FadR having a
DNA-binding ability for controlling the fatty acid metabolism
observed in enterobacteria (DiRusso, C.C. et al., 1992, J. Biol.
Chem., 267:8685-8691; DiRusso, C. C. et al., 1993, Mol. Microbiol.,
7:311-322). Specifically, the fadR gene of Escherichia coli is a
gene located at the nucleotide numbers 1,234,161 to 1,234,880 of
the genome sequence of Escherichia coli MG1655 strain registered
with Genbank Accession No. U00096, and coding for the protein
registered with GenBank accession No. AAC74271. The fadR gene
sequence of Escherichia coli is shown in SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0099] In order to enhance the ability to assimilate hydrolysates
of fats and oils or fatty acids, expression amounts of one or more
of genes selected from fadA, fadB, fadI, fadJ, fadL, fadE and fadD
can be increased.
[0100] The "fadL gene" can mean a gene encoding a transporter of
the outer membrane having an ability to take up a long chain fatty
acid, which is found in the Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria
(Kumar, G. B. and Black, P. N., 1993, J. Biol. Chem.,
268:15469-15476; Stenberg, F. et al., 2005, J. Biol. Chem.,
280:34409-34419). Specific examples of gene encoding FadL include
the gene located at the nucleotide numbers 2459322 to 2460668 of
the Escherichia coli genomic sequence (Genbank Accession No.
U00096) as the fadL gene of Escherichia coli.
[0101] The "fadD gene" can mean a gene coding for an enzyme having
the fatty acyl-CoA synthetase activity, which generates fatty
acyl-CoA from a long chain fatty acid and facilitates uptake
through the inner membrane, which is found in the
Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria (Dirusso, C. C. and Black, P.
N., 2004, J. Biol. Chem., 279:49563-49566; Schmelter, T. et al.,
2004, J. Biol. Chem., 279: 24163-24170). Specific examples of the
gene encoding FadD include the gene located at the nucleotide
numbers 1887770 to 1886085 (complementary strand) of Escherichia
coli genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. U00096) as the fadD
gene of Escherichia coli.
[0102] The "fadE gene" can mean a gene encoding an enzyme having
the acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity, which oxidizes fatty acyl-CoA,
and is found in the Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria (O'Brien, W.
J. and Frerman, F. E. 1977, J. Bacteriol., 132:532-540; Campbell,
J. W. and Cronan, J. E., 2002, J. Bacteriol., 184:3759-3764).
[0103] Specific examples of the gene coding for FadE include the
gene located at the nucleotide numbers 243303 to 240859
(complementary strand) of Escherichia coli genomic sequence
(GenBank Accession No. U00096) and having the nucleotide sequence
shown in SEQ ID NO: 7 as the fadE gene of Escherichia coli. The
amino acid sequence encoded by this gene is shown in SEQ ID NO:
8.
[0104] The "fadB gene" can mean a gene coding for an enzyme which
is the .alpha. component of a fatty acid oxidation complex found in
the Enterobacteriaceae family bacteria and has four different
activities, that is, of enoyl-CoA hydratase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA
dehydrogenase, 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA epimerase and
.DELTA.3-cis-.DELTA.2-trans-enoyl-CoA isomerase (Pramanik, A. et
al., 1979, J. Bacteriol., 137:469-473; Yang, S. Y. and Schulz, H.,
1983, J. Biol. Chem., 258:9780-9785). Specific examples of the gene
coding for FadB include the gene located at the nucleotide numbers
4028994 to 4026805 (complementary strand) of the Escherichia coli
genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. U00096) as the fadB gene of
Escherichia coli.
[0105] The "fadA gene" referred to in the present invention means a
gene coding for an enzyme which is the .beta. component of the
fatty acid oxidation complex found in the Enterobacteriaceae family
bacteria and shows the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase activity (Pramanik,
A. et al., 1979, J. Bacteriol., 137: 469-473). Specific examples of
the gene coding for FadA include the gene located at the nucleotide
numbers 4026795 to 4025632 (complementary strand) of the
Escherichia coli genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. U00096) as
the fadA gene of Escherichia coli.
[0106] It is known that FadB and FadA form a complex in the fatty
acid oxidation complex found in the Enterobacteriaceae family
bacteria, and the genes also form the fadBA operon (Yang, S. Y. et
al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem., 265:10424-10429). Therefore, as the
fadBA operon, the whole operon can also be amplified.
[0107] The ability to assimilate hydrolysates of fats and oils or
fatty acids can also be enhanced by enhancing the cyo operon
(cyoABCDE). The "cyoABCDE" can mean a group of genes coding for the
subunits of the cytochrome bo terminal oxidase complex as one of
the terminal oxidases found in the Enterobacteriaceae family
bacteria. The cyoB is a gene coding for the subunit I, cyoA is a
gene encoding the subunit II, cyoC is a gene encoding the subunit
III, cyoC is a gene encoding the subunit IV, and cyoE is a gene
encoding an enzyme showing the heme 0 synthase activity (Gennis, R.
B. and Stewart, V., 1996, pp. 217-261, In F. D. Neidhardt (ed.),
Escherichia coli and Salmonella Cellular and Molecular
Biology/Second Edition, American Society for Microbiology Press,
Washington, D.C.; Chepuri et al., 1990, J. Biol. Chem.,
265:11185-11192).
[0108] Specific examples of the gene coding for cyoA include the
gene located at the nucleotide numbers 450834 to 449887
(complementary strand) of the Escherichia coli genomic sequence
(GenBank Accession No. U00096) as the cyoA gene of Escherichia
coli. Specific examples of gene coding for cyoB include the gene
located at the nucleotide numbers 449865 to 447874 (complementary
strand) of Escherichia coli genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No.
U00096) as the cyoB gene of Escherichia coli. Specific examples of
gene coding for cyoC include the gene located at the nucleotide
numbers 447884 to 447270 (complementary strand) of the Escherichia
coli genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No. U00096) as the cyoC
gene of Escherichia coli. Specific examples of gene coding for cyoD
include the gene located at the nucleotide numbers 447270 to 446941
(complementary strand) of the Escherichia coli genomic sequence
(GenBank Accession No. U00096) as cyoD gene of Escherichia coli.
Specific examples of gene coding for cyoE include the gene located
at the nucleotide numbers 446929 to 446039 (complementary strand)
of the Escherichia coli genomic sequence (GenBank Accession No.
U00096) as the cyoE gene of Escherichia coli.
[0109] The bacterium can be modified so that the activity of
pyruvate synthase or pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase is enhanced
(refer to WO2009/031565).
[0110] The "pyruvate synthase" can mean an enzyme which can
reversibly catalyze the following reaction, which generates pyruvic
acid from acetyl-CoA and CO.sub.2 in the presence of an electron
donor such as ferredoxin and flavodoxin (EC 1.2.7.1). Pyruvate
synthase may be abbreviated as PS, and may be designated pyruvate
oxidoreductase, pyruvate ferredoxin oxidoreductase, pyruvate
flavodoxin oxidoreductase, or pyruvate oxidoreductase. As the
electron donor, ferredoxin or flavodoxin can be used.
Reduced ferredoxin+acetyl-CoA+CO.sub.2->oxidized
ferredoxin+pyruvic acid+CoA
[0111] Enhancement of the pyruvate synthase activity can be
confirmed by preparing crude enzyme solutions from the
microorganism before and after the enhancement, and comparing the
pyruvate synthase activities. The activity of pyruvate synthase can
be measured by, for example, the method of Yoon et al. (Yoon, K. S.
et al., 1997, Arch. Microbiol. 167:275-279). For example, the
measurement can be taken by adding pyruvic acid to a reaction
mixture containing oxidized methylviologen as an electron acceptor,
CoA, and a crude enzyme solution, and spectroscopically measuring
the amount of reduced methylviologen, which increases due to the
decarboxylation of pyruvic acid. One unit (U) of the enzymatic
activity is defined as the activity of reducing 1 .mu.mol of
methylviologen per 1 minute. When the parent strain has the
pyruvate synthase activity, the activity desirably increases, for
example, 1.5 times or more, 2 times or more, or even 3 times or
more, compared with that of the parent strain. When the parent
strain does not have the pyruvate synthase activity, although it is
sufficient that pyruvate synthase is produced by the introduction
of the pyruvate synthase gene, the activity can be enhanced to such
an extent that the enzymatic activity can be measured, and the
activity can be 0.001 U/mg (cell protein) or higher, 0.005 U/mg or
higher, or even 0.01 U/mg or higher. Pyruvate synthase is sensitive
to oxygen, and activity expression and measurement are generally
often difficult (Buckel, W. and Golding, B. T., 2006, Ann. Rev. of
Microbiol., 60:27-49). Therefore, when the enzymatic activity is
measured, the enzymatic reaction can be performed by reducing
oxygen concentration in a reaction vessel.
[0112] As the gene encoding the pyruvate synthase, pyruvate
synthase genes from bacteria having the reductive TCA cycle, such
as the pyruvate synthase genes of Chlorobium tepidum and
Hydrogenobacter thermophilus, can be used. Moreover, pyruvate
synthase genes from bacteria belonging to the Eenterobacteriaceae
family bacteria, including Escherichia coli, can be used.
Furthermore, as the gene coding for pyruvate synthase, pyruvate
synthase genes of autotrophic methanogens such as Methanococcus
maripaludis, Methanocaldococcus jannaschii, and Methanothermobacter
thermautotrophicus, can be used.
[0113] The "pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase" can mean an enzyme
reversibly catalyzing the following reaction, which generates
pyruvic acid from acetyl CoA and CO.sub.2, in the presence of an
electron donor such as NADPH or NADH (EC 1.2.1.15). The
pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase may be abbreviated as PNO, and
may also be called pyruvate dehydrogenase. However, the "pyruvate
dehydrogenase activity" is the activity of catalyzing the oxidative
decarboxylation of pyruvic acid to generate acetyl-CoA, as
described later, and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) which catalyzes
this reaction is an enzyme different from pyruvate:NADP.sup.+
oxidoreductase. Pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase can use NADPH or
NADH as the electron donor.
NADPH+acetyl-CoA+CO.sub.2->NADP.sup.++pyruvic acid+CoA
[0114] Enhancement of the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase
activity can be confirmed by preparing crude enzyme solutions from
the microorganism before and after the enhancement, and comparing
the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase activities. The activity of
pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase can be measured by, for example,
the method of Inui et al. (Inui, H., et al., 1987, J. Biol. Chem.,
262:9130-9135). For example, the measurement can be attained by
adding pyruvic acid to a reaction mixture containing oxidized
methylviologen as an electron acceptor, CoA, and a crude enzyme
solution, and spectroscopically measuring the amount of reduced
methylviologen, which increases due to the decarboxylation of
pyruvic acid. One unit (U) of the enzymatic activity is defined as
an activity of reducing 1 .mu.mol of methylviologen per 1 minute.
When the parent strain has the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase
activity, the activity increases 1.5 times or more, 2 times or
more, or even 3 times or more, compared with that of the parent
strain. When the parent strain does not have the
pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase activity, although it is
sufficient that pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase is produced by
the introduction of the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase gene,
the activity can be enhanced to such an extent that the enzymatic
activity can be measured, and the activity can be 0.001 U/mg (cell
protein) or higher, 0.005 U/mg or higher, or even 0.01 U/mg or
higher. Pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase is sensitive to oxygen,
and activity expression and measurement are generally often
difficult (Inui, H., et al, 1987, J. Biol. Chem., 262: 9130-9135;
Rotte, C. et al., 2001, Mol. Biol. Evol., 18:710-720).
[0115] As for the gene coding for pyruvate:NADP.sup.+
oxidoreductase, it is known that, besides the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+
oxidoreductase gene of Euglena gracilis, which is a photosynthetic
eukaryotic microorganism and is also classified into protozoans
(Nakazawa, M. et al., 2000, FEBS Lett., 479:155-156), and the
pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase gene of a protist,
Cryptosporidium parvum (Rotte, C. et al., 2001, Mol. Biol. Evol.,
18:710-720), a homologous gene also exists in Bacillariophyta,
Tharassiosira pseudonana (Ctrnacta, V. et al., 2006, J. Eukaryot.
Microbiol., 53:225-231).
[0116] Specifically, the pyruvate:NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase gene of
Euglena gracilis can be used (GenBank Accession No. AB021127).
[0117] The microorganism can be modified so that the pyruvate
synthase activity is increased so that the activity for recycling
oxidized electron donor to reduced electron donor, which is
required for the pyruvate synthase activity, increases compared
with a parent strain, for example, a wild-type strain or a
non-modified strain. Examples of the activity for recycling
oxidized electron donor to reduced electron donor include
ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase activity. Further, the
microorganism may be modified so that the activity of pyruvate
synthase is increased so that pyruvate synthase activity increases,
in addition to the enhancement of the electron donor recycling
activity. The aforementioned parent strain can inherently have a
gene coding for the electron donor recycling activity, or can be a
strain which does not inherently have the electron donor recycling
activity, but this activity can be imparted by introduction of a
gene coding for the activity, so that the L-amino acid-producing
ability is improved.
[0118] The "ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase" can mean an enzyme
that reversibly catalyzes the following reaction (EC 1.18.1.2).
Reduced ferredoxin+NADP.sup.+->Oxidized
ferredoxin+NADPH+H.sup.+
[0119] This reaction is a reversible reaction, and can generate the
reduced ferredoxin in the presence of NADPH and the oxidized
ferredoxin. Ferredoxin can be replaced with flavodoxin, and the
enzyme flavodoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase also has an equivalent
function. The existence of ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase has been
confirmed in a wide variety of organisms ranging from
microorganisms to higher organisms (refer to Carrillo, N. and
Ceccarelli, E. A., 2003, Eur. J. Biochem., 270:1900-1915;
Ceccarelli, E. A. et al., 2004, Biochim. Biophys. Acta.,
1698:155-165), and some of the enzymes are also named ferredoxin
NADP.sup.+ oxidoreductase or NADPH-ferredoxin oxidoreductase.
[0120] Enhancement of the ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase activity
can be confirmed by preparing crude enzyme solutions from the
microorganism before and after the modification, and comparing the
ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase activities. The activity of
ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase can be measured by, for example,
the method of Blaschkowski et al. (Blaschkowski, H. P. et al.,
1982, Eur. J. Biochem., 123:563-569). For example, the activity can
be measured by using ferredoxin as a substrate to spectroscopically
measure the decrease of the amount of NADPH. One unit (U) of the
enzymatic activity is defined as the activity for oxidizing 1
.mu.mol of NADPH per 1 minute. When the parent strain has the
ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase activity, and the activity of the
parent strain is sufficiently high, it is not necessary to enhance
the activity. However, the enzymatic activity can be increased 1.5
times or more, 2 times or more, or even 3 times or more, compared
with that of the parent strain.
[0121] Genes encoding the ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase are found
in many biological species, and any which have the activity in the
objective L-amino acid-producing strain can be used. As for
Escherichia coli, the fpr gene has been identified as the gene
which enocodes flavodoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase (Bianchi, V. et al.,
1993, 175:1590-1595). Moreover, it is known that, in Pseudomonas
putida, an NADPH-putidaredoxin reductase gene and a putidaredoxin
gene exist as an operon (Koga, H. et al., 1989, J. Biochem.
(Tokyo), 106:831-836).
[0122] Examples of the flavodoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase gene of
Escherichia coli include the fpr gene which is located at the
nucleotide numbers 4111749 to 4112495 (complementary strand) of the
genomic sequence of the Escherichia coli K-12 strain (Genbank
Accession No. U00096). Moreover, a ferredoxin NADP+ reductase gene
(Genbank Accession No. BAB99777) is also found at the nucleotide
numbers 2526234 to 2527211 of the genomic sequence of
Corynebacterium glutamicum (Genbank Accession No. BA00036).
[0123] The pyruvate synthase activity requires the presence of
ferredoxin or flavodoxin as an electron donor. Therefore, the
microorganism can be modified so that the activity of pyruvate
synthase is increased so that the production ability for ferredoxin
or flavodoxin is improved.
[0124] Moreover, the microorganism may also be modified so that the
production ability for ferredoxin or flavodoxin is improved, in
addition to being modified so that pyruvate synthase activity or
flavodoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase and pyruvate synthase activities
are enhanced.
[0125] The "ferredoxin" can refer to a protein containing nonheme
iron atoms (Fe) and sulfur atoms, bound with an iron-sulfur cluster
called 4Fe-4S, 3Fe-4S or 2Fe-2S cluster, and functioning as a
one-electron carrier. The "flavodoxin" can refer to a protein
containing FMN (flavin-mononucleotide) as a prosthetic group and
functioning as a one- or two-electron carrier. Ferredoxin and
flavodoxin are described in the reference of McLean et al. (McLean
K. J. et al., 2005, Biochem. Soc. Trans., 33:796-801).
[0126] The parent strains to be subjected to the modification may
be strains which inherently have an endogenous gene encoding
ferredoxin or flavodoxin. Alternatively, the parent strains may be
strains which do not inherently have a gene encoding ferredoxin or
flavodoxin, but which can be imparted with the activity by
introduction of a ferredoxin or flavodoxin gene to show improved
L-glutamic acid-producing ability.
[0127] Improvement of ferredoxin or flavodoxin-producing ability
compared with the parent strain such as a wild-type or non-modified
strain can be confirmed by, for example, SDS-PAGE, two-dimensional
electrophoresis, or Western blotting using antibodies (Sambrook, J.
et al., 1989, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory Manual/Second Edition,
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York). Degree of the
increase of the production amount is not particularly limited so
long as it increases compared with that of a wild-type strain or
non-modified strain. However, it can be increased, for example, 1.5
times or more, 2 times or more, or 3 times or more, compared with
that of a wild-type strain or non-modified strain.
[0128] The activities of ferredoxin and flavodoxin can be measured
by adding them to an appropriate oxidation-reduction reaction
system. For example, a method that includes reducing produced
ferredoxin with ferredoxin NADP.sup.+ reductase and quantifying
reduction of cytochrome C by the produced reduced ferredoxin is
disclosed by Boyer et al. (Boyer, M. E. et al., 2006, Biotechnol.
Bioeng., 94:128-138). Furthermore, the activity of flavodoxin can
be measured by the same method using flavodoxin NADP.sup.+
reductase.
[0129] Genes encoding ferredoxin or flavodoxin are widely
distributed, and any of those can be used so long as ferredoxin or
flavodoxin encoded by the genes can be utilized by pyruvate
synthase and an electron donor recycling system. For example, in
Escherichia coli, the fdx gene encodes ferredoxin which has a
2Fe-2S cluster (Ta, D. T. and Vickery, L. E., 1992, J. Biol. Chem.,
267:11120-11125), and the yfhL gene encodes ferredoxin which has a
4Fe-4S cluster. Furthermore, as the flavodoxin gene, the fldA gene
(Osborne C. et al., 1991, J. Bacteriol., 173:1729-1737) and the
fldB gene (Gaudu, P. and Weiss, B., 2000, J. Bacteriol.,
182:1788-1793) are known. In the genomic sequence of
Corynebacterium glutamicum (Genbank Accession No. BA00036),
multiple ferredoxin genes exist. For example, the fdx gene (Genbank
Accession No. BAB97942) is located at the nucleotide numbers of
562643 to 562963, and the fer gene is located at the nucleotide
numbers of 1148953 to 1149270 (Genbank Accession No. BAB98495).
Furthermore, in Chlorobium tepidum, many ferredoxin genes exist,
and ferredoxin I and ferredoxin II have been identified and are of
the 4Fe-4S type, which serves as the electron acceptor of pyruvate
synthase (Yoon, K. S. et al., 2001, J. Biol. Chem.,
276:44027-44036). Ferredoxin or flavodoxin genes of bacteria having
the reductive TCA cycle such as Hydrogenobacter thermophilus can
also be used.
[0130] Specific examples of the ferredoxin gene of Escherichia coli
include the fdx gene located at the nucleotide numbers of 2654770
to 2655105 (complementary strand) of the genomic sequence of the
Escherichia coli K-12 strain (Genbank Accession No. U00096), and
the yfhL gene located at the nucleotide numbers of 2697685 to
2697945 of the same.
[0131] In the L-amino acid-producing bacterium, one or more genes
involved in glycerol metabolism may be modified.
[0132] As for genes involved in the glycerol metabolism, in order
to enhance glycerol assimilability, expression of the glpR gene (EP
1715056) may be attenuated, or expression of the glycerol
metabolism genes (EP 1715055 A) such as glpA, glpB, glpC, glpD,
glpE, glpF, glpG, glpK, glpQ, glpT, glpX, tpiA, gldA, dhaK, dhaL,
dhaM, dhaR, fsa, and talC may be enhanced.
[0133] In particular, in order to enhance glycerol assimilability,
the expression of the glycerol dehydrogenase gene (gldA), and the
PEP-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase gene (dhaKLM) or the
ATP-dependent dihydroxyacetone kinase gene (dak) can be enhanced in
combination. Furthermore, expression of fructose-6-phosphate
aldolase (fsaB) may be enhanced (WO2008/102861).
[0134] Further, as for glycerol kinase (glpK), a desensitized glpK
gene which is desensitized to the feedback inhibition by
fructose-1,6-phosphate (WO2008/081959, WO2008/107277) can be
used
[0135] The family Enterobacteriaceae includes bacteria belonging to
the genera Escherichia, Enterobacter, Erwinia, Klebsiella, Pantoea,
Photorhabdus, Providencia, Salmonella, Serratia, Shigella,
Morganella, Yersinia, and the like. In particular, bacteria
classified into the family Enterobacteriaceae according to the
taxonomy used by the NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology
Information) database
(www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?id=91347) can be
used.
[0136] The bacterium belonging to the genus Escherichia is not
particularly limited. However, examples include, the bacteria of
the phyletic groups described in the work of Neidhardt et al.
(Neidhardt F. C. Ed., 1996, Escherichia coli and Salmonella:
Cellular and Molecular Biology/Second Edition, pp. 2477-2483, Table
1, American Society for Microbiology Press, Washington, D.C.).
Specific examples include the Escherichia coli W3110 (ATCC 27325),
Escherichia coli MG1655 (ATCC 47076) and the like derived from the
prototype wild-type strain, K12 strain.
[0137] These strains are available from, for example, the American
Type Culture Collection (Address: P.O. Box 1549, Manassas, Va.
20108, United States of America). That is, registration numbers are
given to each of the strains, and the strains can be ordered by
using these numbers. The registration numbers of the strains are
listed in the catalogue of the American Type Culture Collection.
The same shall apply to the strains listed below with ATCC
numbers.
[0138] A bacterium belonging to the genus Pantoea means that the
bacterium is classified into the genus Pantoea according to the
classification known to a person skilled in the art of
microbiology. Some species of Enterobacter agglomerans have been
recently re-classified into Pantoea agglomerans, Pantoea ananatis,
Pantoea stewartii, or the like, based on the nucleotide sequence
analysis of 16S rRNA, etc. (Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1993, 43,
162-173). Bacteria belonging to the genus Pantoea include bacteria
re-classified into the genus Pantoea as described above.
[0139] Typical strains of the Pantoea bacteria include Pantoea
ananatis, Pantoea stewartii, Pantoea agglomerans, and Pantoea
citrea. Specific examples include the following strains:
[0140] Pantoea ananatis AJ13355 (FERM BP-6614, European Patent
Laid-open No. 0952221)
[0141] Pantoea ananatis AJ13356 (FERM BP-6615, European Patent
Laid-open No. 0952221)
[0142] Although these strains are described as Enterobacter
agglomerans in European Patent Laid-open No. 0952221, they are
currently classified as Pantoea ananatis on the basis of nucleotide
sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA etc., as described above.
[0143] Examples of the Enterobacter bacteria include Enterobacter
agglomerans, Enterobacter aerogenes, and the like. Specifically,
the strains exemplified in European Patent Application Laid-open
No. 952221 can be used. Typical strains of the genus Enterobacter
include Enterobacter agglomerans ATCC 12287 strain.
[0144] Examples of the Erwinia bacteria include Erwinia amylovora
and Erwinia carotovora, and examples of the Klebsiella bacteria
include Klebsiella planticola. Specific examples include the
following strains:
[0145] Erwinia amylovora ATCC 15580 strain
[0146] Erwinia carotovora ATCC 15713 strain
[0147] Klebsiella planticola AJ13399 strain (FERM BP-6600, European
Patent Laid-open No. 955368)
[0148] Klebsiella planticola AJ13410 strain (FERM BP-6617, European
Patent Laid-open No. 955368)
[0149] The coryneform bacteria also include bacteria which have
previously been classified into the genus Brevibacterium but are
presently united into the genus Corynebacterium (Liebl and W. et
al, 1991, Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 41:255-260), and bacteria
belonging to the genus Brevibacterium, which are closely related to
the genus Corynebacterium. Specific examples of such coryneform
bacteria include the followings:
[0150] Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum
[0151] Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum
[0152] Corynebacterium alkanolyticum
[0153] Corynebacterium callunae
[0154] Corynebacterium glutamicum
[0155] Corynebacterium lilium
[0156] Corynebacterium melassecola
[0157] Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes (Corynebacterium
efficiens)
[0158] Corynebacterium herculis
[0159] Brevibacterium divaricatum
[0160] Brevibacterium flavum
[0161] Brevibacterium immariophilum
[0162] Brevibacterium lactofermentum (Corynebacterium
glutamicum)
[0163] Brevibacterium roseum
[0164] Brevibacterium saccharolyticum
[0165] Brevibacterium thiogenitalis
[0166] Corynebacterium ammoniagenes
[0167] Brevibacterium album
[0168] Brevibacterium cerinum
[0169] Microbacterium ammoniaphilum
[0170] Specific examples of these bacteria include the following
strains:
[0171] Corynebacterium acetoacidophilum ATCC 13870
[0172] Corynebacterium acetoglutamicum ATCC 15806
[0173] Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATCC 21511
[0174] Corynebacterium callunae ATCC 15991
[0175] Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13020, ATCC 13032, ATCC
13060
[0176] Corynebacterium lilium ATCC 15990
[0177] Corynebacterium melassecola ATCC 17965
[0178] Corynebacterium thermoaminogenes AJ12340 (FERM BP-1539)
[0179] Corynebacterium herculis ATCC 13868
[0180] Brevibacterium divaricatum ATCC 14020
[0181] Brevibacterium flavum ATCC 13826, ATCC 14067
[0182] Brevibacterium immariophilum ATCC 14068
[0183] Brevibacterium lactofermentum ATCC 13869 (Corynebacterium
glutamicum ATCC 13869)
[0184] Brevibacterium roseum ATCC 13825
[0185] Brevibacterium saccharolyticum ATCC 14066
[0186] Brevibacterium thiogenitalis ATCC 19240
[0187] Brevibacterium ammoniagenes ATCC 6871, ATCC 6872
[0188] Brevibacterium album ATCC 15111
[0189] Brevibacterium cerinum ATCC 15112
[0190] Microbacterium ammoniaphilum ATCC 15354
[0191] The bacterium having an amino acid-producing ability can
refer to a bacterium having an ability to produce an L-amino acid
and secrete it into a medium when it is cultured in the medium, and
includes such a bacterium that accumulates the objective L-amino
acid in the medium in an amount of 0.5 g/L or more, or 1.0 g/L or
more. The L-amino acid can include L-alanine, L-arginine,
L-asparagine, L-asparatic acid, L-cysteine, L-glutamic acid,
L-glutamine, glycine, L-histidine, L-isoleucine, L-leucine,
L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline, L-serine,
L-threonine, L-tryptophan, L-tyrosine, and L-valine. L-Threonine,
L-lysine, and L-glutamic acid are particular examples.
[0192] Methods for imparting an L-amino acid-producing ability to
such bacteria as mentioned above and methods for enhancing an
L-amino acid-producing ability of such bacteria as mentioned above
are described below.
[0193] To impart the ability to produce an L-amino acid, methods
conventionally employed in the breeding of amino acid-producing
coryneform bacteria or bacteria of the genus Escherichia (see
"Amino Acid Fermentation", Gakkai Shuppan Center (Ltd.), 1st
Edition, published May 30, 1986, pp. 77-100) can be used. Such
methods include by acquiring the properties of an auxotrophic
mutant, an L-amino acid analogue-resistant strain, or a metabolic
regulation mutant, or by constructing a recombinant strain so that
it overexpresses an L-amino acid biosynthesis enzyme. Here, in the
breeding of L-amino acid-producing bacteria, one or more of the
above-described properties such as auxotrophy, analogue resistance,
and metabolic regulation mutation can be imparted. The expression
of L-amino acid biosynthesis enzyme(s) can be enhanced alone or in
combinations of two or more. Furthermore, the methods of imparting
properties such as an auxotrophy, analogue resistance, or metabolic
regulation mutation can be combined with enhancement of the
biosynthesis enzymes.
[0194] An auxotrophic mutant strain, L-amino acid
analogue-resistant strain, or metabolic regulation mutant strain
with the ability to produce an L-amino acid can be obtained by
subjecting a parent or wild-type strain to conventional
mutatagenesis, such as exposure to X-rays or UV irradiation, or
treatment with a mutagen such as
N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, then selecting those which
exhibit autotrophy, analogue resistance, or a metabolic regulation
mutation and which also have the ability to produce an L-amino
acid.
[0195] Moreover, the L-amino acid-producing ability can also be
imparted or enhanced by increasing the enzymatic activity by gene
recombination. An example of the method for increasing enzymatic
activity includes modifying the bacterium so that the expression of
a gene coding for an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of an
L-amino acid is enhanced. Gene expression can also be increased by
introducing an amplification plasmid prepared by introducing a DNA
fragment containing the gene into an appropriate plasmid which
contains, for example, at least a gene responsible for replication
and proliferation of the plasmid in the microorganism, increasing
the copy number of the gene on the chromosome by conjugation,
transfer, or the like, or introducing a mutation into the promoter
region of the gene (refer to International Publication
WO95/34672).
[0196] When an objective gene is introduced into the aforementioned
amplification plasmid or chromosome, any promoter can be used to
express the gene so long as the chosen promoter functions in the
coryneform bacteria. The promoter can be the native promoter for
the gene, or a modified promoter. The expression of a gene can also
be controlled by suitably choosing a promoter that strongly
functions in coryneform bacteria, or by making the -35 and -10
regions of the promoter closer to the consensus sequence. These
methods for enhancing expression of enzyme genes are fully
described in International Publication WO00/18935, European Patent
Publication No. 1010755, and so forth.
[0197] Specific methods for imparting an L-amino acid-producing
ability to bacteria and bacteria imparted with L-amino
acid-producing ability are exemplified below.
[0198] L-Threonine-Producing Bacteria
[0199] Examples of microorganisms having L-threonine-producing
ability include bacteria in which one or more activities of
L-threonine biosynthesis system enzymes are enhanced. Examples of
L-threonine biosynthetic enzymes include aspartokinase III (lysC),
aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase (asd), aspartokinase I (thrA),
homoserine kinase (thrB), threonine synthase (thrC) encoded by thr
operon, and aspartate aminotransferase (aspartate transaminase)
(aspC). The names of the genes coding for the respective enzymes
are mentioned in the parentheses after the names of the enzymes
(the same shall apply throughout this specification). Among these
enzymes, aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenase, aspartokinase I,
homoserine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and threonine
synthase are particularl examples. The genes coding for the
L-threonine biosynthetic enzymes can be introduced into an
Escherichia bacterium which has a reduced ability to decompose
threonine. An example of such an Escherichia bacterium having a
reduced ability to decompose threonine is the TDH6 strain which is
deficient in threonine dehydrogenase activity (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2001-346578).
[0200] The enzymatic activities of the L-threonine biosynthetic
enzymes are inhibited by the endproduct, L-threonine. Therefore,
for constructing L-threonine-producing strains, the genes for the
L-threonine biosynthetic enzymes are modified so that the enzymes
are desensitized to feedback inhibition by L-threonine in the
L-threonine-producing strains. The aforementioned thrA, thrB, and
thrC genes constitute the threonine operon, which forms an
attenuator structure. The expression of the threonine operon is
inhibited by isoleucine and threonine in the culture medium and
also suppressed by attenuation. Therefore, the threonine operon can
be modified by removing the leader sequence in the attenuation
region or the attenuator (refer to Lynn, S. P., et al., J. Mol.
Biol. 194:59-69 (1987); WO02/26993; WO2005/049808).
[0201] The native promoter of the threonine operon is present
upstream of the threonine operon, and can be replaced with a
non-native promoter (refer to WO98/04715) or a threonine operon
which has been modified so that expression of the threonine
biosynthesis gene is controlled by the repressor and promoter of
.lamda.-phage (EP 0593792). Furthermore, in order to modify a
bacterium so that it is desensitized to feedback inhibition by
L-threonine, a strain resistant to
.alpha.-amino-.beta.-hydroxyisovaleric acid (AHV) can be
selected.
[0202] The copy number of the threonine operon that is modified to
desensitize to feedback inhibition by L-threonine can be increased,
or the expression of the threonine operon can be increased by
ligating it to a potent promoter. The copy number can also be
increased by, besides amplification using a plasmid, transferring
the threonine operon to a genome using a transposon, Mu-phage, or
the like.
[0203] Other than increasing expression of the L-threonine
biosynthetic genes, expression of the genes involved in the
glycolytic pathway, TCA cycle, or respiratory chain, the genes that
regulate the expression of these genes, or the genes involved in
sugar uptake can also be increased. Examples of such genes
effective for L-threonine production include the genes encoding
transhydrogenase (pntAB, EP 733712 B), phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase (pepC, WO95/06114), phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (pps,
EP 877090 B), and a gene encoding pyruvate carboxylase from
coryneform bacterium or Bacillus bacterium (WO99/18228, EP 1092776
A).
[0204] Resistance to L-threonine, L-homoserine, or both can be
imparted to the host by, for example, enhancing expression of a
gene that imparts resistance to L-threonine or L-homoserine.
Examples of these genes include rhtA gene (Livshits, V. A. et al.,
2003, Res. Microbiol., 154:123-135), rhtB (EP 0994190 A), rhtC gene
(EP 1013765 A), yfiK, and yeaS genes (EP 1016710 A). The methods
for imparting L-threonine resistance to a host are described in EP
0994190 A and WO90/04636.
[0205] Examples of L-threonine-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive such bacteria include, but are
not limited to, strains belonging to the genus Escherichia, such as
E. coli TDH-6/pVIC40 (VKPM B-3996) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,175,107, U.S.
Pat. No. 5,705,371), E. coli 472T23/pYN7 (ATCC 98081) (U.S. Pat.
No. 5,631,157), E. coli NRRL-21593 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,939,307), E.
coli FERM BP-3756 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,474,918), E. coli FERM BP-3519
and FERM BP-3520 (U.S. Pat. No. 5,376,538), E. coli MG442
(Gusyatiner et al., Genetika (in Russian), 14, 947-956 (1978)), E.
coli VL643 and VL2055 (EP 1149911 A) and so forth.
[0206] The TDH-6 strain is deficient in the thrC gene, as well as
being sucrose-assimilative, and the ilvA gene has a leaky mutation.
This strain also has a mutation in the rhtA gene, which imparts
resistance to high concentration of threonine or homoserine. The
B-3996 strain contains the plasmid pVIC40, which was obtained by
inserting the thrA*BC operon, including a mutant thrA gene, into
the RSF1010-derived vector. This mutant thrA gene encodes
aspartokinase homoserine dehydrogenase I which is substantially
desensitized to feedback inhibition by threonine. The B-3996 strain
was deposited on Nov. 19, 1987 in the All-Union Scientific Center
of Antibiotics (Nagatinskaya Street 3-A, 117105 Moscow, Russia)
under the accession number RIA 1867. The strain was also deposited
at the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms
(VKPM) (1 Dorozhny proezd., 1 Moscow 117545, Russia) on Apr. 7,
1987 under the accession number VKPM B-3996.
[0207] E. coli VKPM B-5318 (EP 0593792 B) can also be used as an
L-threonine-producing bacterium or a parent strain. The B-5318
strain is prototrophic with regard to isoleucine, and a
temperature-sensitive lambda-phage C1 repressor and PR promoter
replace the regulatory region of the threonine operon in the
plasmid pVIC40. The VKPM B-5318 strain was deposited as an
international deposit at the Russian National Collection of
Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (1 Dorozhny proezd., 1 Moscow
117545, Russia) on May 3, 1990 under the accession number of VKPM
B-5318.
[0208] The thrA gene which encodes aspartokinase homoserine
dehydrogenase I of Escherichia coli is located at the nucleotide
numbers 337 to 2,799 on the genome sequence of the Escherichia coli
MG1655 strain registered under Genbank Accession No. U00096, and
codes for the protein registered under GenBank accession No.
AAC73113. The thrB gene which encodes homoserine kinase of
Escherichia coli is located at the nucleotide numbers 2,801 to
3,733 on the genome sequence of the Escherichia coli MG1655 strain
registered under Genbank Accession No. U00096, and codes for the
protein registered under GenBank accession No. AAC73114. The thrC
gene which encodes threonine synthase of Escherichia coli is
located at the nucleotide numbers 3,734 to 5,020 on the genome
sequence of the Escherichia coli MG1655 strain registered under
Genbank Accession No. U00096, and codes for the protein registered
under GenBank accession No. AAC73115. These three genes make up the
threonine operon thrLABC downstream of the thrL gene, which codes
for the leader peptide. To enhance expression of the threonine
operon, the attenuator region which affects the transcription can
be removed from the operon (WO2005/049808, WO2003/097839).
[0209] A mutant thrA gene which codes for aspartokinase homoserine
dehydrogenase I resistant to feedback inhibition by threonine, as
well as the thrB and thrC genes can be obtained as one operon from
the well-known pVIC40 plasmid, which is present in the
threonine-producing E. coli strain VKPM B-3996. pVIC40 is described
in detail in U.S. Pat. No. 5,705,371.
[0210] The rhtA gene is imparts resistance to homoserine and
threonine (rht: resistant to threonine/homoserine), and is located
at the nucleotide numbers 848,433 to 849,320 (complementary strand)
on the genome sequence of the Escherichia coli MG1655 strain
registered under Genbank Accession No. U00096, and coding for the
protein registered under GenBank accession No. AAC73900. Also, the
rhtA23 mutation is an A-for-G substitution at position -1 with
respect to the ATG start codon (Livshits, V. A. et al., 2003, Res.
Microbiol., 154:123-135, EP 1013765 A).
[0211] The asd gene of E. coli is located at the nucleotide numbers
3,571,798 to 3,572,901 (complementary strand) on the genome
sequence of the Escherichia coli MG1655 strain registered under
Genbank Accession No. U00096, and codes for the protein registered
under GenBank accession No. AAC76458. It can be obtained by PCR
(refer to White, T. J. et al., Trends Genet, 5, 185 (1989))
utilizing primers prepared based on the nucleotide sequence of the
gene. The asd genes of other microorganisms can also be obtained in
a similar manner.
[0212] The aspC gene of E. coli is located at the nucleotide
numbers 983,742 to 984,932 (complementary strand) on the genome
sequence of the Escherichia coli MG1655 strain registered under
Genbank Accession No. U00096, and codes for the protein registered
under GenBank accession No. AAC74014, and can be obtained by PCR.
The aspC genes of other microorganisms can also be obtained in a
similar manner.
[0213] L-Lysine-Producing Bacteria
[0214] L-Lysine-producing bacteria and methods for constructing
them are exemplified below.
[0215] Examples of strains having L-lysine-producing ability
include, for example, L-lysine analogue-resistant strains and
metabolic regulation mutant strains. Examples of L-lysine analogue
include, but are not limited to, oxalysine, lysine hydroxamate,
S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (also abbreviated as "AEC"
hereinafter), .gamma.-methyllysine, .alpha.-chlorocaprolactam and
so forth. Mutant strains having resistance to these lysine
analogues can be obtained by subjecting a bacterium belonging to
the family Enterobacteriaceae or a coryneform bacterium to a
conventional artificial mutagenesis treatment. Specific examples of
L-lysine-producing bacteria include Escherichia coli AJ11442 (FERM
BP-1543, NRRL B-12185, see Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 56-18596
and U.S. Pat. No. 4,346,170), Escherichia coliVL611 strain
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-189180), and so forth. As an
L-lysine-producing Escherichia coli, the WC196 strain may also be
used (see International Publication WO96/17930).
[0216] Further, an L-lysine-producing bacterium can also be
constructed by increasing activity of an L-lysine biosynthesis
system enzyme. Increasing the activity of such an enzyme can be
attained by increasing the copy number of the gene coding for the
enzyme in cells, or by modifying an expression control sequence
thereof.
[0217] A gene can be modified to enhance expression by, for
example, increasing the copy number of the gene in the cells by
means of genetic recombination techniques. For example, a
recombinant DNA can be prepared by ligating a DNA fragment
containing the gapA gene with a vector, such as a multi-copy
vector, which is able to function in a host microorganism, and
introducing the DNA into a bacterium to transform it.
[0218] Increasing the copy number of a gene can also be achieved by
introducing multiple copies of the gene into a genomic DNA of a
bacterium. In order to introduce multiple copies of a gene into a
genomic DNA of a bacterium, homologous recombination is carried out
by using a sequence which is present in multiple copies in the
genomic DNA as targets. As sequences which is present in multiple
copies in genomic DNA, repetitive DNA, and inverted repeats present
at the end of a transposable element can be used. Another gene may
be introduced next to the gapA gene on a genome in tandem, or it
multiple copies may be introduced into an unnecessary gene on a
genome. Such gene transfer can be attained by using a temperature
sensitive vector or an integration vector.
[0219] Alternatively, as disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
2-109985, it is also possible to incorporate the gene into a
transposon, and transfer it, which results in the introduction of
multiple copies of the genes into the genomic DNA. Transfer of the
gene to the genome can be confirmed by performing Southern
hybridization using a part of the gene as a probe.
[0220] Further, in addition to the aforementioned increase of the
gene copy number, expression of gene can be enhanced by replacing
an expression control sequence such as a promoter of the gene on a
genome DNA or plasmid with a stronger one, by making the -35 and
-10 regions of the gene closer to the consensus sequence, by
amplifying a regulator that increases expression of the gene, or by
deleting or attenuating a regulator that decreases expression of
the gene according to the methods described in International
Publication WO00/18935. For example, the lac promoter, trp
promoter, trc promoter, tac promoter, araBA promoter, lambda phage
PR promoter and PL promoter, tet promoter, T7 promoter, .PHI.10
promoter, and so forth are known as strong promoters. A promoter or
SD region of the gapA gene can also be modified so as to become
stronger by introducing a nucleotide substitution or the like.
Examples of the method for evaluating strength of a promoter and
strong promoters are described in the paper of Goldstein et al.
(Prokaryotic promoters in biotechnology, Biotechnol. Annu Rev.,
1995, 1, 105-128) and so forth. In addition, it is known that
substitution of several nucleotides in a spacer between the
ribosome binding site (RBS) and translation initiation codon,
especially a sequence immediately upstream from the initiation
codon, greatly affects mRNA translation efficiency, and therefore
this sequence may be modified. Expression control regions such as
promoter of a gene may also be identified by using a promoter
search vector or gene analysis software such as GENETYX. By such
substitution or modification of promoter as described above,
expression of a gene is enhanced. Substitution of an expression
control sequence can also be attained by, for example, a method
using a temperature sensitive plasmid or Red-driven integration
(WO2005/010175).
[0221] Examples of genes coding for L-lysine biosynthetic enzymes
include genes coding for enzymes of the diaminopimelate pathway
such as dihydrodipicolinate synthase gene (dapA), aspartokinase
gene (lysC), dihydrodipicolinate reductase gene (dapB),
diaminopimelate decarboxylase gene (lysA), diaminopimelate
dehydrogenase gene (ddh) (WO96/40934 for all the foregoing genes),
phosphoenolpyrvate carboxylase gene (ppc) (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 60-87788), aspartate aminotransferase gene (aspC)
(Japanese Patent Publication (Kokoku) No. 6-102028),
diaminopimelate epimerase gene (dapF) (Japanese Patent Laid-open
No. 2003-135066), and aspartate semialdehyde dehydrogenease gene
(asd) (WO00/61723), and genes coding for enzymes of the aminoadipic
acid pathway such as homoaconitate hydratase gene (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2000-157276). In addition, the parent strain may show
an increased level of expression of the gene involved in energy
efficiency (cyo) (EP 1170376 A), the gene coding for nicotinamide
nucleotide transhydrogenase (pntAB) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,830,716), the
ybjE gene coding for a protein having L-lysine excretion activity
(WO2005/073390), the gene coding for glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA)
(Valle F. et al., 1983, Gene 23:199-209), or an arbitrary
combination of these. Abbreviations for the genes are shown in the
parentheses.
[0222] It is known that the wild-type dihydrodipicolinate synthase
derived from Escherichia coli suffers from feedback inhibition by
L-lysine, and it is known that the wild-type aspartokinase derived
from Escherichia coli suffers from suppression and feedback
inhibition by L-lysine. Therefore, when the dapA gene and lysC gene
are used, these genes can encode for mutant enzymes desensitized to
the feedback inhibition by L-lysine.
[0223] Examples of DNA encoding a mutant dihydrodipicolinate
synthetase desensitized to feedback inhibition by L-lysine include
a DNA encoding such a protein having an amino acid sequence in
which the histidine residue at the position 118 is replaced by
tyrosine residue. Examples of DNA encoding a mutant aspartokinase
desensitized to feedback inhibition by L-lysine include a DNA
encoding an AKIII having an amino acid sequence in which the
threonine residue at the position 352, the glycine residue at the
position 323, and the methionine residue at the position 318 are
replaced by isoleucine, asparagine and isoleucine residues,
respectively (for these mutants, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,661,012 and
6,040,160). Such mutant DNAs can be obtained by site-specific
mutagenesis using PCR or the like.
[0224] A wide host-range plasmids RSFD80, pCAB1, and pCABD2 are
known which contain a mutant dapA gene encoding a mutant
dihydrodipicolinate synthase and a mutant lysC gene encoding a
mutant aspartokinase (U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,160). Escherichia coli
JM109 strain transformed with the plasmid was named AJ12396 (U.S.
Pat. No. 6,040,160), and the strain was deposited at the National
Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial
Science and Technology, Ministry of International Trade and
Industry (currently National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary)
on Oct. 28, 1993 and assigned an accession number of FERM P-13936,
and the deposit was then converted to an international deposit
under the provisions of Budapest Treaty on Nov. 1, 1994 and
assigned an accession number of FERM BP-4859. RSFD80 can be
obtained from the AJ12396 strain by a conventional method.
[0225] Examples of such enzymes involved in the L-lysine production
include homoserine dehydrogenase, lysine decarboxylase (cadA,
ldcC), malic enzyme, and so forth, and strains in which activities
of these enzymes are decreased or deleted are disclosed in
WO95/23864, WO96/17930, WO2005/010175, and so forth.
[0226] Expression of both the cadA and ldcC genes encoding lysine
decarboxylase can be decreased in order to decrease or delete the
lysine decarboxylase activity. Expression of both genes can be
decreased by, for example, the method described in
WO2006/078039.
[0227] In order to reduce or eliminate activities of these enzymes,
a mutation may be introduced into the genes which encode the
enzymes on the genome by a usual mutagenesis method or gene
recombination technique so that intracellular activities of the
enzymes are reduced or eliminated. Such introduction of a mutation
can be achieved by, for example, using genetic recombination to
eliminate the genes coding for the enzymes on the genome or to
modify an expression control sequence such as a promoter or the
Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. It can also be achieved by
introducing a mutation for amino acid substitution (missense
mutation), a stop codon (nonsense mutation), or a frame shift
mutation for adding or deleting one or two nucleotides into regions
coding for the enzymes on the genome, or partially or totally
deleting the genes (Wang, J. P. et al., 2006, J. Agric. Food Chem.,
54:9405-9410; Winkler W. C., 2005, Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol.,
9:594-602; Qiu Z. and Goodman M. F., 1997, J. Biol. Chem.,
272:8611-8617; Wente, S. R. and Schachman, H. K., 1991, J. Biol.
Chem., 266:20833-20839). The enzymatic activities can also be
decreased or eliminated by constructing a gene coding for a mutant
enzyme in which the coding region is totally or partially deleted,
and substituting it for a normal gene on the genome by homologous
recombination or the like, or by introducing a transposon or IS
factor into the gene.
[0228] For example, in order to introduce a mutation that decreases
or eliminates the activities of the above-mentioned enzymes by
genetic recombination, the following methods are used. A mutant
gene is prepared by modifying a partial sequence of an objective
gene so that it does not encode an enzyme that can function
normally, and then a bacterium belonging to the family
Enterobacteriaceae can be transformed with a DNA containing the
mutant gene to cause recombination of a corresponding gene on the
genome with the mutant gene to substitute the mutant gene for the
objective gene on the genome. Examples of such gene substitution
using homologous recombination include methods of using a linear
DNA such as the method called Red-driven integration (Datsenko, K.
A, and Wanner, B. L., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA,
97:6640-6645), and the method utilizing the Red driven integration
in combination with an excisive system derived from .lamda. phage
(Cho, E. H., Gumport, R. I., Gardner, J. F., 2002, J. Bacteriol.,
184:5200-5203) (refer to WO2005/010175), a method of using a
plasmid containing a temperature sensitive replication origin (U.S.
Pat. No. 6,303,383, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 05-007491), and
so forth. Further, such site-specific mutagenesis based on gene
substitution using homologous recombination can also be performed
by using a plasmid that is not able to replicate in a host.
[0229] Examples of L-lysine-producing bacteria include Escherichia
coli WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldc/pCABD2 (WO2006/078039). The strain
was constructed by introducing the plasmid pCABD2 containing lysine
biosynthesis genes (U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,160) into the WC196 strain
having disrupted cadA and ldcC genes, which encode lysine
decarboxylase. The WC196 strain was bred from the W3110 strain,
which was derived from Escherichia coli K-12, by replacing the
wild-type lysC gene on the chromosome of the W3110 strain with a
mutant lysC gene encoding a mutant aspartokinase III in which
threonine at position 352 was replaced with isoleucine, resulting
in desensitization of the feedback inhibition thereof by L-lysine
(U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,012), and conferring AEC resistance to the
resulting strain (U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,698). The WC196 strain was
designated Escherichia coli AJ13069, deposited at the National
Institute of Bioscience and Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial
Science and Technology (currently National Institute of Advanced
Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent Organism
Depositary, Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi,
Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan) on Dec. 6, 1994, and assigned an
accession number of FERM P-14690. Then, it was converted to an
international deposit under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty
on Sep. 29, 1995, and assigned an accession number of FERM BP-5252
(U.S. Pat. No. 5,827,698). The WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldc strain
itself is also a L-lysine-producing bacterium. The
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldc was designated AJ110692, and deposited
at the independent administrative agency, National Institute of
Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, International Patent
Organism Depositary (Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-Chome,
Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan) on Oct. 7, 2008 as an
international deposit and assigned an accession number of FERM
BP-11027.
[0230] The plasmid pCABD2 contains a mutant dapA gene derived from
Escherichia coli and coding for a dihydrodipicolinate synthase
(DDPS) having a mutation for desensitization to the feedback
inhibition by L-lysine, a mutant lysC gene derived from Escherichia
coli and coding for aspartokinase III having a mutation for
desensitization to the feedback inhibition by L-lysine, the dapB
gene derived from Escherichia coli and coding for
dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and the ddh gene derived from
Brevibacterium lactofermentum and coding for diaminopimelate
dehydrogenase (International Publications WO95/16042 and
WO01/53459).
[0231] The procedures described above for enhancing gene expression
of the enzymes involved in the L-lysine biosynthesis, and the
methods for reducing the enzymatic activities can similarly be
applied to genes coding for other L-amino acid biosynthesis
enzymes.
[0232] Examples of L-lysine producing coryneform bacteria include
AEC-resistant mutant strains (Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ11082
(NRRL B-11470) strain etc., refer to Japanese Patent Publication
Nos. 56-1914, 56-1915, 57-14157, 57-14158, 57-30474, 58-10075,
59-4993, 61-35840, 62-24074, 62-36673, 5-11958, 7-112437 and
7-112438); mutant strains requiring an amino acid such as
L-homoserine for their growth (refer to Japanese Patent Publication
Nos. 48-28078 and 56-6499); mutant strains showing resistance to
AEC and further requiring an amino acid such as L-leucine,
L-homoserine, L-proline, L-serine, L-arginine, L-alanine and
L-valine (refer to U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,708,395 and 3,825,472);
L-lysine-producing mutant strains showing resistance to
DL-.alpha.-amino-.epsilon.-caprolactam, .alpha.-amino-lauryllactam,
aspartic acid analogue, sulfa drug, quinoid and N-lauroylleucine;
L-lysine-producing mutant strains showing resistance to
oxaloacetate decarboxylase or a respiratory tract enzyme inhibitor
(Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. 50-53588, 50-31093, 52-102498,
53-9394, 53-86089, 55-9783, 55-9759, 56-32995, 56-39778, Japanese
Patent Publication Nos. 53-43591 and 53-1833); L-lysine-producing
mutant strains requiring inositol or acetic acid (Japanese Patent
Laid-open Nos. 55-9784 and 56-8692); L-lysine-producing mutant
strains that are susceptible to fluoropyruvic acid or a temperature
of 34.degree. C. or higher (Japanese Patent Laid-open Nos. 55-9783
and 53-86090); L-lysine-producing mutant strains of Brevibacterium
or Corynebacterium bacteria showing resistance to ethylene glycol
(U.S. Pat. No. 4,411,997) and so forth.
[0233] L-Cysteine-Producing Bacteria
[0234] Examples of L-cysteine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive such bacteria include, but not limited
to, Escherichia bacteria such as E. coli JM15 transformed with
multiple kinds of cysE gene alleles encoding serine
acetyltransferase resistant to feedback inhibition (U.S. Pat. No.
6,218,168, Russian Patent Application No. 2003121601), E. coli
W3110 in which a gene encoding a protein suitable for excretion of
cytotoxic substances is overexpressed (U.S. Pat. No. 5,972,663), E.
coli strain having decreased cysteine desulfhydrase activity
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 11-155571), and E. coli W3110 in
which activity of the positive transcriptional control factor of
the cysteine regulon encoded by the cysB gene is increased
(WO01/27307).
[0235] L-Leucine-Producing Bacteria
[0236] Examples of L-leucine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-leucine-producing bacteria include,
but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial strains, such as E.
coli strains resistant to leucine (for example, the 57 strain (VKPM
B-7386, U.S. Pat. No. 6,124,121)) or leucine analogues including
.beta.-2-thienylalanine, 3-hydroxyleucine, 4-azaleucine,
5,5,5-trifluoroleucine, and so forth (Japanese Patent Publication
No. 62-34397 and Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 8-70879), E. coli
strains obtained by the genetic engineering method described in
WO96/06926, E. coli H-9068 (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 8-70879),
and so forth.
[0237] The bacterium can be improved by enhancing expression of one
or more genes involved in L-leucine biosynthesis. Examples of such
genes include the genes of the leuABCD operon, a typical example of
which is the mutant leuA gene coding for isopropyl malate synthase
which has been mutated to be desensitized to feedback inhibition by
L-leucine (U.S. Pat. No. 6,403,342). In addition, the bacterium can
be improved by enhancing expression of one or more genes coding for
proteins which increase export of L-amino acid from bacterial
cells. Examples of such genes include the b2682 and b2683 genes
(the ygaZH genes) (EP 1239041 A2).
[0238] Examples of L-isoleucine-producing strains of coryneform
bacteria include the coryneform bacterium in which the brnE gene
coding for a branched chain amino acid excretion protein is
amplified (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2001-169788), the
coryneform bacterium imparted with L-isoleucine-producing ability
by protoplast fusion with an L-lysine-producing bacterium (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 62-74293), the coryneform bacterium of which
homoserine dehydrogenase is enhanced (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
62-91193), the threonine hydroxamete resistant strain (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No 62-195293), .alpha.-ketomalonic acid resistant
strain (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 61-15695), and the methyl
lysine resistant strain (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
61-15696).
[0239] L-Histidine-Producing Bacteria
[0240] Examples of L-histidine-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-histidine-producing bacteria
include, but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial strains,
such as E. coli strain 24 (VKPM B-5945, RU2003677), E. coli strain
80 (VKPM B-7270, RU2119536), E. coli NRRL B-12116-B 12121 (U.S.
Pat. No. 4,388,405), E. coli H-9342 (FERM BP-6675), E. coli H-9343
(FERM BP-6676) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,344,347), E. coli H-9341 (FERM
BP-6674) (EP 1085087 A), E. coli AI80/pFM201 (U.S. Pat. No.
6,258,554), and so forth.
[0241] Examples of L-histidine-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-histidine-producing bacteria
also include strains in which the expression of one or more genes
encoding L-histidine biosynthetic enzymes are enhanced. Examples of
such genes include the genes encoding ATP phosphoribosyltransferase
(hisG), phosphoribosyl AMP cyclohydrolase (hisI),
phosphoribosyl-ATP pyrophosphohydrolase (hisI),
phosphoribosylformimino-5-aminoimidazole carboxamide ribotide
isomerase (hisA), amidotransferase (hisH), histidinol phosphate
aminotransferase (hisC), histidinol phosphatase (hisB), histidinol
dehydrogenase (hisD), and so forth.
[0242] It is known that the L-histidine biosynthetic enzymes
encoded by hisG and hisBHAFI are inhibited by L-histidine, and
therefore the ability to produce L-histidine can also be
efficiently enhanced by introducing a mutation which confers
resistance to the feedback inhibition to the gene coding for ATP
phosphoribosyltransferase (hisG) (Russian Patent Nos. 2003677 and
2119536).
[0243] Specific examples of strains which are able to produce
L-histidine include E. coli FERM-P 5038 and 5048 which have been
transformed with a vector carrying a DNA encoding an L-histidine
biosynthetic enzyme (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 56-005099), E.
coli strains transformed with a gene encoding a protein involved in
amino acid export (EP 1016710 A), E. coli 80 strain which is
resistant to sulfaguanidine, DL-1,2,4-triazole-3-alanine, and
streptomycin (VKPM B-7270, Russian Patent No. 2119536), and so
forth.
[0244] L-Glutamic Acid-Producing Bacteria
[0245] Examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-glutamic acid-producing
bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial
strains, such as E. coli VL334thrC.sup.+ (EP 1172433). E. coli
VL334 (VKPM B-1641) is auxotrophic for L-isoleucine and L-threonine
and contains mutant thrC and ilvA genes (U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,765).
A wild-type allele of the thrC gene was transferred by general
transduction using bacteriophage P1 grown on wild-type E. coli K12
(VKPM B-7) cells, resulting in the L-isoleucine auxotrophic
L-glutamic acid-producing strain VL334thrC.sup.+ (VKPM B-8961).
[0246] Examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-glutamic acid-producing
bacteria also include, but are not limited to, strains in which
expression of one or more genes encoding an L-glutamic acid
biosynthetic enzyme is enhanced. Examples of such genes include the
genes encoding glutamate dehydrogenase (gdhA), glutamine synthetase
(glnA), glutamate synthetase (gltAB), isocitrate dehydrogenase
(icdA), aconitate hydratase (acnA, acnB), citrate synthase (gltA),
methyl citrate synthase (prpC), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase
(ppc), pyruvate dehydrogenase (aceEF, lpdA), pyruvate kinase (pykA,
pykF), phosphoenolpyruvate synthase (ppsA), enolase (eno),
phosphoglyceromutase (pgmA, pgmI), phosphoglycerate kinase (pgk),
glyceraldehyde-3-phophate dehydrogenase (gapA), triose phosphate
isomerase (tpiA), fructose bisphosphate aldolase (fbp),
phosphofructokinase (pfkA, pfkB), glucose phosphate isomerase
(pgi), and so forth. Among these enzymes, glutamate dehydrogenase,
citrate synthase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, and methyl
citrate synthase are particular examples.
[0247] Examples of strains which have been modified so that
expression of the citrate synthetase gene, the phosphoenolpyruvate
carboxylase gene, and/or the glutamate dehydrogenase gene is
enhanced include those disclosed in EP 1078989 A, EP 955368 A, and
EP 952221 A.
[0248] Examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-glutamic acid-producing
bacteria also include strains in which the activity of one or more
enzymes that catalyze one or more reactions which direct synthesis
of one or more compounds other than L-glutamic acid, for example,
by directing synthesis away from the biosynthetic pathway of
L-glutamic acid, is reduced or eliminated. Examples of these
enzymes include isocitrate lyase (aceA), .alpha.-ketoglutarate
dehydrogenase (sucA), phosphotransacetylase (pta), acetate kinase
(ack), acetohydroxy acid synthase (ilvG), acetolactate synthase
(ilvI), formate acetyltransferase (pfl), lactate dehydrogenase
(ldh), glutamate decarboxylase (gadAB), and so forth. Escherichia
bacteria without .alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity or
with reduced .alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity and
methods to obtain such bacteria are described in U.S. Pat. Nos.
5,378,616 and 5,573,945.
[0249] Specifically, these strains include the following:
[0250] E. coli W3110sucA::Km.sup.r
[0251] E. coli AJ12624 (FERM BP-3853)
[0252] E. coli AJ12628 (FERM BP-3854)
[0253] E. coli AJ12949 (FERM BP-4881)
[0254] E. coli W3110sucA::Km.sup.r is obtained by disrupting the
.alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase gene (hereinafter also referred
to as the "sucA gene") of E. coli W3110. This strain is completely
deficient in .alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase.
[0255] Examples of coryneform bacteria with decreased
.alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase activity include, for example,
the following strains:
[0256] Brevibacterium lactofermentum L30-2 strain (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2006-340603)
[0257] Brevibacterium lactofermentum .DELTA.S strain
(WO95/34672)
[0258] Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ12821 (FERM BP-4172, French
Patent No. 9401748)
[0259] Brevibacterium flavum AJ12822 (FERM BP-4173, French Patent
No. 9401748)
[0260] Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ12823 (FERM BP-4174, French
Patent No. 9401748)
[0261] Corynebacterium glutamicum L30-2 strain (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2006-340603)
[0262] Other examples of L-glutamic acid-producing bacterium
include Escherichia bacteria that are resistant to an aspartic acid
antimetabolite. These strains can also be deficient in
.alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and include, for example, E.
coli AJ13199 (FERM BP-5807) (U.S. Pat. No. 5,908,768), FFRM
P-12379, which additionally is decreased in an activity to
decompose L-glutamic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 5,393,671); AJ13138 (FERM
BP-5565) (U.S. Pat. No. 6,110,714), and so forth.
[0263] An example of an L-glutamic acid-producing bacterium which
belongs to Pantoea ananatis is the Pantoea ananatis AJ13355 strain.
This strain was isolated from soil in Iwata-shi, Shizuoka-ken,
Japan, and was identified as being able to proliferate in a medium
containing L-glutamic acid and a carbon source at a low pH. The
Pantoea ananatis AJ13355 strain was deposited at the National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
International Patent Organism Depositary (Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1,
Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, 305-8566, Japan) on Feb.
19, 1998 and assigned an accession number of FERM P-16644. It was
then converted to an international deposit under the provisions of
Budapest Treaty on Jan. 11, 1999 and assigned an accession number
of FERM BP-6614. This strain was originally identified as
Enterobacter agglomerans when it was isolated, and deposited as
Enterobacter agglomerans AJ13355. However, it was recently
re-classified as Pantoea ananatis on the basis of nucleotide
sequencing of 16S rRNA and so forth.
[0264] Furthermore, examples of an L-glutamic acid-producing
bacterium of Pantoea ananatis also include Pantoea bacteria
deficient in .alpha.-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (.alpha.KGDH)
activity or having reduced .alpha.KGDH activity. Examples of such a
strain include AJ13356 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,331,419), which was derived
by deleting the .alpha.KGDH-E1 subunit gene (sucA) in AJ13355, and
the SC17sucA strain (U.S. Pat. No. 6,596,517), which is a sucA gene
deficient strain derived from the SC17 strain, selected from
AJ13355 for its low phlegm production properties. The AJ13356
strain was deposited at the National Institute of Bioscience and
Human-Technology, Agency of Industrial Science and Technology
(currently, the independent administrative agency, National
Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology,
International Patent Organism Depositary (Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1,
Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan, postal code:
305-8566)) on Feb. 19, 1998, and assigned an accession number of
FERM P-16645. Then, the deposit was converted into an international
deposit under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty on Jan. 11,
1999, and assigned an accession number of FERM BP-6616. Although
the AJ13355 and AJ13356 strains were deposited at the
aforementioned depository as Enterobacter agglomerans, they are
referred to as Pantoea ananatis in this specification. The SC17sucA
strain was assigned the private number of AJ417, and deposited at
the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary on Feb. 26,
2004, under an accession number of FERM BP-08646.
[0265] Examples of L-glutamic acid-producing Pantoea ananatis
bacteria further include SC17sucA/RSFCPG+pSTVCB, AJ13601, NP106,
and NA1 strains. The SC17sucA/RSFCPG+pSTVCB strain was obtained by
introducing the plasmid RSFCPG containing the citrate synthase gene
(gltA), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene (ppsA), and glutamate
dehydrogenase gene (gdhA) derived from Escherichia coli, and the
plasmid pSTVCB containing the citrate synthase gene (gltA) derived
from Brevibacterium lactofermentum, into the SC17sucA strain. The
AJ13601 strain was selected from the SC17sucA/RSFCPG+pSTVCB strain
for its resistance to high concentration of L-glutamic acid at a
low pH. Furthermore, the NP106 strain was derived from the AJ13601
strain by eliminating the RSFCPG+pSTVCB plasmid. The AJ13601 strain
was deposited at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial
Science and Technology, International Patent Organism Depositary
(Tsukuba Central 6, 1-1, Higashi 1-Chome, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki-ken,
Japan, postal code: 305-8566) on Aug. 18, 1999, and assigned
accession number FERM P-17516. Then, the deposit was converted into
an international deposit under the provisions of the Budapest
Treaty on Jul. 6, 2000, and assigned an accession number FERM
BP-7207.
[0266] Furthermore, the ability to produce L-glutamic acid can also
be imparted to coryneform bacteria by a method of amplifying the
yggB gene coding for the mechanosensitive channel (WO2006/070944),
and a method of introducing a mutant yggB gene in which a mutation
is introduced into the coding region. The yggB gene is a gene
located at the nucleotide numbers 1,337,692 to 1,336,091
(complementary strand) of the genome sequence of Corynebacterium
glutamicum ATCC 13032 strain registered with Genbank Accession No.
NC.sub.--003450, and coding for a membrane protein also called
NCg11221 and registered with GenBank accession No.
NP.sub.--600492.
[0267] Examples of other methods for imparting or enhancing
L-glutamic acid-producing ability also include a method of
imparting resistance to an organic acid analogue, a respiratory
chain inhibitor, etc., and a method of imparting sensitivity to a
cell wall synthesis inhibitor. Examples of such methods include the
methods of imparting resistance to monofluoroacetic acid (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 50-113209), the method of imparting resistance
to adenine or thymine (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 57-065198),
the method of attenuating urease (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
52-038088), the method of imparting resistance to malonic acid
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 52-038088), the method of imparting
resistance to benzopyrones or naphthoquinones (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 56-1889), the method of imparting resistance to HOQNO
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 56-140895), the method of imparting
resistance to .alpha.-ketomalonic acid (Japanese Patent Laid-open
No. 57-2689), the method of imparting resistance to guanidine
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 56-35981), the method of imparting
sensitivity to penicillin (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 4-88994),
and so forth.
[0268] Specific examples of such resistant strains include the
following strains:
[0269] Brevibacterium flavum AJ3949 (FERM BP-2632; Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 50-113209)
[0270] Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ11628 (FERM P-5736; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 57-065198)
[0271] Brevibacterium flavum AJ11355 (FERM P-5007; Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 56-1889)
[0272] Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ11368 (FERM P-5020; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 56-1889)
[0273] Brevibacterium flavum AJ11217 (FERM P-4318; Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 57-2689)
[0274] Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ11218 (FERM P-4319; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 57-2689)
[0275] Brevibacterium flavum AJ11564 (FERM BP-5472; Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 56-140895)
[0276] Brevibacterium flavum AJ11439 (FERM BP-5136; Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 56-35981)
[0277] Corynebacterium glutamicum H7684 (FERM BP-3004; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 04-88994)
[0278] Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ11426 (FERM P-5123; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 56-048890)
[0279] Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ11440 (FERM P-5137; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 56-048890)
[0280] Brevibacterium lactofermentum AJ11796 (FERM P-6402; Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 58-158192)
[0281] L-Phenylalanine-Producing Bacteria
[0282] Examples of L-phenylalanine-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-phenylalanine-producing
bacteria include, but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial
strains, such as E. coli AJ12739 (tyrA::Tn10, tyrR) (VKPM B-8197)
which lacks chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase and the
tyrosine repressor (WO03/044191), E. coli HW1089 (ATCC 55371) which
contains the pheA34 gene coding for chorismate mutase-prephenate
dehydratase which has been mutated to be desensitized to feedback
inhibition (U.S. Pat. No. 5,354,672), E. coli MWEC101-b
(KR8903681), E. coli NRRL B-12141, NRRL B-12145, NRRL B-12146, and
NRRL B-12147 (U.S. Pat. No. 4,407,952). Also, the following strains
can be used to derive L-phenylalanine-producing bacteria: E. coli
K-12 [W3110(tyrA)/pPHAB (FERM BP-3566) which contains genes coding
for chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydratase which has been mutated
to be desensitized to feedback inhibition, E. coli K-12
[W3110(tyrA)/pPHAD] (FERM BP-12659), E. coli K-12
[W3110(tyrA)/pPHATerm] (FERM BP-12662), and E. coli K-12
[W3110(tyrA)/pBR-aroG4, pACMAB] (also known as AJ12604 (FERM
BP-3579) (EP 488424 B1). Furthermore, Escherichia
L-phenylalanine-producing bacteria with enhanced activity of the
protein encoded by the yedA gene or the yddG gene can also be used
(U.S. Patent Published Applications Nos. 2003/0148473 and
2003/0157667, WO03/044192).
[0283] As phenylalanine-producing coryneform bacteria, the
Cornebacterium glutamicum BPS-13 (FERM BP-1777), K77 (FERM
BP-2062), and K78 (FERM BP-2063) (European Patent Laid-open No.
331145, Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 02-303495), of which
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase or pyruvate kinase activity is
reduced, tyrosine-auxotrophic strain (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
05-049489), and so forth can be used.
[0284] A bacterium which efficiently produces phenylalanine can
also be obtained by modifying a bacterium so that the bacterium
incorporates by-products, for example, by increasing the expression
amount of the L-tryptophan uptake gene, tnaB or mtr, or the
L-tyrosine uptake gene, tyrP (European Patent No. 1484410).
[0285] L-Tryptophan-Producing Bacteria
[0286] Examples of L-tryptophan-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-tryptophan-producing bacteria
include, but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial strains,
such as E. coli JP4735/pMU3028 (DSM10122) and E. coli JP6015/pMU91
(DSM10123) which lack tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase encoded by a
mutant trpS gene (U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,345), E. coli SV164 (pGH5)
which contains the serA allele encoding phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase and the trpE allele encoding anthranilate synthase,
which are desensitized to feedback inhibition by serine and
tryptophan, respectively (U.S. Pat. No. 6,180,373), E. coli AGX17
(pGX44) (NRRL B-12263), and E. coli AGX6(pGX50)aroP (NRRL B-12264)
which lack tryptophanase (U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,614), and E. coli
AGX17/pGX50, pACKG4-pps in which phosphoenolpyruvate-producing
ability is enhanced (WO97/08333, U.S. Pat. No. 6,319,696).
L-Tryptophan-producing bacteria belonging to the genus Escherichia
with enhanced activity of the protein encoded by the yedA gene or
the yddG gene can also be used (U.S. Patent Published Application
Nos. 2003/0148473 and 2003/0157667).
[0287] Examples of L-tryptophan-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-tryptophan-producing bacteria
also include strains in which one or more activities of the
following enzymes are enhanced: anthranilate synthase (trpE),
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (serA),
3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase (aroG),
3-dehydroquinate synthase (aroB), shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE),
shikimate kinase (aroL), 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate
synthase (aroA), chorismate synthase (aroC), prephenate
dehydratase, chorismate mutase, and tryptophan synthase (trpAB).
Prephenate dehydratase and chorismate mutase are encoded by the
pheA gene as a bifunctional enzyme (chorismate mutase/prephenate
dehydratase, CM/PDH). Among these enzymes, phosphoglycerate
dehydrogenase, 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulosonate-7-phosphate synthase,
3-dehydroquinate synthase, shikimate dehydratase, shikimate kinase,
5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase, chorismate synthase,
prephenate dehydratase, and chorismate mutase-prephenate
dehydratase are particularl examples. Anthranilate synthase and
phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase both suffer from feedback inhibition
by L-tryptophan and L-serine, and therefore a mutation
desensitizing the feedback inhibition can be introduced into the
genes encoding these enzymes. Specific examples of strains having
such a mutation include E. coli SV164 having a desensitized type
anthranilate synthase and a transformant strain obtained by
introducing pGH5 (WO94/08031) containing a mutant serA gene coding
for phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase desensitized to the feedback
inhibition into E. coli SV164.
[0288] Examples of L-tryptophan-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-tryptophan-producing bacteria
also include strains which have been transformed with the
tryptophan operon, which contains a gene encoding
inhibition-desensitized anthranilate synthase (Japanese Patent
Laid-open Nos. 57-71397, 62-244382, U.S. Pat. No. 4,371,614).
Moreover, L-tryptophan-producing ability can be imparted by
enhancing expression of a gene which encodes tryptophan synthase in
the tryptophan operon (trpBA). Tryptophan synthase includes both
.alpha. and .beta. subunits, which are encoded by trpA and trpB,
respectively. In addition, L-tryptophan-producing ability can be
improved by enhancing expression of the isocitrate lyase-malate
synthase operon (WO2005/103275).
[0289] As coryneform bacteria, Corynebacterium glutamicum AJ12118
(FERM BP-478, Japanese Patent No. 01681002), which is resistant to
sulfaguanidine, the coryneform bacterium introduced with the
tryptophan operon (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 63-240794), and
the coryneform bacterium introduced with a gene coding for
shikimate kinase derived from a coryneform bacterium (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 01-994749) can be used.
[0290] L-Proline-Producing Bacteria
[0291] Examples of L-proline-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-proline-producing bacteria include,
but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial strains, such as E.
coli 702ilvA (VKPM B-8012) which lacks the ilvA gene and can
produce L-proline (EP 1172433).
[0292] The bacterium can be improved by enhancing expression of one
or more genes involved in L-proline biosynthesis. Examples of genes
for L-proline-producing bacteria include the proB gene coding for
glutamate kinase which is desensitized to feedback inhibition by
L-proline (DE Patent 3127361). In addition, the bacterium can be
improved by enhancing expression of one or more genes coding for
proteins responsible for secretion of L-amino acids from the
bacterial cell. Examples of such genes are the b2682 and b2683
genes (ygaZH genes) (EP 1239041 A2).
[0293] Escherichia bacteria which produce L-proline include the
following E. coli strains: NRRL B-12403 and NRRL B-12404 (GB Patent
2075056), VKPM B-8012 (Russian patent application 2000124295),
plasmid mutants described in DE Patent 3127361, plasmid mutants
described by Bloom F. R. et al. (The 15th Miami Winter Symposium,
1983, p. 34), and so forth.
[0294] L-Arginine-Producing Bacteria
[0295] Examples of L-arginine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-arginine-producing bacteria include,
but are not limited to, Escherichia bacterial strains, such as E.
coli strain 237 (VKPM B-7925) (U.S. Patent Published Application
No. 2002/058315 A1) and its derivative strains harboring mutant
N-acetylglutamate synthase (Russian Patent Application No.
2001112869), E. coli strain 382 (VKPM B-7926) (EP 1170358 A1), and
an arginine-producing strain transformed with an argA gene encoding
N-acetylglutamate synthetase (EP 1170361 A1).
[0296] Examples of L-arginine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-arginine-producing bacteria also
include strains in which the expression of one or more genes
encoding an L-arginine biosynthetic enzyme are enhanced. Examples
of such genes include the N-acetylglutamyl phosphate reductase gene
(argC), ornithine acetyl transferase gene (argJ), N-acetylglutamate
kinase gene (argB), acetylornithine transaminase gene (argD),
ornithine carbamoyl transferase gene (argF), argininosuccinic acid
synthetase gene (argG), argininosuccinic acid lyase gene (argH),
and carbamoyl phosphate synthetase gene (carAB).
[0297] L-Valine-Producing Bacteria
[0298] Examples of L-valine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-valine-producing bacteria include,
but are not limited to, strains which have been modified to
overexpress the ilvGMEDA operon (U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,178). It is
desirable to remove the region in the ilvGMEDA operon which is
required for attenuation so that expression of the operon is not
attenuated by the produced L-valine. Furthermore, the ilvA gene in
the operon is desirably disrupted so that threonine deaminase
activity is decreased.
[0299] Examples of L-valine-producing bacteria and parent strains
which can be used to derive L-valine-producing bacteria also
include mutants having amino-acyl t-RNA synthetase mutations (U.S.
Pat. No. 5,658,766). An example is E. coli VL1970, which has a
mutation in the ileS gene encoding isoleucine tRNA synthetase. E.
coli VL1970 was deposited at the Russian National Collection of
Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) (1 Dorozhny proezd., 1 Moscow
117545, Russia) on Jun. 24, 1988 under the accession number VKPM
B-4411.
[0300] Furthermore, mutant strains which require lipoic acid for
growth and/or lack H.sup.+-ATPase (WO96/06926) are also effective
to derive L-valine-producing bacteria.
[0301] Examples of L-valine-producing bacteria of coryneform
bacteria include, for example, strains modified so that expression
of a gene encoding an L-valine biosynthetic enzyme is enhanced.
Examples of the L-valine biosynthesis enzyme include enzymes
encoded by genes present on the ilvBNC operon, that is,
acetohydroxy acid synthetase encoded by ilvBN and isomero-reductase
encoded by ilvC (WO00/50624). Since the ilvBNC operon is subject to
expression regulation by L-valine and/or L-isoleucine and/or
L-leucine, attenuation can be eliminated to avoid expression
suppression by L-valine that is produced.
[0302] Impartation of L-valine-producing ability to coryneform
bacteria may be performed by decreasing or eliminating activity of
at least one kind of enzyme which is involved in a metabolic
pathway that decreases L-valine production. For example, decrease
of the activity of threonine dehydratase involved in the L-leucine
synthesis, or activity of an enzyme that involved in
D-panthothenate synthesis is contemplated (WO00/50624).
[0303] Examples of methods for imparting L-valine-producing ability
also include imparting resistance to an amino acid analogue or the
like.
[0304] Examples include, for example, mutant strains which are
auxotrophic for L-isoleucine and L-methionine, and resistant to
D-ribose, purine ribonucleoside or pyrimidine ribonucleoside, and
have an ability to produce L-valine (FERM P-1841, FERM P-29,
Japanese Patent Publication No. 53-025034), mutant strains
resistant to polyketides (FERM P-1763, FERM P-1764, Japanese Patent
Publication No. 06-065314), and mutant strains resistant to
L-valine in a medium containing acetic acid as the sole carbon
source and sensitive to pyruvic acid analogues (fluoropyruvic acid
etc.) in a medium containing glucose as the sole carbon source
(FERM BP-3006, BP-3007, Japanese Patent No. 3006929).
[0305] L-Isoleucine-Producing Bacteria
[0306] Examples of L-isoleucine producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-isoleucine-producing bacteria
include, but are not limited to, mutants which are resistant to
6-dimethylaminopurine (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 5-304969),
mutants which are resistant to isoleucine analogues such as
thiaisoleucine and isoleucine hydroxamate, and mutants which are
additionally resistant to DL-ethionine and/or arginine hydroxamate
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 5-130882). In addition, recombinant
strains transformed with genes encoding proteins involved in
L-isoleucine biosynthesis, such as threonine deaminase and
acetohydroxate synthase, are also effective to derive
L-isoleucine-producing bacteria (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
2-458, FR 0356739, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,998,178).
[0307] Examples of L-isoleucine-producing strains of coryneform
bacteria include the coryneform bacterium of which brnE gene coding
for a branched chain amino acid excretion protein is amplified
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2001-169788), the coryneform
bacterium imparted with L-isoleucine-producing ability by
protoplast fusion with an L-lysine-producing bacterium (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 62-74293), the coryneform bacterium in which
homoserine dehydrogenase is enhanced (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
62-91193), the threonine hydroxamete resistant strain (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No 62-195293), .alpha.-ketomalonic acid resistant
strain (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 61-15695), and the methyl
lysine resistant strain (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
61-15696).
[0308] L-Methionine-Producing Bacteria
[0309] Examples of L-methionine-producing bacteria and parent
strains which can be used to derive L-methionine producing bacteria
include, but are not limited to, L-threonine-auxotrophic mutant
strain and norleucine-resistant mutant strain (Japanese Patent
Laid-open No. 2000-139471). Furthermore, a methionine
repressor-deficient strain and recombinant strains transformed with
genes encoding proteins involved in L-methionine biosynthesis such
as homoserine transsuccinylase and cystathionine .gamma.-synthase
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2000-139471) can also be used as
parent strains.
[0310] When the aforementioned L-amino acid-producing bacteria are
bred by gene recombination, the genes are not limited to genes
having the genetic information described above or genes having
known sequences, but also include genes having conservative
mutations, such as homologues or artificially modified genes, can
also be used so long as the functions of the encoded proteins are
not degraded. That is, they may be genes encoding a known amino
acid sequence containing one or more substitutions, deletions,
insertions, additions or the like of one or several amino acid
residues at one or several positions.
[0311] Although the number of the "one or several" amino acid
residues may differ depending on the position in the
three-dimensional structure or the types of amino acid residues of
the protein, specifically, it may be 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or even 1 to
5. The conservative mutation is a mutation wherein substitution
takes place mutually among Phe, Trp, and Tyr, if the substitution
site is an aromatic amino acid; among Leu, Ile and Val, if it is a
hydrophobic amino acid; between Gln and Asn, if it is a polar amino
acid; among Lys, Arg and His, if it is a basic amino acid; between
Asp and Glu, if it is an acidic amino acid; and between Ser and
Thr, if it is an amino acid having a hydroxyl group. The
conservative mutation is typically a conservative substitution, and
substitutions considered conservative substitutions include,
specifically, substitution of Ser or Thr for Ala, substitution of
Gln, His or Lys for Arg, substitution of Glu, Gln, Lys, His or Asp
for Asn, substitution of Asn, Glu or Gln for Asp, substitution of
Ser or Ala for Cys, substitution of Asn, Glu, Lys, His, Asp or Arg
for Gln, substitution of Gly, Asn, Gln, Lys or Asp for Glu,
substitution of Pro for Gly, substitution of Asn, Lys, Gln, Arg or
Tyr for His, substitution of Leu, Met, Val or Phe for Ile,
substitution of Ile, Met, Val or Phe for Leu, substitution of Asn,
Glu, Gln, His or Arg for Lys, substitution of Ile, Leu, Val or Phe
for Met, substitution of Trp, Tyr, Met, Ile or Leu for Phe,
substitution of Thr or Ala for Ser, substitution of Ser or Ala for
Thr, substitution of Phe or Tyr for Trp, substitution of His, Phe
or Trp for Tyr, and substitution of Met, Ile or Leu for Val. The
aforementioned amino acid substitutions, deletions, insertions,
additions, inversions or the like may be a result of a
naturally-occurring mutation or a variation due to an individual
difference or difference of species of a microorganism from which
the genes are derived (mutant or variant). Such genes can be
obtained by, for example, modifying a known nucleotide sequence of
a gene by site-specific mutagenesis so that the amino acid residues
at the specific sites of the encoded protein include substitutions,
deletions, insertions, or additions of amino acid residues.
[0312] Furthermore, such genes having conservative mutation(s) as
described above may encode a protein having a homology of 80% or
more, 90% or more, 95% or more, or even 97% or more, to the entire
encoded amino acid sequence and have a function equivalent to that
of the wild-type protein.
[0313] Moreover, codons in the gene sequences may be replaced with
other codons which are easily used in the host into which the genes
are introduced.
[0314] The genes having conservative mutation(s) may be obtained by
methods usually used in mutagenesis treatments such as treatments
with mutagenesis agents.
[0315] Furthermore, the genes may be a DNA which can hybridize with
a complementary sequence of a known gene sequence or a probe which
can be prepared from the complementary sequence under stringent
conditions and encodes a protein having a function equivalent to
that of the known gene product. The "stringent conditions" can be
conditions under which a so-called specific hybrid is formed, and a
non-specific hybrid is not formed. Examples of the stringent
conditions include those under which highly homologous DNAs
hybridize to each other, for example, DNAs not less than 80%
homologous, not less than 90% homologous, not less than 95%
homologous, or even not less than 97% homologous, hybridize to each
other, and DNAs less homologous than the above do not hybridize to
each other, or conditions of washing once, or 2 or 3 times, at a
salt concentration and temperature corresponding to washing typical
of Southern hybridization, i.e., 1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at
60.degree. C.; 0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 60.degree. C.; or even
0.1.times.SSC, 0.1% SDS at 68.degree. C.
[0316] As the probe, a part of the sequence which is complementary
to the gene can also be used. Such a probe can be prepared by PCR
using oligonucleotides prepared on the basis of the known gene
sequence as primers and a DNA fragment containing the nucleotide
sequences as a template. For example, when a DNA fragment having a
length of about 300 bp is used as the probe, the washing conditions
of hybridization may be 50.degree. C., 2.times.SSC and 0.1%
SDS.
[0317] The aforementioned descriptions concerning gene homologues
and conservative mutations are similarly applied to the
aforementioned lipase genes.
[0318] <3> Method for Producing L-Amino Acid
[0319] The method for producing an L-amino acid includes the steps
of preparing a processed product of a microalga, which promotes
production and accumulation of the L-amino acid by a bacterium
having an ability to produce the L-amino acid, by culturing the
microalga in a medium, and processing the culture at a
midtemperature, culturing the bacterium in a medium containing the
processed product of the microalga to produce and accumulate the
L-amino acid in the culture, and collecting the L-amino acid from
the culture. Since the processed product is a reaction mixture in
which the culture of the microalga is processed at a midtemperature
or a product obtained by further subjecting the reaction mixture to
extraction or fractionation and/or another treatment as described
above, it is considered that the processed product contains organic
substances produced from organic substances produced by the
microalga by the reaction at a midtemperature, or organic
substances obtained by further conversion of the foregoing organic
substance by another treatment.
[0320] The processed product (henceforth also referred to as "mid
temperature-processed product") can be a carbon source, and in this
case, fatty acids, glucose and glycerol are included as the carbon
source.
[0321] The expression "as a carbon source" mentioned above means
that the processed product can substantially contribute carbon
constituting cell components and L-amino acids in proliferation of
the bacterium and L-amino acid production. If bacterial growth or
L-amino acid production and accumulation are more favorable in
culture in a medium to which the midtemperature-processed product
is added compared with culture in a medium to which the moderate
temperature-processed product is not added, the
midtemperature-processed product is estimated to be a carbon
source. The medium may contain only the midtemperature-processed
product as a carbon source, or may contain other carbon
sources.
[0322] For the method, batch culture, fed-batch culture and
continuous culture may be used. The moderate temperature-processed
product in the medium may be present in a starting medium or feed
medium, or may be present in both.
[0323] The fed-batch culture can refer to a culture method in which
a medium is continuously or intermittently fed into a culture
vessel, and the medium is not extracted until the end of culture. A
continuous culture can mean a method in which a medium is
continuously or intermittently fed into a culture vessel, and the
medium is extracted from the vessel (usually in a volume equivalent
to the volume of fed medium) at the same time. The starting medium
can mean the medium used in batch culture, the fed-batch culture,
or continuous culture before feeding the feed medium (medium used
at the time of the start of the culture), and feed medium can mean
a medium which is supplied to a fermentation tank in the fed-batch
culture or continuous culture. The batch culture means a method in
which fresh medium is prepared for every culture, and a strain is
inoculated into the medium, which medium is not changed until
harvest.
[0324] The midtemperature-processed product may be used at any
concentration so long as it is used at a concentration suitable for
producing an L-amino acid. Concentrations of the components of the
midtemperature-processed product are as follows. Concentration of
glucose as a saccharification product of starches in the medium can
be about 0.05 to 50 w/v %, about 0.1 to 40 w/v %, or even about 0.2
to 20 w/v %. As for the amount of glycerol and fatty acids as a
hydrolysate of fat or oil, about 0.01 to 10 w/v %, about 0.02 to 5
w/v %, or even about 0.05 to 2 w/v % can be present in the medium.
The midtemperature-processed product may be independently used, or
may also be used in combination with other carbon sources such as
glucose, fructose, sucrose, blackstrap molasses, and starch
hydrolysate. In this case, although the midtemperature-processed
product and other carbon sources may be mixed at an arbitrary
ratio, it is desirable that the ratio of the moderate
temperature-processed product in the carbon source is 10% by weight
or more, 50% by weight or more, 70% by weight or more. Other carbon
sources can include saccharides such as glucose, fructose, sucrose,
lactose, galactose, blackstrap molasses, starch hydrolysate, and a
sugar solution obtained by hydrolysis of biomass, alcohols such as
ethanol and glycerol, and organic acids such as fumaric acid,
citric acid, and succinic acid.
[0325] Themid-temperature-processed product may be present at a
certain constant concentration throughout the culture period, it
may be added only to the feed medium or the starting medium, or if
other carbon sources are sufficient, there may be a period where
the moderate temperature-processed product temporarily runs short.
The term "temporarily" means that, for example, the moderate
temperature-processed product may run short for a period
corresponding to 10%, 20%, or 30% at most, of the entire
fermentation period. Such a case as described above where the
concentration of the midtemperature-processed product may
temporarily become 0 is included in the scope of the expression
"the medium contains the moderate temperature-processed product as
a carbon source", so long as there is a period of culture in a
medium containing the midtemperature-processed product.
[0326] As the medium to be used, media conventionally used in the
production of L-amino acids by fermentation using microorganisms
can be used, provided that the medium contains the moderate
temperature-processed product. That is, conventional media
containing, besides a carbon source, a nitrogen source, inorganic
ions, and optionally other organic components as required may be
used. As the nitrogen source, inorganic ammonium salts such as
ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphate, ammonium
acetate, and urea, nitrates, organic nitrogen such as soybean
hydrolysate, ammonia gas, aqueous ammonia, and so forth may be
used. Furthermore, peptone, yeast extract, meat extract, malt
extract, corn steep liquor, soybean hydrolysate and so forth can
also be utilized. The medium may contain one or more types of these
nitrogen sources. These nitrogen sources can also be used for both
the starting medium and the feed medium. Furthermore, the same
nitrogen source can be used for both the starting medium and the
feed medium, or the nitrogen source of the feed medium may be
different from that of the starting medium.
[0327] The medium can contain a phosphoric acid source and a sulfur
source in addition to the carbon source and the nitrogen source. As
the phosphoric acid source, potassium dihydrogenphosphate,
dipotassium hydrogenphosphate, phosphate polymers such as
pyrophosphoric acid and so forth can be utilized. Although the
sulfur source may be any substance containing sulfur atoms,
sulfuric acid salts such as sulfates, thiosulfates and sulfites,
and sulfur-containing amino acids such as cysteine, cystine and
glutathione are desirable, and ammonium sulfate is especially
desirable.
[0328] Furthermore, the medium may contain a growth promoting
factor (nutrient having a growth promoting effect) in addition to
the aforementioned components. As the growth promoting factor,
trace metals, amino acids, vitamins, nucleic acids as well as
peptone, casamino acid, yeast extract, soybean protein degradation
product and so forth containing the foregoing substances can be
used. Examples of the trace metals include iron, manganese,
magnesium, calcium and so forth. Examples of the vitamins include
vitamin B.sub.1, vitamin B.sub.2, vitamin B.sub.6, nicotinic acid,
nicotinamide, vitamin B.sub.12 and so forth. These growth promoting
factors may be contained in the starting medium or the feed
medium.
[0329] Furthermore, when an auxotrophic mutant that requires an
amino acid or the like for growth thereof is used, a required
nutrient can be supplemented to the medium. In particular, since
the L-lysine biosynthetic pathway is enhanced and L-lysine
degrading ability is often attenuated in L-lysine-producing
bacteria that can be used for the present invention as described
below, one or more types of substances selected from L-threonine,
L-homoserine, L-isoleucine and L-methionine are particular
examples. The starting medium and the feed medium may have the same
or different medium composition. Furthermore, the starting medium
and the feed medium may have the same or different sulfur
concentration. Furthermore, when the feed medium is fed at multiple
stages, the compositions of the feed media fed at the stages may be
the same or different.
[0330] In addition, the medium used in the present invention may be
either a natural medium or synthetic medium, so long as it contains
a carbon source, a nitrogen source, and other components as
required.
[0331] The moderate temperature-processed product may contain
components used for amino acids in addition to the carbon source.
The nitrogen source and other components in the medium used in the
present invention can be reduced compared with usual media as
required.
[0332] The culture can be performed for 1 to 7 days under aerobic
conditions. The culture temperature is 20 to 45.degree. C., 24 to
45.degree. C., or 33 to 42.degree. C. The culture can be performed
as aeration culture, with controlling the oxygen concentration to
be about 5 to 50%, or about 10%, of the saturation concentration.
Furthermore, pH can be controlled to be 5 to 9 during the culture.
For adjusting pH, inorganic or organic acidic or alkaline
substances, such as calcium carbonate, ammonia gas, and aqueous
ammonia, can be used.
[0333] If culture is performed under such conditions as described
above for about 10 to 120 hours, a marked amount of L-amino acid is
accumulated in the culture medium. Although the concentration of
L-amino acid accumulated is not limited so long as it enables
isolation and collection of the L-amino acid from the medium or
cells, it can be 1 g/L or higher, 50 g/L or higher, or even 100 g/L
or higher.
[0334] When a basic amino acid such as L-lysine is produced, the
production may be performed by a method in which fermentation is
performed by controlling pH of the medium during culture to be 6.5
to 9.0 and pH of the medium at the end of the culture to be 7.2 to
9.0 and controlling the pressure in the fermentation tank to be
positive during the culture, or by supplying carbon dioxide gas or
a mixed gas containing carbon dioxide gas to the medium to provide
a culture period where the medium contains 2 g/L or 20 mM or more
of bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions, so that these
bicarbonate ions and/or carbonate ions serve as counter ions of
cations mainly a basic amino acid, and the objective basic amino
acid is then collected (Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2002-65287,
U.S. Patent Published Application No. 2002/0025564, EP 1813677
A).
[0335] Further, in L-glutamic acid fermentation, the culture can be
performed with precipitating L-glutamic acid in the medium by using
a liquid medium adjusted to have a condition under which L-glutamic
acid is precipitated. The condition under which L-glutamic acid is
precipitated is, for example, pH 5.0 to 4.0, pH 4.5 to 4.0, pH 4.3
to 4.0, or pH 4.0 (European Patent Laid-open No. 1078989).
[0336] The L-amino acid can be collected from the culture medium by
a combination of known methods such as an ion exchange resin method
and precipitation method. When the L-amino acid accumulates in the
cells, the cells can be disrupted with, for example, supersonic
waves or the like, and the L-amino acid can be collected by the ion
exchange resin method or the like from the supernatant obtained by
removing the cells from the cell-disrupted suspension by
centrifugation. The L-amino acid to be collected may be a free
L-amino acid, or may be a salt such as sulfate, hydrochloride,
carbonate, ammonium salt, sodium salt, and potassium salt.
[0337] The L-amino acid composition may contain bacterial cells,
medium components, moisture, and by-product metabolites of the
bacterium in addition to the objective L-amino acid. Purity of the
collected L-amino acid is 50% or higher, 85% or higher, or 95% or
higher (Japanese Patent No. 1214636, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,431,933,
4,956,471, 4,777,051, 4,946,654, 5,840,358, 6,238,714, U.S. Patent
Published Application No. 2005/0025878).
EXAMPLES
[0338] Hereafter, the present invention will be explained more
specifically with reference to the following non-limiting examples.
In the examples, the Chlorella kessleri 11H (UTEX 263) and
Nannochloris sp. UTEX LB 1999 strains were obtained from the
University of Texas at Austin, The Culture Collection of Algae
(UTEX) (1 University Station A6700, Austin, Tex. 78712-0183,
USA).
Example 1
Culture of Microalga Chlorella kessleri 11H Strain
[0339] The Chlorella kessleri 11H strain was cultured at 30.degree.
C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture apparatus: CL-301,
TOMY) for 7 days with shaking in 100 mL of the 0.2.times. Gamborg's
B5 medium (NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 500 mL-volume
conical flask, and the resultant culture was used as a preculture.
The preculture in a volume of 30 mL was added to 1.5 L of the
0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium contained in a 5 L-volume mini jar
fermenter (ABLE), and culture was performed at a culture
temperature of 30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 20,000 lux
for 14 days with blowing 500 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3%
CO.sub.2 into the medium. As the light source, white light from a
fluorescent lamp was used.
[0340] (0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium)
TABLE-US-00001 KNO.sub.3 500 mg/L MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 50
mg/L NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 30 mg/L
CaCl.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 30 mg/L (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 26.8
mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 7.46 mg/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 5.56 mg/L
MnSO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 2 mg/L H.sub.3BO.sub.3 0.6 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.4 mg/L KI 0.15 mg/L
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.05 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.005 mg/L CoCl.sub.2.cndot.6H.sub.2O
0.005 mg/L
[0341] The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C.
for 15 minutes.
Example 2
Decomposition of Oils and Fats and Starch Derived from Alga by
Processing at Midtemperature
[0342] The alga bodies contained in 9 L of the culture medium
obtained by culture according to the method of Example 1 were
precipitated by centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C. for 24
hours. To the precipitate, 1 L of the culture supernatant was added
again, and 2 ml of the suspension was put into a test tube, and
incubated at 50.degree. C. and 150 rpm for 18 hours. The above
procedure was also performed for a group in which 10 units of
amyloglucosidase (Sigma Aldrich, A-9228) was added to the
suspension. Each sample was centrifuged to separate precipitate and
supernatant, and then organic substances contained in them were
measured. The results of the measurements are shown in Table 1. In
the sample processed at a mid-temperature, the amounts of oils and
fats and starch decreased, whereas the amounts of fatty acids and
glycerol or glucose, which are decomposition products of oils and
fats or starch, increased as compared with the unprocessed sample.
Further, the fatty acids localized in the precipitate, whereas
glucose and glycerol were found in the supernatant. Furthermore,
with the amyloglucosidase treatment during the processing at a
midtemperature, the glucose production amount was increased.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Processed at Organic substance Unprocessed
(g/L) midtemperature (g/L) Oil and fat (precipitate) 6.6 2.4 Starch
(precipitate) 2.5 0.5 Glycerol (supernatant) 0.6 1.3 Fatty acid
(precipitate) 1.6 7.2 Glucose (supernatant) 0 1.3 Glucose
(supernatant) + 2.6 amyloglucosidase treatment
Example 3
Production of Fatty Acid from Alga Bodies
[0343] The alga bodies contained in 9 L of the culture medium
obtained by culture according to the method of Example 1 were
precipitated by centrifugation, and stored at -80.degree. C. for 24
hours. To the precipitate, 500 mL of the culture supernatant was
added again, and 250 ml of the suspension was put into a 500
mL-volume jar fermenter (ABLE), and incubated at 50.degree. C. and
100 rpm for 18 hours. The obtained sample was centrifuged for
precipitation, and the precipitate was suspended in 40 mL of
ultrapure water. To 12.5 ml of the suspension, 12.5 ml of ultrapure
water and 25 ml of 0.2 N NaOH were added, and then the mixture was
stirred at 95.degree. C. for 3 hours. The obtained fatty acid
extract was filtered by using filter paper. Fatty acid
concentration of the extract was measured, and each was used as a
carbon source for amino acid fermentation.
Example 4
L-Lysine Production Culture Using Fatty Acids Derived from Alga as
a Carbon Source
[0344] <4-1> Construction of fadR-Deficient
L-Lysine-Producing Escherichia coli Strain
[0345] The transcription factor FadR which controls fatty acid
metabolism of Escherichia coli is encoded by the fadR gene (SEQ ID
NO: 15, DiRusso, C. C. et al., 1992, J. Biol. Chem.,
267:8685-8691). The parent strain used for the gene disruption in
this example was the WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldc strain described in
International Publication WO2006/078039. This strain is an
L-lysine-producing strain of Escherichia coli.
[0346] Deletion of the fadR gene coding for the transcription
factor controlling fatty acid metabolism was performed by the
method called "Red-driven integration", first developed by Datsenko
and Wanner (Datsenko, K. A. and Wanner, B. L., 2000, Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA, 97:6640-6645), and an excision system derived from
.lamda. phage (Cho E. H., Gumport R. I., and Gardner J. F., 2002,
J. Bacteriol., 184:5200-5203). According to the "Red-driven
integration" method, using a PCR product obtained by using
synthetic oligonucleotides in which a part of a target gene is
designed on the 5' side, and a part of antibiotic resistance gene
is designed on the 3' side, respectively, as primers, a
gene-disrupted strain can be constructed in one step. By further
using the excision system derived from .lamda. phage in
combination, the antibiotic resistance gene incorporated into the
gene-disrupted strain can be removed (Japanese Patent Laid-open No.
2005-058227, WO2005/010175).
[0347] As the template for PCR, the plasmid pMW118-attL-kan-attR
(Japanese Patent Laid-open No. 2005-058227, WO2005/010175) was
used. pMW118-attL-kan-attR is a plasmid obtained by inserting the
attachment sites of .lamda. phage, the attL and attR genes, and the
kan gene as an antibiotic resistance gene into pMW118 (Takara Bio),
and they are inserted in the order of attL-kan-attR.
[0348] PCR was performed by using the synthetic oligonucleotides
shown in SEQ ID NOS: 16 and 17 as primers, which had sequences
corresponding to the both ends of the attL and attR at the 3' ends
of the primers and a sequence corresponding to a part of the fadR
gene as the objective gene at the 5' ends of the primers.
[0349] The amplified PCR product was purified on agarose gel, and
introduced into the Escherichia coli WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC
strain containing the plasmid pKD46 having temperature sensitive
replication ability by electroporation. The plasmid pKD46
(Datsenko, K. A. and Wanner, B. L., 2000, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
USA., 97:6640-6645) contains the DNA fragment of 2154 nucleotides
in total of .lamda. phage (GenBank/EMBL accession number J02459,
31088th to 33241st nucleotides) containing the genes coding for the
Red recombinase of ?Red homologous recombination system (.gamma.,
.beta. and exo genes) controlled by the arabinose inducible ParaB
promoter. The plasmid pKD46 is required in order to incorporate the
PCR product into the chromosome of the WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC
strain.
[0350] Competent cells for electroporation were prepared as
follows. That is, the Escherichia coli WC196 strain cultured
overnight at 30.degree. C. in the LB medium (10 g/L of tryptone, 5
g/L of yeast extract, 10 g/L of NaCl) containing 100 mg/L of
ampicillin was diluted 100 times with 5 mL of the LB medium
containing ampicillin (100 mg/L) and L-arabinose (1 mM). The strain
was proliferated in the diluted culture at 30.degree. C. with
aeration until the OD600 reached about 0.6, then the culture was
concentrated 100 times, and the cells were washed three times with
10% glycerol and thereby made ready for use in electroporation.
Electroporation was performed by using 70 .mu.t, of the competent
cells and about 100 ng of the PCR product. To the cells after the
electroporation were added 1 mL of the SOC medium (Sambrook, J.,
and Russell, D. W., 2001, Molecular Cloning A Laboratory
Manual/Third Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New
York), and the cells were cultured at 37.degree. C. for 1 hour, and
then cultured at 37.degree. C. on the LB agar medium containing Km
(kanamycin, 40 mg/L) as plate culture to select a Km-resistant
recombinant. Then, to remove the pKD46 plasmid, the recombinant was
subcultured twice at 42.degree. C. on the LB agar medium containing
Km, and the ampicillin resistance of the obtained colonies was
examined to obtain an ampicillin-sensitive strain from which the
pKD46 was eliminated.
[0351] Deletion of the fadR gene in the mutant identified with the
kanamycin-resistant gene was confirmed by PCR. The fadR-deficient
strain obtained was designated
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR::att-kan strain.
[0352] Then, to remove the att-kan gene which had been introduced
into the fadR gene, a helper plasmid, pMW-intxis-ts (Japanese
Patent Laid-open No. 2005-058227, WO2005/010175) was used.
pMW-intxis-ts is a plasmid carrying a gene coding for .lamda. phage
integrase (Int) and a gene coding for excisionase (Xis), and having
temperature sensitive replication ability.
[0353] The competent cells of the
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR::att-kan strain obtained as
described above were prepared in a conventional manner, transformed
with the helper plasmid pMW-intxis-ts, and cultured at 30.degree.
C. on a plate of the LB agar medium containing 100 mg/L of
ampicillin to select an ampicillin-resistant strain.
[0354] Then, to remove the pMW-intxis-ts plasmid, the
ampicillin-resistant transformant was subcultured twice at
42.degree. C. on the LB agar medium, ampicillin resistance and
kanamycin resistance of the obtained colonies were examined to
obtain a kanamycin and ampicillin-sensitive strain which was
anfadR-disrupted strain from which the att-kan and pMW-intxis-ts
were eliminated. This strain was designated
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR strain.
[0355] The WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR strain was
transformed with the plasmid pCABD2 (WO95/16042) for lysine
production carrying the dapA, dapB, lysC, and ddh genes in a
conventional manner to obtain
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR/pCABD2 strain.
[0356] The strain prepared above was cultured at 37.degree. C. in
the LB medium containing 25 mg/L of streptomycin until OD.sub.600
became about 0.6, then a 40% glycerol solution in the same volume
as that of the culture medium was added to the medium, and the
mixture was stirred, then divided into appropriate volumes, and
stored at -80.degree. C. as glycerol stocks.
[0357] <4-2> L-Lysine Production Culture by
L-Lysine-Producing Escherichia coli Strain Using Fatty Acids
Derived from Alga as a Carbon Source
[0358] As an L-lysine-producing bacterium, the Escherichia coli
WC196.DELTA.cadA.DELTA.ldcC.DELTA.fadR/pCABD2 strain constructed in
<4-1> mentioned above (this strain is referred to as
"WC196LCR/pCABD2") was used. The glycerol stock of the
WC196LCR/pCABD2 strain was thawed, 100 .mu.L of the thawed stock
was uniformly applied to an L-plate containing 25 mg/L of
streptomycin, and culture was performed at 37.degree. C. for 20
hours. About 1/8 of the cells obtained from one plate were
inoculated into 20 mL of the fermentation medium described below
and containing 25 mg/L of streptomycin, which was contained in a
Sakaguchi flask, and cultured at 37.degree. C. for 48 hours on a
reciprocally shaking culture apparatus. As the sample derived from
the alga serving as the carbon source, Tween 80 was added at a
concentration of 1% to the fatty acid extract derived from the
alga, and the mixture was stirred, then adjusted to pH 7.0 with 1 N
HCl, autoclaved at 120.degree. C. for 20 minutes, and used as a
carbon source solution. The medium composition used for the culture
is shown below.
[0359] [L-Lysine Production Medium for Escherichia Bacteria]
TABLE-US-00003 Reagent oleic acid or fatty acids 9.9 g/L derived
from alga (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 24 g/L KH.sub.2PO.sub.4 1.0 g/L
MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 1.0 g/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.01
g/L MnSO.sub.4.cndot.4H.sub.2O 0.01 g/L Yeast extract 2.0 g/L PIPES
(pH 7.0) 20 g/L
[0360] The medium was adjusted to pH 7.0 with KOH, and autoclaved
at 110.degree. C. for 10 minutes, provided that the carbon source,
MgSO.sub.4.7H.sub.2O, and the PIPES buffer (pH 7.0) were separately
sterilized, and then mixed.
[0361] After 24 hours, the amount of L-lysine in the culture
supernatant was measured with Biotech Analyzer AS310 (Sakura
Seiki). The degree of the growth in this medium was determined by
measuring the live cell count. Averages of the results of the
culture performed in duplicate are shown in Table 2. Favorable
L-lysine production was confirmed with the fatty acids derived from
the alga, and the fatty acids derived from the alga provided
superior L-lysine accumulation as compared with the reagent oleic
acid.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Live cell L-Lysine Culture count
concentration Carbon source time (h) (.times.10.sup.8) (g/L)
Reagent oleic acid (9.9 g/L) + 0.6% 24 15.2 2.8 Tween 80 fatty
acids derived from alga) (9.9 24 14.4 3.1 g/L) + 0.6% Tween 80
Example 5
Culture of Microalga Chlorella kessleri 11H Strain
[0362] The Chlorella kessleri 11H strain was cultured at 30.degree.
C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture apparatus: CL-301,
TOMY) for 7 days with shaking in 100 mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's
B5 medium (NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 500 mL-volume
conical flask, and the resultant culture was used as a preculture.
As the light source, white light from a fluorescent lamp was used.
The preculture in a volume of 6 mL was added to 300 mL of the
0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium contained in a 500 mL-volume medium
bottle, and culture was performed at a culture temperature of
30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux for 12 days with
blowing 250 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3% CO.sub.2 into
the medium.
[0363] (0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 Medium)
TABLE-US-00005 KNO.sub.3 500 mg/L MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 50
mg/L NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 30 mg/L
CaCl.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 30 mg/L (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 26.8
mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 7.46 mg/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 5.56 mg/L
MnSO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 2 mg/L H.sub.3BO.sub.3 0.6 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.4 mg/L KI 0.15 mg/L
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.05 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.005 mg/L CoCl.sub.2.cndot.6H.sub.2O
0.005 mg/L
[0364] The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C.
for 15 minutes.
Example 6
Temperature Condition for Mid-Temperature Processing of Alga
[0365] The culture medium obtained in Example 5 in a volume of 125
ml was put into a 500-mL volume jar fermenter (ABLE), and incubated
at various temperatures and 150 rpm for 18 hours. Each obtained
sample was centrifuged, and the amount of fatty acid in the
obtained precipitate was measured. The measurement results are
shown in FIG. 1. The fatty acid amount increased with the
processing at 40.degree. C., and markedly increased with the
processing at 45.degree. C., compared with the sample not
processed.
Example 7
Culture of Microalga Nannochloris Sp.
[0366] The Nannochloris sp. UTEX LB 1999 strain was cultured at
30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture
apparatus: CL-301, TOMY) for 8 days with shaking in 10 mL of the
Daigo IMK medium (NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 50 mL-volume
conical flask. As the light source, white light from a fluorescent
lamp was used. As the sea water component of the Daigo IMK medium,
Daigo Artificial Sea Water SP (NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL), which is
artificial sea water, was used.
[0367] (Daigo IMK Medium)
TABLE-US-00006 NaNO.sub.3 200 mg/L Na.sub.2HPO.sub.4 1.4 mg/L
K.sub.2HPO.sub.4 5 mg/L NH.sub.4Cl 2.68 mg/L Fe--EDTA 5.2 mg/L
Mn--EDTA 0.332 mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 37.2 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.023 mg/L CoSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O
0.014 mg/L Na.sub.2MoO.sub.4.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.0073 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.0025 mg/L H.sub.2SeO.sub.3 0.0017 mg/L
Thiamin-HCl 0.2 mg/L Biotin 0.0015 mg/L Vitamin B12 0.0015 mg/L
MnCl.sub.2.cndot.4H.sub.2O 0.18 mg/L Daigo Artificial Sea Water SP
36 g/L
[0368] The medium was adjusted to pH 8.0 with 1 N NaOH, and then
sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C. for 10 minutes.
Example 8
Midtemperature Processing of Nannochloris Sp.
[0369] The culture medium in a volume of 0.5 ml was put into a 1.5
ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and incubated at 50.degree. C. and 1000
rpm for 20 hours. Each sample was centrifuged, and the amount of
fatty acids in the obtained precipitate was measured. The
measurement results are shown in FIG. 2. Since the amount of fatty
acids markedly increased with the processing at 50.degree. C.
compared with no processing, it was confirmed that fatty acids were
generated also in Nannochloris sp. by the moderate temperature
processing.
Example 9
Culture of Microalga Chlorella kessleri 11H Strain
[0370] The Chlorella kessleri 11H strain was cultured at 30.degree.
C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture apparatus: CL-301,
TOMY) for 7 days in 300 mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium
(NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 500 mL-volume medium bottle
with blowing 250 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3% CO.sub.2
into the medium, and the resultant culture was used as a
preculture. As the light source, white light from a fluorescent
lamp was used. The preculture in a volume of 6 mL was added to 300
mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium contained in a 500
mL-volume medium bottle, and culture was performed at a culture
temperature of 30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux for
12 days with blowing 250 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3%
CO.sub.2 into the medium.
[0371] (0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium)
TABLE-US-00007 KNO.sub.3 500 mg/L MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 50
mg/L NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 30 mg/L
CaCl.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 30 mg/L (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 26.8
mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 7.46 mg/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 5.56 mg/L
MnSO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 2 mg/L H.sub.3BO.sub.3 0.6 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.4 mg/L KI 0.15 mg/L
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.05 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.005 mg/L CoCl.sub.2.cndot.6H.sub.2O
0.005 mg/L
[0372] The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C.
for 15 minutes.
Example 10
Time Course of Fatty Acid Generation Rate in Midtemperature
Processing of Algae at Various Temperatures
[0373] The culture medium obtained in Example 9 was adjusted to pH
4.5 with 1 N HCl, and 1 ml of the medium was put into a 1.5
ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and incubated at various temperatures and
1000 rpm for various times. Each obtained sample was centrifuged,
and the amount of fatty acid in the obtained precipitate was
measured. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 3. The relative
fatty acid production rate was calculated as the rate to the amount
of fatty acids produced when oils and fats extracted from the
untreated alga bodies with an organic solvent were completely
decomposed, which was taken as 100. The fatty acid amount increased
after 1 hour at a temperature of 55.degree. C. or higher, and it
markedly increased after 4 to 6 hours at a temperature of 50 to
52.degree. C.
Example 11
pH Condition of Alkali Treatment for Fatty Acid Extraction
[0374] The culture medium obtained in Example 9 was centrifuged,
and the culture supernatant was added to the precipitate to prepare
a 20-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted
to pH 4.5 with 1 N HCl, and 1 ml of the concentrate was put into a
1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and incubated at 52.degree. C. and
1000 rpm for 14 hours. The obtained sample was adjusted to various
pH values with 3 N NaOH, and extracted at 90.degree. C. and 1000
rpm for 3 hours, and the amount of fatty acid in each sample was
measured. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 4. The relative
fatty acid collection rate was calculated as the rate to the amount
of fatty acids produced when oils and fats extracted from the
untreated alga bodies with an organic solvent were completely
decomposed, which was taken as 100. The fatty acids were slightly
extracted at pH 10.5, and the extracted fatty acid amount increased
at pH 11.5, and markedly increased at pH 12.5.
Example 12
Temperature Condition of Alkali Treatment for Fatty Acid
Extraction
[0375] The culture medium obtained in Example 9 was centrifuged,
and the culture supernatant was added to the precipitate to prepare
a 20-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted
to pH 4.5 with 1 N HCl, and 1 ml of the concentrate was put into a
1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and incubated at 52.degree. C. and
1000 rpm for 14 hours. The obtained sample was adjusted to pH 12.5
with 3 N NaOH, and extracted at various temperatures and 1000 rpm
for 3 hours, and the amount of fatty acid in each sample was
measured. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 5. The relative
fatty acid collection rate was calculated as the rate to the amount
of fatty acids produced when oils and fats extracted from the
untreated alga bodies with an organic solvent were completely
decomposed, which was taken as 100. Extraction of the fatty acids
was confirmed at 60.degree. C., and the fatty acid amount increased
with increase of the temperature, and reached the maximum at
90.degree. C.
Example 13
Time of Alkali Treatment for Fatty Acid Extraction
[0376] The culture medium obtained in Example 9 was centrifuged,
and the culture supernatant was added to the precipitate to prepare
a 20-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted
to pH 4.5 with 1 N HCl, and 1 ml of the concentrate was put into a
1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and incubated at 52.degree. C. and
1000 rpm for 14 hours. The obtained sample was adjusted to pH 12.5
with 3 N NaOH, and extracted at 90.degree. C. and 1000 rpm for
various times, and the amount of fatty acid in each sample was
measured. The measurement results are shown in FIG. 6. The relative
fatty acid collection rate was calculated as the rate to the amount
of fatty acids produced when oils and fats extracted from the
untreated alga bodies with an organic solvent were completely
decomposed, which was taken as 100. The fatty acid amount increased
with the treatment for 30 minutes, and markedly increased as the
processing time became longer, i.e., the processing time was
extended to 60 minutes and 90 minutes. After 120 minutes, the fatty
acid amount did not further increase.
Example 14
Culture of Microalga Chlorella kessleri 11H Strain
[0377] The Chlorella kessleri 11H strain was cultured at 30.degree.
C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture apparatus: CL-301,
TOMY) for 7 days in 400 mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium
(NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 500 mL-volume medium bottle
with blowing 250 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3% CO.sub.2
into the medium, and the resultant culture was used as a
preculture. As the light source, white light from a fluorescent
lamp was used. The preculture in a volume of 8 mL was added to 400
mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium contained in a 500
mL-volume medium bottle, and culture was performed at a culture
temperature of 30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux for
12 days with blowing 250 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3%
CO.sub.2 into the medium.
[0378] (0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium)
TABLE-US-00008 KNO.sub.3 500 mg/L MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 50
mg/L NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 30 mg/L
CaCl.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 30 mg/L (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 26.8
mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 7.46 mg/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 5.56 mg/L
MnSO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 2 mg/L H.sub.3BO.sub.3 0.6 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.4 mg/L KI 0.15 mg/L
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.05 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.005 mg/L CoCl.sub.2.cndot.6H.sub.2O
0.005 mg/L
[0379] The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C.
for 15 minutes.
Example 15
Examination of Temperature Condition for First Step Processing in
Two-Step Midtemperature Processing of Algae
[0380] The culture medium obtained in Example 14 was centrifuged,
and sterilized water was added to the precipitate to prepare a
40-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted to
pH 4.5 with 3 N HCl, and 500 .mu.l of the concentrate was put into
a 1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and preincubated with standing at
50, 52, 55, 57 or 60.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Then, each sample
was incubated at the same temperature as the above temperature and
1000 rpm for 30 minutes, and then incubated at 42.degree. C. and
1000 rpm for 4 hours and 30 minutes or 9 hours and 30 minutes to
hydrolyze oils and fats. Each obtained sample was centrifuged, and
the amount of fatty acid in the precipitate was measured. The
measurement results are shown in FIG. 7. It was confirmed that
production of fatty acids was scarcely confirmed in the samples
obtained with induction at 50 or 52.degree. C. for 30 minutes and
the subsequent incubation at 42.degree. C. for 4 hours and 30
minutes as compared with the sample obtained with the continuous
processing at 52.degree. C., whereas the production amount of fatty
acids in the sample obtained with the incubation at 42.degree. C.
for 9 hours and 30 minutes after the induction exceeded that
observed in the sample obtained with the continuous processing at
52.degree. C. Further, when the sample was subjected to induction
at a temperature of 55.degree. C. or higher for 30 minutes and then
processed at 42.degree. C., production of fatty acids was first
confirmed after 4 hours and 30 minutes, and the fatty acid
production amount increased with decrease of the induction
temperature.
Example 16
Examination of Time for First Step Processing and Time for Second
Step Processing in Two-Step Mid-Temperature Processing of Algae
[0381] The culture medium obtained in Example 14 was centrifuged,
and sterilized water was added to the precipitate to prepare a
40-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted to
pH 4.5 with 3 N HCl, and 600 .mu.l of the concentrate was put into
a 1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, and preincubated with standing at
55.degree. C. for 5 minutes. Then, each sample was incubated at
55.degree. C. and 1000 rpm for 30 minutes, and then incubated at
42.degree. C. and 1000 rpm for various times to hydrolyze oils and
fats. Each obtained sample was centrifuged, and the amount of fatty
acid in the precipitate was measured. The measurement results are
shown in FIG. 8. With the induction at 55.degree. C. for 10 minutes
or 20 minutes, the production amount of fatty acids increased after
4 hours and 6 hours, respectively. On the other hand, with the
induction at 55.degree. C. for 30 minutes, the production amount of
fatty acids increased after 2 hours, and reached the maximum after
8 hours.
Example 17
Culture of Microalga Chlorella kessleri 11H Strain
[0382] The Chlorella kessleri 11H strain was cultured at 30.degree.
C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux (culture apparatus: CL-301,
TOMY) for 7 days in 800 mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium
(NIHON PHARMACEUTICAL) contained in a 1000 mL-volume medium bottle
with blowing 400 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3% CO.sub.2
into the medium, and the resultant culture was used as a
preculture. As the light source, white light from a fluorescent
lamp was used. The preculture in a volume of 16 mL was added to 800
mL of the 0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium contained in a 1000
mL-volume medium bottle, and culture was performed at a culture
temperature of 30.degree. C. and a light intensity of 7,000 lux for
14 days with blowing 400 mL/minute of a mixed gas of air and 3%
CO.sub.2 into the medium.
[0383] (0.2.times.Gamborg's B5 medium)
TABLE-US-00009 KNO.sub.3 500 mg/L MgSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 50
mg/L NaH.sub.2PO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 30 mg/L
CaCl.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 30 mg/L (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 26.8
mg/L Na.sub.2--EDTA 7.46 mg/L FeSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 5.56 mg/L
MnSO.sub.4.cndot.H.sub.2O 2 mg/L H.sub.3BO.sub.3 0.6 mg/L
ZnSO.sub.4.cndot.7H.sub.2O 0.4 mg/L KI 0.15 mg/L
Na.sub.2MoO.sub.2.cndot.2H.sub.2O 0.05 mg/L
CuSO.sub.4.cndot.5H.sub.2O 0.005 mg/L CoCl.sub.2.cndot.6H.sub.2O
0.005 mg/L
[0384] The medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 120.degree. C.
for 15 minutes.
Example 18
Examination of Solvent Used for Organic Solvent Treatment for Fatty
Acid Extraction
[0385] The culture medium obtained in Example 17 was centrifuged,
and sterilized water was added to the precipitate to prepare a
40-fold concentrate of the medium. The concentrate was adjusted to
pH 4.5 with 3 N HCl, and 600 .mu.l of the concentrate was put into
a 1.5 ml-volume Eppendorf tube, preincubated with standing at
55.degree. C. for 5 minutes, and incubated at the same temperature
and 1000 rpm for 30 minutes and at 42.degree. C. and 1000 rpm for
12 hours to hydrolyze oils and fats. The obtained sample in a
volume of 250 .mu.l was centrifuged, and the precipitate was dried
at 65.degree. C. for 50 minutes in a centrifugal evaporator to
prepare a dried sample. To the dried sample or dried unprocessed
sample, 500 .mu.l of each solvent was added. Each sample was
extracted at 45.degree. C. and 1000 rpm for 30 minutes, and fatty
acid amount in each sample was measured. The measurement results
are shown in FIG. 9. The fatty acid extraction efficiency was
calculated as a relative value to the fatty acid amount obtained by
centrifuging 25 .mu.l of the mid-temperature-processed product,
suspending the precipitate in 200 .mu.l of 1% NaCl aqueous
solution, and extracting fatty acids in a bead-type cell disruption
tube containing 400 .mu.l each of methanol and chloroform, which
was taken as 100. When the dried unprocessed sample was extracted
with methanol, ethanol, acetone or butanol, high fatty acid
extraction efficiency was obtained. On the other hand, when the
dried sample was extracted with each solvent, the extraction
efficiency decreased. Moreover, with ethyl acetate, the extraction
efficiency decreased for the dried sample and the dried unprocessed
sample.
[0386] While the invention has been described in detail with
reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it will be apparent to
one skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and
equivalents employed, without departing from the scope of the
invention. Each of the aforementioned documents is incorporated by
reference herein in its entirety.
Sequence CWU 1
1
191639DNABacillus subtilisCDS(1)..(639) 1atg aaa ttt gta aaa aga
agg atc att gca ctt gta aca att ttg atg 48Met Lys Phe Val Lys Arg
Arg Ile Ile Ala Leu Val Thr Ile Leu Met1 5 10 15ctg tct gtt aca tcg
ctg ttt gcg ttg cag ccg tca gca aaa gcc gct 96Leu Ser Val Thr Ser
Leu Phe Ala Leu Gln Pro Ser Ala Lys Ala Ala 20 25 30gaa cac aat cca
gtc gtt atg gtt cac ggt att gga ggg gca tca ttc 144Glu His Asn Pro
Val Val Met Val His Gly Ile Gly Gly Ala Ser Phe 35 40 45aat ttt gcg
gga att aag agc tat ctc gta tct cag ggc tgg tcg cgg 192Asn Phe Ala
Gly Ile Lys Ser Tyr Leu Val Ser Gln Gly Trp Ser Arg 50 55 60gac aag
ctg tat gca gtt gat ttt tgg gac aag aca ggc aca aat tat 240Asp Lys
Leu Tyr Ala Val Asp Phe Trp Asp Lys Thr Gly Thr Asn Tyr65 70 75
80aac aat gga ccg gta tta tca cga ttt gtg caa aag gtt tta gat gaa
288Asn Asn Gly Pro Val Leu Ser Arg Phe Val Gln Lys Val Leu Asp Glu
85 90 95acg ggt gcg aaa aaa gtg gat att gtc gct cac agc atg ggg ggc
gcg 336Thr Gly Ala Lys Lys Val Asp Ile Val Ala His Ser Met Gly Gly
Ala 100 105 110aac aca ctt tac tac ata aaa aat ctg gac ggc gga aat
aaa gtt gca 384Asn Thr Leu Tyr Tyr Ile Lys Asn Leu Asp Gly Gly Asn
Lys Val Ala 115 120 125aac gtc gtg acg gtt ggc ggc gcg aac cgt ttg
acg aca ggc aag gcg 432Asn Val Val Thr Val Gly Gly Ala Asn Arg Leu
Thr Thr Gly Lys Ala 130 135 140ctt ccg gga aca gat cca aat caa aag
att tta tac aca tcc att tac 480Leu Pro Gly Thr Asp Pro Asn Gln Lys
Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ser Ile Tyr145 150 155 160agc agt gcc gat atg att
gtc atg aat tac tta tca aga tta gat ggt 528Ser Ser Ala Asp Met Ile
Val Met Asn Tyr Leu Ser Arg Leu Asp Gly 165 170 175gct aga aac gtt
caa atc cat ggc gtt gga cac atc ggc ctt ctg tac 576Ala Arg Asn Val
Gln Ile His Gly Val Gly His Ile Gly Leu Leu Tyr 180 185 190agc agc
caa gtc aac agc ctg att aaa gaa ggg ctg aac ggc ggg ggc 624Ser Ser
Gln Val Asn Ser Leu Ile Lys Glu Gly Leu Asn Gly Gly Gly 195 200
205cag aat acg aat taa 639Gln Asn Thr Asn 2102212PRTBacillus
subtilis 2Met Lys Phe Val Lys Arg Arg Ile Ile Ala Leu Val Thr Ile
Leu Met1 5 10 15Leu Ser Val Thr Ser Leu Phe Ala Leu Gln Pro Ser Ala
Lys Ala Ala 20 25 30Glu His Asn Pro Val Val Met Val His Gly Ile Gly
Gly Ala Ser Phe 35 40 45Asn Phe Ala Gly Ile Lys Ser Tyr Leu Val Ser
Gln Gly Trp Ser Arg 50 55 60Asp Lys Leu Tyr Ala Val Asp Phe Trp Asp
Lys Thr Gly Thr Asn Tyr65 70 75 80Asn Asn Gly Pro Val Leu Ser Arg
Phe Val Gln Lys Val Leu Asp Glu 85 90 95Thr Gly Ala Lys Lys Val Asp
Ile Val Ala His Ser Met Gly Gly Ala 100 105 110Asn Thr Leu Tyr Tyr
Ile Lys Asn Leu Asp Gly Gly Asn Lys Val Ala 115 120 125Asn Val Val
Thr Val Gly Gly Ala Asn Arg Leu Thr Thr Gly Lys Ala 130 135 140Leu
Pro Gly Thr Asp Pro Asn Gln Lys Ile Leu Tyr Thr Ser Ile Tyr145 150
155 160Ser Ser Ala Asp Met Ile Val Met Asn Tyr Leu Ser Arg Leu Asp
Gly 165 170 175Ala Arg Asn Val Gln Ile His Gly Val Gly His Ile Gly
Leu Leu Tyr 180 185 190Ser Ser Gln Val Asn Ser Leu Ile Lys Glu Gly
Leu Asn Gly Gly Gly 195 200 205Gln Asn Thr Asn
21031077DNABurkholderia glumaeCDS(1)..(1077) 3atg gtc aga tcg atg
cgt tcc agg gtg gcg gcg agg gcg gtg gca tgg 48Met Val Arg Ser Met
Arg Ser Arg Val Ala Ala Arg Ala Val Ala Trp1 5 10 15gcg ttg gcg gtg
atg ccg ctg gcc ggc gcg gcc ggg ttg acg atg gcc 96Ala Leu Ala Val
Met Pro Leu Ala Gly Ala Ala Gly Leu Thr Met Ala 20 25 30gcg tcg ccc
gcg gcc gtc gcg gcg gac acc tac gcg gcg acg cgc tat 144Ala Ser Pro
Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Asp Thr Tyr Ala Ala Thr Arg Tyr 35 40 45ccg gtg
atc ctc gtc cac ggc ctc gcg ggc acc gac aag ttc gcg aac 192Pro Val
Ile Leu Val His Gly Leu Ala Gly Thr Asp Lys Phe Ala Asn 50 55 60gtg
gtg gac tat tgg tac gga atc cag agc gat ctg caa tcg cat ggc 240Val
Val Asp Tyr Trp Tyr Gly Ile Gln Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser His Gly65 70 75
80gcg aag gtg tac gtc gcg aat ctc tcg gga ttc cag agc gac gac ggg
288Ala Lys Val Tyr Val Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Phe Gln Ser Asp Asp Gly
85 90 95ccg aac ggc cgc ggc gag cag ctg ctc gcc tac gtg aag cag gtg
ctc 336Pro Asn Gly Arg Gly Glu Gln Leu Leu Ala Tyr Val Lys Gln Val
Leu 100 105 110gcg gcc acc ggc gcg acc aag gtg aac ctg atc ggc cac
agc cag ggc 384Ala Ala Thr Gly Ala Thr Lys Val Asn Leu Ile Gly His
Ser Gln Gly 115 120 125ggc ctg acc tcg cgc tac gtc gcg gcc gtc gcg
ccg caa ctg gtg gcc 432Gly Leu Thr Ser Arg Tyr Val Ala Ala Val Ala
Pro Gln Leu Val Ala 130 135 140tcg gtg acg acg atc ggc acg ccg cat
cgc ggc tcc gag ttc gcc gac 480Ser Val Thr Thr Ile Gly Thr Pro His
Arg Gly Ser Glu Phe Ala Asp145 150 155 160ttc gtg cag gac gtg ctg
aag acc gat ccg acc ggg ctc tcg tcg acg 528Phe Val Gln Asp Val Leu
Lys Thr Asp Pro Thr Gly Leu Ser Ser Thr 165 170 175gtg atc gcc gcc
ttc gtc aac gtg ttc ggc acg ctc gtc agc agc tcg 576Val Ile Ala Ala
Phe Val Asn Val Phe Gly Thr Leu Val Ser Ser Ser 180 185 190cac aac
acc gac cag gac gcg ctc gcg gcg ctg cgc acg ctc acc acc 624His Asn
Thr Asp Gln Asp Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Arg Thr Leu Thr Thr 195 200
205gcg cag acc gcc acc tac aac cgg aac ttc ccg agc gcg ggc ctg ggc
672Ala Gln Thr Ala Thr Tyr Asn Arg Asn Phe Pro Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly
210 215 220gcg ccc ggt tcg tgc cag acg ggc gcc gcg acc gaa acc gtc
ggc ggc 720Ala Pro Gly Ser Cys Gln Thr Gly Ala Ala Thr Glu Thr Val
Gly Gly225 230 235 240agc cag cac ctg ctc tat tcg tgg ggc ggc acc
gcg atc cag ccc acc 768Ser Gln His Leu Leu Tyr Ser Trp Gly Gly Thr
Ala Ile Gln Pro Thr 245 250 255tcc acc gtg ctc ggc gtg acc ggc gcg
acc gac acc agc acc ggc acg 816Ser Thr Val Leu Gly Val Thr Gly Ala
Thr Asp Thr Ser Thr Gly Thr 260 265 270ctc gac gtc gcg aac gtg acc
gac ccg tcc acg ctc gcg ctg ctc gcc 864Leu Asp Val Ala Asn Val Thr
Asp Pro Ser Thr Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala 275 280 285acc ggc gcg gtg atg
atc aat cgc gcc tcg ggg cag aac gac ggg ctc 912Thr Gly Ala Val Met
Ile Asn Arg Ala Ser Gly Gln Asn Asp Gly Leu 290 295 300gtc tcg cgc
tgc agc tcg ctg ttc ggg cag gtg atc agc acc agc tac 960Val Ser Arg
Cys Ser Ser Leu Phe Gly Gln Val Ile Ser Thr Ser Tyr305 310 315
320cac tgg aac cat ctc gac gag atc aac cag ctg ctc ggc gtg cgc ggc
1008His Trp Asn His Leu Asp Glu Ile Asn Gln Leu Leu Gly Val Arg Gly
325 330 335gcc aac gcg gaa gat ccg gtc gcg gtg atc cgc acg cac gtg
aac cgg 1056Ala Asn Ala Glu Asp Pro Val Ala Val Ile Arg Thr His Val
Asn Arg 340 345 350ctc aag ctg cag ggc gtg tga 1077Leu Lys Leu Gln
Gly Val 3554358PRTBurkholderia glumae 4Met Val Arg Ser Met Arg Ser
Arg Val Ala Ala Arg Ala Val Ala Trp1 5 10 15Ala Leu Ala Val Met Pro
Leu Ala Gly Ala Ala Gly Leu Thr Met Ala 20 25 30Ala Ser Pro Ala Ala
Val Ala Ala Asp Thr Tyr Ala Ala Thr Arg Tyr 35 40 45Pro Val Ile Leu
Val His Gly Leu Ala Gly Thr Asp Lys Phe Ala Asn 50 55 60Val Val Asp
Tyr Trp Tyr Gly Ile Gln Ser Asp Leu Gln Ser His Gly65 70 75 80Ala
Lys Val Tyr Val Ala Asn Leu Ser Gly Phe Gln Ser Asp Asp Gly 85 90
95Pro Asn Gly Arg Gly Glu Gln Leu Leu Ala Tyr Val Lys Gln Val Leu
100 105 110Ala Ala Thr Gly Ala Thr Lys Val Asn Leu Ile Gly His Ser
Gln Gly 115 120 125Gly Leu Thr Ser Arg Tyr Val Ala Ala Val Ala Pro
Gln Leu Val Ala 130 135 140Ser Val Thr Thr Ile Gly Thr Pro His Arg
Gly Ser Glu Phe Ala Asp145 150 155 160Phe Val Gln Asp Val Leu Lys
Thr Asp Pro Thr Gly Leu Ser Ser Thr 165 170 175Val Ile Ala Ala Phe
Val Asn Val Phe Gly Thr Leu Val Ser Ser Ser 180 185 190His Asn Thr
Asp Gln Asp Ala Leu Ala Ala Leu Arg Thr Leu Thr Thr 195 200 205Ala
Gln Thr Ala Thr Tyr Asn Arg Asn Phe Pro Ser Ala Gly Leu Gly 210 215
220Ala Pro Gly Ser Cys Gln Thr Gly Ala Ala Thr Glu Thr Val Gly
Gly225 230 235 240Ser Gln His Leu Leu Tyr Ser Trp Gly Gly Thr Ala
Ile Gln Pro Thr 245 250 255Ser Thr Val Leu Gly Val Thr Gly Ala Thr
Asp Thr Ser Thr Gly Thr 260 265 270Leu Asp Val Ala Asn Val Thr Asp
Pro Ser Thr Leu Ala Leu Leu Ala 275 280 285Thr Gly Ala Val Met Ile
Asn Arg Ala Ser Gly Gln Asn Asp Gly Leu 290 295 300Val Ser Arg Cys
Ser Ser Leu Phe Gly Gln Val Ile Ser Thr Ser Tyr305 310 315 320His
Trp Asn His Leu Asp Glu Ile Asn Gln Leu Leu Gly Val Arg Gly 325 330
335Ala Asn Ala Glu Asp Pro Val Ala Val Ile Arg Thr His Val Asn Arg
340 345 350Leu Lys Leu Gln Gly Val 3555936DNAPseudomonas
aeruginosaCDS(1)..(936) 5atg aag aag aag tct ctg ctc ccc ctc ggc
ctg gcc atc ggc ctc gcc 48Met Lys Lys Lys Ser Leu Leu Pro Leu Gly
Leu Ala Ile Gly Leu Ala1 5 10 15tct ctc gct gcc agc cct ctg atc cag
gcc agc acc tac acc cag acc 96Ser Leu Ala Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Gln
Ala Ser Thr Tyr Thr Gln Thr 20 25 30aaa tac ccc atc gtg ctg gcc cac
ggc atg ctc ggc ttc gac aac atc 144Lys Tyr Pro Ile Val Leu Ala His
Gly Met Leu Gly Phe Asp Asn Ile 35 40 45ctc ggg gtc gac tac tgg ttc
ggc att ccc agc gcc ttg cgc cgt gac 192Leu Gly Val Asp Tyr Trp Phe
Gly Ile Pro Ser Ala Leu Arg Arg Asp 50 55 60ggt gcc cag gtc tac gtc
acc gaa gtc agc cag ttg gac acc tcg gaa 240Gly Ala Gln Val Tyr Val
Thr Glu Val Ser Gln Leu Asp Thr Ser Glu65 70 75 80gtc cgc ggc gag
cag ttg ctg caa cag gtg gag gaa atc gtc gcc ctc 288Val Arg Gly Glu
Gln Leu Leu Gln Gln Val Glu Glu Ile Val Ala Leu 85 90 95agc ggc cag
ccc aag gtc aac ctg atc ggc cac agc cac ggc ggg ccg 336Ser Gly Gln
Pro Lys Val Asn Leu Ile Gly His Ser His Gly Gly Pro 100 105 110acc
atc cgc tac gtc gcc gcc gta cgt ccc gac ctg atc gct tcc gcc 384Thr
Ile Arg Tyr Val Ala Ala Val Arg Pro Asp Leu Ile Ala Ser Ala 115 120
125acc agc gtc ggc gcc ccg cac aag ggt tcg gac acc gcc gac ttc ctg
432Thr Ser Val Gly Ala Pro His Lys Gly Ser Asp Thr Ala Asp Phe Leu
130 135 140cgc cag atc cca ccg ggt tcg gcc ggc gag gca atc ctc tcc
ggg ctg 480Arg Gln Ile Pro Pro Gly Ser Ala Gly Glu Ala Ile Leu Ser
Gly Leu145 150 155 160gtc aac agc ctc ggc gcg ctg atc agc ttc ctt
tcc agc ggc agc acc 528Val Asn Ser Leu Gly Ala Leu Ile Ser Phe Leu
Ser Ser Gly Ser Thr 165 170 175ggt acg cag aat tca ctg ggc tcg ctg
gag tcg ctg aac agc gag ggg 576Gly Thr Gln Asn Ser Leu Gly Ser Leu
Glu Ser Leu Asn Ser Glu Gly 180 185 190gcc gcg cgc ttc aac gcc aag
tac ccg cag ggc gtc ccc acc tcg gcc 624Ala Ala Arg Phe Asn Ala Lys
Tyr Pro Gln Gly Val Pro Thr Ser Ala 195 200 205tgc ggc gag ggc gcc
tac aag gtc aac ggc gtg agc tat tac tcc tgg 672Cys Gly Glu Gly Ala
Tyr Lys Val Asn Gly Val Ser Tyr Tyr Ser Trp 210 215 220agc ggt tcc
tcg ccg ctg acc aac ttc ctc gat ccg agc gac gcc ttc 720Ser Gly Ser
Ser Pro Leu Thr Asn Phe Leu Asp Pro Ser Asp Ala Phe225 230 235
240ctc ggc gcc tcg tcg ctg acc ttc aag aac ggc acc gcc aac gac ggc
768Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser Leu Thr Phe Lys Asn Gly Thr Ala Asn Asp Gly
245 250 255ctg gtc ggc acc tgc agt tcg cac ctg ggc atg gtg atc cgc
gac aac 816Leu Val Gly Thr Cys Ser Ser His Leu Gly Met Val Ile Arg
Asp Asn 260 265 270tac cgg atg aac cac ctg gac gag gtg aac cag gtc
ttc ggc ctc acc 864Tyr Arg Met Asn His Leu Asp Glu Val Asn Gln Val
Phe Gly Leu Thr 275 280 285agc ctg ttc gag acc agc ccg gtc agc gtc
tac cgc cag cac gcc aac 912Ser Leu Phe Glu Thr Ser Pro Val Ser Val
Tyr Arg Gln His Ala Asn 290 295 300cgc ctg aag aac gcc agc ctg tag
936Arg Leu Lys Asn Ala Ser Leu305 3106311PRTPseudomonas aeruginosa
6Met Lys Lys Lys Ser Leu Leu Pro Leu Gly Leu Ala Ile Gly Leu Ala1 5
10 15Ser Leu Ala Ala Ser Pro Leu Ile Gln Ala Ser Thr Tyr Thr Gln
Thr 20 25 30Lys Tyr Pro Ile Val Leu Ala His Gly Met Leu Gly Phe Asp
Asn Ile 35 40 45Leu Gly Val Asp Tyr Trp Phe Gly Ile Pro Ser Ala Leu
Arg Arg Asp 50 55 60Gly Ala Gln Val Tyr Val Thr Glu Val Ser Gln Leu
Asp Thr Ser Glu65 70 75 80Val Arg Gly Glu Gln Leu Leu Gln Gln Val
Glu Glu Ile Val Ala Leu 85 90 95Ser Gly Gln Pro Lys Val Asn Leu Ile
Gly His Ser His Gly Gly Pro 100 105 110Thr Ile Arg Tyr Val Ala Ala
Val Arg Pro Asp Leu Ile Ala Ser Ala 115 120 125Thr Ser Val Gly Ala
Pro His Lys Gly Ser Asp Thr Ala Asp Phe Leu 130 135 140Arg Gln Ile
Pro Pro Gly Ser Ala Gly Glu Ala Ile Leu Ser Gly Leu145 150 155
160Val Asn Ser Leu Gly Ala Leu Ile Ser Phe Leu Ser Ser Gly Ser Thr
165 170 175Gly Thr Gln Asn Ser Leu Gly Ser Leu Glu Ser Leu Asn Ser
Glu Gly 180 185 190Ala Ala Arg Phe Asn Ala Lys Tyr Pro Gln Gly Val
Pro Thr Ser Ala 195 200 205Cys Gly Glu Gly Ala Tyr Lys Val Asn Gly
Val Ser Tyr Tyr Ser Trp 210 215 220Ser Gly Ser Ser Pro Leu Thr Asn
Phe Leu Asp Pro Ser Asp Ala Phe225 230 235 240Leu Gly Ala Ser Ser
Leu Thr Phe Lys Asn Gly Thr Ala Asn Asp Gly 245 250 255Leu Val Gly
Thr Cys Ser Ser His Leu Gly Met Val Ile Arg Asp Asn 260 265 270Tyr
Arg Met Asn His Leu Asp Glu Val Asn Gln Val Phe Gly Leu Thr 275 280
285Ser Leu Phe Glu Thr Ser Pro Val Ser Val Tyr Arg Gln His Ala Asn
290 295 300Arg Leu Lys Asn Ala Ser Leu305 31072073DNAStaphylococcus
aureusCDS(1)..(2073) 7atg tta aga gga caa gaa gaa aga aag tat agt
att aga aag tat tca 48Met Leu Arg Gly Gln Glu Glu Arg Lys Tyr Ser
Ile Arg Lys Tyr Ser1 5 10 15ata ggc gtg gtg tca gtg tta gcg gct aca
atg ttt gtt gtg tca tca 96Ile Gly Val Val Ser Val Leu Ala Ala Thr
Met Phe Val Val Ser Ser 20 25 30cat gaa gca caa gcc tcg gaa aaa aca
tca act aat gca gcg gca caa 144His Glu Ala Gln Ala Ser Glu Lys Thr
Ser Thr Asn Ala Ala Ala Gln 35 40 45aaa gaa aca cta aat caa ccg gga
gaa caa ggg aat gcg ata acg tca 192Lys Glu Thr Leu Asn Gln Pro Gly
Glu Gln Gly Asn Ala Ile Thr Ser 50 55 60cat caa atg cag tca gga aag
caa tta gac gat atg cat aaa gag aat 240His Gln Met Gln Ser Gly Lys
Gln Leu Asp Asp Met His Lys Glu Asn65 70 75 80ggt aaa agt gga
aca
gtg aca gaa ggt aaa gat acg ctt caa tca tcg 288Gly Lys Ser Gly Thr
Val Thr Glu Gly Lys Asp Thr Leu Gln Ser Ser 85 90 95aag cat caa tca
aca caa aat agt aaa aca atc aga acg caa aat gat 336Lys His Gln Ser
Thr Gln Asn Ser Lys Thr Ile Arg Thr Gln Asn Asp 100 105 110aat caa
gta aag caa gat tct gaa cga caa ggt tct aaa cag tca cac 384Asn Gln
Val Lys Gln Asp Ser Glu Arg Gln Gly Ser Lys Gln Ser His 115 120
125caa aat aat gcg act aat aat act gaa cgt caa aat gat cag gtt caa
432Gln Asn Asn Ala Thr Asn Asn Thr Glu Arg Gln Asn Asp Gln Val Gln
130 135 140aat acc cat cat gct gaa cgt aat gga tca caa tcg aca acg
tca caa 480Asn Thr His His Ala Glu Arg Asn Gly Ser Gln Ser Thr Thr
Ser Gln145 150 155 160tcg aat gat gtt gat aaa tca caa cca tcc att
ccg gca caa aag gta 528Ser Asn Asp Val Asp Lys Ser Gln Pro Ser Ile
Pro Ala Gln Lys Val 165 170 175ata ccc aat cat gat aaa gca gca cca
act tca act aca ccc ccg tct 576Ile Pro Asn His Asp Lys Ala Ala Pro
Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro Pro Ser 180 185 190aat gat aaa act gca cct aaa
tca aca aaa gca caa gat gca acc acg 624Asn Asp Lys Thr Ala Pro Lys
Ser Thr Lys Ala Gln Asp Ala Thr Thr 195 200 205gac aaa cat cca aat
caa caa gat aca cat caa cct gcg cat caa atc 672Asp Lys His Pro Asn
Gln Gln Asp Thr His Gln Pro Ala His Gln Ile 210 215 220ata gat gca
aag caa gat gat act gtt cgc caa agt gaa cag aaa cca 720Ile Asp Ala
Lys Gln Asp Asp Thr Val Arg Gln Ser Glu Gln Lys Pro225 230 235
240caa gtt ggc gat tta agt aaa cat atc gat ggt caa aat tcc cca gag
768Gln Val Gly Asp Leu Ser Lys His Ile Asp Gly Gln Asn Ser Pro Glu
245 250 255aaa ccg aca gat aaa aat act gat aat aaa caa cta atc aaa
gat gcg 816Lys Pro Thr Asp Lys Asn Thr Asp Asn Lys Gln Leu Ile Lys
Asp Ala 260 265 270ctt caa gcg cct aaa aca cgt tcg act aca aat gca
gca gca gat gct 864Leu Gln Ala Pro Lys Thr Arg Ser Thr Thr Asn Ala
Ala Ala Asp Ala 275 280 285aaa aag gtt cga cca ctt aaa gcg aat caa
gta caa cca ctt aac aaa 912Lys Lys Val Arg Pro Leu Lys Ala Asn Gln
Val Gln Pro Leu Asn Lys 290 295 300tat cca gtt gtt ttt gta cat gga
ttt tta gga tta gta ggc gat aat 960Tyr Pro Val Val Phe Val His Gly
Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Gly Asp Asn305 310 315 320gca cct gct tta tat
cca aat tat tgg ggt gga aat aaa ttt aaa gtt 1008Ala Pro Ala Leu Tyr
Pro Asn Tyr Trp Gly Gly Asn Lys Phe Lys Val 325 330 335atc gaa gaa
ttg aga aag caa ggc tat aat gta cat caa gca agt gta 1056Ile Glu Glu
Leu Arg Lys Gln Gly Tyr Asn Val His Gln Ala Ser Val 340 345 350agt
gca ttt ggt agt aac tat gat cgc gct gta gaa ctt tat tat tac 1104Ser
Ala Phe Gly Ser Asn Tyr Asp Arg Ala Val Glu Leu Tyr Tyr Tyr 355 360
365att aaa ggt ggt cgc gta gat tat ggc gca gca cat gca gct aaa tac
1152Ile Lys Gly Gly Arg Val Asp Tyr Gly Ala Ala His Ala Ala Lys Tyr
370 375 380gga cat gag cgc tat ggt aag act tat aaa gga atc atg cct
aat tgg 1200Gly His Glu Arg Tyr Gly Lys Thr Tyr Lys Gly Ile Met Pro
Asn Trp385 390 395 400gaa cct ggt aaa aag gta cat ctt gta ggg cat
agt atg ggt ggt caa 1248Glu Pro Gly Lys Lys Val His Leu Val Gly His
Ser Met Gly Gly Gln 405 410 415aca att cgt tta atg gaa gag ttt tta
aga aat ggt aac aaa gaa gaa 1296Thr Ile Arg Leu Met Glu Glu Phe Leu
Arg Asn Gly Asn Lys Glu Glu 420 425 430att gcc tat cat aaa gcg cat
ggt gga gaa ata tca cca tta ttc act 1344Ile Ala Tyr His Lys Ala His
Gly Gly Glu Ile Ser Pro Leu Phe Thr 435 440 445ggt ggt cat aac aat
atg gtt gca tca atc aca aca tta gca aca cca 1392Gly Gly His Asn Asn
Met Val Ala Ser Ile Thr Thr Leu Ala Thr Pro 450 455 460cat aat ggt
tca caa gca gct gat aag ttt gga aat aca gaa gct gtt 1440His Asn Gly
Ser Gln Ala Ala Asp Lys Phe Gly Asn Thr Glu Ala Val465 470 475
480aga aaa atc atg ttc gct tta aat cga ttt atg ggt aac aag tat tcg
1488Arg Lys Ile Met Phe Ala Leu Asn Arg Phe Met Gly Asn Lys Tyr Ser
485 490 495aat atc gat tta gga tta acg caa tgg ggc ttt aaa caa tta
cca aat 1536Asn Ile Asp Leu Gly Leu Thr Gln Trp Gly Phe Lys Gln Leu
Pro Asn 500 505 510gag agt tac att gac tat ata aaa cgc gtt agt aaa
agc aaa att tgg 1584Glu Ser Tyr Ile Asp Tyr Ile Lys Arg Val Ser Lys
Ser Lys Ile Trp 515 520 525aca tca gac gac aat gct gcc tat gat tta
acg tta gat ggc tct gca 1632Thr Ser Asp Asp Asn Ala Ala Tyr Asp Leu
Thr Leu Asp Gly Ser Ala 530 535 540aaa ttg aac aac atg aca agt atg
aat cct aat att acg tat acg act 1680Lys Leu Asn Asn Met Thr Ser Met
Asn Pro Asn Ile Thr Tyr Thr Thr545 550 555 560tat aca ggt gta tca
tct cat act ggt cca tta ggt tat gaa aat cct 1728Tyr Thr Gly Val Ser
Ser His Thr Gly Pro Leu Gly Tyr Glu Asn Pro 565 570 575gat tta ggt
aca ttt ttc tta atg gct aca acg agt aga att att ggt 1776Asp Leu Gly
Thr Phe Phe Leu Met Ala Thr Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Gly 580 585 590cat
gat gca aga gaa gaa tgg cgt aaa aat gat ggt gtc gta cca gtg 1824His
Asp Ala Arg Glu Glu Trp Arg Lys Asn Asp Gly Val Val Pro Val 595 600
605att tcg tca tta cat ccg tcc aat caa cca ttt gtt aat gtt acg aat
1872Ile Ser Ser Leu His Pro Ser Asn Gln Pro Phe Val Asn Val Thr Asn
610 615 620gat gaa cct gcc aca cgc aga ggt atc tgg caa gtt aaa cca
atc ata 1920Asp Glu Pro Ala Thr Arg Arg Gly Ile Trp Gln Val Lys Pro
Ile Ile625 630 635 640caa gga tgg gat cat gtc gat ttt atc ggt gtg
gac ttc ctg gat ttc 1968Gln Gly Trp Asp His Val Asp Phe Ile Gly Val
Asp Phe Leu Asp Phe 645 650 655aaa cgt aaa ggt gca gaa ctt gcc aac
ttc tat aca ggt att ata aat 2016Lys Arg Lys Gly Ala Glu Leu Ala Asn
Phe Tyr Thr Gly Ile Ile Asn 660 665 670gac ttg ttg cgt gtt gaa gcg
act gaa agt aaa gga aca caa ttg aaa 2064Asp Leu Leu Arg Val Glu Ala
Thr Glu Ser Lys Gly Thr Gln Leu Lys 675 680 685gca agt taa 2073Ala
Ser 6908690PRTStaphylococcus aureus 8Met Leu Arg Gly Gln Glu Glu
Arg Lys Tyr Ser Ile Arg Lys Tyr Ser1 5 10 15Ile Gly Val Val Ser Val
Leu Ala Ala Thr Met Phe Val Val Ser Ser 20 25 30His Glu Ala Gln Ala
Ser Glu Lys Thr Ser Thr Asn Ala Ala Ala Gln 35 40 45Lys Glu Thr Leu
Asn Gln Pro Gly Glu Gln Gly Asn Ala Ile Thr Ser 50 55 60His Gln Met
Gln Ser Gly Lys Gln Leu Asp Asp Met His Lys Glu Asn65 70 75 80Gly
Lys Ser Gly Thr Val Thr Glu Gly Lys Asp Thr Leu Gln Ser Ser 85 90
95Lys His Gln Ser Thr Gln Asn Ser Lys Thr Ile Arg Thr Gln Asn Asp
100 105 110Asn Gln Val Lys Gln Asp Ser Glu Arg Gln Gly Ser Lys Gln
Ser His 115 120 125Gln Asn Asn Ala Thr Asn Asn Thr Glu Arg Gln Asn
Asp Gln Val Gln 130 135 140Asn Thr His His Ala Glu Arg Asn Gly Ser
Gln Ser Thr Thr Ser Gln145 150 155 160Ser Asn Asp Val Asp Lys Ser
Gln Pro Ser Ile Pro Ala Gln Lys Val 165 170 175Ile Pro Asn His Asp
Lys Ala Ala Pro Thr Ser Thr Thr Pro Pro Ser 180 185 190Asn Asp Lys
Thr Ala Pro Lys Ser Thr Lys Ala Gln Asp Ala Thr Thr 195 200 205Asp
Lys His Pro Asn Gln Gln Asp Thr His Gln Pro Ala His Gln Ile 210 215
220Ile Asp Ala Lys Gln Asp Asp Thr Val Arg Gln Ser Glu Gln Lys
Pro225 230 235 240Gln Val Gly Asp Leu Ser Lys His Ile Asp Gly Gln
Asn Ser Pro Glu 245 250 255Lys Pro Thr Asp Lys Asn Thr Asp Asn Lys
Gln Leu Ile Lys Asp Ala 260 265 270Leu Gln Ala Pro Lys Thr Arg Ser
Thr Thr Asn Ala Ala Ala Asp Ala 275 280 285Lys Lys Val Arg Pro Leu
Lys Ala Asn Gln Val Gln Pro Leu Asn Lys 290 295 300Tyr Pro Val Val
Phe Val His Gly Phe Leu Gly Leu Val Gly Asp Asn305 310 315 320Ala
Pro Ala Leu Tyr Pro Asn Tyr Trp Gly Gly Asn Lys Phe Lys Val 325 330
335Ile Glu Glu Leu Arg Lys Gln Gly Tyr Asn Val His Gln Ala Ser Val
340 345 350Ser Ala Phe Gly Ser Asn Tyr Asp Arg Ala Val Glu Leu Tyr
Tyr Tyr 355 360 365Ile Lys Gly Gly Arg Val Asp Tyr Gly Ala Ala His
Ala Ala Lys Tyr 370 375 380Gly His Glu Arg Tyr Gly Lys Thr Tyr Lys
Gly Ile Met Pro Asn Trp385 390 395 400Glu Pro Gly Lys Lys Val His
Leu Val Gly His Ser Met Gly Gly Gln 405 410 415Thr Ile Arg Leu Met
Glu Glu Phe Leu Arg Asn Gly Asn Lys Glu Glu 420 425 430Ile Ala Tyr
His Lys Ala His Gly Gly Glu Ile Ser Pro Leu Phe Thr 435 440 445Gly
Gly His Asn Asn Met Val Ala Ser Ile Thr Thr Leu Ala Thr Pro 450 455
460His Asn Gly Ser Gln Ala Ala Asp Lys Phe Gly Asn Thr Glu Ala
Val465 470 475 480Arg Lys Ile Met Phe Ala Leu Asn Arg Phe Met Gly
Asn Lys Tyr Ser 485 490 495Asn Ile Asp Leu Gly Leu Thr Gln Trp Gly
Phe Lys Gln Leu Pro Asn 500 505 510Glu Ser Tyr Ile Asp Tyr Ile Lys
Arg Val Ser Lys Ser Lys Ile Trp 515 520 525Thr Ser Asp Asp Asn Ala
Ala Tyr Asp Leu Thr Leu Asp Gly Ser Ala 530 535 540Lys Leu Asn Asn
Met Thr Ser Met Asn Pro Asn Ile Thr Tyr Thr Thr545 550 555 560Tyr
Thr Gly Val Ser Ser His Thr Gly Pro Leu Gly Tyr Glu Asn Pro 565 570
575Asp Leu Gly Thr Phe Phe Leu Met Ala Thr Thr Ser Arg Ile Ile Gly
580 585 590His Asp Ala Arg Glu Glu Trp Arg Lys Asn Asp Gly Val Val
Pro Val 595 600 605Ile Ser Ser Leu His Pro Ser Asn Gln Pro Phe Val
Asn Val Thr Asn 610 615 620Asp Glu Pro Ala Thr Arg Arg Gly Ile Trp
Gln Val Lys Pro Ile Ile625 630 635 640Gln Gly Trp Asp His Val Asp
Phe Ile Gly Val Asp Phe Leu Asp Phe 645 650 655Lys Arg Lys Gly Ala
Glu Leu Ala Asn Phe Tyr Thr Gly Ile Ile Asn 660 665 670Asp Leu Leu
Arg Val Glu Ala Thr Glu Ser Lys Gly Thr Gln Leu Lys 675 680 685Ala
Ser 69091029DNACandida antarcticaCDS(1)..(1029) 9atg aag cta ctc
tct ctg acc ggt gtg gct ggt gtg ctt gcg act tgc 48Met Lys Leu Leu
Ser Leu Thr Gly Val Ala Gly Val Leu Ala Thr Cys1 5 10 15gtt gca gcc
act cct ttg gtg aag cgt cta cct tcc ggt tcg gac cct 96Val Ala Ala
Thr Pro Leu Val Lys Arg Leu Pro Ser Gly Ser Asp Pro 20 25 30gcc ttt
tcg cag ccc aag tcg gtg ctc gat gcg ggt ctg acc tgc cag 144Ala Phe
Ser Gln Pro Lys Ser Val Leu Asp Ala Gly Leu Thr Cys Gln 35 40 45ggt
gct tcg cca tcc tcg gtc tcc aaa ccc atc ctt ctc gtc ccc gga 192Gly
Ala Ser Pro Ser Ser Val Ser Lys Pro Ile Leu Leu Val Pro Gly 50 55
60acc ggc acc aca ggt cca cag tcg ttc gac tcg aac tgg atc ccc ctc
240Thr Gly Thr Thr Gly Pro Gln Ser Phe Asp Ser Asn Trp Ile Pro
Leu65 70 75 80tca acg cag ttg ggt tac aca ccc tgc tgg atc tca ccc
ccg ccg ttc 288Ser Thr Gln Leu Gly Tyr Thr Pro Cys Trp Ile Ser Pro
Pro Pro Phe 85 90 95atg ctc aac gac acc cag gtc aac acg gag tac atg
gtc aac gcc atc 336Met Leu Asn Asp Thr Gln Val Asn Thr Glu Tyr Met
Val Asn Ala Ile 100 105 110acc gcg ctc tac gct ggt tcg ggc aac aac
aag ctt ccc gtg ctt acc 384Thr Ala Leu Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gly Asn Asn
Lys Leu Pro Val Leu Thr 115 120 125tgg tcc cag ggt ggt ctg gtt gca
cag tgg ggt ctg acc ttc ttc ccc 432Trp Ser Gln Gly Gly Leu Val Ala
Gln Trp Gly Leu Thr Phe Phe Pro 130 135 140agt atc agg tcc aag gtc
gat cga ctt atg gcc ttt gcg ccc gac tac 480Ser Ile Arg Ser Lys Val
Asp Arg Leu Met Ala Phe Ala Pro Asp Tyr145 150 155 160aag ggc acc
gtc ctc gcc ggc cct ctc gat gca ctc gcg gtt agt gca 528Lys Gly Thr
Val Leu Ala Gly Pro Leu Asp Ala Leu Ala Val Ser Ala 165 170 175ccc
tcc gta tgg cag caa acc acc ggt tcg gca ctc acc acc gca ctc 576Pro
Ser Val Trp Gln Gln Thr Thr Gly Ser Ala Leu Thr Thr Ala Leu 180 185
190cga aac gca ggt ggt ctg acc cag atc gtg ccc acc acc aac ctc tac
624Arg Asn Ala Gly Gly Leu Thr Gln Ile Val Pro Thr Thr Asn Leu Tyr
195 200 205tcg gcg acc gac gag atc gtt cag cct cag gtg tcc aac tcg
cca ctc 672Ser Ala Thr Asp Glu Ile Val Gln Pro Gln Val Ser Asn Ser
Pro Leu 210 215 220gac tca tcc tac ctc ttc aac gga aag aac gtc cag
gca cag gcc gtg 720Asp Ser Ser Tyr Leu Phe Asn Gly Lys Asn Val Gln
Ala Gln Ala Val225 230 235 240tgt ggg ccg ctg ttc gtc atc gac cat
gca ggc tcg ctc acc tcg cag 768Cys Gly Pro Leu Phe Val Ile Asp His
Ala Gly Ser Leu Thr Ser Gln 245 250 255ttc tcc tac gtc gtc ggt cga
tcc gcc ctg cgc tcc acc acg ggc cag 816Phe Ser Tyr Val Val Gly Arg
Ser Ala Leu Arg Ser Thr Thr Gly Gln 260 265 270gct cgt agt gca gac
tat ggc att acg gac tgc aac cct ctt ccc gcc 864Ala Arg Ser Ala Asp
Tyr Gly Ile Thr Asp Cys Asn Pro Leu Pro Ala 275 280 285aat gat ctg
act ccc gag caa aag gtc gcc gcg gct gcg ctc ctg gcg 912Asn Asp Leu
Thr Pro Glu Gln Lys Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala 290 295 300ccg
gca gct gca gcc atc gtg gcg ggt cca aag cag aac tgc gag ccc 960Pro
Ala Ala Ala Ala Ile Val Ala Gly Pro Lys Gln Asn Cys Glu Pro305 310
315 320gac ctc atg ccc tac gcc cgc ccc ttt gca gta ggc aaa agg acc
tgc 1008Asp Leu Met Pro Tyr Ala Arg Pro Phe Ala Val Gly Lys Arg Thr
Cys 325 330 335tcc ggc atc gtc acc ccc tga 1029Ser Gly Ile Val Thr
Pro 34010342PRTCandida antarctica 10Met Lys Leu Leu Ser Leu Thr Gly
Val Ala Gly Val Leu Ala Thr Cys1 5 10 15Val Ala Ala Thr Pro Leu Val
Lys Arg Leu Pro Ser Gly Ser Asp Pro 20 25 30Ala Phe Ser Gln Pro Lys
Ser Val Leu Asp Ala Gly Leu Thr Cys Gln 35 40 45Gly Ala Ser Pro Ser
Ser Val Ser Lys Pro Ile Leu Leu Val Pro Gly 50 55 60Thr Gly Thr Thr
Gly Pro Gln Ser Phe Asp Ser Asn Trp Ile Pro Leu65 70 75 80Ser Thr
Gln Leu Gly Tyr Thr Pro Cys Trp Ile Ser Pro Pro Pro Phe 85 90 95Met
Leu Asn Asp Thr Gln Val Asn Thr Glu Tyr Met Val Asn Ala Ile 100 105
110Thr Ala Leu Tyr Ala Gly Ser Gly Asn Asn Lys Leu Pro Val Leu Thr
115 120 125Trp Ser Gln Gly Gly Leu Val Ala Gln Trp Gly Leu Thr Phe
Phe Pro 130 135 140Ser Ile Arg Ser Lys Val Asp Arg Leu Met Ala Phe
Ala Pro Asp Tyr145 150 155 160Lys Gly Thr Val Leu Ala Gly Pro Leu
Asp Ala Leu Ala Val Ser Ala 165 170 175Pro Ser Val Trp Gln Gln Thr
Thr Gly Ser Ala Leu Thr Thr Ala Leu 180 185 190Arg Asn Ala Gly Gly
Leu Thr Gln Ile Val Pro Thr Thr Asn Leu Tyr 195 200 205Ser Ala Thr
Asp Glu Ile Val Gln Pro Gln Val Ser Asn Ser Pro Leu 210 215 220Asp
Ser Ser Tyr Leu Phe Asn Gly Lys Asn Val Gln
Ala Gln Ala Val225 230 235 240Cys Gly Pro Leu Phe Val Ile Asp His
Ala Gly Ser Leu Thr Ser Gln 245 250 255Phe Ser Tyr Val Val Gly Arg
Ser Ala Leu Arg Ser Thr Thr Gly Gln 260 265 270Ala Arg Ser Ala Asp
Tyr Gly Ile Thr Asp Cys Asn Pro Leu Pro Ala 275 280 285Asn Asp Leu
Thr Pro Glu Gln Lys Val Ala Ala Ala Ala Leu Leu Ala 290 295 300Pro
Ala Ala Ala Ala Ile Val Ala Gly Pro Lys Gln Asn Cys Glu Pro305 310
315 320Asp Leu Met Pro Tyr Ala Arg Pro Phe Ala Val Gly Lys Arg Thr
Cys 325 330 335Ser Gly Ile Val Thr Pro 340111650DNACandida
rugosaCDS(1)..(1650) 11atg gag ctc gct ctt gcg ctc ctg ctc att gcc
tcg gtg gct gct gcc 48Met Glu Leu Ala Leu Ala Leu Leu Leu Ile Ala
Ser Val Ala Ala Ala1 5 10 15ccc acc gcc acg ctc gcc aac ggc gac acc
atc acc ggt ctc aac gcc 96Pro Thr Ala Thr Leu Ala Asn Gly Asp Thr
Ile Thr Gly Leu Asn Ala 20 25 30atc atc aac gag gcg ttc ctc ggc att
ccc ttt gcc gag ccg ccg gtg 144Ile Ile Asn Glu Ala Phe Leu Gly Ile
Pro Phe Ala Glu Pro Pro Val 35 40 45ggc aac ctc cgc ttc aag gac ccc
gtg ccg tac tcc ggc tcg ctc gat 192Gly Asn Leu Arg Phe Lys Asp Pro
Val Pro Tyr Ser Gly Ser Leu Asp 50 55 60ggc cag aag ttc acg ctg tac
ggc ccg ctg tgc atg cag cag aac ccc 240Gly Gln Lys Phe Thr Leu Tyr
Gly Pro Leu Cys Met Gln Gln Asn Pro65 70 75 80gag ggc acc tac gag
gag aac ctc ccc aag gca gcg ctc gac ttg gtg 288Glu Gly Thr Tyr Glu
Glu Asn Leu Pro Lys Ala Ala Leu Asp Leu Val 85 90 95atg cag tcc aag
gtg ttt gag gcg gtg ctg ccg ctg agc gag gac tgt 336Met Gln Ser Lys
Val Phe Glu Ala Val Leu Pro Leu Ser Glu Asp Cys 100 105 110ctc acc
atc aac gtg gtg cgg ccg ccg ggc acc aag gcg ggt gcc aac 384Leu Thr
Ile Asn Val Val Arg Pro Pro Gly Thr Lys Ala Gly Ala Asn 115 120
125ctc ccg gtg atg ctc tgg atc ttt ggc ggc ggg ttt gag gtg ggt ggc
432Leu Pro Val Met Leu Trp Ile Phe Gly Gly Gly Phe Glu Val Gly Gly
130 135 140acc agc acc ttc cct ccc gcc cag atg atc acc aag agc att
gcc atg 480Thr Ser Thr Phe Pro Pro Ala Gln Met Ile Thr Lys Ser Ile
Ala Met145 150 155 160ggc aag ccc atc atc cac gtg agc gtc aac tac
cgc gtg tcg tcg tgg 528Gly Lys Pro Ile Ile His Val Ser Val Asn Tyr
Arg Val Ser Ser Trp 165 170 175ggg ttc ttg gct ggc gac gag atc aag
gcc gag ggc agt gcc aac gcc 576Gly Phe Leu Ala Gly Asp Glu Ile Lys
Ala Glu Gly Ser Ala Asn Ala 180 185 190ggt ttg aag gac cag cgc ttg
ggc atg cag tgg gtg gcg gac aac att 624Gly Leu Lys Asp Gln Arg Leu
Gly Met Gln Trp Val Ala Asp Asn Ile 195 200 205gcg gcg ttt ggc ggc
gac ccg acc aag gtg acc atc ttt ggc gag ctg 672Ala Ala Phe Gly Gly
Asp Pro Thr Lys Val Thr Ile Phe Gly Glu Leu 210 215 220gcg ggc agc
atg tcg gtc atg tgc cac att ctc tgg aac gac ggc gac 720Ala Gly Ser
Met Ser Val Met Cys His Ile Leu Trp Asn Asp Gly Asp225 230 235
240aac acg tac aag ggc aag ccg ctc ttc cgc gcg ggc atc atg cag ctg
768Asn Thr Tyr Lys Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Arg Ala Gly Ile Met Gln Leu
245 250 255ggg gcc atg gtg ccg ctg gac gcc gtg gac ggc atc tac ggc
aac gag 816Gly Ala Met Val Pro Leu Asp Ala Val Asp Gly Ile Tyr Gly
Asn Glu 260 265 270atc ttt gac ctc ttg gcg tcg aac gcg ggc tgc ggc
agc gcc agc gac 864Ile Phe Asp Leu Leu Ala Ser Asn Ala Gly Cys Gly
Ser Ala Ser Asp 275 280 285aag ctt gcg tgc ttg cgc ggt gtg ctg agc
gac acg ttg gag gac gcc 912Lys Leu Ala Cys Leu Arg Gly Val Leu Ser
Asp Thr Leu Glu Asp Ala 290 295 300acc aac aac acc cct ggg ttc ttg
gcg tac tcc tcg ttg cgg ttg ctg 960Thr Asn Asn Thr Pro Gly Phe Leu
Ala Tyr Ser Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu305 310 315 320tac ctc ccc cgg ccc
gac ggc gtg aac atc acc gac gac atg tac gcc 1008Tyr Leu Pro Arg Pro
Asp Gly Val Asn Ile Thr Asp Asp Met Tyr Ala 325 330 335ttg gtg cgc
gag ggc aag tat gcc aac atc cct gtg atc atc ggc gac 1056Leu Val Arg
Glu Gly Lys Tyr Ala Asn Ile Pro Val Ile Ile Gly Asp 340 345 350cag
aac gac gag ggc acc ttc ttt ggc acc ctg ctg ttg aac gtg acc 1104Gln
Asn Asp Glu Gly Thr Phe Phe Gly Thr Leu Leu Leu Asn Val Thr 355 360
365acg gat gcc cag gcc cgc gag tac ttc aag cag ctg ttt gtc cac gcc
1152Thr Asp Ala Gln Ala Arg Glu Tyr Phe Lys Gln Leu Phe Val His Ala
370 375 380agc gac gcg gag atc gac acg ttg atg acg gcg tac ccc ggc
gac atc 1200Ser Asp Ala Glu Ile Asp Thr Leu Met Thr Ala Tyr Pro Gly
Asp Ile385 390 395 400acc cag ggc ctg ccg ttc gac acg ggt att ctc
aac gcc ctc acc ccg 1248Thr Gln Gly Leu Pro Phe Asp Thr Gly Ile Leu
Asn Ala Leu Thr Pro 405 410 415cag ttc aag aga atc ctg gcg gtg ctc
ggc gac ctt ggc ttt acg ctt 1296Gln Phe Lys Arg Ile Leu Ala Val Leu
Gly Asp Leu Gly Phe Thr Leu 420 425 430gct cgt cgc tac ttc ctc aac
cac tac acc ggc ggc acc aag tac tca 1344Ala Arg Arg Tyr Phe Leu Asn
His Tyr Thr Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Ser 435 440 445ttc ctc ctg aag cag
ctc ctg ggc ttg ccg gtg ctc gga acg ttc cac 1392Phe Leu Leu Lys Gln
Leu Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Thr Phe His 450 455 460tcc aac gac
att gtc ttc cag gac tac ttg ttg ggc agc ggc tcg ctc 1440Ser Asn Asp
Ile Val Phe Gln Asp Tyr Leu Leu Gly Ser Gly Ser Leu465 470 475
480atc tac aac aac gcg ttc att gcg ttt gcc acg gac ttg gac ccc aac
1488Ile Tyr Asn Asn Ala Phe Ile Ala Phe Ala Thr Asp Leu Asp Pro Asn
485 490 495acc gcg ggg ttg ttg gtg aag tgg ccc gag tac acc agc agc
ctg cag 1536Thr Ala Gly Leu Leu Val Lys Trp Pro Glu Tyr Thr Ser Ser
Leu Gln 500 505 510ctg ggc aac aac ttg atg atg atc aac gcc ttg ggc
ttg tac acc ggc 1584Leu Gly Asn Asn Leu Met Met Ile Asn Ala Leu Gly
Leu Tyr Thr Gly 515 520 525aag gac aac ttc cgc acc gcc ggc tac gac
gcg ttg ttc tcc aac ccg 1632Lys Asp Asn Phe Arg Thr Ala Gly Tyr Asp
Ala Leu Phe Ser Asn Pro 530 535 540ccg ctg ttc ttt gtg taa 1650Pro
Leu Phe Phe Val54512549PRTCandida rugosa 12Met Glu Leu Ala Leu Ala
Leu Leu Leu Ile Ala Ser Val Ala Ala Ala1 5 10 15Pro Thr Ala Thr Leu
Ala Asn Gly Asp Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Asn Ala 20 25 30Ile Ile Asn Glu
Ala Phe Leu Gly Ile Pro Phe Ala Glu Pro Pro Val 35 40 45Gly Asn Leu
Arg Phe Lys Asp Pro Val Pro Tyr Ser Gly Ser Leu Asp 50 55 60Gly Gln
Lys Phe Thr Leu Tyr Gly Pro Leu Cys Met Gln Gln Asn Pro65 70 75
80Glu Gly Thr Tyr Glu Glu Asn Leu Pro Lys Ala Ala Leu Asp Leu Val
85 90 95Met Gln Ser Lys Val Phe Glu Ala Val Leu Pro Leu Ser Glu Asp
Cys 100 105 110Leu Thr Ile Asn Val Val Arg Pro Pro Gly Thr Lys Ala
Gly Ala Asn 115 120 125Leu Pro Val Met Leu Trp Ile Phe Gly Gly Gly
Phe Glu Val Gly Gly 130 135 140Thr Ser Thr Phe Pro Pro Ala Gln Met
Ile Thr Lys Ser Ile Ala Met145 150 155 160Gly Lys Pro Ile Ile His
Val Ser Val Asn Tyr Arg Val Ser Ser Trp 165 170 175Gly Phe Leu Ala
Gly Asp Glu Ile Lys Ala Glu Gly Ser Ala Asn Ala 180 185 190Gly Leu
Lys Asp Gln Arg Leu Gly Met Gln Trp Val Ala Asp Asn Ile 195 200
205Ala Ala Phe Gly Gly Asp Pro Thr Lys Val Thr Ile Phe Gly Glu Leu
210 215 220Ala Gly Ser Met Ser Val Met Cys His Ile Leu Trp Asn Asp
Gly Asp225 230 235 240Asn Thr Tyr Lys Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Arg Ala
Gly Ile Met Gln Leu 245 250 255Gly Ala Met Val Pro Leu Asp Ala Val
Asp Gly Ile Tyr Gly Asn Glu 260 265 270Ile Phe Asp Leu Leu Ala Ser
Asn Ala Gly Cys Gly Ser Ala Ser Asp 275 280 285Lys Leu Ala Cys Leu
Arg Gly Val Leu Ser Asp Thr Leu Glu Asp Ala 290 295 300Thr Asn Asn
Thr Pro Gly Phe Leu Ala Tyr Ser Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu305 310 315
320Tyr Leu Pro Arg Pro Asp Gly Val Asn Ile Thr Asp Asp Met Tyr Ala
325 330 335Leu Val Arg Glu Gly Lys Tyr Ala Asn Ile Pro Val Ile Ile
Gly Asp 340 345 350Gln Asn Asp Glu Gly Thr Phe Phe Gly Thr Leu Leu
Leu Asn Val Thr 355 360 365Thr Asp Ala Gln Ala Arg Glu Tyr Phe Lys
Gln Leu Phe Val His Ala 370 375 380Ser Asp Ala Glu Ile Asp Thr Leu
Met Thr Ala Tyr Pro Gly Asp Ile385 390 395 400Thr Gln Gly Leu Pro
Phe Asp Thr Gly Ile Leu Asn Ala Leu Thr Pro 405 410 415Gln Phe Lys
Arg Ile Leu Ala Val Leu Gly Asp Leu Gly Phe Thr Leu 420 425 430Ala
Arg Arg Tyr Phe Leu Asn His Tyr Thr Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Ser 435 440
445Phe Leu Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Thr Phe His
450 455 460Ser Asn Asp Ile Val Phe Gln Asp Tyr Leu Leu Gly Ser Gly
Ser Leu465 470 475 480Ile Tyr Asn Asn Ala Phe Ile Ala Phe Ala Thr
Asp Leu Asp Pro Asn 485 490 495Thr Ala Gly Leu Leu Val Lys Trp Pro
Glu Tyr Thr Ser Ser Leu Gln 500 505 510Leu Gly Asn Asn Leu Met Met
Ile Asn Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Thr Gly 515 520 525Lys Asp Asn Phe Arg
Thr Ala Gly Tyr Asp Ala Leu Phe Ser Asn Pro 530 535 540Pro Leu Phe
Phe Val545131647DNACandida rugosaCDS(1)..(1647) 13atg aag ctc tgt
ttg ctt gct ctt ggt gct gcg gtg gcg gca gcc ccc 48Met Lys Leu Cys
Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Pro1 5 10 15acg gcc acc
ctc gcc aac ggc gac acc atc acc ggt ctc aac gcc att 96Thr Ala Thr
Leu Ala Asn Gly Asp Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Asn Ala Ile 20 25 30gtc aac
gaa aag ttt ctc ggc ata ccg ttt gcc gag ccg ccc gtg ggc 144Val Asn
Glu Lys Phe Leu Gly Ile Pro Phe Ala Glu Pro Pro Val Gly 35 40 45acg
ctc cgc ttc aag ccg ccc gtg ccg tac tcg gcg tcg ctc aac ggc 192Thr
Leu Arg Phe Lys Pro Pro Val Pro Tyr Ser Ala Ser Leu Asn Gly 50 55
60cag cag ttt acc ctg tac ggc ccg ctg tgc atg cag atg aac cct atg
240Gln Gln Phe Thr Leu Tyr Gly Pro Leu Cys Met Gln Met Asn Pro
Met65 70 75 80ggc tcg ttt gag gac aca ctt ccc aag aat gcg cgg cat
ttg gtg ctc 288Gly Ser Phe Glu Asp Thr Leu Pro Lys Asn Ala Arg His
Leu Val Leu 85 90 95cag tcc aag atc ttc caa gtg gtg ctt ccc aac gac
gag gac tgt ctc 336Gln Ser Lys Ile Phe Gln Val Val Leu Pro Asn Asp
Glu Asp Cys Leu 100 105 110acc atc aac gtg atc cgg ccg ccc ggc acc
agg gcc agt gct ggt ctc 384Thr Ile Asn Val Ile Arg Pro Pro Gly Thr
Arg Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu 115 120 125ccg gtg atg ctc tgg atc ttt ggc
ggt ggg ttt gag ctt ggc ggc tcc 432Pro Val Met Leu Trp Ile Phe Gly
Gly Gly Phe Glu Leu Gly Gly Ser 130 135 140agc ctc ttt cca gga gac
cag atg gtg gcc aag agc gtg ctc atg ggt 480Ser Leu Phe Pro Gly Asp
Gln Met Val Ala Lys Ser Val Leu Met Gly145 150 155 160aaa ccg gtg
atc cac gtg agc atg aac tac cgc gtg gcg tca tgg ggg 528Lys Pro Val
Ile His Val Ser Met Asn Tyr Arg Val Ala Ser Trp Gly 165 170 175ttc
ttg gcc ggc ccc gac atc cag aac gaa ggc agc ggg aac gcc ggc 576Phe
Leu Ala Gly Pro Asp Ile Gln Asn Glu Gly Ser Gly Asn Ala Gly 180 185
190ttg cat gac cag cgc ttg gcc atg cag tgg gtg gcg gac aac att gct
624Leu His Asp Gln Arg Leu Ala Met Gln Trp Val Ala Asp Asn Ile Ala
195 200 205ggg ttt ggc ggc gac ccg agc aag gtg acc ata tac ggc gag
ctg gcg 672Gly Phe Gly Gly Asp Pro Ser Lys Val Thr Ile Tyr Gly Glu
Leu Ala 210 215 220ggc agc atg tcg acg ttt gtg cac ctt gtg tgg aac
gac ggc gac aac 720Gly Ser Met Ser Thr Phe Val His Leu Val Trp Asn
Asp Gly Asp Asn225 230 235 240acg tac aac ggc aag ccg ttg ttc cgc
gcc gcc atc atg cag ctg ggc 768Thr Tyr Asn Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Arg
Ala Ala Ile Met Gln Leu Gly 245 250 255tgc atg gtg ccg ctg gac ccg
gtg gac ggc acg tac ggc acc gag atc 816Cys Met Val Pro Leu Asp Pro
Val Asp Gly Thr Tyr Gly Thr Glu Ile 260 265 270tac aac cag gtg gtg
gcg tct gcc ggg tgt ggc agt gcc agc gac aag 864Tyr Asn Gln Val Val
Ala Ser Ala Gly Cys Gly Ser Ala Ser Asp Lys 275 280 285ctc gcg tgc
ttg cgc ggc ctt ctg cag gac acg ttg tac cag gcc acg 912Leu Ala Cys
Leu Arg Gly Leu Leu Gln Asp Thr Leu Tyr Gln Ala Thr 290 295 300agc
gac acg ccc ggc gtg ttg gcg tac ccg tcg ttg cgg ttg ctg tat 960Ser
Asp Thr Pro Gly Val Leu Ala Tyr Pro Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu Tyr305 310
315 320ctc ccg cgg ccc gac ggc acc ttc atc acc gac gac atg tat gcc
ttg 1008Leu Pro Arg Pro Asp Gly Thr Phe Ile Thr Asp Asp Met Tyr Ala
Leu 325 330 335gtg cgg gac ggc aag tac gca cac gtg ccg gtg atc atc
ggc gac cag 1056Val Arg Asp Gly Lys Tyr Ala His Val Pro Val Ile Ile
Gly Asp Gln 340 345 350aac gac gag ggc act ttg ttt ggg ctc ctg ctg
ttg aac gtg acc aca 1104Asn Asp Glu Gly Thr Leu Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu
Leu Asn Val Thr Thr 355 360 365gat gct cag gca cgg gcg tac ttc aag
cag ctg ttc atc cac gcc agc 1152Asp Ala Gln Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Lys
Gln Leu Phe Ile His Ala Ser 370 375 380gat gcg gag atc gac acg ttg
atg gcg gcg tac acc agc gac atc acc 1200Asp Ala Glu Ile Asp Thr Leu
Met Ala Ala Tyr Thr Ser Asp Ile Thr385 390 395 400cag ggt ctg ccg
ttc gac acc ggc atc ttc aat gcc atc acc ccg cag 1248Gln Gly Leu Pro
Phe Asp Thr Gly Ile Phe Asn Ala Ile Thr Pro Gln 405 410 415ttc aaa
cgg atc ctg gcg ttg ctt ggc gac ctt gcg ttc acg ctt gcg 1296Phe Lys
Arg Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Leu Ala Phe Thr Leu Ala 420 425
430cgt cgc tac ttc ctc aac tac tac cag ggc ggc acc aag tac tcg ttt
1344Arg Arg Tyr Phe Leu Asn Tyr Tyr Gln Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Ser Phe
435 440 445ctc ctg aag cag ctt ctg ggg ttg ccc gtc ttg ggc acc ttc
cac ggc 1392Leu Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Thr Phe
His Gly 450 455 460aac gac atc atc tgg cag gac tac ttg gtg ggc agc
ggc agt gtg atc 1440Asn Asp Ile Ile Trp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Val Gly Ser
Gly Ser Val Ile465 470 475 480tac aac aac gcg ttc att gcg ttt gcc
aac gac ctc gac ccg aac aag 1488Tyr Asn Asn Ala Phe Ile Ala Phe Ala
Asn Asp Leu Asp Pro Asn Lys 485 490 495gcg ggc ttg tgg acc aac tgg
ccc acg tac acc agc agt ctg cag ctg 1536Ala Gly Leu Trp Thr Asn Trp
Pro Thr Tyr Thr Ser Ser Leu Gln Leu 500 505 510ggc aac aac ttg atg
cag atc aac ggc ttg ggg ttg tac acc ggc aag 1584Gly Asn Asn Leu Met
Gln Ile Asn Gly Leu Gly Leu Tyr Thr Gly Lys 515 520 525gac aac ttc
cgc ccg gat gcg tac agc gcc ctc ttt tcc aac ccg cca 1632Asp Asn Phe
Arg Pro Asp Ala Tyr Ser Ala Leu Phe Ser Asn Pro Pro 530 535 540ctg
ttc ttt gtg tag 1647Leu Phe Phe Val54514548PRTCandida rugosa 14Met
Lys Leu Cys Leu Leu Ala Leu Gly Ala Ala Val Ala Ala Ala Pro1 5 10
15Thr Ala Thr Leu Ala Asn Gly Asp Thr Ile Thr Gly Leu Asn Ala Ile
20 25 30Val
Asn Glu Lys Phe Leu Gly Ile Pro Phe Ala Glu Pro Pro Val Gly 35 40
45Thr Leu Arg Phe Lys Pro Pro Val Pro Tyr Ser Ala Ser Leu Asn Gly
50 55 60Gln Gln Phe Thr Leu Tyr Gly Pro Leu Cys Met Gln Met Asn Pro
Met65 70 75 80Gly Ser Phe Glu Asp Thr Leu Pro Lys Asn Ala Arg His
Leu Val Leu 85 90 95Gln Ser Lys Ile Phe Gln Val Val Leu Pro Asn Asp
Glu Asp Cys Leu 100 105 110Thr Ile Asn Val Ile Arg Pro Pro Gly Thr
Arg Ala Ser Ala Gly Leu 115 120 125Pro Val Met Leu Trp Ile Phe Gly
Gly Gly Phe Glu Leu Gly Gly Ser 130 135 140Ser Leu Phe Pro Gly Asp
Gln Met Val Ala Lys Ser Val Leu Met Gly145 150 155 160Lys Pro Val
Ile His Val Ser Met Asn Tyr Arg Val Ala Ser Trp Gly 165 170 175Phe
Leu Ala Gly Pro Asp Ile Gln Asn Glu Gly Ser Gly Asn Ala Gly 180 185
190Leu His Asp Gln Arg Leu Ala Met Gln Trp Val Ala Asp Asn Ile Ala
195 200 205Gly Phe Gly Gly Asp Pro Ser Lys Val Thr Ile Tyr Gly Glu
Leu Ala 210 215 220Gly Ser Met Ser Thr Phe Val His Leu Val Trp Asn
Asp Gly Asp Asn225 230 235 240Thr Tyr Asn Gly Lys Pro Leu Phe Arg
Ala Ala Ile Met Gln Leu Gly 245 250 255Cys Met Val Pro Leu Asp Pro
Val Asp Gly Thr Tyr Gly Thr Glu Ile 260 265 270Tyr Asn Gln Val Val
Ala Ser Ala Gly Cys Gly Ser Ala Ser Asp Lys 275 280 285Leu Ala Cys
Leu Arg Gly Leu Leu Gln Asp Thr Leu Tyr Gln Ala Thr 290 295 300Ser
Asp Thr Pro Gly Val Leu Ala Tyr Pro Ser Leu Arg Leu Leu Tyr305 310
315 320Leu Pro Arg Pro Asp Gly Thr Phe Ile Thr Asp Asp Met Tyr Ala
Leu 325 330 335Val Arg Asp Gly Lys Tyr Ala His Val Pro Val Ile Ile
Gly Asp Gln 340 345 350Asn Asp Glu Gly Thr Leu Phe Gly Leu Leu Leu
Leu Asn Val Thr Thr 355 360 365Asp Ala Gln Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Lys
Gln Leu Phe Ile His Ala Ser 370 375 380Asp Ala Glu Ile Asp Thr Leu
Met Ala Ala Tyr Thr Ser Asp Ile Thr385 390 395 400Gln Gly Leu Pro
Phe Asp Thr Gly Ile Phe Asn Ala Ile Thr Pro Gln 405 410 415Phe Lys
Arg Ile Leu Ala Leu Leu Gly Asp Leu Ala Phe Thr Leu Ala 420 425
430Arg Arg Tyr Phe Leu Asn Tyr Tyr Gln Gly Gly Thr Lys Tyr Ser Phe
435 440 445Leu Leu Lys Gln Leu Leu Gly Leu Pro Val Leu Gly Thr Phe
His Gly 450 455 460Asn Asp Ile Ile Trp Gln Asp Tyr Leu Val Gly Ser
Gly Ser Val Ile465 470 475 480Tyr Asn Asn Ala Phe Ile Ala Phe Ala
Asn Asp Leu Asp Pro Asn Lys 485 490 495Ala Gly Leu Trp Thr Asn Trp
Pro Thr Tyr Thr Ser Ser Leu Gln Leu 500 505 510Gly Asn Asn Leu Met
Gln Ile Asn Gly Leu Gly Leu Tyr Thr Gly Lys 515 520 525Asp Asn Phe
Arg Pro Asp Ala Tyr Ser Ala Leu Phe Ser Asn Pro Pro 530 535 540Leu
Phe Phe Val54515720DNAEscherichia coliCDS(1)..(717) 15atg gtc att
aag gcg caa agc ccg gcg ggt ttc gcg gaa gag tac att 48Met Val Ile
Lys Ala Gln Ser Pro Ala Gly Phe Ala Glu Glu Tyr Ile1 5 10 15att gaa
agt atc tgg aat aac cgc ttc cct ccc ggg act att ttg ccc 96Ile Glu
Ser Ile Trp Asn Asn Arg Phe Pro Pro Gly Thr Ile Leu Pro 20 25 30gca
gaa cgt gaa ctt tca gaa tta att ggc gta acg cgt act acg tta 144Ala
Glu Arg Glu Leu Ser Glu Leu Ile Gly Val Thr Arg Thr Thr Leu 35 40
45cgt gaa gtg tta cag cgt ctg gca cga gat ggc tgg ttg acc att caa
192Arg Glu Val Leu Gln Arg Leu Ala Arg Asp Gly Trp Leu Thr Ile Gln
50 55 60cat ggc aag ccg acg aag gtg aat aat ttc tgg gaa act tcc ggt
tta 240His Gly Lys Pro Thr Lys Val Asn Asn Phe Trp Glu Thr Ser Gly
Leu65 70 75 80aat atc ctt gaa aca ctg gcg cga ctg gat cac gaa agt
gtg ccg cag 288Asn Ile Leu Glu Thr Leu Ala Arg Leu Asp His Glu Ser
Val Pro Gln 85 90 95ctt att gat aat ttg ctg tcg gtg cgt acc aat att
tcc act att ttt 336Leu Ile Asp Asn Leu Leu Ser Val Arg Thr Asn Ile
Ser Thr Ile Phe 100 105 110att cgc acc gcg ttt cgt cag cat ccc gat
aaa gcg cag gaa gtg ctg 384Ile Arg Thr Ala Phe Arg Gln His Pro Asp
Lys Ala Gln Glu Val Leu 115 120 125gct acc gct aat gaa gtg gcc gat
cac gcc gat gcc ttt gcc gag ctg 432Ala Thr Ala Asn Glu Val Ala Asp
His Ala Asp Ala Phe Ala Glu Leu 130 135 140gat tac aac ata ttc cgc
ggc ctg gcg ttt gct tcc ggc aac ccg att 480Asp Tyr Asn Ile Phe Arg
Gly Leu Ala Phe Ala Ser Gly Asn Pro Ile145 150 155 160tac ggt ctg
att ctt aac ggg atg aaa ggg ctg tat acg cgt att ggt 528Tyr Gly Leu
Ile Leu Asn Gly Met Lys Gly Leu Tyr Thr Arg Ile Gly 165 170 175cgt
cac tat ttc gcc aat ccg gaa gcg cgc agt ctg gcg ctg ggc ttc 576Arg
His Tyr Phe Ala Asn Pro Glu Ala Arg Ser Leu Ala Leu Gly Phe 180 185
190tac cac aaa ctg tcg gcg ttg tgc agt gaa ggc gcg cac gat cag gtg
624Tyr His Lys Leu Ser Ala Leu Cys Ser Glu Gly Ala His Asp Gln Val
195 200 205tac gaa aca gtg cgt cgc tat ggg cat gag agt ggc gag att
tgg cac 672Tyr Glu Thr Val Arg Arg Tyr Gly His Glu Ser Gly Glu Ile
Trp His 210 215 220cgg atg cag aaa aat ctg ccg ggt gat tta gcc att
cag ggg cga taa 720Arg Met Gln Lys Asn Leu Pro Gly Asp Leu Ala Ile
Gln Gly Arg225 230 2351663DNAArtificialPrimer for fadR
amplification 16tatgatgagt ccaactttgt tttgctgtgt tatggaaatc
tcacttgaag cctgcttttt 60tat 631763DNAArtificialPrimer for fadR
amplification 17caaaaaaccc ctcgtttgag gggtttgctc tttaaacgga
agggacgctc aagttagtat 60aaa
6318720DNACryptococcusCDS(1)..(717)sig_peptide(1)..(102)mat_peptide(103).-
.(717) 18atg ctc gtc tcc gct ctc gct ctc gcg gtg ctg tcc gct gct
tct ctc 48Met Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val Leu Ser Ala Ala
Ser Leu -30 -25 -20ggc cga gcc gca cca acg ccc gag tcc gcc gag gcg
cac gag ctc gag 96Gly Arg Ala Ala Pro Thr Pro Glu Ser Ala Glu Ala
His Glu Leu Glu -15 -10 -5gcc cgc gcc acg tcc agc gct tgt ccg cag
tac gtc ctg atc aac acg 144Ala Arg Ala Thr Ser Ser Ala Cys Pro Gln
Tyr Val Leu Ile Asn Thr -1 1 5 10cga ggc acg ggc gag ccg caa ggc
cag tcg gcc ggc ttc cga acg atg 192Arg Gly Thr Gly Glu Pro Gln Gly
Gln Ser Ala Gly Phe Arg Thr Met15 20 25 30aac agc cag atc acc gcc
gcg ctg tcg ggt ggc acc atc tac aac act 240Asn Ser Gln Ile Thr Ala
Ala Leu Ser Gly Gly Thr Ile Tyr Asn Thr 35 40 45gtc tac acc gcc gat
ttc agc cag aac agc gcg gcc ggc acg gcc gac 288Val Tyr Thr Ala Asp
Phe Ser Gln Asn Ser Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Asp 50 55 60atc atc cgc cgg
atc aac tcg ggt ctc gcg gcc aac ccg aac gtg tgc 336Ile Ile Arg Arg
Ile Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Asn Pro Asn Val Cys 65 70 75tac atc ctc
caa ggg tac agc cag ggc gcg gct gct acc gtc gtc gcg 384Tyr Ile Leu
Gln Gly Tyr Ser Gln Gly Ala Ala Ala Thr Val Val Ala 80 85 90ctg caa
cag ctc ggc acg agt gga gcg gcg ttc aac gcc gtc aag ggt 432Leu Gln
Gln Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Ala Ala Phe Asn Ala Val Lys Gly95 100 105
110gtg ttc ctc att ggc aac ccg gac cac aag tcg ggc ctg act tgc aac
480Val Phe Leu Ile Gly Asn Pro Asp His Lys Ser Gly Leu Thr Cys Asn
115 120 125gtc gac tcg aac ggc ggc act acc aca cgc aat gtc aac ggc
ctg tcg 528Val Asp Ser Asn Gly Gly Thr Thr Thr Arg Asn Val Asn Gly
Leu Ser 130 135 140gtc gcg tac cag ggc tcg gtc ccc tca gga tgg gtc
agc aag act ctc 576Val Ala Tyr Gln Gly Ser Val Pro Ser Gly Trp Val
Ser Lys Thr Leu 145 150 155gat gtc tgc gct tat ggc gac ggc gtg tgc
gac acc gcg cac gga ttc 624Asp Val Cys Ala Tyr Gly Asp Gly Val Cys
Asp Thr Ala His Gly Phe 160 165 170ggt atc aac gca cag cac ctg tcg
tac cct agt gac caa ggc gtc cag 672Gly Ile Asn Ala Gln His Leu Ser
Tyr Pro Ser Asp Gln Gly Val Gln175 180 185 190acc atg gga tac aag
ttt gcc gtc aac aag ctt ggc ggg tcg gcc taa 720Thr Met Gly Tyr Lys
Phe Ala Val Asn Lys Leu Gly Gly Ser Ala 195 200
20519239PRTCryptococcus 19Met Leu Val Ser Ala Leu Ala Leu Ala Val
Leu Ser Ala Ala Ser Leu -30 -25 -20Gly Arg Ala Ala Pro Thr Pro Glu
Ser Ala Glu Ala His Glu Leu Glu -15 -10 -5Ala Arg Ala Thr Ser Ser
Ala Cys Pro Gln Tyr Val Leu Ile Asn Thr -1 1 5 10Arg Gly Thr Gly
Glu Pro Gln Gly Gln Ser Ala Gly Phe Arg Thr Met15 20 25 30Asn Ser
Gln Ile Thr Ala Ala Leu Ser Gly Gly Thr Ile Tyr Asn Thr 35 40 45Val
Tyr Thr Ala Asp Phe Ser Gln Asn Ser Ala Ala Gly Thr Ala Asp 50 55
60Ile Ile Arg Arg Ile Asn Ser Gly Leu Ala Ala Asn Pro Asn Val Cys
65 70 75Tyr Ile Leu Gln Gly Tyr Ser Gln Gly Ala Ala Ala Thr Val Val
Ala 80 85 90Leu Gln Gln Leu Gly Thr Ser Gly Ala Ala Phe Asn Ala Val
Lys Gly95 100 105 110Val Phe Leu Ile Gly Asn Pro Asp His Lys Ser
Gly Leu Thr Cys Asn 115 120 125Val Asp Ser Asn Gly Gly Thr Thr Thr
Arg Asn Val Asn Gly Leu Ser 130 135 140Val Ala Tyr Gln Gly Ser Val
Pro Ser Gly Trp Val Ser Lys Thr Leu 145 150 155Asp Val Cys Ala Tyr
Gly Asp Gly Val Cys Asp Thr Ala His Gly Phe 160 165 170Gly Ile Asn
Ala Gln His Leu Ser Tyr Pro Ser Asp Gln Gly Val Gln175 180 185
190Thr Met Gly Tyr Lys Phe Ala Val Asn Lys Leu Gly Gly Ser Ala 195
200 205
* * * * *
References